Temperature Drops in multiple-effect

q = U A T

q = U A T

q = q = q

U A T = U A T = U A T
q

U T = U T = U T

q = U A T

 T = T + T + T = Ts - T
T = T

1 / U1
1 / U1 1 / U 2 1 / U 3

T = T

1/U 2
1 / U1 1 / U 2 1 / U 3

T = T

1/U3
1 / U1 1 / U 2 1 / U 3

Multiple-Effect Evaporator
Langkah-langkah :
C & P effect terakhir hitung T
Hitung jumlah uap yang teruapkan
Trial : V = V = V L ; x ; L ; x ; L ; x
BPR
Heat and Material Balance tiap effect V ,
V , V
Hitung q tiap effect

Example 8.5.1.
Tiga effect evaporator digunakan untuk
menguapkan larutan gula 10 % berat solid
menjadi 50 %. Kenaikan titik didih larutan dapat
diestimasi BPR :C = 1,78 x+ 6,22 x, x = fraksi
gula dalam larutan. Digunakan steam jenuh pada
205,5 kPa 121,1 :C. Tekanan operasi di badan
ketiga 13,4 kPa. Laju umpan 22680 kg/jam pada
26,7 :C.
Cp larutan = 4,19 2,35 x Kj/kg.K.
U = 3123, U = 1987 dan U = 1136 W/mK.
Jika tiap efek surface areanya sama, hitung A ,
laju steam yang digunakan dan steam economy.

Penyelesaian :
Langkah 1 steam jenuh 13,4 kPa 51,67 C
BPR badan Ke-3 = 1,78(0,5) + 6,22(0,5)
= 2,45 :C
Tb = ( 51,67 + 2,45 ) = 54,12 :C
Langkah 2 material balance
22680 = L + (V+V+V)
2268 = 0,5 L
L = 4536 kg/jam
(V+V+V) = 18144 kg/jam

Anggap V = V = V = 6048 kg/jam

L = 16632 kg/jam
L = 10584 kg/jam
L = 4536 kg/jam
x = 0,136
x = 0,214
x = 0,500 ( check balance )

Langka 3 menghitung BPR tiap badan

BPR = 0,36 :C
BPR = 0,65 :C
BPR = 2,45 :C
Tav = Ts - T(jenuh) ( BPR + BPR + BPR )
= 121,1 51,67 ( 0,36 + 0,65 + 2,45 )
= 65,97 :C
T1 T

1 / U1
(65,97 )(1 / 3123 )

1 / U1 1 / U 2 1 / U 3 (1 / 3123 ) (1 / 1987 ) (1 / 1136 )

T = 12,40 :C

T = 19,50 :C T = 34,07 :C

T = 15,56 :C

T = 18,34 :C T = 32,07 :C

Menghitung actual boiling point tiap badan

(1) T = Ts - T
= 121,1 15,56 = 105,54 C
(2) T = T - BPR - T
= 105,54 0,36 18,34 = 86,84 :C
Ts2 = T - BPR
= 105,54 0,36 = 105,18 C

(3) T3 = T - BPR 2 - T
= 86.84 -0.65-32.07 = 54.12 C
T = T2 BPR
= 86.84 0.65 = 86.19 :C
Ts1
= 121.1 :C
T1
= 105.54
TS2 = 105.18
T
= 86.84
T
= 86.19
T
= 54,12
T
= 51.67
2

S3

S3

S4

Lankah 4 Menghitung harga Cp cairan tiap effect

C = 4,19 2,35 x
F :
C = 4,19 2,35 (0,1) = 3,955 kJ/kg K
L :
C = 4,19 2,35 (0,136) = 3,869
L :
C = 4,19 2,35 (0,214) = 3,684
L :
C = 4,19 2,35 (0,5) = 3,015
p

Menghitung enthalpi tiap badan

Effect 1
T1 = 105,54 :C
TS2 = 105,18
BPR = 0,36
TS1 = 121,1 :C
H
= H + 1.884 (0,36 :C)
= 2684 + 1,884(0,36) = 2685 kJ/kg
s1 = Hs1 - hs1
=(2708-508) = 2200 kJ/kg
1

S2

Effect 2
T2 = 86,84 :C, TS3 = 86,19 :C, BPR2 = 0,65
H = H + 1,884 (0,65)
= 2654 + 1,884(0,65) = 2655 kJ/kg
s2 = H1 hs2
=(2685-441) = 2244 kJ/kg
2

