2012-2013

PREPARED BY
ASSIST. LECTURER OMAR TAHA
COURSE BOOK FOR 4
th
STAGE CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS
2012-2013
PREPARED BY
ASSIST. LECTURER OMAR TAHA
COURSE BOOK FOR 4
th
STAGE CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS
2012-2013
PREPARED BY
ASSIST. LECTURER OMAR TAHA
COURSE BOOK FOR 4
th
STAGE CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS
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Faculty of Engineering
School of Architecture and Construction
Civil Engineering Department
Course Information
Academic Year 2012-2013
Stage 4
th
Stage
Course Title Foundation Engineering
Course Code CE 402
Weekly Load 4 hrs. (2 hr Theoretical + 2 hr tutorial)
Instructor Assist. Lecturer : Omar Taha
School /Department School of Engineering Civil Engineering Department
Instructor Contact Email: omar.taha@koyauniversity.org
Coordinator Name Dr. Faris Rashied
Coordinator Contact Email: faris.rashied@koyauniversity.org
Text Book Joseph E. Bowles, RE.,bS.E " Foundation Analysis and Design"5Th Edition (1997)
Course Overview
This course is a prerequisite for the CE 303 soil mechanics course. This is a fundamental course in the
Civil and Geotechnical Engineering Programs. The course on "Foundation" presents guidance for
selecting and designing foundations for buildings and facilities of all types and associated features for
buildings such as earth embankments and slopes, retaining structures. Foundation design differs
considerably from design of other elements of a structure because of the interaction between the structure
and the supporting medium (soil and rock). The soil and rock medium are highly variable as compared to
steel and concrete products above the soil; therefore, much attention is given to presenting subsurface
investigation methods to better determine the properties of the soil and rock.
Course Objectives
The objective of this course is to introduce students that they will be able to:
Select boring location, depth, and associated laboratory tests for the project.
Select and design the appropriate shallow foundation system and deep foundation system utilizing
boring log data and associated laboratory testing and incorporating the following considerations;
(a. Soil type, b. Settlement, c. Loads, d. Alternatives: mat, spread footing, combined footing, e. Cost.)
Prepare a geotechnical engineering design report for a shallow and/or deep foundation system
including, but not limited to, appropriate engineering analysis, discussion of alternatives, presentation
of field and laboratory data, and final foundation design recommendations.
Perform a time rate of consolidation analysis.
Perform a retaining wall analysis including sliding and overturning considerations.
References
1. Braja M. Das "Principles of Foundation Engineering" 7th Edition (2011).
2. V.N.S. Murthy, "Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Engineering"(2002)
3. Braja M. Das "Theoretical Foundation Engineering" (2007).
4. Dr. Fu Hua Chen, P.E." Soil Engineering: Testing, Design, and Remediation" (1999).
5. T. William Lambe & Robert V. Whitman "Soil Mechanics" 3rd edition (1979).
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Grading Scheme:
Exams &Quizzes
Marks
Exam Quizzes
First Semester 15% 5%
Second Semester 15% 5%
Final Exam 60% -
Course Policies:
1. No Cell Phone is allowed during lecture and exam. Must be OFF (not silence or
vibrating mode).
2. Be on time to class. Tardy is strongly discouraged.
3. Exams and Quizzes are closed book and closed notes.
4. You should bring calculator to every lecture.
5. Ten-minutes break per each hour; it will be given at the end of the lecture.
Syllabus of Foundation Course & Schedule
No. of Weeks Topic
Four Weeks Site Investigation
Five Weeks
Bearing Capacity of Foundation
Three Weeks Shallow Foundation
Three Weeks Foundation Settlements
Four Weeks
Deep Foundation (Single Piles)
Three Weeks Deep Foundation (Group piles)
Two Weeks Lateral Earth Pressure
Two Weeks Retaining Walls
Two Weeks Sheet pile Walls
Two Weeks Slope Stability Analysis
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Chapter One
