UMT 34 STAFF AND AUXILZARY AGENCIES

Structure
34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.7 34.8 34.9 34.10 Objectives Introduction Meaning and Importance Salient Features of the Staff Agencies Functions of Staff Agencies Types of Staff Agencies Auxiliary Agencies
34.6.1 Salient Features of Auxilia:y Agencies 34.6.2 Distinction between Staff and Auxiliary Agencies

Let U s Sum Up Key Words Some Useful Books Answers t o Check Your Progress gxercises

34.0 OBJECTIVES
After studying this unit you should be able to: e explain the meaning, importance and role of staff and auxiliary agencies e describe the features, functions and types of staff agencies; and @ distinguish between line, staff and auxiliary agencies.

34.1 INTRODUCTION

As you read in Unit 33, in any country the chief executive constitutes the highest point of the administrative structure. H e has to run the administration, but he alone cannot do all the work. H e needs help. Under every chief executive there are many administrative units and agencies. These agencies are the line and the staff. The: line workis the function of authority and command and'staff' work is the function of help, advice and counsel. Those units which are doing line work are called 'line agencies' and those doing the staff work are called 'staff agencies'. There are third type of agencies also. They provide common house-keeping services to all other agencies. They a r e called as 'auxiliary' agencies. In previous Unit we have studied about the line age:ncies like government departments and public corporalions. In this unit we will study about the 'staff' and 'auxiliary' agencies.

34.2

I41EANING AND IMPORTANCE

We know that in modem times the functions of administration have increased

a very complex and complicated activity. tremendously. Administration has b e c ~ m e The number of administrative agencies has increased. At the same time the size of I he administrative organisations has also become very large. Due t o all these factars it haas become very difficult for the chief executive to carry out his work all alone. He has sts mahy things to do; so many decisions to make; so many letters t o reply; and so many visitors t o meet. Thus he is over-burden$d. He has no time. He needs advice and assistance. He needs relevant and up-to-date information without which he cannot function. Those individuals, officers o r units which provide help, assistance, advice a n d information to the 'chief executive' are called 'staff agencies'. Like the chief executive other executives also need the help, advice and assistance of the staff. In the previous unit, we have studied the line agencies working directly under the chief executive like the government departments and public corporations. We know that these line agencies carry out the actual executive work and exercise the authority and command on behalf of the chief executive. There are ministers in charge

of the departments and members of the Board of Directors of the public corporations. They are the executives of the line agencies who exercise the authority, make decisions and run the administration. These executives, ministers, directors and Inantigers also cannot carry out all their functions without the help, advice and assistance of the "staff agencies". including the chief executive, carrying out tlie,line We can thus say that all~executives functions need the seririces of the 'staff'. Without the help'of the staff, no line agerncy can function efficiently and no executive can perform all his functions on his own. So 'staff units' perform very important role in administration. Ilistinction Between 'Line' and 'Staff' The distinction between 'line' and 'staff' units was first developed in military administration. We read in the previous unit that there are some units in the army which actually fight in war. Right from the Chief Commander to the soldier, they are all in one line of command and under one authority. The Chief Commander, the general, the brigadier, the major, the captain, the platoon commander, the: subhedars etc., in this chain of command are called 'line' officers and the units under their control arc called as 'line' units in military administration. But can the line units fight a war without regular supply of food, water, clothing, arms and ammunitions? Can they proceed unless pr'operroads and bridges are built on their way? Can they go ahead without medical and nursing aids? Can a Chief Commander make decisions unless all the maps of the war-front and thc other relevant information are made available to him? In military, there are those units which supply food, clothing, arms and ammunitions, medical and nursing aids; units which carry on spying operations; units which build and repair roads and bridges; units which prepare maps of the war-front areas; units which keep all relevant and up-to-date information of the war-front ready for the use of military commanders. These units do not lake part i n actual fighting with the enemy on the war-front. Theirwork issecondary in nature and is carried out behind the scene. But without their work the 'line units' of the army cannot fight. They are called 'staff units' in the military and their function is called 'staff' function. This distinction between 'line' and 'staff' units has been borrowed from military administration and usefully applied to Public Administration. Let us now understand what is meant by the 'staff' units in Public Administration. Meaning of Staff Units in Administration The dictionary meaning of the term 'staff' clearly explains the nature of the staff units. Literally, 'staff' means "a wooden stick carried in the hatzd on whiclz one cart lean for support". It cannot make movements on its own. It can move only if you and your hand want it to move. It cannot initiate your movement but if you decide to move, the stick in your hand will give you support and take you wherever you want to go. This exactly is the role of the 'staff units' in the administrative structure of a country Another relevant dictionary meaning of the word 'staff' is "a body of officers attached
to a commanding officer to help him in his work".This makes it very clear that the