S3

Effect 3
T3 = 54,12 :C, TS4 = 51,67 :C, BPR3 = 2,45
H = H + 1,884 (2,45)
= 2595 + 1,884(2,45) = 2600 kJ/kg
s3 = H2 hs3
=(2655-361) = 2294 kJ/kg
3

S4

V = 22680 L
V = L 4536
1

;
;

V = L -L ;
L3 = 4536
2

Heat balance tiap effect

(1) FC (T -0) + SS1= L1CP(T1-0) + V H
P

22680 (3.955)(26,7-0) + S (2200) = L1(3.869) (105,54-0)

+ (22680 L1 ) (2685)

(2) L cp (T -0) + V = L c (T -0) + V H

1

s2

L1 (3,869)(105,54-0) + (22680 L1) (2244) =

L2 (3,684) (86,84 -0) + (L1-L2) (2655)

(3) L cp (T -0) + V = L c (T -0) + V H

2

s3

L2 (3.684)(86.84-0) + (L1-L2) (2244) =4536(3,015)(54,12-0)+

(L2 -4536)(2600)

L 1= 17078 kg/jam , L2 = 11068, L3 = 4536, S = 8936

S = 8936; V1= 5602; V2 = 6010; V3 = 6532

Langkah 5 Menghitung q dan A tiap effect

8936
6
q1 Ss1
2200x1000 5.460 x10 W
3600
5602
6
q2 V1S 2
2244 X 1000 3.492 X 10 W
3600
6010
6
q3 V2 S 3
2294 X 1000 3.830 X 10 W
3600

q1
5,460 x106
A1

112,4m 2
U1T1 3123(15,56)
q2
3,492 x106
A2

95,8m 2
U 2 T2 1987(18,34)
q3
3,830 x106
A3

105,1m 2
U 3 T3 1136(32,07)
Arata rata 104,4m 2

Langkah 6 Mencari solids balance tiap effect

L1= 17078, L2 = 11068, L3 = 4536

(1) 22680(0.1)
= 17078 (x)
(2) 17078 (0.133) = 1.068(x)
(3) 11068 (0.205) = 4536(x)
Lankah 7 Menghitung BPR

x= 0.133
x= 0.205
x= 0.500 (check balance)

(1) BPR1. 1,78 x1 6,22 x12 1,78(0,133) 6,22(0,133) 2 0,35C

(2) BPR2 1,78(0,205) 6,22(0,205) 2 0,63C
(3) BPR3 1,78(0,5) 6,22(0,5) 2 2,45C

T 121,1 51,67 (0,35 0,63 2,45) 66,00C

T1 A1 15,56(112,4)
T1

16,77C
Am
104,4
T2

T2 A2
18,34(95,8)

16,86C
Am
104,4

T3 A3
32,07(105,1)
T3

32,34C
Am
104,4

16,77 16,86 32,34 65,97C

T =16,77, T =16,87, T =32,36

T = 16,77+16,87+32,36 = 66,00 : C
(1) T = T -T =121,1 -16,77 =104,33:C,
T =121,1:C
(2) T = T -BPR -T =104,33-0,35-16,87=87,11 :C
T =T -BPR =104,33 -0,35 =103,98 :C
(3) T = T -BPR -T =87,11-0,63-32,36=54,12 :C
T =T -BPR =87,11 -0,63 =86,48 :C
1

S1

S1

S2

S3

Langkah 8 Menghitung Cp cairan

F : C =3,955 kJ / kg K
L : C =4,19 -2,35(0,133) = 3,877
L : C =4,19 -2,35(0,205) = 3,708
L : C = 3.015
P

(1) H1 H s 2 1,884(Cp ) 2682 1,884(0,35) 2683kJ / kg

s1 H s1 hs1 2708 508 2200kJ / kg

(2) H 2 H s 3 1,884(0,63) 2654 1,884(0,63) 2655kJ / kg
s 2 H1 hs 2 2683 440 2243kJ / kg
(3) H 3 H s 4 1,884(2,45) 2595 1,884(2,45) 2600kJ / kg
s 3 H 2 hs 3 2655 362 2293kJ / kg