Site Investigation
1-1Introduction
Investigation of the underground conditions at a site is prerequisite to the economical
design of the substructure elements. The field and laboratory investigations required
to obtain the essential information on the subsoil is called Soil Exploration or Soil
Investigation.
1-2 Objectives:
Generally the purpose of a soil exploration program is to provide the followings:
1) Information to determine the type of foundation required (shallow or deep).
2) Information to allow the geotechnical consultant to make a recommendation on
the allowable load capacity of the foundation.
3) Sufficient data/laboratory tests to make settlement predictions.
4) Location of the ground water table (or determination of whether it is in the
construction zone).
5) Information so that the identification and solution of construction problems
(sheeting and dewatering or rock excavation) can be made.
6) Identification of potential foundation problems (expansive soil, collapsible soil,
etc.) concerning adjacent property.
7) Identification of construction methods for changing subsoil conditions.
1-3 Execution of Soil Exploration Program
The three limbs of a soil exploration are:-
1) Planning.
2) Execution.
3) Report writing.
1-4 Methods of Investigations
A- Direct methods.
B- Indirect Methods.
1-5 Factors Affecting the Choice of the Exploratory Borings Methods:
The most suitable method to perform subsoil exploration depends on the following factors:
1) Purpose and information required.
2) Equipment availability.
3) Experience and training of available personal.
4) Depth of hole.
5) Type of soil in the general area.
6) Terrain and accessibility.
7) The amount of money allocated for the exploration.
8) Environmental Impacts.
9) Disruption of existing structure.
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1-6 Sampling and Samples:-
1) Disturbed Samples.
2) Undisturbed Samples.
3) Remolded Samples.
1-7 Number, Spacing and Depth of Boring
The spacing of borings can not be determined with absolute exactness. They depend upon:
1) Nature and condition of soil.
1) The shape and extent of building.
2) Importance of the project (cost of boring).
1-8 Soil Testing
1) Laboratory Tests.
2) In-situ Test (Field Tests):
A- Standard Penetration Test
B- Cone Penetration Test (CPT):
1) Dynamic Cone Penetration Test.
2) Static (Dutch) Cone Penetration Test.
C) Field Vane Shear Testing (FVST).
D) Field Plate Load Test.
1-9 Housel's (1929) Method of Determining Safe Bearing Pressure from
Settlement Consideration:
The method suggested by Housel for determining the safe bearing pressure on
settlement consideration is based on the following formula:
Q = A m + P n
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Chapter Two
Bearing Capacity of Foundation
2-1 Introduction:
The soil must be capable of carrying the loads from any engineered structure placed
upon it without a shear failure and with the resulting settlements being tolerable for
that structure.
2-2 Objectives: To determine the allowable bearing capacity of soil
2-3 Types of Shear Failure:
1) General Shear Failure.
2) Local Shear Failure.
3) Punching Shear Failure.
The ultimate bearing capacity, or the allowable soil pressure, can be calculated either
from bearing capacity theories or from some of the in situ tests. Each theory has its
own good and bad points.
Some of the methods for determining ultimate bearing capacity for the soil:
1. Terzaghi's bearing capacity theory
2. The general bearing capacity equation
3. Field tests
2-4 Terzaghis Bearing-Capacity Equation
The equations for the ultimate bearing capacity (q
.
) by Terzaghi for all shapes of
foundations as following:
For Strip (Continuous) Footing:
q
.
= CN + qN + 0.5 BN
For Square Footing:
q
.
= 1.3 CN + qN + 0.4 BN
For Circular Footing:
q
.
= 1.3CN + qN + 0.3 BN
For Rectangular Footing:
q
.
= CN (1 + 0.3 ) + qN + 0.5 BN (1 - 0.2 )
2-5 Factor of Safety
The factor of safety (F.S) with respect to shear failure is defined in terms of the net
ultimate bearing capacity ( q
) .
).
F.S =
) .
) .
=
) .