StaB and Auxillnry Agencles

'staff' function is a supportive and helping function. The 'staff' units perform the ,secondary function and not the primary function in the administration. The primary 'line functions are performed by the 'line' units and executive agencies, In order to carry out their functions the executives need help, assistance, advice, counsel, support, infolmation and statistics etc. 'staff agencies' or staff officers provide all these services to them. The above description may give you an impression that in Public Admiriistration the 'line' functions are more important than the 'staff functions and you may conclude that the 'line units' are more important than the 'staff units'. But this is not true. Both are equally important in administration and are complementary to each other. Line units have authority and power to make decisions, issue orders and command the administrative organisations. But they cannot work without the help and advice of the 'staff'. Staff units have no authority and power but they have the 'influence' and 'advice' which is equally important. For example the Prime Minister is the chief executive in our country. There is a staff agency called the Prime Minister's Secretariat which gives help, assistance and advice t o him in all his activities. Prime Minister exercises the power and authority but in this work Prime Minister's Secretariat plays a very important role.

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Concepts in Orgnnlsations In

Today this Prime Minister's Secretariat, which is a staff agency; equipped with a wide range of expertise has a lot of influence and importancedn our administration. Similarly, the Union Public Service Commission (U .P.S.C.) advises the Government on the [matters relating to the civil services and makes many useful recommendations, The government has the 'authority' to accept or reject them. But in actual practice we know that: the U.P.S.C. has a lot of 'influence' in personnel matters and all its recommendations are normally accepted by the Government. Thus we can say that the staff agencies have no authority but certainly have the 'influence'.

34.3 SALIENT FEATURES . . OF' THE STAFF AGENCIES

We have so far, studied the meaning and importance of the staff agencies. In order to understand the concept of staff agencies more clearly, let us try to see what are their salient features.
1) Staff Agencies perform 'Secondary' functions in Administration

In all countries the line agencies perform the 'primary' function? and the staff agencies perform the 'secondary' functions. Their role is support.iveand qdvisory in nature. We have seen that in the army 'line units' fight and the 'staff units' help in fighting; the 'line units' carry out the administration and the 'staff units' help them in carrying out the administration. 'St:tff' is like a stick which can help you in walking but which cannot walk on its own. Line function is an 'end' in itself but the staff function is a 'means' to achieve an end. Both the primary and secondary functions are important in admillistration.
2) Staff Agencies do not exercise authority and command

The very nature of the staff agencies is such that they do not have authority and power. They do not make decisions and issue commands. These are the functions of the 'line'. 'Staff helps the line in the exercise of the power and authority. The staff advises the 'line' in making decisions. It has some 'influence' and not authority. But in some cases the 'advice' of the,staff is considered as very significant. It becomes compulsory to accept that advice. Suppose a person is seriously ill, he goes to a doctor. Doctor advises him to take a particular medicine. In such a case it becomes compulsory for the patient to take the medicine advised by the doctor. Here the doctor does not have authority but has a lot of influence. Similarly, the staff also has influence and not authority.
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3) Staff Agencies do not have executive responsibilities In administration the chief executive, the Ministers and the executive heads have the responsibility of carrying out the administration. 'Staff' agencies are there to help and assist them in their work, They remain behind the scene. They are not directly responsible for the executive work. If the government succeeds, the credit goes to the Prime Minister, if it fails the blame goes on him. He is held responsible. No staff unit can be held responsible for the success or failure of administration or government.
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4) Shff Agencies do not directly deal with the people

The line agencies directly deaI with people and serve the community. The staff agencies provide services to the line agencies and not to the people.. They help, assist and advise the line agencies but they remain behind the scene. They remain anonymous and in the background. In some cases the staff agencies perform some delegated functions and come into contact with the people on behalf of the chief executive. Even in such a case the 'staff' is responsibIe to the chief executive and not directly to the people.
5) Stair Units are attached to Line Units at all levels outside the line of command In any administrative structure the line of command and authority runs downwards from the chief executive to the heads of departments (Ministers) to the executive heads of different divisions, sections.. . etc., and so on. Staff agencies are located outside this line of command. They are attached to different line units at different levels in the line

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of authority. They are like the sidings at a Railway Station to the main rail track. But sometimes a 'Staff' officer may be a part of the line unit like the secretary of the Home Department is an adviser to the Home Minister.

