BIOLOGY STUDY MATTER Structural Org in Animals

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STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
IN ANIMALS

INDEX
Special Features Page. No.
Introduction
1
Concept Map of Classification of Animal Tissue
1
Different Types Of Tissues
1-11
Physiology of Earthworm
12-13
Physiology of Cockroach
13-17
Physiology of Frog
17-20
Assessment

Level I 21-26
Level II 27-32
Previous Years Questions
33-37
Space for Notes
38
Answer Keys
39-40
Some Important Information
41

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Introduction:

The different cell types that make up an organism are grouped into masses of cells called tissues. The major tissues of
vertebrate animals include epithelia, connective tissue, nervous tissue, bone, and cartilage. Tissues are assembled into
organs, and organs work together as organ systems. Organ systems undergo regulation and control to coordinate their
functions.
Classification of Animal Tissues:

Epithelial Tissue
An epithelium is a tissue composed of one or more layers of cells that cover the body surface and lines its various
cavities. It serves for protection, secretion and excretion.
Structure
Cells are arranged in one or more layers, cells are compactly arranged and there is no inter cellular matrix between
them.
Neighbouring cells are held together by intercellular junctional complexes like desmosomes, tight junctions,
interdigitations etc.
The cells of lowermost layers always rest on a non living basement membrane or basal lamina. Basement
membrane is made up of no cell product of epithelial tissue.

Cell Junction
Microvilli: It is simple and minute cytoplasmic processes arising from free exposed surfaces of the cell. They absorb
material. e.g. Intestine.
Epithelial cells
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
Diagram to show an epithelium with its basement

Capillaries

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Stereocilia: It is non-motile cytoplasmic processes. e.g. Epididymis, vas deference.
Kinocilia: It is contractile motile fibrous processes arising from basal granules. e.g. Oviduct, Fallopian tube.
Tight junctions (Zona occludens): At certain places the plasma membranes of adjacent cells are tightly packed or
even fused together. e.g. Brain.
Desmosomes : Desmosome is present in epithelial tissue. They consist of thickened area and several fine tonofibrils
extending from each plasma membrane into cytoplasm of respective cells. Macula adherens is a kind of
desmosome. e.g. Vagina, Urinary bladder.
Gap junction: At place, the adjacent cells form ion-rich gap junctions for intercellular communication and chemical
exchange. These junctions probably do not provide physical support.
Interdigitations: These are interwoven finger-like processes of plasma membranes of adjacent cells.
Intercellular bridges: These are minute projections that arise from adjacent cell membranes. The intercellular
bridges make contact with one another.

On the basis of cell layers and structural modification of the cells, epithelia tissue can be classified as
Simple (Composed of single layer of cells. Which serve for absorption or filtration.)
Compound (Composed of more than one layer of cells. Limited role in secretion and absorption it main function
is to provide protection against chemical and mechanical stress.)
Pseudostratified (Cells of different size are arranged is single layer)
Classification on the basis of cell types its arrangement and its distribution
Simple ciliated epithelium: It bears numerous delicate hair like outgrowths called cilia arising from basal granules
help to create a current to transport the materials. The ciliated epithelium is of two types
Ciliated columnar epithelium: It lines respiratory tract (Lower end of bronchi), fallopian tubes (oviducts),
ventricles of brain (ependyma), central canal of spinal cord, tympanic cavity.

Ciliated cuboidal epithelium: It occurs in certain parts of nephrons of the kidneys.
Cilia
Basement membrane
Replacement cell
Goblet cell
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ciliated cell
Mucus
Basal granule
SIMPLE COLUMNAR CILIATED EPITHELIUM
Microvilli
membrane
Tight junction
Intercellular space
Gap junction
Desmosome
Interdigitations
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Basement membrane
Cell membrane
Of adjacent cells
Cilia
Intercellular Protein
Protein Plate
Tonofibril
INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS BETWEEN TWO ADJACENT EPITHELIAL CELLS

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Pseudostratified Epithelium: It is always consist of single layer of irregularly shaped columnar cells, touches the
basement membrane. The long cells have oval nuclei however,

Short cells have rounded nuclei although epithelium is one cells thick, but it gives the appearance of a stratified
epithelium, hence it is called pseudostratified epithelium. Mucous secreting goblet cells are numerous and cilia
are present. It is of two types
Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated Epithelium: It is found in the lining of trachea and bronchi (Upper).
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium: It is found in certain segments of human male urethra and parotid
salivary gland, vasa deferentia and epididymis.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium: The cells in the deepest layer are columnar or cuboidal with oval nuclei. It
is called germinative layer. The cells of this layer divide by mitosis to form new cells.
Compound Epithelium: It is complexed in structure and basically formed by two or more than two layers of cells.
Stratified Squamous Keratinised Epithelium :
Stratified squamous epithelium is characterized by multiple layers of cells with typical flattened
squamous cells at the free or outer surface of the sheet.
The presence of keratin in these cells contributes to the protective qualities of skin covering the body
surface e.g. epidermis of the skin of land vertebrates.
Stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium :
Its free surface is moist, and the outer epithelial cells, unlike those found in the skin, do not contain
keratin.
This type of epithelium serves a protective function. It is found lining the oral cavity (buccal cavity),
pharynx, oesophagus, anal canal, lowerpart of urethra, vocal cords, vagina, cervix (lower part of uterus)
and cornea of eyes.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium: It is consists of two
or more rows of low cuboidal-shaped cells which are arranged randomly over a basement membrane.
It is found in the sweat gland ducts, larger salivary and pancreatic ducts.
Stratified columnar epithelium: It is protective epithelium has multiple layers of columnar cells, only
the most superficial cells are truly columnar in appearance. Epithelium of this type is rare. It is found

Stratified Squamous Keratinized

Horny layer
Intermediate
layers
Germinative
layers

Basement
membrane
Mucous
Nucleus
Long cell
Basement membrane
Cytoplasm
Short cell
Goblet cell
PSEDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
Stratified Squamous Non Keratinised Epithelium
Basement membrane
Germinative layer

Intermediate layers
Squamous layers

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in male urethra and in the mucous layer near the anus. It also lines mammary gland ducts and
epiglottis.

Stratified columnar ciliated epithelium: It lines the larynx and upper part of the soft palate.
Specialized epithelium: This type of epithelium are specialized to perform specific activity hence,
specialized in structure also. They are as follows
(i) Transitional epithelium (Urothelium) :
It is often consists ten or more layers thick. It lacks germinative layer, basement membrane.
Stratified transitional epithelium is typically found in the body areas such as the wall of
urinary bladder, ureter and renal pelvis.
(ii) Neurosensory epithelium :
Olfactory mucosa, called Schneiderian membrane, lining of internal nares, retina of eyes and
epithelial covering of tongue containing taste buds are examples of neurosensory epithelia.
The sensory cells bear, at their free ends, slender sensory hairs to receive specific stimuli.
Basely, these cells are connected, by means of synapses, with fine fibrils of sensory nerves.

(iii) Pigmented epithelium :
The epithelial cells of the basal layer of retina contain pigment. Hence, this layer is often
referred to as a pigmented epithelium. e.g. Pigmented layer of retina, iris and skin.
(iv) Germinal epithelium :
Specialized cuboidal cells capable of producing gametes as found in gonads. Germinal
epithelium produces gametes e.g., ova (Female gametes) and sperms (Male gametes)
Glandular Epithelium
Glandular epithelium are specialized for secretory activity.
Types of Glands
Unicellular gland: It consists of unicellular gland cells which are called as goblet cells or chalice cells. They
secrete mucous and found in mucosa of intestine and stomach. Mucous lubricates the food for easy
peristalsis. Their life span is about 23 days.
Multicellular gland: It consists of many cells and is generally located in underlying connective tissue e.g.
gastric and intestinal glands.
Exocrine gland: These are those glands which discharge their secretory products into ducts. It is also called
ducted glands or glands of external secretion. e.g. Salivary glands, Mammary glands and Tear glands.
Endocrine gland: It is often called ductless gland, because they discharge their secretory products (hormones)
directly into the blood. e.g. Pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands.
(a)
(a) Stratified columnar ciliated epithelium
(b) Stratified columnar epithelium
Basement
membrane
Germinative layer
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cilia
(b)

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Heterocrine gland: These are those glands which are partly endocrine and partly exocrine in function. e.g.
Pancreas.
Classification of Glands on the Basis of their Mode of Secretion
Apocrine gland: Apocrine glands collect their secretory products near the apex or tip, of the cell and then
release it into a duct by pinching off the distended end. This process results in some loss of cytoplasm and
damage to the cell. e.g. Mammary glands. (Modified sweat gland)
Holocrine gland: Holocrine glands collect their secretory products inside the cell and then rupture completely
to release it. These cells self destruct to complete their functions. e.g. Sebaceous glands.
Merocrine gland: Merocrine glands (Eccrine or Epicrine glands) discharge their secretory product directly
through the cell or plasma membrane, without injury to the cell wall and without loss of cytoplasm. e.g.
Sweat glands, exocrine region of vertebrate pancreas, salivary glands and intestinal glands etc.