) .

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2-6 Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity:
The bearing capacity equations are affected due to the presence of the water table.
The following cases may be considered here:
Case I: When the water table lies above or at the base of the foundation, then the overburden
pressure (q) in the second term of the bearing capacity equations takes the form:
(Overburden pressure) q= D + D (
.
- )
Also the value of () in the third term has to
be replaced by (
.
):

.
= (
.
- )
Case II: When the water table lies within depth < B below the base of the
foundation, whereas (o < d< B), then the overburden pressure (q) in the second
term of the bearing capacity equations takes the form:
q= D
The value of () in the third term of the bearing capacity equations must be replaced
by the value of (
*)
which can be calculated as:
= 0.5 + 0.5
*
=
Case III: When the water table is located at depth B, the water will have no effect
on the ultimate bearing capacity.
2-7 Meyerhofs Bearing-Capacity Equation:
Meyerhof (1951, 1963) proposed a bearing capacity equation similar
to that of Terzaghi but included the shape factors, depth factors and
inclination factors for cases where the footing load is inclined from
the vertical.
Equations:
1) For vertical load:
q
.
= C N S d + qN S d + 0.5 BN S d
2) For Inclined load:
q
.
= C N i d + qN i d + 0.5 BN i d
B
D
P

B
D
P

d
G.W.T
D
d
D
D

Case I
G.W.T
Case II

B
G.W.T
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2-8 Hansen's Bearing-Capacity Method:
Hansen (1970) proposed the general bearing-capacity equation. This equation is
readily seen to be a further extension of the earlier Meyerhof (1951) work.
Equations:
1) For (C-) Soil:
q
.
= C N S d i b g + qN S d i b g + 0.5 BN S d i b g
2) For Clay (=0):
q
.
= 5.14 Su (1+ Sc

+ dc

- ic

- bc

-gc

) + q
2-9 Bearing Capacity of Foundations Subjected to Eccentric Loads:
Generally when the footing subjected to eccentric loads there are two approaches.
(1) Conventional method:
Find out the maximum stress and minimum stress under the footing using:
q = (1+

+

) q
q = (1-

-

) Zero
(2) Meyerhofs Approach:
Research and observation [Meyerhof (1953, 1963) and Hansen (1970)] indicate
that effective footing dimensions obtained as:
B = B - 2e L = L - 2e
q
.
=
.
q
.
=
.

2-10 Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes:

A special problem that may be encountered occasionally is that of a footing located on
or adjacent to a slope.
2-11 Bearing Capacity from Field Tests
1) Bearing Capacity from Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
2) Bearing Capacity from Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
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Chapter Three
Shallow Foundation
3-1 Introduction:
Shallow foundations are those foundations are founded near to the finished ground surface.
3-2 Objectives of foundation: The objective of foundation is to transfer the loads
of superstructure to the subsoil safely:
1) Without exceeding the load carrying capacity of the subsoil strata.
2) Without causing settlements which exceed the permissible limit.
Foundation: is the lower part of the building or any other structure which transfers
the load and distribute it on the soil.
Foundation Design: a good foundation design ensures that structural loads
(including weight of foundations) are transferred to the ground safely and
economically.
Foundation can be classified according to its depth to the width into two types:
1) Shallow Foundation (D B)
2) Deep Foundation (D >> B).
3-3 Types of Shallow Foundation:
1) Spread (Isolated or Single) Footing: A footing carrying a single column is
called a spread footing... Spread footing can be seen as:
A) Column Footing.
B) Stepped Footing.
C) Sloped Footing.
D) Wall Footing.
Figure (3-1) below shows the types of the spread footing:
Figure (3-1): Typical footings, (a) Single or spread footings; (b) Stepped footing;
(c) Sloped footing; (d) Wall footing; (e) Footing with pedestal.
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2) Combined Footing: When a footing supports a line of two or more columns, it is
called a combined footing. A combined footing may have either rectangular or
trapezoidal shape. These several footing types are illustrated as shown below:
A) Rectangular Footing
B) Trapezoidal Footing
C) Strap or Cantilever
The figure (3-2) below shows the types of the combined footing:
3) Raft (Mat) Foundation:
A mat foundation is a large concrete slab used to interface one column or more
one column in several lines, with the base soil. The figure below illustrates
several mat configurations as might be used for buildings.
Figure (3-3): Common types of mat foundations, (a) Flat plate; (b) plate thickened under
columns; (c) waffle-slab; (d) plate with pedestals; (e) basement walls as part of mat.
Figure (3-2): (A) Rectangular Footing (B) Trapezoidal Footing (C) Strap Footing
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3-4 Design of Dimensions of Footings:
Allowable Bearing Capacity ( ): The maximum pressure which the soil can carry
safely without risk of neither shear failure nor excessive settlement (units: kN/m ).
V
A
q
The design of any foundation can be of two approaches:
1) Uniform Pressure Intensity: This is done by locating the
location of the resultant of the columns loads (R) at the same
location of the center of gravity of the plan of footing.
q =
V
A
q
2) Increasing Pressure Intensity: This is done when the location of the resultant of
the columns loads on a footing (R) does not pass through the center of the footing,
the footing is subjected to what is called eccentric loading, this will develop
increasing pressure intensity as shown in figure below, and this will cause non
uniform pressure.
The intensity of the pressure developed under the foundation can be expressed as:
q = (1+

