Chng 1 Hnh hc affine

Bi 1. Cho tam gic ( , , ) a b c :

Biu din trng tm ca tam gic vi cc trng tng ng ca cc im l
1 1 1
, ,
4 4 2
.
Biu din trng tm ca tam gic vi cc trng tng ng ca cc im l
3 3
, , 2
2 2
.
Bi 2. Cho t din ( , , , ) a b c d v hai im phn bit , { , , , } x y a b c d , gi
, x y
m l trung im ca
on thng ( , ) x y . Chng minh rng trng tm g ca cc im trng
1 1 1 1
( , ), ( , ), ( , ), ( , )
4 4 4 4
a b c d l
giao ca cc on thng
, , , ,
( , ), ( , )
a b c d a c b d
m m m m v
, ,
( , )
a d b c
m m . Chng t rng nu
d
g l trng
tm ca cc im trng
1 1 1
( , ), ( , ), ( , )
3 3 3
a b c th g l trng tm ca
1
( , )
4
d v
3
( , )
4
d
g .
Bi 3. Cho E l tp khc rng v E

l khng gian vect, gi s c mt nh x : E E E

v ( , ) a b ab =

tha cc tnh cht sau:
(1) ab bc ac + =

, vi mi , , a b c E ;
(2) Vi mi a E , ta nh ngha nh x :
a
E E

sao cho vi mi , ( )
a
b E b ab =

l mt
song nh.
t :
a
E E

l nh x ngc ca :
a
E E

. Cho hm : E E E +

xc nh bi
( )
a
a u u + = vi mi a E v vi mi u E

. Chng minh rng

( )
, , E E +

to thnh mt khng
gian affine.
Bi 4. Cho ba im , , a b c trong khng gian affine
2
A .
Gi ta ca , , a b c l
1 2 1 2 1 2
( , ), ( , ), ( , ) a a b b c c i vi c s affine chun ca
2
A . Chng
minh rng , , a b c thng hng nu
1 1 1
2 2 2
0
1 1 1
a b c
a b c = .
Gi ta trng tm ca , , a b c l
0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2
( , , ), ( , , ), ( , , ) a a a b b b c c c i vi c s affine chun
ca
2
A . Chng minh rng , , a b c thng hng nu
0 0 0
1 1 1
2 2 2
0
a b c
a b c
a b c
= .
Bi 5. Hm
3
: f A A xc nh bi
2 3
( ) ( , , ) f t t t t = c gi l ng cong bc ba xon. Cho
bn gi tr i mt khc nhau
1 2 3 4
, , , t t t t . Chng minh rng cc im
1 2 3 4
( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) f t f t f t f t
khng ng phng.
Bi 6. Cho hai im phn bit
2
, a bA c ta trng tm l
0 1 2
( , , ) a a a v
0 1 2
( , , ) b b b i vi
c s affine ( , , ) O i j . Chng t rng phng trnh ca ng thng , a b l
0 0
1 1
2 2
0
a b x
a b y
a b z
= ,
hoc
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2 1 2 0 0 2 0 1 1 0
0 a b a b x a b a b y a b a b z + + = ,
trong
( , , ) x y z
l ta trng tm ca im thuc ng thng , a b .
Chng minh rng phng trnh ca mt ng thng theo cc ta trng tm c dng
0 ux vy wz + + = ,
trong u v hoc v w hoc w u . Chng t rng hai phng trnh
0 ux vy wz + + = v 0 u x v y w z + + =
l cc biu din ca cng mt ng thng theo cc ta trng tm nu ( , , ) ( , , ) u v w u v w =
vi R v 0 .
Bi 7. Cho E l khng gian affine trn R v
1
( ,..., )
n
a a l 3 n im thuc E . Gi
1
( ,..., )
n

l n trng s thuc R vi
1
1
n
+ + = sao cho tn ti i , 1 i n , m 1
i
. Chng minh
rng
1 1 n n
a a + + l trng tm ca trng tm b ca 1 n im
1 1 1
, , , , ,
i i n
a a a a
+
v
i
a vi
cc trng tng ng l
1 1 1 i i n

+
+ + + + + v
i
.
Bi 8. Cho phng
2
A vi c s chun. Xt cc php bin i hnh hc
1 2 3
, , f f f c nh nh
sau:
1 3 3
' ,
4 4 4
3 1 3
' ,
4 4 4
1 3 3
' ,
4 4 4
3 1 3
' ,
4 4 4
1
' ,
2
1 3
.
2 2
x x y
y x y
x x y
y x y
x x
y y
= +
= +
= +
= +
=
= +
Chng minh cc php bin i l cc nh x affine.
Bi 9. Trong phng
2
A vi c s chun, mt im c ta ( , ) x y c th c biu din di
dng s phc z x iy = + . Xt tp hp cc php bin i hnh hc c dng
z az b + ,
trong , a b vi 0 a l cc s phc. Chng minh rng cc php bin i ny l cc nh x
affine.
Bi 10. Xt cc nh x affine c dng
1 1 1
2 2 2
cos sin
sin cos
x x b
x x b



+


.
Chng minh rng cc nh x ny c duy nht mt im c nh nu 2k , vi mi s
nguyn k .
Bi 11. Xt cc nh x affine c dng
1 1 1
2 2 2
cos sin
sin cos
x x b
x x b



+


.
Chng minh rng cc nh x ny c duy nht mt im c nh nu ( ) cos 1 + + .
Chng minh rng nu 1 = v 0 > , tn ti mt gc m nh x hoc khng c im
c nh no hoc c v s cc im c nh.
Bi 12. Chng minh rng nh x affine
1 1
2 2
8 5 6 5 1
3 10 2 5 1
x x
x x