Menghitung heat balance tiap effect

(1) 22680 (3,955)(26,7-0) +S(2200) =
L (3877)(104,33-0)+(22680-L )(2683)
(2) L (3,877)(104,33-0) +(22680-L )(2243)=
L (3,708)(87,11-0)+(L -L )(2655)
(3) L (3,708)(87,11-0) +(L -L )(2293)=
(4536)(3,015)(54,12-0)+(L -4536)(2600)
L = 17005 kg/h, L = 10952, L = 4536 S = 8960
V = 5675, V = 6053, V = 6416
1

8960
( 2200x1000) 5.476 x106 W
3600
5675
q2 V1s 2
( 2243x1000) 3.539 x106 W
3600
6053
q3 V2 S 3
( 2293X 1000) 3.855x106 W
3600
q1 Ss1

q1
5.476 x106
A1

104,6m 2
U 1T '1
3123(16.77)
q2
3.539 x106
A2

105,6m 2
U 2 T ' 2
1987(1687)
q3
3.855x106
A3

104,9m 2
U 3 T '3
1136(3236)
Arata rata 105,00m 2

STEAM ECONOMY
V1 V2 V3 5675 6053 6416

2.025
S
8960

Contoh

2 % larutan organik dalam air akan dipekatkan

menjadi 25 % menggunakan double effect
backward-feed evaporator. Harga U effect 1
adalah 2800 dan effect 2 adalah 4000 W/mK.
Laju umpan 12500 kg/j pada 30 :C.
Digunakan steam jenuh 700,5 kPa. Tekanan
operasi di effect 2 adalah 7,384 kPa. Anggap
Cp cairan konstan = 4,187 kj/kg:C dan tidak
ada kenaikan titik didih. Jika tiap effect surface
areanya sama, hitung A !

 P steam jenuh = 700,5 kPa T = 165 :C

P steam jenuh = 7,384 kPa T = 40 :C
H = 2574 kj/kg
Over all material balance :
F = L + V + V
Komponen 250 = 0,25 L
L = 1000 kg/j
V + V = 11500 kg/j

Material balance effect 1 :

L = L + V
Komponen L x = 250
Material balance effect 2 :
F = L + V

--------- (a)
--------- (b)

--------- (c) :

Heat balance effect 1 :

S s + Lh = Lh + VH -------- (d)
Heat balance effect 2 :
V s + FhF = VH + Lh ------- (e)

Heat transfer-rate, effect 1:

S s = q = U. A. (165-T)

-------- (f)

Heat transfer-rate, effect 2:

V s = q = U. A. (T-40)

-------- (g)

Asumsi : q = q
U.A.T = U.A.T
T1 U 2 4000

1,43
T2 U1 2800

 (T) = ( T ) + ( T )
= 165 40
= 125 :C
T + 1,43 ( T ) = 125 :C T = 51,44 :C
T = 73,56 :C
T = Ts - T
73,56 = 165 T T = 91,44 :C
H = 2661 kj/kg
s = 2284 kj/kg

Pers. (d) & (e)

V s + FhF = (11500-V)H + Lh + VH - S s ----- (h)

q = q S s = V s
FhF = (11500-V)H + Lh + VH - 2 V s
V(2 s + H - H) = 11500 H + Lh - FhF ----- (i)
V(4568+25742661) = 11500 (2574)+1000(4,187)(91,44)-12500 (4,187) (30)

V = 6340 kj/kg
V = 5160 kj/kg
L = 1000+6340 = 7340 kg
X = 0,0341

Pers. (d)
q = S s = Lh + VH - Lh
= 1000(4,187)(91,44)+6340(2661)-7340(4,187)(40)
= 16.024.296 KJ/J
q = V s
= ( 6340 ) (2284 ) = 14.480.560 kj/j
q = 1,11 q hitung ulang

 T = 48 :C
T = 77 :C T = 165 77 = 88 :C
H = 2565,6 kj/kg
s = 2288,6 kj/kg
Pers. (i)
V*2(2288,6) +2574-2565,6] = 11500(2574)+ 1000(4,187)(88)-12500(4,187)(30)

V = 6193 kg/j
V = 5307 kg/j
L = 7193 kg/j

Pers. (d)
q = S s = Lh + VH - Lh
= 1000(4,187)(88)+6193(2565,6)-7193(4,187)(40)
= 15.052.533 KJ/J
q = V s
= ( 6193 ) (2288,6 ) = 14.173.299 kj/j

 q = 2800 ( A ) (77) ( 1000/3600)

A = 19,39 m
q = 4000 ( A ) (48) ( 1000/3600)
A = 20,5 m
Arata-rata = 20 m