+

) q
q = (1-

-

) Zero
q
V
A = B L
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Chapter Four
Foundation Settlements
4-1Objectives
Foundation settlements must be estimated with great care for buildings, bridges,
towers, power plants, and similar high-cost structures to avoid the damage of the
structure. The total settlement of a foundation comprises of three parts as follows:
S
.
= S + S + S
4-2 Immediate Settlement: This occurs due to elastic deformation of dry soils and
of moist soils without any change in water content.
S = q
.
B ( )I
4-3 Consolidation Settlement: Consolidation settlement occurs in saturated clayey
soils when they are subjected to increment load caused by foundation construction.
The final consolidation settlement can be calculated by using one of the following
correlations:
S = (

)H
S = m pH
S = Hlog

For Normally Consolidated Clay (N.C.C.), (O.C.R. 1)
For Over Consolidated Clay (O.C.C.), (O.C.R. >1)
A) If p +pp , then use;
S = Hlog

B) If p +p>p , then use;
S = Hlog + Hlog

4-4 Secondary Settlement: After primary consolidation the soil structure continues
to adjust to the load for some additional time.
S = C

H log
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Chapter Five
Deep Foundation (Single Piles)
5-1 Introduction
Piles are structural members of timber, concrete, and/or steel that are used to
transmit surface loads to lower levels in the soil mass.
The major uses of piles are:
1. To carry vertical compression load.
2. To resist uplift load.
3. To resist horizontal or inclined loads
5-2 Classification of Piles:
A) According to Their Materials
Timber Piles,
Concrete Piles
Steel Piles.
B) According to the method of construction
Driven piles,
Bored piles
5-3 Determination of Bearing Capacity:
The ultimate bearing capacity of pile Q
ult
, is generally represented by the
formula:
Q
ult
= Q
b
+ Q
s
Q
b
: Ultimate bearing resistance available.
Q
s
: Ultimate shaft resistance available.
A) Bearing capacity of piles in cohesive soils ( = 0)
B) Bearing capacity of piles in cohesionless soils (C
u
= 0)
C) Pile capacity in (C - soils)
5-4 Objectives:
Upon completion of this semester, students will be able to
Design and Analysis of Deep Foundations
Calculate side and tip capacity of driven piles in clay
Calculate side and tip capacity of driven piles in sand
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Chapter Six
Deep Foundation (Group Piles)
6-1 Introduction
When several pile butts are attached to a common structural element termed a
pile cap the result is a pile group. Typical arrangements of piles are shown.
6-2 Group Action:
When a pile is installed immediately adjacent
to each other the respective bulbs of vertical
pressure can overlap as shown in figure.
6-3 Efficiency of Pile Group (Eg):
Since the pile group is not necessarily equal to the sum of the capacities of the
piles in the group. In general
Eg =
( )
( )
The efficiency calculates for:
A) Pile groups in cohesive soils ( = 0)
B) Pile groups in cohesionless soils (C
u
= 0)
6-4 Pile Groups Subjected to Moment:
To calculate the ultimate bearing capacity for each pile in a group subjected to moment.
P =

6-5 Settlement of Pile Group

1- Consolidation settlement of pile groups
2- Elastic settlement of pile groups
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Chapter Seven
Lateral Earth Pressure
7-1 Introduction
Earth pressure: It is pressures of forces which produce from soil and acting on
the wall which retained it, so it is called a lateral earth pressure.
7-2 Type of Lateral Earth Pressure
It is based on the type and direction movement of retaining wall.
1- Earth Pressureat Rest K
o
=
2- Active Earth Pressure (P
a
)
P
a
= Ka h K
a
= = tan
2
( 45 -