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34.4 FUNCTIONS OF STAFF AGENCIES

So far we have seen that the staff agencies play a very important role in the administrative system of a country. Line agencies and executive heads cannot function without the suppok and assistance of the staff agencies. In different countries different staff units perform different types of functions. Let us now try to understand and identify the major functions of the staff agencies. Assistance Function The most important function of the staff agencies is to assist, help and support the c b i f executive and other line agencies in carrying out their work. They work on behalf of:the chief executives and reduce their burden, relieve them from the routine matters and save their energy and time for important matters. White House Office in America or prime Minister's Secretariat in India are predominantly doing this assistance function. These staff agencies work as additional ears, eyes and hands of the chief executive. he^ serve as the 'filter and funnel' for them. They issue press notes, write letters, maintain diaries, channel visitors and perform several other functions to help the executive. Information Function Another major function of the 'staff' is to provide to the line agencies all relevant information,.w.cessaryfor making decisiojns.Staff has to collect, preserve and provide up-to-date information and data. Col1e;ction of information involves research, study, enquiry and surveys etc. The information collected has to be digested, summarised and presented to the concerned 'line' officer in a suitable form. Suitable and relevant statistical data has also to be kept up-to-date and supplied whenever required. Bureau of Statistics, Establishment Unit, 0 & MDivision are engaged in this type'offunction. Advisory Function In addition to providing relevant information and data necessary for making a decision, the 'staff' also has to advise the chief executive and line agencies. They have to place tbeir opinion before the Minister or chief executive. This advice may be accepted or rejected by the concerned 'line' officer. But consultation and counsel of the 'staff is taken before making a final decision. Secretary of a department gives his advice and counsel to his Minister. On matters of planning, the Planning Commission gives advice to the Government. Advising and consultation are the important functions of all 'staff' agencies.
, Supervisory Function Once a decision is taken by the chief executive it is the function of the 'staff' to communicate it to the other related line agencies and to see that the decision is implemented by them. The staff units have to explain the decision, remove the difficulties in its implementation and supervise their work on behalf of the chief executive. They have to plan and coordinate their work, maintain contacts with all related agencies and help the chief executive in his task. The Cabinet Secretariat perfotms this supervisory function in India.

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Delegated Functions Sometimes the chief executive delegates some authority to a staff agency. In that case that staff agency performs delegated functions'on behalf of the chief executive within clear and defined limits. For example a Press Secretary of the Prime Minister issues press notes on behalf of the PMorthe Bureau of Budget prepares the budget on behalf of the American President or the Union Public Service Commission conducts the competitive examinations for the recruitment of the civil servants, on behalf of the .Government of India. Thus, sometimes, the staff exercises$elegated authority on behalf of the line agencies andperform <;legated ftta#ibns.

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Cbucepts k C k g g n h t t ~ m ~
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Check Your Progress 1

Note: j) Use the space below for your answers. ii) Check your answer with those given at the end of the unit.

1 What do you understand by staff agencies?

2 ,What is the importance of staff functions in administration?

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3 What are the feature? of staff agencies?

4 Explain any two important functions of staff agencies.

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5 Which one of the following is not a function of staff agencies?

i) Advising the chief executive ii) Collecting information, data, etc. for the executive iii) Directly carryiig m t the wdrks of administration iv) Acting as filter and funnel for the-executive
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34.5 TYPES OF STAFF AGENCIES