Classification of Glands on the Basis of Nature of Product
(1) Mucous gland: Secret slimy mucous e.g. goblet cells, palatine gland, gland of uterus, some gastric gland and
gland of colon.
(2) Serous gland: Produce watery secretion. e.g. pancreas, parotid, salivary gland, sweet gland and intestinal
gland.
(3) Seromucous gland: Secrete mixed liquid. e.g. Most gastric gland, sublingual, submaxillary salivary gland,
pancreas.
(4) Cytogenic gland: They produce cells e.g. Testis and ovary.
Connective Tissue:
It is most abundant and most widely distributed tissue in the body.
Component of Connective Tissue:
Consist of various types of cells along with ground substance or matrix. It consists of mainly water and sulfated
Mucopolysaccharides.

COMPONENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
COMPONENT CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTION
Fibroblasts Widely distributed, large, star-shaped
cells
Secrete proteins that becomes fibers
Macrophages Motile cells that are sometimes
attached to fibers
Engulf foreign particles from tissues
by phagocytosis
Mast cells Large cells, usually located near blood
vessels
Releases substances that may help
prevent blood clotting and promote
inflammation
Collagenous fibers (white fibers) Thick, threadlike fibers of collagen with
great tensile strength
Hold structures together
Elastic fibers (yellow fibers) Bundles of microfibrils composed of
elastin that is very elastic
Provide elastic quality to parts that
stretch
Reticular fibers Thin fibers of collagen Form supportive network within
tissues
Merocrine cells
Secretion
Secretion
Holocrine cells Apocrine cells
TYPES OF GLANDS REGARDING THE MODE OF SECRETION

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CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE (CT)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CT PROPER SUPPORTING CT FLUID CT
LOOSE DENSE
Bone Cartilage Blood lymph
(More matrix, less fibre)
ExAreolar, adipose
Regular Irregular

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
AREOLAR TISSUE ADIPOSE TISSUE
Most widely distributed connective tissue in the body is
present beneath the skin, and it often serves as a
support framework for epithelium.
It contains all types of cells and fibres.
Located mainly beneath the skin, in which cells
called adipocytes are specialized for storage of fat.
It serve as major energy reserve and generally
supports and product various organs.

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE REGULAR DENSE IRREGULAR
Bundles of collagen fibres have a regular arrangement, in which
fibroblasts appears in rows between the fibres.
It contains irregularly arranged
collagen fibers and fibroblast cells.
Tissue usually occurs in sheets.
ex-perichondriam in the skin.
TENDON LIGAMENT
Formed of white fibrous
connective tissue
Scanty blood supply
Join muscle to bone.
Formed of yellow fibrous tissue,
with collagen fibres
Good blood supply
Join bones together.

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SUPPORTING CT
BONES (VASCULAR) CARTILAGE (AVASCULAR)
Most rigid connective tissue.
Its hardness is largely due to mineral
salts, such as calcium phosphate and
calcium carbonate in its matrix.
It also contains a great amount of
collagen. Whose Fibers flexibility
reinforce the mineral component of
bone.
Bone matrix is deposited in this layer
called lamellae, which are arranged in
concentric patterns around minute
longitudinal tube called Haversian canals.
(Characteristic of long mammalin bones)
Bone cells or osteocytes are located in
lacunae, spaced between lamellae.
The bone marrow in some bones forms
blood cells and it store various in
organic salts.
Cartilage is solid pliable and resists compression.
Cartilage matrix is abundant and is compound largely of collagenous fibres
embedded is a gel like ground substance.
This ground substance is rich in a protein-polysaccharide complex (chondro-
mucoprotein) and contains large amount of water.
Cartiage cells or chondrocytes occupy small chambers called lacunae, and
thus are completely surrounded by matrix.
HYALINE ELASTIC FIBROUS
Most common
type
The fine non-
visible collage
fibres are present
flexible.
Present at the
ends of bones,
soft part of nose,
tracheal rings.

Its matrix
contains many
elastic fibres.
Most flexible
external ear
and part of
larynx.
Its matrix contains many visible
bundles of collagen fibers.
Very tough and strongest
cartilage
Present in pubic symphysis,
inter vertebral disc.

Fluid Connective Tissue
Blood:
A type of liquid CT that helps in transportation, regulation (pH, body temperature) and protection (antibodies).
It is composed of two parts, on the average 55% is blood plasma and 45% is formed elements.

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Lymph:
White vascular connective tissue composed of plasma and leucocytes. It act as a middle man between the blood
and the tissue cells.
Functions of Lymphatics:
The extracellular fluids are drained from the tissue and conducted back to the circulatory system via the
lymphatic network.
Also, the lymphatics contain concentrated areas of leukocytes (particularly lymphocytes and macrophages) in
lymph nodes; these leukocytes can mount an immune response to bacteria and foreign material.
The lymphatic network serves to transport some things in the body (vitamin K, lipids absorbed in the
intestine).
Muscular Tissue:
SKELETAL CARDIAL SMOOTH
DESCRIPTION Long cylindrical, striated
fibers many peripheral
nuclei; voluntary control
Branched cylindrical, striated
fibers with one or two
centrally located nuclei;
contains intercalated discs;
mainly involuntary control
Spindle-shaped, nonstrated
fibers with one centrally
located nucleus; usually
involuntary control.
LOCATION Usually attached to bones Heart wall Walls of hollow internal
structures such as blood
vessels, airways to the
lungs, stomach, intestines,
gallbladder, and urinary
bladder
FUNCTION Motion, posture, heat
production
Pumps blood to all parts of
the body
Motion (constriction of
blood vessels and airways,
propulsion of foods through
gastrointestinal tract;
contraction of urinary
bladder and gallbladder).

Neural Tissue:
It consists of only two principal kind of cells.
NEURAL TISSUE
NEURONS OR NERVE CELLS NEUROGLIA
These have the ability to respond to stimuli
and convert them into nerve impulses.
It makes up for more than one half the volume of neural tissue in
our body. It protects and support the nerve cell.
NEUROGLIA

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CNS PNS
oligodendrocyte (secrete
myelin sheath).
Micorglia (phagocytic
cells).
Ependymal cells it lines the
brain ventricle.
Astrocyte form blood
brain barrier
Schwann cells
Produce mylein sheath around
axon.
Morphology of Animals
Earthworm-(Pheretima posthuma and Pheretima Lumbricus)
(phylum-Annelida,Class-Oligochaeta)
Reddish brown terrestrial invertebrates present in upper layer of moist soil.
Long cylindrical body, with 100-120 segments.
It has an elongated, cylindrical body which is metamerically segmented.
Bodywall consists of a thin cuticle, epidermis and musculature.
Body cavity is a true coelom since it is lined by a layer of coelomic epithelium of mesodermal origin
The coelomic fluid present inside the coelom contains four types of cells namely, Phagocytes, Mucocytes, Round
Nucleated cells and Chloragogen cells.
Body Segments (Metameres)
1st Peristomium(Bear prostomium, a lobe which serve as a covering for the mouth.)
Last (Pygidium bear anus.)
1 13 Pre-Clitellar segement
14, 15, 16 Clitellar segement
17 to last Post clitellar
Body Segements and Related Part
(13) segment Buccal carity
(4) Pharynx
(57) Oesophagous
(89) Muscular gizzard helps in grinding the soil particle and decaying leave etc.
(914) Stomach calciferous glands present in the stomach, neutralise the humic acid present in humus.
15 to last Intestine
(15-26) Pre typhlosolar
(26-95) Typhlosolar
(95-Last) Post typhlosolar
7, 9 2 pairs of lateral heart
12, 13 2 pairs of lateral oesophageal heart.
4, 5, 6 Blood glands (Produce blood cells and haemoglobin which is dissolved in blood plasma.) Blood cells
are also phagocyte in nature.
10, 11 Two pair of testes.