)
3- Passive Earth Pressure (P
p
)
P
a
= Ka h K
p
= = tan
2
( 45 -

)
7-3 Rankine's Theory of Earth Pressure:
It considers the equilibrium of an element in a mass of homogenous cohesionless
soil of semi-infinite extent.
If soil surface sloping at angle ( )
K
a
= Cos


K
p
= Cos


7-4 Coulomb's Theory of Earth Pressure:
This theory takes wall friction into consideration.
K
a
=
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
K
p
=
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
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Chapter Eight
Retaining Walls
8-1 Introduction
Both the Rankine and Coulomb methods are widely used to compute the lateral
earth pressure on retaining walls. To check the stability of retaining wall, the
following steps are used:
1- Check for overturning. F.S
( )
=

2- Check for sliding along the base. F.S

( )
=

3- Check the bearing capacity failure of the base. F.S

( )
=
Chapter Nine
Sheet Pile Wall
9-1 Introduction
Sheet pile walls are retaining walls constructed to retain earth, water or any other
fill material. These walls are thinner in section as compared with retaining wall.
Sheet pile walls are generally used for the following:
1. Water front structures, for example, in building wharfs, quays, and piers
2. Building diversion dams, such as cofferdams
3. River bank protection
4. Retaining the sides of cuts made in earth
Sheet piles may conveniently be used in several civil engineering works:
1. Cantilever sheet piles: the piles are fixed only at the bottom and are free at the top.
2. Anchored bulkheads: the lower ends are driven into the earth and the upper ends are
anchored by tie or anchor rods.
There are several methods of analyzing cantilever and anchored sheet-pile walls:
1. Free earth support
2. Fixed earth support:
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Chapter Ten
Slope Stability Analysis
10-1 Introduction
The static stability of slopes of earth and rock-fill dams, slopes of other types
of embankments, excavated slopes, and natural slopes in soil and soft rock.
This course is designed to give students a thorough understanding of the
analysis of the stability of natural and engineered slopes. Emphasis will be
placed on the use of limit equilibrium methods to analyze slopes using field
and laboratory data. Discussion on the probabilistic analysis of slopes, along
with stabilization of failed slopes, will also be presented.
10-2 Objectives:
1. Learn the principles of slope stability; factors that affect slope stability;
methods of analyzing stability of slopes and embankments.
2. Learn how to site, design and analyze earth dams; acquaint the student with the
basic principles of large earth dam engineering; learn how to evaluate dam
stability and seepage.
3. Learn how to continue to learn about slope stability and dams after the course.
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School of Engineering Date: -/-/-
Civil Eng. Department Exam Time: 90 minutes.
Q1-A): Check the adequacy of four square spread
footing (220.5) m shown below for the
following data:
Weight of tower = 600 kN (weight of foundation not included)
Moment due to wind = 2500 kN.m
Minimumfactor of safety is (3)

concrete
= 25 kN/m
3
,
water
= 10 kN/m
3
Q1-B): For the wall footing shown in figure. Find
moment (M) to give equal pressure
distribution q
.
= 180 kpa.
Q2-A): Check the following square footing by
using Terzaghis bearing capacity
equation, given (FS = 2.5), P = 4000 kN.
2m
V = 500 kN/m
1m
M =?
(220.5) m
7 m
7 m
Wind
33m
Sand = 30

= 19 kN/m
Gs = 2.7
1 m
2 m

W.T
1.5 m
4 m
8 m
Tower
= 26

sat.
= 17 kN/m
3

dry
= 11.11 kN/m
3
C= 130
= 30

sat.
= 19 kN/m
3
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Q2-B) Design spread footings for the three columns shown in
figure and sketch the layout, q
.
= 150 kpa.
Column Dimension Load
A 0.3 0.3 500
B 0.3 0.3 700
C 0.4 0.4 900
Q3): What is the purpose of the site investigation?
B C
A
3 m
3 m
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Answers:
Q1-A/
H = 0.5B tan (45 +