In general there are three types of staff services or agencies. They are: I) General staff 2) Technical staff 3) Auxiliary staff General Staff The chief executive needs the advice and assistance of a 'general' nature. For example there ire hundreds of letters which come to him. He has no time to read them all and send replies. I-Iis assistants will do this work for him. Only the most important letters will be placed on his table. He has to deliver so many speeches. His assistants prepare the texts of his lectures. He has to meet so many visitors. His assistants act as 'filter and funnel' in this matter. Thus they save his time and energy for important matters and reduce his burden. All this work is of 'general' nature. Those who do this are called 'general staff'. The Prime Minister's Secretariat in India and the White House Office in America provide the examples of the 'general staff'. Even the permanent secretary of a Government Department, who advises the Minister is generally a generalist and experienced administrator. His advice is also of a 'general' nature. For his minister he performs the functions of the 'general staff'. The members of thc 'general staff' gene;ally are persons with adminis'trative,training and experience. They are not technical experts. But thcy can give 'general staff' assistance and advice the chief executive.
Technical Staff The chief executives and all other executives need technical advice in several matters because decision making requites perfect technical knowledge of the related field. 'Generalist staff'working under them do not have technical knowledge. Therefore services of the technical staff which consists of experts and specialists like engineers, doctors, financial experts, economists, planners, architects etc. are required. This 'technical staff' advises the chief executive in technical matters of their field of specialisation.On behalf of the chief execiitive they also exercise technical supervision over the agencies working in their field. If an atomic energy plant is to be established, a hydro-electric dam is to be built or an aeroplane factory is to be establisl~ed, in such technical matters it is absolutely necessary to consult and obtain the advice of t h e experts like 'atomic energy scientists', 'design and construction engineers', or 'aeronautic scientists'. Decisions regarding financial and econornic policy requires thc opinions of the economists. Similarly government needs advice o f 'foreign policy f the experts in defence and strategic experts' in framing its foreign policy or that o studies tq frame its defence policy.

Staff m ~ d Auxiliary Agencies

Theneed of technical experts in administration is rapidly increasing in our country. As the functions of the government are rapidly expanding, the need for tebhnical experts will continue to grow in future. A large number of specialists and technical experts are already recruited for government services. Auxiliary Staff All administrative agencies require certain common and house-keeping services. For example, all agencies require construction and maintenance of buildings, purchase of furniture, stationcry and office materials, printing of papers, documents and reports, f personnel, preparation of annual-budgets recruitment, training and management o and financial statements, maintenance of accounts and records etc. These services are incidental in character i.e, they are not directly a part of the main and primary activity of the agency. But without these services it will not be possible for any organisation to carrv out its primzry functions. They are absolutely necessary for all organisations but they are subsidiary and secondary in nature. In administration, these services are called 'auxiliary services' and those agencies or units which perform these services are called 'auxiliary staff agencies'. The Public Works Department, the Public Service . omm mission, the t i ~ ~ c l ~ Department, l~its Director of Supplies, a Store Section, or Establishment Section or Records Section of large organisation are examples of the 'auxiliary staff agencies', We have seen that the auxiliary agencies, provide certain common house-keeping services to all other agencies and departments. They work on behalf of the line agencies. In their own sphere ot.acti;.ity they make decisions and exercise authority.

They work as separate independent organisations but as agents of the line units. They are not like general or technical staff agencies. They do not 'advise' or 'assist' the line units as other staff agencies do. Therefore, some writers like W.F. Willoughby and L.D. White, arc of the opinion that 'auxiliary' or 'house-keeping' services should not be regarded as part of the staff services. According to them 'auxiliary agencies' are not staff agencies. They are not even a type of staff agencies. In the next part of this unit we will study the meaning and importance of auxiliary agencies and their distinct features in detail. We will also try to make a distinction between the staff agencies and auxiliary agencies in the last part of this unit.

34.6

AUXILIARY AGENCIES

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As we have seen earlier in administration there is a third category of agencies which . provides common, house-keeping services to all other agencies. These agencies are called 'auxiliary agencies'. Some writers think that 'auxiliary' services are part of the 'staff' services. But there are some other 'writers Who say that the nature of the auxiliary services is !differentfrom the staff services and therefore the 'auxiliary agencies' must be ~tudiedlseparatel~. In the following pages we will study the 'auxiliary' agencies.
Need of Audliary Agencies In the administrative system of any coontry there are many line agencies. All these agencies perform different functions. In order to perform their primary activities all agencies require certain common, house-keeping services like construction and maintenance of buildings, typing, budgeting, and so on. All these activities are incidental and not the primary or main activity of any agency. They are absolutely necessary for the achievement of the primary objectives of the organisations. These services are called 'auxiliary' services. .