+

khng c im c nh.
Bi 13. Chng minh rng mt nh x affine ty
1 2 1 1 1
3 4 2 2 2
a a x x b
a a x x b

+

c duy nht mt im c nh nu ma trn

1 2
3 4
1
1
a a
a a

kh nghch.
Bi 14. Cho ( , ) E E

l khng gian affine c s chiu hu hn. Vi mi nh x affine : f E E ,

t { } Fix( ) | ( ) f a E f a a = = l tp hp cc im c nh ca f .
(1) Chng minh rng nu Fix( ) f th Fix( ) f l mt khng gian affine con ca E sao cho
vi mi Fix( ) b f ,
Fix( ) ( id) f b Ker f = +

.
(2) Chng minh rng Fix( ) f cha duy nht mt im c nh nu
Ker( id) {0} f + =

,
ngha l ( ) f u u =

nu 0 u = .
Bi 15. Cho hai khng gian affine ( , ) E E

v ( , ) F F

. K hiu ( , ) E F A l tp hp cc nh x
affine : f E F .
(1) Chng minh rng tp hp ( , ) E F

A l mt khng gian vect vi cc php + v . c xc

nh nh sau
( )( ) ( ) ( ) f g a f a g a + = + ,
( )( ) ( ) f a f a = ,
vi mi a E .
(2) nh ngha tc ng
: ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) E F E F E F +

A A A
ca ( , ) E F

A ln
( , ) E F A
nh sau: vi mi a E , vi mi ( , ) f E F A v vi mi
( , ) h E F

A ,
( )( ) ( ) ( ) f h a f a h a + = + .
Chnh minh rng ( ( , ), ( , ), ) E F E F +

A A l khng gian affine.

(3) Chng minh nu E

c s chiu m v F

c s chiu n th ( , ) E F

A c s chiu ( 1) n m+ .
Bi 16. Cho khng gian affine E c s chiu n v
0
( , , )
n
a a l c s affine ca E , t
: f E E v : g E E l hai nh x affine c biu din l hai ma trn ( 1) ( 1) n n + +
0 1
A b


v
0 1
B c


vi c s
0
( , , )
n
a a . Chng ta cng ni rng f v g c biu din bi ( , ) A b v ( , ) B c .
(1) Chng minh rng nh x hp f g c biu din
0 1
AB Ac b +


.
Chng ta cng ni rng f g c biu din bi ( , )( , ) ( , ) A b B c AB Ac b = + .
(2) Chng minh rng f c nh x ngc nu A l ma trn kh nghch v
1
f

c biu din
1 1
0 1
A A b




.
Ta cng ni rng
1
f

c biu din bi
1 1 1
( , ) ( , ) A b A A b

= . Chng minh rng nu A
l ma trn trc giao th ma trn lin kt vi
1
f

l
0 1
T T
A A b


.
Hn na, nu gi
1
, ,
n
A A l cc ct ca A, chng minh rng voect
T
A b l vect ct c
cc thnh phn
1
( , , )
n
A b A b .
(3) Cho hai c s affine
0
( , , )
n
a a v
0
( , , )
n
a a ca E , nh x affine : f E E c ma trn
biu din ( , ) A b i vi c s
0
( , , )
n
a a v
0
( , , )
n
a a c xc nh sao cho
0 0
( ) b a f a =

c biu din theo c s
0 1 0
( , , )
n
a a a a

, v
ij
a l h s th i ca
0 j
a a

theo c s
0 1
( , a a
0
, )
n
a a . Cho ba c s affine
0
( , , )
n
a a ,
0
( , , )
n
a a v
0
( , , )
n
a a v hai nh x affine
: f E E v : g E E , nu f c ma trn biu din ( , ) A b i vi c s
0
( , , )
n
a a v
0
( , , )
n
a a v g c ma trn biu din ( , ) B c i vi c s
0
( , , )
n
a a v
0
( , , )
n
a a , chng
minh f g c ma trn biu din ( , )( , ) B c A b i vi c s
0
( , , )
n
a a v
0
( , , )
n
a a .
Bi 17. Trong
n
A cho h 1 m+ im khng cng thuc khng gian affine con c s chiu l
( 1) m . Xt h con 1 k + im v h con m k im cn li. Chng minh rng:
(1) Bao affine ca hai h con khng giao nhau.
(2) ng thng i qua trng tm ca hai h con i qua mt im c nh.
Bi 18. Trong
3
A cho cc im c ta i vi c s affine
1 2 3
(O, ( , , )) e e e

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
A (1,1,1), A (2, 0, 0), A (1, 0, 0), A (1,1, 0)
A (0, 0, 0), A (1,1, 0), A (2, 0,1), A (1, 0,1)
(1) Chng minh rng
0 0 1 0 2 0 3
(A , (A A , A A , A A ))

v
0 0 1 0 2 0 3
(A , (A A , A A , A A ))

l cc c s affine.
(2) Tm cng thc i ta affine t
1 2 3
(O, ( , , )) e e e

sang
0 0 1 0 2 0 3
(A , (A A , A A , A A ))

v t
0 0 1 0 2 0 3
(A , (A A , A A , A A ))

sang
0 0 1 0 2 0 3
(A , (A A , A A , A A ))

.
Bi 19. Vit phng trnh tng qut v phng trnh tham s ca siu phng
1 n
s s + + v ca
khng gian affine con m chiu
0 m
s s + + vi c s
0 0 1 0 1
( , ( , , )) s s s s s

.
Bi 20. Tm h phng trnh xc nh khng gian affine con nh nht trong
4
A cha 4 im
0 1 2 3
A (1,1,1, 1), A (0, 0, 6, 7), A (2, 3, 6, 7), A (3, 4,1, 1) .