)
H = 0.52 tan (45 + ) = 1.6 m
The effective depth shear (H) within the first layer.
Forces per leg of foundation:
According to weight of tower = = 150 kN
According to moment = = 357.14 kN 2 = 178.6 kN
Max. Force per leg = 150 + 178.6 = 328.6 kN
Min. Force per leg = 150 178.6 = 28.6 kN
Check F.S against uplift:
Total weight of footing = (220.525) + (22111.11) =94.4 kN
Uplift force = 28.6 kN
F.S against uplift =
.
.
= 3.3 > 3 o.k.
Check F.S against shear failure:
q
u
= C N
c
S
c
d
c
+ q' N
q
S
q
d
q
+ 0.5 B N

q' = 1.512 =18 kN/m

2
From Table (2-3), for = 26
N
q
= 11.8, N

=7.9
S
q
= 1 + tan ( ) = 1 + tan 26 ( ) = 1.4877
S

= 1 0.4 ( ) = 1 0.4 ( ) = 0.6

=
1.5
2
= 0.75 <1
Then:
(220.5) m
7 m
7 m
Wind
W.T
1.5 m
4 m
8 m
Tower
= 26

sat.
= 17 kN/m
3

dry
= 12 kN/m
3
C= 130
= 30

sat.
= 19 kN/m
3
21
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d
q
= 1 + 2tan (1- sin)
2
( ) = 1 + 2tan (26) (1- sin 26)
2
(
.
) = 1.23
d

=1
q
ult.
)
g
= 1811.81.48771.23 + 0.5 (1710) 27.90.61= 421.844 kN/m
2
q
act
)
g
= =
. .

= 105.75 kN/m
2
q
.
)
g
F.S =
.
)
.
)
=
.
.
= 4.6 O.k.
Q1-B)
Uniform soil pressure
L = (d + e) 2
3 = (1 + e) 2
e = 0.5 m
e =
0.5 =
M = 250 kN.m/m
Q2-A/

.
= ( )
19 =
.
(10) e = 0.88
= ( ) =
.
.
(10) = 14.3kN/m
Apply the ultimate B.C equation for square footing;
q
.
=1.3 CN + qN + 0.4 BN
FromTable (2.1) for = 30
N = 22.5 and N = 19.7
q= 14.3 2 + (19 10) 1 = 37.6 kN/m

.
= (
.
)
2m
V = 500 kN/m
1m
M =?
33m
Sand = 30

= 19 kN/m
Gs = 2.7
1 m
2 m

22
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.
= 19 10 = 9 kN/m
q
.
=0 + 37.6 22.5 + 0.4 9 3 19.7
= 1058.76 kN/m
Find ( q
)
q
)
=
q
ult.)g

.
+ ( D )
q
)
=
. .
+ (37.6) = 548.18 kN/m
Find the actual pressure on soil;
q
.
=
.
P
.
= 4000 + 3 3124 + 3 3214.3 = 4473.4 kN
q
.
=
.

= 497 kN/m < q

)
= 548.18 kN/m ok
Q2-B)
B (m) L (m)
Col. (A) Area = = 3.33 1.83 1.83
Col. (B) Area = = 4.66 2.2 2.2
Col. (C) Area = = 6.0 2.45 2.45
2.6
.

.
= 0.46
2.6
.

.
= 0.585
3
.

.
= 0.675
2.6 m
0.585 m
B C
A
0.675 m
0.46 m
23
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Q3 / the purpose of a soil exploration program is to provide the followings:
1) Information to determine the type of foundation required (shallow or deep).
2) Information to allow the geotechnical consultant to make a recommendation on
the allowable load capacity of the foundation.
3) Sufficient data/laboratory tests to make settlement predictions.
4) Location of the ground water table (or determination of whether it is in the
construction zone).
5) Information so that the identification and solution of construction problems
(sheeting and dewatering or rock excavation) can be made.
6) Identification of potential foundation problems (expansive soil, collapsible soil,
etc.) concerning adjacent property.
7) Identification of construction methods for changing subsoil conditions.