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17, 19 Two pairs of accessory glands.
6, 7, 8, 9 Four pairs spermathecae.
12, 13 one pair of ovaries attached at the inter-segmental septum.
18th A pair of male gential pores on the ventro-lateral side.
19th A single median female gential pore.

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Physiology of Earthworm:
Digestive system: Food (Humus) is digested by
saliva (with proteolytic enzyme) secreted by
salivary gland cells, enzymes of intestinal caecae
and epithelium of stomach and intestine.
Digested food is absorbed in intestine, while
undigested food and soil are egested through
anus as worm castings.

ALIMENTARY CANAL OF EARTHWORM
Respiratory System: It lack specialized breathing devices. Respiratory exchange occurs through moist body surface into
their blood stream.
Circulatory System
It exhibit a closed type of blood vascular system, consisting of blood vessels, capillaries and heart.
Dorsal blood vessel: Largest blood vessel provided with a pair of valves. It acts as collecting vessel (posterior to
13th segment as well distributing vessel (in anterior to 13 segments)
Ventral vessel: Principally a distributing blood vessel.
Lateral-oesophageal: Collecting blood vessel.
Supra-oesophageal: Collecting blood vessel.
Lateral hearts: Connects dorsal to ventral blood vessel.
Lateral oesophageal heart: It connects both dorsal and supra-oesophageal vessels with ventral vessel.
Commissural vessel: behind 13th segment to last, it conveys blood from sub-neural to dorsal vessel.
Excretory System: (with the help of nephridia.)

NEPHRIDIA
EXONEPHRIC ENTERONEPHRIC
INTEGUMENTARY PHARYNGEAL SEPTAL
Attached to linling of the body wall
of segment 3 to the last. Open on
the body surface through
nephridiopores.
Three paired tufts in the 4th
, 5th and 6th segments.
Present on both the sides of
intersegmental septa of segment 15th
to the last. It opens into intestine.

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A nephridium starts out as a funnel
(Nephrostome) that collects excess fluid from
coelomic chamber. Nephridium delivers the wastes
through a pore to the surface in the body wall or
into the digestive tube.
Nephridia regulate the volume and composition of
the body fluids.
Nephridia also helps in osmoregulation.

Nephridial system in Earthworm
Movement and Locomotion:
Locomotion with the help of contraction and relaxation of body muscles and is aided by setae and coelomic fluid
(acts as hydraulic skeleton).
Nervous System:
Represented by ganglia, arranged segment wise on the ventral paired nerve cord.
The nerve cord in the anterior region (3rd and 4th segments) bifurcates, laterally encircling the pharynx
and joins the cerebral ganglia dorsally to form a nerve ring.
The cerebral ganglia alongwith other nerves in the ring integrate sensory input as well as command
muscular responses of the body.
Sensory System:
Eyes absent but possess light and touch sensitive organs to distinguish the light intensities. To feel the
vibrations in the ground specialized chemoreceptors (taste receptors) are located on the anterior part of
the worm.
Reproductive System:
They are hermaphrodite (bisexual).
A mutual exchange of sperm occurs between two worms during mating. Mature sperm, egg cells and nutritive
fluid are deposited in cocoons produced by the gland cells of clitellum.
External fertilization takes place in cocoons.
Development is internal, takes place in cocoon.
After 3 weeks each cocoon produces two to twenty baby worms with an average of four.
Cockroach (Periplaneta Americana)
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Insecta
Segmented body with head, thorax and abdomen.
Complete body covered by hard chitinious exoskeleton.
Head:
Head consists of 6 fused segments and is down word directed (Hypognathous).
Head bears one pair of segmented antennae (with sensory receptors that help in monitoring the
evironment).

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Presence of one pair of compound eyes and one pair of simple eyes. Presence of biting an chewing type
mouth parts, which consist of upper lip (labrum), lowerlip (labium) mandible, maxillae and hypopharynx
(act as tongue).

HEAD REGION OF COCKROACH : (A) PARTS OF HEAD REGION (B) MOUTH PARTS
Thorax:
It consists of three parts; prothorax mesothorax and metathorax.
The exoskeleton of each segment called sclerite (dorsal tergum and ventral sternum). Joined to each other,
e.g., thin and flexible articular membrane (Arthrodial membrance).
Each throacic segment has one pair of legs, because of six legs they are called hexapoda.
Meso, and metathorax bears wings also. The mesothoracic (Forewings) called tegmina are opaque, dark and
leathery and cover the hind wings when at rest metathoracic Hindwing) is membranous and its used in
flight.

Abdomen: Ten segmented in both male and female.

Brief Aatomy and Physislogy:

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Digestive System:
Alimentary canal consist of 3-regions-fore gut (stomodaeum), midgut (mesenteron) and proctodaeum).
Foregut and Hindgut are internally lined with cuticle.
Crop: digestion and storage of food.
Gizzard: Masticating organ (made up of 6-culticular plates and circular musles).
Digestion takes place in the crop and midgut, with the help of saliva (from one pair of salivary glands) and
enzymes from hepatic caeca and midgut cells.
Absorption takes place in midgut and hindgut (water and mineral).
Hepatic caeca (8) at the junctionof foregut and midgut.
Malphigian tubule at the junction of midgut and hindgut.

Alimentary canal of cockroach
Respiratory System (Tracheal System)
It consists of a network of trachea that open through 10 pairs of small holes called spiracles present on the
lateral side of the body. Its opening is regulated by the sphnictors.
Each tracheal tube is internally lined with cuticle called intima which prevents collapsing of the tracheal
tubes.
Branching of trachea carry oxygen from the air to all the part of the body. Exchage of gases take place at
the tracheoles by diffusion.

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Circulatory System:
Open type.
A tubular 13 chambered, segmented heart located in pericardial
cavity suspended with the help 12 pairs of alary muscles.
Blood vessels are poorly developed and open into space
(haemocoel). Visceral organs located in the haemocoel are bathed
in haemolymph.
Haemolymph is composed of colourless plasma and haemocytes.
Except last chamber all other chambers have one pair of ostia (12
pairs) guarded with valve.
Due to peristaltic wave of heart chamber haemolymph moves from
posterior to anterior direction.
Haemolymph has little to do with oxygen transport in most insects,
it helps in the transportation of excretory and nutritive materials
only.

Open circulatory system of cockroach
Excretory System:
Primary excretory organ (50 60) malphigian tubule.
Accessory excretory organ Fat body, Nephrocytes and Urecose glands.
Malphigian tubule is lined by glandular and ciliated cells. It absorb nitrogenous waste products and convert them
into uric acid, which is excreted out through the hindgut (uricotelic).
Nervous System:
It consists of a series of fused, segmentally arranged ganglia joined by paired longitudinal connective on the ventral
side.
There are three thoracic and six abdominal ganglia.
Small part of nervous system is present in the head, while the rest is situated along the ventral part of its body.
Supra-oesophageal ganglia represents the brain.
Reproductive System:
They are dioecious with distinct sexual dimorphism.
Male reproductive system, includes a pair of testis (46 abdominal segment).
A pair of vas deferens.
Single ejacalatory duct and gonopore.
Three gonaphophysis (Phallomere).
A pair of seminal vesicles.
A mushroom shaped and (6-7 abdominal segment).
Female reproductive system includes
A pair of ovaries (26 segment).
A pair of oviduct.
Single vagina, gonopore, and spermatheca.
3 pairs of gonapohphysis.
one pair of collateral gland.