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Actually it is the responsibilityof each line agency to purchase the required furniture ' ; and equipments, to make recmitment of the servants, to maintain its accounts and keep , records etc. In the past each line agency was 'self-sufficient' and made its own arrangements for performing these auxiliary activities. But because all these auxiliary services are common to all departments, it is more convenient and economical if all. these common functions are taken away from all the line agencie$ and are performed , by separate agencies. It automatically ihcreases the efficiency and we have the benefits of specialisation in carrying out them common services. It reduces the burden of the executives and saves their time and energy for more important work. Therefore, in most countries separate auxiliary agencies have been establ shed. The Central Public Works Department, Finance Department, Onion Public Se ' ice Cofimission, , DirectoriGeneral of Supply and Dispbsal are some examples of auxiliary agencies of , the Government of India. In other countries also the centralised auxiliary agencies have * , been established in'the interest of economy, efficiency and convenience in administration.
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Meaning of Auxiliary Agencies 4 Dictionary meaning of the word 'auxiliary' is 'helpful' 'subsidiary' or 'allied troops in a nation's service'. When we apply this to the administration, we can say that auxiliary services are those services which are not primary but secondary or subsidiary in nature. They provide subsidiary type of help to the 'line' agencies. It is like the help of the 'allied troops in theservice of a nation'. A nation has to rely on its own troops but in some cases it can take the help of the 'troops' of an allied (friendly) country.

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In administration, auxiliary services are those services which are common, * house-keeping services required by all 'line' agencies, like purchasing the equipments, recruiting the servapts, maintaining the accounts etc. Line agencies are established for ., other important ppfposes. In ordel: to cany out these primary functions line agencies . need incidental services also. These subsidiary and 'secondary' services are called 'auxiliary' services and those agencies which provide these services to the line agencies are called 'auxiliary agencies'.
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34.6.1 Salient Features of Auxiliary Agencies

We have studied the meaning and importance of the auxiliary agencies in the administrative system. In order to understand the concept and nature of 'auxiliary

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agencies' more clearly, let us now look at some of the salient features'of the 'auxiliary agencies'.
-1. Auxiliary Agc cies provide commbb house-keeping services to the line units

Auxiliary agencies provide common secondary help and subsidiary house-keeping services to the line agencies. For example in a University there are many teaching departments teaching different subjects like Political Science, Economics, Chemistry, Mathematics etc. All the teaching departments need books, furnitures and stationery. These are common house-keeping services. Instead of having a library service in each department, there is a common auxiliary agency called the University Library. It purchases and keeps books on all subjects which are used by the teachers and students of all the departments. Similarly there is a 'Stores Section' which makes common purchases of furniture and stationery and supplies them to all departments as and when required.
2. Auxiliary Agencies exercise limited authority and make decisions in their own sphere Auxiliary agencies are separate units which exercise some liniited authority and make decisions in their own limited sphere of activity. Staff agencies have only 'advisory' role and have no 'authority'-Contrary to this the auxiliary agencies have a 'limited authority' which they exercise while carrying cgut their functions. They have no 'advisory' or 'counselling' role like the general or technical staff agencies. On the contrary they work as agents of line agencies and make decisions on behalf of them. A purchasing agency makes purchases according to its own rules and regulations o r Public Service Commission makes the selections of candidates according to its own norms. The Finance Department exercisr;? authority and control over other departments while preparing the budget or approving the expenditure. Thus we can say that in a limited way the auxiliary agencies exercise authority and make decisions. Auxiliary agencies ' are somewhere between the 'line' and 'staff' agencies,
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3. Auxiliary Agencies hare operational responsibilities

The auxiliary agencies are, in a sense operational agencies as they are concerned with performance of some routine activities'of government like purchases, supplies, personnel matters, accounting, budgeting etc. In this respect auxiliary agencies are different from other 'staff' agencies. Incase of auxiliary agencies their efficient operation is more important than their 'advice'. Delays in the work of U.P.S.C. or Public Works Department or Law Department will effect the performance of all other line departments.
4. Auxiliary Agencies do not serve the People Auxiliary agencies basically perform services common to the departments but they do not serve the people. They serve the line agencies and departments. They assist and help the line agencies in carrying out their functions. They work as the agents of the line agencies. But these agencies do not provide services to the people.

5. Auxiliary Agencies are placed under the Chief Executive or Departments .Generally the centralised auxiliary agencies are placed under or attached to the chief executive. There are some government departments which work as auxiliary agencies such as the Finance Department, Public Works Departments or Law Department. These departments provide auxiliary services to other departments and at the same time exercise some authority and control over the other departments through these services. Some auxiliary agencies are placed under or attached to the departments like the Rnance Department or Home Department or the General Administration Departments.

