Future Work

Background
R
mcusucd
=eR
scu
+ 1e R
sk
Figure 2.
Blue Solid line: Mean
values obtained
fromusing minimum
variance technique.
Red Dotted line: 1
standard deviation.
.
Instrumentation
Data Analysis
where, v =wavenumber in cm
-1
,
k =absorption coefficient in cm,
B(v,T(z)) =Plancks function
with a temperature depth profile
of T(z).
FromBeers Law:
I=I
0
e
(-z)
, where
=absorption coefficient.
D
p
=
1
u
=
1
4vR
mg
,
R
img
=imaginary part of the
refractive index of water.
(Bertie and Lan., 1996).
=850-1000cm
-1
and2640-2900cm
-1
areshown andused
inthealgorithmastheyproducethemost consistent and
givesawideD
p
range. (Fig1)
.
Algorithm
Brightness
Temperatureof I
m
Brightness
Temperature
of T(z)
(1) Createa
1
st
guess
profile, T(z)
(2)
Adjust
entire
T(z)
(3) Keep
adjusting T(z)
until a minimum
root-mean-square
(rms) value is
obtained between
BT of I
m
and T(z)
(5) Repeat steps
(2) & (3) for
lower portion of
T(z).
(4) Keep top-
most T(z)
(6) Keep adjusted top-most T(z) and
repeat steps (5) & (6) for entire
water columns profile
(7) Use new T(z)
as 1
st
guess profile
and repeat steps (2)
to (7) until rms of BT
calculated is below
tolerance level then
EXIT algorithm.
DEPTH
DEPTH
DEPTH
DEPTH
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
(a)
(b)
(c)
Results
where,
R=radiance,
=emissivity
A first guess wasproducedusingknowledgethat theskinSST
profile is approximated by a complementary error function
(LiuandBusinger, 1975). ResultsareshowninFig3(a) & (b).
References:
Bertie, J .E. and Z. Lan, (1996). Infrared intensities of liquids XX: the intensity of the OH stretching band of liquid water revisited and the best current values of the optical constants of
H
2
O (l) at 25C between 15,000 and 1cm-1, Applied Spectroscopy, 50 (8), pp. 1047-1057
Hanafin, J .A. and P.J . Minnett, (2005). Measurements of the infrared emissivity of a wind-roughened sea surface, Applied Optics, 44 (3), pp. 398-411
Liu, W.T. and J .A. Businger, (1975). Temperature profile in the molecular sublayer near the interface of a fluid in turbulent motion, Geophysical Research Letters, 2 (9), pp. 403-404
Acknowledgements: Research funded by NASA
Figure 3(a). Result of iterating cruise data. Figure 3(b). BT error of Fig 3(a).
Previous runs on synthetic
data (Fig 4(a)), shows that
there is a tendency for an
overshoot at thecurvatureof
the skin SST profile. This
overshoot is <0.01% when
theBT error is<0.003%(fig
4(b)), which is the case on
thecruisedatarun.
Figure 4(a) Result of runs fromsynthetic data.
Figure 4(b). BT error
(dotted) & T(z) error
(solid) of Fig 4(a) in
%. Graphs plotted
with respect to D
p
.
Figure 1. Penetration depth, D
p
vs wavenumber.
The skin sea surface temperature (skin SST) is one of the
most important variables in driving air-sea interaction and is
measured by infrared radiometry by emission from a depth
of 10-20m. There are 2 distinct processes happening in this
layer: (1) The electromagnetic (EM) skin layer due to EM
properties of water; (2) The thermal skin layer due to
molecular diffusion processes of heat transfer from the ocean
to the atmosphere.
Here we present an iterative algorithm to retrieve the skin
SST profile using spectral measurements made by the
Marine-Atmosphere Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M-
AERI). The objective is to understand the gradient of the
SST profile as it is key to climate studies driving primary
variables, eg. Net heat flux, which are vital when obtaining
knowledge of the climate system.
E
m
i
s
s
i
v
i
t
y

300 300.1 300.2 300.3 300.4 300.5
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
Temperature in K
d
e
p
t
h

i
n

m
m

Tb=300.1
Tb=300.2
Tb=300.3
Tb=300.5
Ts=300, Q=200. Solid line=original T(z),
dotted line=T(z) after iteration
301.6 301.8 302
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
temperature in Kelvin
d
e
p
t
h

i
n

m
m

M-AERI data
Approx erfc to M-AERI data
BT of result
result after iteration
850 900 950 1000
0
1
2
3
x 10
-3
error in BT=abs(BT
red
-BT
blue
)/BT
red
in %
e
r
r
o
r

i
n

%
1) Algorithm needs to be tested on more datasets from other
cruises.
2) Quantification of algorithms accuracy and errors.
2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900
0
1
2
3
x 10
-3
e
r
r
o
r

i
n

%
wavenumber in cm
-1
I
m
: =_ kB(:,I z )c
-kz
Jz
0
-
Profiling the Skin Sea Surface Temperature with
Infrared Hyperspectral Measurements of the
Marine-Atmosphere Emitted Radiance Interferometer
Elizabeth Wong and Peter J. Minnett
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, USA
The M-AERI measures emission from the water and
atmosphere in the wavenumber range, =500-3000cm
-1
. From
this, the skin SST can be retrieved. The measured radiance is:
Field data measured from the RV Mirai during the Nauru99
cruise are used for analysis. Cloud-free, night-time data from
24
th
J une 4
th
J uly 1999 are processed as follows:
1) Spectral emissivity values are derived by minimizing the
variance of the brightness temperature (BT) in narrow
wavenumber, , intervals (Hanafin, 2005).
2) Emissivity values and measured radiances were averaged
over all good data collected. (Fig 2)
3) Atmospheric correction was performed on the averaged
data to obtain R
sea
using the formula:
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
p
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

d
e
p
t
h

(
m
m
)
wavenumber in cm
-1
This property of water allows
the M-AERI to measure the
temperature at depths of a few
millimeters.
850 900 950 1000
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
2640 2700 2800 2900
0.9
0.95
1
wavenumber in cm
-1
0 0.005
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
Tb=300.1
error in %
d
e
p
t
h

i
n

m
m
0 0.005
Tb=300.2
0 0.005
Tb=300.3
0 0.005 0.01
Tb=300.5