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Mechanium of Reproduction:
Each ovary is formed of a group of eight ovarian tubules or ovarioles, containing a chain of developing ova. Each
ovariole forms one mature ovum at one time. Sixteen ova are conducted into genital chamber.
Sperms are stored in the seminal vesicle and are glued together in the form of bundles called spermatophores,
which are discharged during copulation (by left phallomere) in the female spermatheca.
Sperms are released from spermahecae hence internal fertifization takes place.
Secretionof collateral glands forms ootheca around fertilized eggs.
Oothecas are dropped at some safe place (more humid and near a food source).
On an average females produce 910 oothecae, each containing 14 16 eggs.
Paurometabolous Development:

Moulting
hatching about 13 times
Egg Nymph Adult (with reproductive organ and wings)
The nymphs look very much like adults. The nymph grows by moulting about 13 times to reach the adult form. The
next to last nymphal stage has wing pads but only adult cockroaches have wings.
Sensory Organs:
It includes antennae, eyes, maxillary palps, labial palps, anal cerci, etc.
It includes highly developed one pair of compound eye. The functional unit of compound eye is hexagonal
ommatidium (2000 in each compound eye). Such eye forms may images in pieces with the help of several
ommatidia. Such image is called apposition mosaic image with more sensitivity but less resolution.
Apposition (non-overlpaing) image for diurnal insect (except cockroach)
Super position image (noctural insect).
Frog
Phylum- Chordata
Class-Amphibia
Rana tigrina is commonly called as Indian Bull- frog
It is amphibious and can be found in ponds/ shallow water bodies and in terrestrial conditions.
It is cold blooded or Poikilothermic and shows summer sleep (Aestivation) and winter sleep
(Hibernation) in extreme temperatures.
Its body colouration shows camouflage. Its colour changing ability is called Metachrosis. This protective
colouration is called mimicry.
Digestive System-
Due to carnivorous nature, the alimentary canal of frog is short. The posterior most part of gut is cloaca.
Urine also passes through cloacal opening.
Due to absence of Uvula, the buccal cavity and pharynx are not differentiated. The bucco-pharynx contains
numerous maxillary teeth. The teeth in frog are Homodont, Acrodont and Polyphyodont. The teeth are
however absent in lower-jaw. Besides upper-jaw, the teeth are also present in vomer bone of olfactory
capsule in the roof of bucco-pharynx. The teeth in frog are not used for cutting the food material but are
used for preventing the escape of the prey. The tongue in frog is bifid at the tip and is free behind. It is
used for capturing prey (insects).
Presence of liver which secretes bile, and pancreas secretes digestive enzyme.

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18

Diagrammatic Representation of Internal Organs of Frog Showing Complete Digestive System
Respiratory System-
Frog respires through skin (Cutaneous respiration) bucco pharyngeal lining and through lungs
(Pulmonary respiration).
During aestivation and hibernation the only mode of respiration is cutaneous.
The lungs are a pair of elongated, pink coloured sac-like structures present in the upper part of the trunk
region (thorax). Air enters through the nostrils into the buccal cavity and then to lungs. The lungs are
hollow, non-lobular and positive pressure type.
Blood Vascular System
In frog Circulatory system is closed type and has double circulation through not as efficient as in birds and
mammals.
The heart is 3-chambered (2-atria and 1-ventricle). The dorsal side of the heart has a triangular structure,
called Sinus venosus which receives deoxygenated blood from 2- precavals and 1-postcaval. It pours the
blood into right atrium. On the ventral side of the heart there is a prominent structure, called conus
arterious which arises from the ventricle.
The blood from the heart is carried to all parts of the body by the arteries (arterial system). The veins
collect blood from different parts of body to the heart and form the venous system.
The SA node is present in the wall of sinus venosus and not in the right atrium as in mammals.
There are 2-types of portal systems in the body of frog, i.e. Hepatic portal system (between gut and liver)
and Renal portal system (between posterior abdominal parts and kidney).
Lymphatic system consists of lymphatic hearts. Lymphatic vessel, and lymphatic capillaries.
Nervous System
Frog has all 3-types of nervous system, i.e. CNS (brain and spinal cord), PNS (Cranial nerves and spinal
nerves) and ANS (SNS and PSNS).
Brain is enclosed in a bony structure called brain box (cranium).
The brain is divided into fore-brain, mid-brain and hind-brain. Forebrain includes olfactory lobes, paired
cerebral hemispheres and unpaired diencephalon.
The midbrain is characterised by a pair of optic lobes.
Hind-brain consists of cerebellum and medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata passes out through the
foramen magnum and continues into spinal cord, which is enclosed in the vertebral column.
The cranial and spinal nerves in frog are 10-pairs each. However, in Rana tigrina the number of spinal
nerves is 9-pairs.
Sensory Organs
Frog has different types of sense organs, namely organs of touch (sensory papillae), taste (taste buds),
smell (nasal epithelium), vision (eyes) and hearing (tympanum with internal ears).

IN ANIMALS

19
The eye-ball in frog is cartilaginous. The colour vision is lacking due to the absence of cones in retina. In
place of lachrymal and meibomian glands, there are Harderian glands in frog.
External ear is absent in frogs and only tympanum can be seen externally. The ear is an organ of hearing as
well as balancing (equilibrium).
Excretory System
The excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys, ureters, cloaca and urinary bladder.
Each kidney is composed of several structural and functional units called uriniferous tubules or nephrons.
The kidneys in frog are mesonephros. Such kidney is not differentiated into cortex and medulla.
Each kidney has 4-5 pairs of renal artery and veins.
The nephrons or uriniferous tubules are not differentiated into PCT, DCT and Henles loop.
Two ureters emerge from the kidneys in the male frogs. The ureters act as urinogenital duct which opens
into the cloaca. In females the ureters and oviduct open seperately in the cloaca.
The major excretory product in frog is urea (Ureotelic).
Reproductive System
(i) Male reproductive system
The testes are attached to kidney through fold of peritoneum, called mesorchium.
The sperms from testes pass through vas efferentia (10-12 in number) and are released into Bidders canal,
a collecting duct of the kidney. Finally it communicates with the urinogenital duct that comes out of the
kidneys and opens into the cloaca. The cloaca is a small, median chamber that is used to pass faecal
matter, urine and sperms to the exterior.

(ii) Female reproductive system

The ovaries are also close to kidney, but unlike testes, are not functionally connected to it. The oviducts
open separately into cloaca.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Development
The Frog is spontaneous or seasonal ovulator, i.e. the Ovulation occurs according to the season. The eggs
(2500-3000) are laid in spawn.
The copulation (without copulatory organ in male) is false and is called Amplexus. The Fertilization is
external (in water) and cleavage is unequal holoblastic.
The development is indirect through tadpole larvae.
Metamorphosis

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20
It occurs in the presence of thyroxine hormone which changes larvae into adult frog. In case of deficiency
of thyroxine or iodine, the tadpole increases in size and does not undergo metamorphosis.

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21

Q1. Bone marrow is composed of
A. Areolar tissue and blood vessels B. Adipose tissue and fibroblasts
C. Adipose tissue, areolar tissue and blood D. Adipose and areolar tissue.
Q2. Power of regeneration is poor in
A. Brian cell B. Bone cell
C. Chondroblasts D. Striated muscles
Q3. Basic unit of muscle contraction is
A. Actin B. Myosin
C. Sarcomere D. Tropomyosin
Q4. Muscles immune to fatigue are
A. Striped B. Unstriped
C. Cardiac D. Eye muscles
Q5. Characteristics of smooth muscle fibres are
A. Spindle - shaped, unbranched, unstriated, uninucleate and involuntary
B. Spindle shaped, unbranched, unstriaped, mutlinucleate and involuntary
C. Cylindrical, unbranched, unstriaped multinucleate and involuntary
D. Cylindrical, unbranched, striated, multinucleate and voluntary
Q6. Difference between bone and cartilage is of
A. Collagen B. Blood vessels
C. Lymphatic vessels D. Haversian canals
Q7. The epithelium found in the lining layer of stomach and intestine is
A. Columnar B. Squamous
C. Stratified D. Pseudostratified.
Q8. Epithelium present in cornea, oesophagus, urethra and vagina is
A. Glandular B. Ciliated
C. Stratified columnar D. Stratified squamous.
Q9. A Bone kept in dil HCL for three days shall
A. Remain unaltered B. Become soft
C. Break in pieces D. Dissolve completely.
Q10. Skeletal tissue found in mammalian pinna is
A. Calcified cartilage B. Fibrous cartilage
C. Simple cartilage D. Elastic cartilage.
Q11. Lymph differs from blood is possessing
A. Only WBC B. More RBC and WBC
C. More RBC and few WBC D. More WBC and few RBC