346.2 Distinction between 'Staff' and 'Avxiliary' Agencies So far in this unit we have studied the 'staff' and 'auxiliary' agencies. Let us now make a distinction between the 'staff and 'auxiliary' agencies. Both these agencies help and assist the 'line' agencies in carrying out their primary functions. Their functions are basically 'secondary' in nature but are necessary in administrarion. Both do not serve the people but serve the line agencies only. But they have some differences. What are the differences between the 'staff and 'auxiliary' agencies?

Conrrpts in Organisations

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Thus there are some similarities and some differences between the 'staff' and 'auxiliary' hgencies. In administration, ..... ...... the services of both 'staff' and 'auxiliary' agencies are !equally important for the successfuitr~~r1(in~~0Tthe 'line' agencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .
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Auxiliary Agencies Staff Agencies 1. Staff Agencies aid, assist and 'advise' the 1. Auxiliary agencies provide common, house-keeping services to the 'line' line agencies. 'Advice' is a major agencies. 'Service' is a major function function of 'staff' of Auxiliary agency. 2. Staff agencies do not exerclse 'authority' 2. Auxiliary agencies exercise 'limited authority' and make some decisions and do not make decisions. They help relating to their own sphere of activity arid 'advise' the line agencies in making decisions. 3. Auxiliary agencies have operating 3. Staff agencies have no executive or responsibilities on behalf of the line operative responsibilities. agencies. 4. Auxiliary agencies are generally placcd 4. Staff agencies are attac,hed to line under the chief executive or agencies at different levels in the departments. administrative hierarchy

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Check Your Progress 2 -. - - - . .Note: i) Use the space below for your answers. ii) Check your answers with those given at the efld of the unit. 1 Distinguish between general staff and technical staff.
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2 Discuss the importance of auxiliary agencies in administration.

............................................................................................................ .. Explain the features of auxiliary agencies.

Staff and Auxiliary Agencies

4 Distinguish between staff agencies and auxiliary agencies.

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34.7

LETUSSUMUP'. -- -

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In this unit we have learnt that the 'staff' and 'auxiliary' ltgencies arc there to help, assist 'general' and 'technical' and advise the 'line' agencies. The 'staff' agencies prov~de .advice and assistance to the 'line' agencies, wllereas the 'auxiliary agencies' provide comlnon and house-keeping services to the line agencies. Some writers consider 'auxiliary' services as part of the 'staff' services, but others think that 'staff agencies' and 'auxiliary agencies' qrc different. T h e main distinqtion between the two is that 'staff' agcncies do not exercise authority whereas the auxiliary agencies exercise some 'limited authority'. Staff units perform predo~ninantly'advisory'. functions wl~ereas the auxiliary units perform the 'service' functions. Both these agencies are, however, important in administration.

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34.8 KEY WORDS

Orgallisation and Methods (O&M) : An administrative concept and process by which research, methods, engineering, organising, fact finding and related professional advice is provided for managemkt in order to establish and maintair~optimum efficiency in handling, scrutinising or controlling over organisation methods and procedures. Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) : An advisory body to the government, on ic The matters relating to recruitment, promotion and control of the p ~ ~ b lservices. members of UPSC are appoinfkd by the President for a period of 6 year ,. - ..
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34.9

SOME USEFUL BOOKS

Avasthi, A and Maheshwari, S.R., 1978. ~ublic~dntinirrration; Laxmi Narain Agarwal : Agra. Dimock, M.E. and Dimock,G:O., 1970. ~ u b l ~ ~ r l m i n i s t r u t iIo BnH ; ~ublishurs : New Delhi. 1 . Pfiffncr J.M. and Sherwood, 1968. ~dmhistrative Orgnnisntions; IBH Publishers: New Delhi.

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~l&ran, P., 1981. Modern Public Administration; Meenakshi Prakashan: New Delhi. Sharma, M.P., 1977. Public Administration in Theory and Practice : Kitab Mahal : Allahabad. Tyagi, A.R., 1986. Public Administration; Atma Ram Sons: New Delhi.
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34.310

ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS EXERCISES

Check Your Progress 1 1 See Sec. 34.1 and 34.2 2 See Sec. 34.2 3 See Sec. 34.3 4 See Sec. 34.4 5 (iii)

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Check Your Progress 2 See Sec. 34.6 See Sec. 34.6 See Sub Sec. 34.6.1 See Sub Sec. 34.6.2