Assignment -1

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22

Q12. Histamine secreting cells are found in
A. Connective tissues B. Lungs
C. Muscular tissue D. Nervous tissue
Q13. Mast cells occur in
A. Areolar tissue B. Adipose tissue
C. White fibrous tissue D. Yellow fibrous tissue
Q14. Hardest substance of the body is
A. Bone B. Enamel
C. Cartilage D. Tendon
Q15. Haversian canals occur in
A. Humerus B. Pubis
C. Scapula D. Clavicle
Q16. Multi-unit smooth muscles are found in the wall of
A. Large blood vessels B. Intestine
C. Stomach D. Urinary bladder
Q17. Large irregular ovoid cells found in arcolar tissue are
A. Fibroblasts B. Macrophages
C. Mast cells D. Chromatophores
Q18. Epithelium forming the inner layer of urinary bladder is
A. Simple squamous B. Transitional
C. Simple columnar D. Neurosensory
Q19. Human RBCs placed in 1.5% NaCl solution will
A. Shrink B. Burst
C. Remain unaffected D. Swell up
Q20. In normal healthy female, the number of RBC/mm3 of blood is
A. 6.5 - 7.0 million B. 5.5 - 6.0 million
C. 4.5 - 5.0 million D. 3.5 - 4.0 million
Q21. Bone forming cells are
A. Osteoblasts B. Osteoclasts
C. Chondroclasts D. Chondroblasts
Q22. Afferent nerve fibre carries impulses from
A. Effector to central nervous system B. Receptor to central nervous system
C. Central nervous system to muscles D. Central nervous system to receptors
Q23. Formation of cartilage bones involves
A. Deposition of bony matter by osteoblasts and resorption by chondroclasts
B. Deposition of bony matter by osteoblasts and resorption by chondroclasts
C. Deposition of bony matter by osteoclasts only
D. Deposition of bony matter by osteoblasts only.
Q24. Vitamin K is required for
A. Formation of thromboplastin B. Conversion of fibrinogen of fibrin
C. Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin D. Synthesis of prothrombin.
Q25. Muscles are connected to humorous by means of
A. Cartilage B. Ligament
C. Tendon D. Adipose tissue

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23
Q26. R.B.C. are found stored in
A. Bone marrow B. Liver
C. Spleen D. All of the above.
Q27. Formation of red blood is called
A. Haemocytosis B. Haemolysis
C. Haemopoiesis D. Haemocytolysis

Q28. Which one has alternate striations and is correctly matched?
A. Biceps under autonomous control
B. Iris muscles under control of will
C. Hear muscles, Involuntary
D. Muscles of visceral organs under autonomous control
Q29. Maximum number of white blood corpuscles is that of
A. Basophils B. Neutrophils
C. Monocytes D. Eosinophils
Q30. Inner lining of gut, stomach and liver is made of
A. Simple squamous epithelium B. Simple columnar epithelium
C. Simple cuboidal epithelium D. All the above
Q31. Bone marrow occurs in
A. Ribs and sternum B. Ribs, sternum and cranium
C. Ribs and cranium D. Only ribs.
Q32. Largest corpuscles in human blood are
A. Erythrocytes B. Monocytes
C. Lymphocytes D. Basophils
Q33. Heparin is formed by
A. Liver cells B. Plasma cells
C. Blood cells D. Spleen cells
Q34. Prothrombin, albumin and fibrinogen are synthesised by
A. Pancreas B. Bone marrow
C. Spleen D. Liver
Q35. Regeneration of cartilage can occur from its
A. Matrix B. Plasma
C. Perichondrium D. A piece without Perichondrium
Q36. Mast cells occur in
A. Connective tissue B. Epithelial tissue
C. Skeletal tissue D. Nervous tissue
Q37. Ground substance of connective tissue is formed of
A. Phospholipids B. Lipids
C. Monoscaccharides D. Mucopolysaccharides
Q38. Matrix of hyaline cartilage contains
A. Collagen B. Chondrin
C. Ossein D. All the above
Q39. Intercalated discs occur in
A. Skeletal muscle fibres B. Smooth muscle fibres
C. Cardiac muscle fibres D. None of the above

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24
Q40. Which one is a factor for maturation of erythrocytes ?
A. Vitamin B12 B. Vitamin A
C. Vitamin D D. Vitamin C
Q41. Gastric glands are
A. Simple tubular B. Simple Coiled tubular
C. Branched tubular D. Compound tubular

Q42. Regeneration after injury is absent in( 41 Question in the list)
A. Nervous tissue B. Skin epidermis
C. Tendon D. Smoot muscles
Q43. In which state iron in present in haemoglobin
A. Unionic B. Fe2+
C. Fe3+ D. None of the above
Q44. Chylomicrons are
A. Fat droplets coated with phospholipids
B. Fate droplets coated with cholesterol and protein
C. Undigested proteins
D. Undigested carbohydrates
Q45. White fibrous tissue is
A. Nervous B. Muscular
C. Ligament D. Tendon
Q46. Loose connective tissues is
A. Areolar B. Adipose
C. Blood D. Cartilage
Q47. The ensheathing band around muscles is
A. Tendon B. Fascia
C. Peritoneum D. Ligament
Q48. Which one is the principal cation in the plasma of blood ?
A. K+ B. Na+
C. Ca2+ D. Mg2+
Q49. Ligament is
A. Modified white fibrous tissue B. Inelastic which fibrous tissue
C. Modified elastic connective tissue D. None of the above
Q50. Nonymelianted nerve fibres occur in
A. Cranial nerves B. Autonomic nerves
C. Optic Nerves D. Spinal nerves
Q51. Adjacent epithelial cells are held together by means of
A. Liposomes B. Glyoxisomes / Glyoxysomes
C. Desmosome D. Microsomes
Q52. Percentage of haemoglobin in RBCs is
A. 10% B. 20%
C. 34% D. 48%
Q53. Vertebrate salivary glands and exocrine part of pancreas are
A. A porcine B. Holocrine
C. Both A and B D. Merocrine

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Q54. Match the columns
Column I Column II
a Cartilage p Neurilemma
b Bone q Sarcolemma
c Muscle Fibre r Perichondrium
d Neuron s Periosteum
t Pericardium

A. a - r, b - s, c - q, d p B. a - r, b - t, c - q, d - p
C. a - r, b - s, c - q, d t D. a - r, b - s, c - p, d q
Q55. Match the column
Column I Column II
a Erythrocytes p Bone
b Chondrocytes q Neuron
c Osteocytes r Cartilage
d Shewann cells s Blood
t Adipose Tissue

A. a - s, b - p, c - r, d q B. a - s, b - q, c - p, d - t
C. a - s, b - r, c - p, d q D. a - s, b - r, c - r, d p

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Column I Column II
a Liagment p Stores Fat
b Tendon q Connects Bone to Bone
c Aerolar Tissue r Connects Muscle to Bone
d Adipose Tissue s Forms Blood cells
t Filling Tissue

A. a - q, b - r, c - t, d s B. a - q, b - r, c - t, d - p
C. a - q, b - r, c - p, d s D. a - q, b - s, c - t, d
Q57. Processes of osteocytes lie in
A. Dendrites B. Haversian canals
C. Canaliculi D. Lamella
Q58. Match the columns
Column I Column II
a Simple columnar Epithelium p Wall of Heart
b Cardiac Muscles q Bone Joints
c Adipose Tissues r Innner lining of Stomach and Intestine
d Hyaline Cartilage s Below the skin in abdomen
t Diaphragm

A. a - r, b - p, c - s, d q B. a - r, b - t, c - q, d - s
C. a - p, b - r, c - s, d t D. a - r, b - p, c - t, d s

Column I Column II
a Haversian Canal p Kidney
b Dendrites q Cartilage
c Sarcolemma r Muscle
d Chondrocytes s Nerve cells
t Bone

A. a - s, b - t, c - q, d r B. a - t, b - s, c - r, d - q
C. a - q, b - r, c - s, d t D. a - p, b - r, c - s, d t
Q60. Simple epithelium is made of
A. Noncellular layer of hyaluronic acid B. Activiely dividing cells
C. Loosely arranged cells D. Compactly packed single layer of cells

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Q61. Sebaceous glands are
A. Apocrine B. Bolocrine
C. Mesocrine D. Eocrine
Q62. Glial cells forming blood brain barrier are formed of
A. Ranvier cells B. Schwann cells
C. Astrocytes D. Oligodendroglial cells
Q63. Direction of nerve impulse is reversed in nerve with
A. Axo-axonic B. Axo-dendritic
C. Axo-anodendritic D. None of the above

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Q1. Periplanata shows
A. Complete metamorphosis B. Incomplete metamorphosis
C. No metamorphosis D. Gradual metamorphosis
Q2. Number of ganglia present in nerve cord of cockroach is
A. 12 B. 10
C. 9 D. 6
Q3. In Cockroach nerve cord ganglia are
A. Two pairs thoracic and four pairs abdominal
B. Three pairs thoracic and six pairs abdominal
C. Three pairs thoracic and five pairs abdominal
D. Two pairs thoracic and seven pairs abdominal.
Q4. Region of Earthworm which is forest of nephridia is
A. Clitellar Region B. Pharyngeal Region
C. Typhlosolar Region D. Intestinal Region
Q5. Chloragogen cells are present in
A. Body wall of Lucosolenia B. Blood of Earthworm
C. Coelomic fluid of Earthworm D. Blood of Cockroach
Q6. In Earthworm, Genital papillae occur in segments.
A. 16 and 17 B. 16 and 18
C. 17 and 19 D. 17 and 18
Q7. Setae occur in earthworm in all segments except
A. Clitellar region B. Anal segment
C. Peristomium D. All the above
Q8. Clitellum of Pheretima is thick girdle that is
A. Nonglandular around 14-16 segments B. Glandular around 14-16 segments
C. Glandular around 16-18 segments D. Nonglandular around 16-18 segments
Q9. In Pheretima oxygen carrying haemoglobin occurs in
A. Corpuscles B. Plasma
C. Both corpuscles and plasma D. The statement is wrong.
Q10. Photoreceptors of Earthworm occur on
A. Clitellum B. Anal segment
C. Dorsal surface D. Lateral sides
Q11. Enteronephric nephridia of earthworm are
A. Pharyngeal and spetal B. Pyaryngeal
C. Septal D. Integumentary

Assignment - 2

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Q12. In earthworm ovary is situated in segment
A. 13 B. 9
C. 10 D. 26
Q13. In Earthwork testes occur in segments
A. 12 and 13 B. 10 and 11
C. 14 and 15 D. 17 and 18
Q14. In earthworm arrangement of blood vessels is
A. Different in last fifteen segments B. Different in first thirteen segments
C. Same throughout D. Different in middle thirteen segments
Q15. In a copulatory pair of earthworms, there occur
A. Reciprocal fertilization and external fertilization
B. Cross fertilization and internal fertilization.
C. External Fertilization and internal fertilization
D. Cross fertilization and reciprocal fertilization
Q16. Chloragogen cells are involved in
A. Digestion B. Excretion of water
C. Respiration D. Fat Storage
Q17. Copulation of period Earthwork is
A. One hour B. Two hours
C. Four hours D. About one week
Q18. In Earthworm
A. Ovaries are larger than testes B. Testes are larger than ovaries
C. Both are equal D. Right testes are larger than ovaries
Q19. Dorsal vessel of Earthworm is
A. Distributing
B. Collecting
C. Collecting in first thirteen segments and distributing in the rest
D. Distributing in first thirteen segments and collecting in the rest.
Q20. Spermatheal pores of Pheretima are present in
A. 5/6, 6/7, 7/8 and 8/9 B. 6/7, 7/8, 8/9 and 9/10
C. 1/2, 2/3, 3/4 and 4/5 D. 14/15, 15/16, 16/17 and 17/18
Q21. Typhlosole found in Pheretima occurs in
A. Oesophagus B. Stomach
C. Gizzard D. Intestine
Q22. Chromophil cells present on pharynx of Earthworm take part in secretion of
A. Mucus B. Lipases
C. Carbohydrases D. All the above

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Q23. Which part of Cockroach has both exoskeleton and endoskeleton
A. Head B. Thorax
C. Abdomen D. None of the above
Q24. In Cockroach, winds are absent from
A. Prothorax B. Mesothorax
C. Metathorax D. None of the above
Q25. The component units of compound eye of Cockroach are called
A. Eyelets B. Fenestrae
C. Occlli D. Ommatidia
Q26. Number of spiracle pairs in Periplaneta Americana is
A. 8 B. 9
C. 10 D. 11
Q27. Cockroach blood does not contain respiratory pigment. It means
A. It does not respire
B. Cockroach respires anaerobically
C. Oxygen passes to all the tissues through diffusion
D. Oxygen reaches tissue through tracheoles.
Q28. In Cockroach moulting is induced by secretion of
A. Prothoracic Gland B. Corpora Allata
C. Corpora Cardiaca D. Neurosecretory cells
Q29. Blood of cockroach does not contain respiratory pigment. It means Cockroach
A. Does not respire
B. Respires anaerobically
C. Oxygen goes to tissues by intracellular capillary system
D. Oxygen reaches tissues directly through diffusion
Q30. Colleterial gland is present in
A. Male Cockroach B. Female Cockroach
C. Both the sexes D. None of the two.
Q31. Pericardial space in Cockroach is regularly altered by muscles
A. Ciliary B. Alary
C. Circular D. Longitudinal
Q32. Spiracles of Cockroach which are larger and always kept open are
A. First and second pairs B. First and third pairs
C. First and tenth pairs D. Second and third pairs
Q33. Antennae of cockroach have
A. Gustatory receptors B. Auditory receptors
C. Tactile receptors D. Tactile and olfactory receptors.
Q34. In frog jelly around the eggs is deposited
A. In water after fertilization B. In water during fertilization
C. In the oviduct D. In the ovary
Q35. Structure present in man but absent in frog is
A. Salivary glands B. Pancreas
C. Adrenal Glands D. Thyroid gland
Q36. Kidney of Frog is

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A. Archinephros B. Pronephros
C. Mesonephros D. Metanephros
Q37. Chloragogen cells of Earthworm are similar to an organ of vertebrates
A. Liver B. Lung
C. Kidney D. Spleen
Q38. Spermathecaae of Earthworm take part in
A. Collection of sperms of other animal
B. Collection of sperms of the same animal
C. Sperm maturation
D. Fertilization
Q39. Nephrostome occurs in Earthworm
A. Septal nephridia B. integumentary nephridia
C. Pharyngeal and septal nephridia D. Pharyngeal and integumentary nephridia.
Q40. Movement of coelomic fluid helps in locomotion of
A. Hydra B. Frog
C. Starfish D. Earthworm
Q41. In Earthworm, mouth is situated on
A. Prostomium B. Peristomium
C. Stomium D. Protostomium
Q42. In Earthworm, dorsal blood vessel is collecting channel
A. Behind 13th segment B. Anterior 13 segment
C. Throughout D. In typhlosolar region.
Q43. In pheretima, septa are absent
A. 5/6, 10/11 B. 5/6, 7/8
C. 6/7, 7/8 D. First four segments.
Q44. Blood vessel in Pheretima having valves is
A. Dorsal B. Ventral
C. Lateral D. Integumentary
Q45. Oxygen carrying blood pigment of Earthworm is
A. Haemocyanin B. Haemoglobin
C. Haemoerythrin D. Chlorocruorin

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Q46. Which is not correct for Earthworm
A. It walks with a speed of 25 cm/min B. In can remain without oxygen for 6-30 hrs
C. Life span in 3.5-10 years D. Setae easily dissolve in KOH
Q47. Blood glands of Pheretima occur in segments
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 3, 4 and 5
C. 4, 5 and 6 D. 10, 11 and 12
Q48. Which one will excrete silicates consumed by Earthworm alongwith food
A. Intestinal cells B. Basal cells
C. Chloragogen cells D. Flame cells
Q49. Which one is correct
A. Flat worms are eucoelomates B. Fishes are radially symmetrical
C. Birds are poikilothermic D. Earthworm is matamerically segmented
Q50. Locomotion occurs in Earthwork with the help of
A. Setae
B. Setae and circular muscles
C. Parapodia
D. Setae, circular muscles and longitudinal muscles
Q51. Open circulatory system is not of physiological hidrance in Cockroach because
A. Heart is simple but chambered
B. Blood is colourless
C. Circulatory and respiratory systems are not connected.
D. Excertion occurs through malpighian tubules.
Q52. In Cockroach, ootheca is produced by secretion of
A. Conglobate gland B. Phallic gland
C. Colleterial gland D. Mushroom gland
Q53. Respiration without a distinct respiratory organ occurs in
A. Cockroach B. Frog
C. Earthworm D. Fish
Q54. Number of malpighian tubules present in cockroach is
A. 50-60 B. 80-90
C. 100-150 D. 200-250
Q55. In the following diagram of a leg of cockroach parts have been indicated by alphabets. Choose the answer in
which these alphabets have been correctly matched with the parts which they indicate.
A. a - coxa, b - tibia, c - tarsus, d - femur, e - trochanter
B. a - coxa, b - femur, c - trochanter, d - tarsus, e - tibia
C. a - coxa, b - tarsus, c - femur, d - tibia, e - trochanter
D. a - coxa, b - trochanter, c - femur, d - tibia, e tarsus

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Q56. Which one does not occur in Earthworm
A. Septal Nephridia B. Macronephridia
C. Integumentary nephridia D. Pharyngeal nephridia
Q57. In Forg, Oviduct is formed by
A. Wolffian duct B. Bidder's canal
C. metanephric duct D. Mullerian duct
Q58. Which structure of pheretima plays the role of liver
A. Calciferous cells B. Chloragogen cells
C. Clitellar cells D. Gland cells
Q59. Peculiar pungent smell of Cockroach is secretion of
A. Pheromone B. Periplaneta
C. Dermal Glands D. Cervical Glands
Q60. Cockroach of genus Blatta is called
A. German Cockroach B. Oriental Cockroach
C. American Cockroach D. Australian Cockroac
Q61. Which one functions as primary organizer in Frog ?
A. Dorsal tip of gastrula B. Grey crescent
C. Chordamesoderm of gastrula D. Any of the above
Q62. The gland whose secretion facilitates attachment of two earthworm during copulation is located in segment.
A. 14 B. 18
C. 19 D. 22
Q63. Match the components of column I and II, both related to Pheretima:
Column I Column II
i. Yellow cells a Primordial germ cells
ii. Oval sphincter pores b Totipotent
iii. basal cells c Deamination
iv. Parietal layer d Sputum 14/15

A. i - c, ii - d, iii - b, iv a B. i - c, ii - b, iii - d, iv - a
C. i - c, ii - a, iii - b, iv d D. i - d, ii - a, iii - b, iv c

Q64. Number of spiracles found in Cockroach are
A. 5 thoracic, 3 abdominal B. 3 thoracic, 5 abdominal
C. 8 thoracic, 2 abdominal D. 2 thoracic, 8 abdominal
Q65. Heart of Cockroach is
A. Myogenic B. Neuromyogenic
C. Neurogenic D. None of the above.
Q66. In Cockroach enzyme cellulase is produced by
A. Saliva B. Lining cells of Midgut
C. Bacteria in Midgut D. Cellulose is not metabolised.
Q67. Diagram represents posterior region of male Cockroach. Choose the correct combination of labelling.
A. a - 9th sternum, b - anal style, c - 10th tergum, d - anal circus.
B. a - anal style, b - anal circus, c - 10th tergum, d - 19th sternum.
C. a - 9thg sternum, b - anal circus, c - 10th tergum, d - anal sytle.

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D. a - 9thg sternum, b - anal style, c - 10th tergum, d - anal circus.
E. a - anal circus, b - 9th sternum, c - 10th tergum, d - anal style.
Q68. Which is useful in metamorphosis of tradpole into frog ?
A. Aldosterone B. Thyroxine
C. Pituitary D. Oxytocin
Q69. Number of segments present in Earthworm is
A. 85-400 B. 100-200
C. 20-95 D. 115-120

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Q1. Ligament connects
A. Muscles to skin B. Bone to bone
C. Muscle to muscle D. Muscle to bone
(Bih. P.M.T. 1995, H.P.P.M.T.1995, J.K.C.M.E.E. 2002, Manipur 2006)
Q2. Tendons and ligaments belong to
A. Muscular tissue B. Epithelial tissue
C. Fibrous connective tissue D. Areolar connective tissue
(B.H.U. 1999, 2006, 2007 A.F.M.C. 1989, 1999, 2010, CBSE 1999, M.P.P.M.T. 1996, C.P.M.T. 2003, 2008
A.M.U.P.M.D.C. 2006, A.M.U. 2011)
Q3. Endothelium lining a blood vessel is formed of
A. Ciliated epithelium B. Columnar epithelium
C. Cuboidal epithelium D. Simple squamous epithelium
(A.M.U. 1989, 1999, Pb. P.M.T. 1999,Kerala 2002, B.H.U. 2003,J.K.C.M.E.E. M.P.P.M.T. 2009, Manipur
2009)
Q4. Ciliated cpithelium lines
A. Stomach B. Trachea/Bronchus
C. Duodenum D. Ileum.
(C.P.M.T. 1987, 1998, 2002, M.P.P.M.T. 1997, 2000, J.I.P.M.E.R. 1998,
Manipal 2001)
Q5. Heart muscles are
A. Voluntary and unstriated B. Voluntary and striated
C. Involuntary and striated D. Involuntary and unstriated
(C.P.M.T. 1987,
H.P.P.M.T. 1995)
Q6. Tissue connecting bones is
A. Tendon B. Ligament
C. Areolar tissue D. Adipose tissue
(M.P.P.M.T. 1987, 1987, C.P.M.T. 1977, 1990, 1998, 2000, 2008 B.H.U. 1985, Orissa 2003,
2009)
Q7. Area of coming together of two neuron ends or between a dendron and axon ends is
A. Junction B. Synapsis
C. Synapse D. Synapticula
(C.B.S.E. 1999, A.F.M.C. 2003,
M.P.P.M.T.2007, Orissa 2011)

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

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36
Q8. Haverisian canals are found in
A. Muscle B. Nerve
C. Cartilage D. Bone
(Manipal 1995, W.B. 2007, C.P.M.T. 2010, A.F.M.C. 2011)
Q9. Membrane lining the marrow cavity is
A. Endosteum B. Periosteum
C. Perichondrium D. Pericardium
(A.I.I.M.S. 1997, Har. P.M.T. 2000, C.M.C. 2003,
A.F.M.C. 2009)
Q10. Pseudostriatified columnar epithelium is found in
A. Mouth B. Stomach / Oesophagus
C. Kidney D. Trachea / Bronchi / Nasal
(C.P.M.T. 1996, D.P.M.T. 2003, A.M.U. 2005
J.K.C.M.E.E. 2011)
Q11. Mast cells secrete
A. Serotonin B. Heparin
C. Histamine D. All the above
(C.P.M.T. 1992, C.B.S.E. 2004, 2006, B.H.U. 2006)
Q12. Nodes of Ranvier occur in
A. Cell body B. Right atrium
C. Right ventricle D. Medullated nerve fibres
(M.P.P.M.T. 1993, 2000, 2011, K.C.E.T. 2004)
Q13. Thromboplastin required for blood clotting is produced by
A. Platelets B. Erythrocytes
C. Monocytes D. Lymphocytes
(C.P.M.T. 1996, M.H.T.C.E.T. 2009)
Q14. Histamine is secreted by
A. Mast cells B. Histiocytes
C. Lymphocytes D. Fibroblasts
Kerala 2003, A.F.M.C. 2002)
Q15. Megakaryocytes
A. Produce leucocytes B. Form blood platelets
C. Are called bone cells D. Are carries of oxygen
(M.P.P.M.T. 2000, A.F.M.C. 2009)
Q16. RBCs is nucleated in
A. Man B. Rabbit
C. Rat D. Frog
(M.P.P.M.T. 1991, 2007, Pb. P.M.T. 2000, C.B.S.E. Mains
2011)
Q17. Enzyme causing lysis of fibrin during fibrinolysis is
A. Fibrinogen B. Plasmin
C. Thrombin D. VIII Platelet factor
(A.I.I.M.S. 1997, E.A.M.C.E.T. 2000 Har. P.M.T. 2000, B.H.U. 2011)
Q18. Mouth parts of Cockroach are
A. Piercing and sucking B. Sucking and siphoning

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37
C. Biting and chewing D. Sponging
(C.P.M.T. 1994, B.H.U. 1999, R.P.M.T. 2000 C.M.P.T. 2001, Manipur 2005
Q19. Exretory organs of Cockroach are
A. Flame Cells B. Nephridia
C. Gree glands D. Malpighain tubules
(Kerala 2007)
Q20. Male and female cockroaches can be distinguished externally by
A. Anal styles in male B. Anal cerci in female
C. Anal style and antennae in female D. Both B and C
(C.B.S.E. 1991, Pb. P.M.T. 1994, 1997, R.P.M.T. 1995, 1998, C.P.M.T. 1996, Manipal 2003)
Q21. The citellum or cingulum in Earthworm is present in
A. 12, 13 and 14 segments B. 13, 14 and 15 segments
C. 14, 15 and 16 segments D. 16, 17 and 18 segments
(C.P.M.T. 1990, J.K.C.M.E.E. 2003,
A.M.U.P.M.D.C. 2006, C.E.T. Chd. 2009,
A.F.M.C. 2010)
Q22. The female genital aperture in earthwork is presently ventrally on the segment
A. 10th B. 12th
C. 14th D. 18th
(C.P.M.T. 1987, 2000 B.H.U. 2006, 2008, H.P.P.M.T. 2011)
Q23. In Earthworm male genital apertures are present ventrally in the segment.
A. 14th B. 15th
C. 17th D. 18th
(C.P.M.T. 1989, 1999, B.H.U. 1985, B.V. 2006, C.E.T Ch. 2009)
Q24. In earthworm fertilization occurs in
A. Oviduct B. Spermatheca
C. Clitellum D. Coccon
(C.P.M.T. 2005, D.P.M.T. 1986 Bih. P.M.T. 2006)
Q25. Earth worms possess hearts
A. 6 pairs B. 4 pairs
C. 2 pairs D. 1
(C.B.S.E. 1991, Uttarakhand 2001)
Q26. Thyphlosole of Earthworm is a device for
A. Earth secretion of digestive enzymes B. Increasing absorptive area
C. Slowing down passage of food D. Crushing of food
(C.P.M.T. 1988, 1993, 1998, R.P.M.T. 1996, B.H.U. 1997, J.I.P.M.E.R. 1999)
Q27. Blood of pheretima is
A. Blue with haemocycanin in corpuscles B. Blue with haemocycanin in plasma
C. Red with haemocycanin in corpuscles D. Red with haemocycanin in plasma
(C.B.S.E. 1990, Orissa 2005)
Q28. In Earthworm, setae are absent from
A. Clitellum B. First segment
C. Chitellum and last segment D. Clitellum, first and last segments.
(R.P.M.T. 1998, H.P.P.M.T. 2010, Kerala 2011)
Q29. Endocrine glands of insects which secrete juvenile hormone are

IN ANIMALS

38
A. Corpora allata B. Corpora albicans
C. Corpora myecaena D. All the above
(A.I.I.M.S. 1997, Manipal 2001, A.M.U. 2009)
Q30. RBCs are nucleated in
A. Rat B. Cat
C. Frog D. Rabbit
(A.F.M.C. 1997, Pb. P.M.T. 2000, B.H.U. 2003, 2008, M.P.P.M.T. 2007, C.B.S.E. Mains 2011)
Q31. Chloragogen cells in Pheretima are specialized for
A. Nutrition B. Excretion
C. Reproduction D. Respiration
(C.P.M.T. 1998, J.I.P.M.E.R. 2003)
Q32. Enteronephric nephridia of earthworm are connected with
A. Excretion B. Respiration
C. Digestion D. Osmoregulation
(C.B.S.E. 2000, A.F.M.C. 2007)
Q33. In Pheretima coelomic fluid contains
A. Dissolved haemoglobin B. Dissolved RBS
C. Broken WBC D. Watery plasma
(B.H.U. 2001, Pb. P.M.T. 2007)
Q34. Blood glands of Pheretima take part in
A. Formation of red blood corpuscles B. Formation of phagocytes
C. Maintenance of blood volume D. Maintenance of blood circulation
(E.A.M.C.E.T. 2001, Pb. P.M.T. 2007)
Q35. Number of fertilized eggs in ootheca of cockroach is
A. 16 pairs in two rows B. 16 in two rows
C. 10 in one row D. 8 in two rows
(B.H.U. 1999, Kerala 2000, Manipal 2001)
Q36. Abdomen of Cockroach has segments
A. 6 B. 10
C. 11 D. 12
(Har. P.M.T. 2000, A.F.M.C. 2004, R.P.M.T. 2006, C.E.T.
Chd. 2010)
Q37. Number of harts / chambers in heart of cockroach is
A. 4 B. 10
C. 13 D. 15
(C.P.M.T. 2001,
H.P.P.M.T. 2007)
Q38. Brown colour of Earthworm is due to
A. Melanin B. Porphyrin
C. Haemoglobin D. Both A and B
(R.P.M.T. 2005,
A.M.U.P.M.D.C. 2006)
Q39. Adhesive pads present in legs of Cockroach are
A. Galeae B. Lacineae
C. Glossae D. Plantulae

IN ANIMALS

39
(A.F.M.C. 2005 K.C.E.T. 2010)
Q40. In Cockroach which one is absorbed in hepatic caeca
A. Glucose and amino acids B. Lipids
C. Glucose D. Both B and C

(Guj. C.E.T. 2006)
Q41. Tadpoles of Frog can be made to grow as giant sized tadpoles, if they are
A. Administered large amount of thyroxine
B.Administered antihyroid substance like thiourea
C. Reared on a diet rich in egg yolk
D. Reared on a diet rich in both egg yolk and glucose

(A.I.I.M.S. 2006)
Q42. Select the false statement for rat
A. Teeth are heterodont and the
B. Females possess six pairs of nipples on the ventral surfaces of trunk
C. In females, urinary and genital apertures are located above anus
D. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 33 pairs of spinal nerves
E. Gestation period is 22-23 days
(Kerala 2006)
Q43. Correct sequence of arrangement of segments in the leg of Cockroach is
A. Tibia, trochanter, femur, tarsus and coxa B. Trochanter, coxa, tibia, femur and tarsus
C. Coxa, femur trochanter, tibia and tarsus D. Trochanter, coxa femur, tarsus and tibia
(Kerala 2006)

Q44. Correct statement about circulatory system of Cockroach is
A. In has closed type of circulatory system
B. It has a complicated type of circulatory system
C. It has 13 chambered heart with a pair of ostia in each chamber.
D. It takes place without participation of tissues.
(A.M.U.P.M.D.C. 2006)
Q45. In Cockroach, the anterior wings are called
A. Elytra B. Pedipalps
C. Antenna D. Chelicera
(R.P.M.T. 2006)

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Space for Notes

IN ANIMALS

41

ANSWER SHEETS

Assignment -1
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. C A C C A D A D B D A A A B A
Ques. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. A C B A C A B A D C C C C B B
Ques. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. B B A D C A D B C A C A B B D
Ques. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. A B B C B C C D A C B C A B D
Ques. 61 62 63
Ans. B C A

Assignment -2
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. D C B A C C D B B C A A B B A
Ques. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. D A A D A D A A A D C D A D B
Ques. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. B B D C A C A A A D B A D A B
Ques. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. D C C D D C C C C D B D B C B
Ques. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
Ans. B C A D C C C B D

Previous Year Questions

IN ANIMALS

42
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. B C D B C B C D A D D D A A B
Ques. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. D B C D A C C D D B B D D A C
Ques. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. B A D B B B C B D A B C D C A

IN ANIMALS

43

Some Important Information:

Calcination Process of burning of bone till it becomes white.
Beside calcium phosphate (major constituents) the bones contain potassium, magnesium hydroxide.
Study of cartilage is called chondrology.
Study of bone is called osteology.
Long bones possess pits of Howship.
Normal blood glucose level is 65 90 mg/100 ml.
Strontium 90 is the chemical which causes damage to WBC, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and lungs.
Bone marrow is absent in birds due to Pneumatic bones.
Granulocyte are formed inside Red bone marrow.
Haemocytometer is used for red cell counting.
Phagocytosis was first of all seen by Metchnikoff.
Blood doping or blood boosting is the transfusion of ones own blood or frozen RBC to increase haemoglobin content to
carry more oxygen.
Spleen also acts as graveyard of RBC. If spleen is removed than filtration of dead RBC will stop.
Polycythemia Abnormal rise in number of RBC.
When muscles contract they have squeezing effect on veins running though them. It is termed as muscle pump.
T-tubules are present in sarcolemma near the junction between A-band and I-band.
Tongue muscles and muscles of upper part of oesophagus are striated muscles, but without any bone.
Cholesterol concentration is highest in cardiac muscle.
Phospholipids concentration is maximum in cardiac muscle.
The muscles change gradually from voluntary to involunatry in the upper part of oesophagus.
Lohman Reaction : ADP + Phospho Creatine ATP + creatine
Chronaxie is defined as the shortest duration of stimulus required to excite a tissue by a current strength.
Painful contractions of muscles is called muscle cramp.
Total number of muscles in human body is 639
Largest muscle is gluteus maximus (Buttock muscle).
Smallest muscle is stapedius.

BIOLOGY STUDY MATTER Structural Org in Animals

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