You are on page 1of 71

Automation and Drives

OBICON R Perfect Harmony


Realizing the Benefits of a Proven Scalable Technology
LARGE DRIVES APPLICATIONS

Large Drives Applications

Beginnings in 1992
ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability

Why ROBICON Perfect Harmony?

The Reasons: Power Quality Legislation The opportunity to retrofit existing motors The ease of system integration

The Solution:

IEEE519 Compliance and PF= .95 or better True sinusoidal Motor Waveform Single lineup includes air components

System Application & Integration Options

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

22

Large Drives Applications

Harmony Today
ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Since Then

3,000+ Harmony VFDs Installed


Highest Input Voltage Supported 33 kV Highest Output Voltage Supported 13.8 kV Highest Output Power Built 60 MW / 80,000 HP Maximum Cable Length Run 22 Miles / 35 KM Energy Business 75% Oldest Motor Retrofitted 1942 (65 Years Old)

Applied to Induction, Wound Rotor, Synchronous, Permanent Magnet and Super-conducting Motors

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

33

Large Drives Applications

Core Features
ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

400 to 43,500 HP (Single Channel) 300 to 32.5 MW (Single Channel)

Up to four Channels in Parallel


Low Harmonic Input .95 P.F. any Operating Point 97% or Better Above 20% Load Line Disturbance Immunity New or Existing Motors Negligible Torsional Excitation

Superior Availability
All Motor Types and Voltages Supported
Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt 21.06.2007

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

44

Large Drives Applications

Core Features
ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology
Percent

No Need to Waste Energy or Capacity


VFD System Performance

97.05 97.00 96.95 96.90 96.85 96.80 96.75 96.70 96.65 96.60 96.55 96.50 25 50 Load (Percentage) 75 100

Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

VFD Efficiency

System Power Factor

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

55

Large Drives Applications

An Integrated VFD System


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

A Single Line-up Has it All Requires


Isolation Transformer Harmonic Filtering Power Factor Correction Power Converter Motor Filter

ROBICON Perfect Harmony


Included

Inherent Inherent
Included

Inherent

Easy to Engineer One Line-Up Lower Installed Cost


Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt
Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

66

Large Drives Applications

A Fully Tested System


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Factory Integration

Features

Customer Benefits

Fully integrated at
Siemens LD A

Fast and safe commissioning at customer


site

In-factory test

Tested as complete systems in our plant Comprehensive proof of performance Enhances reliability by weeding out early
failures
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt
Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

21.06.2007

77

Automation and Drives

OBICON R Perfect Harmony


Family
LARGE DRIVES APPLICATIONS

Large Drives Applications

Constant Technical Innovation and Growth


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options
First IGBT-based 6.6kV drive w/o an output transformer

2008
GenIVe

Market Leadership Award


400Hz Operation PMM Control 2000th Unit Installed Parallel Drive Operation (4 Channels) 1500th Unit Installed

2007 2006
GenIV & WCIII

2005
NXGII Control

2004

LNG System

2003
2002
Harmony HV - First MV drive to directly run 13.8 kV motors

2001
2000 1999 1998 1997
First IGBT-based drive above 10,000 horsepower (7.5 MW) Next Gen. (NXG) Control with Fast Cell Bypass

1000th Unit Installed

Mechanical Cell Bypass: First drive to provide processtransparent, fault tolerant operation

1994 1995

1996

Introduced ROBICON Perfect Harmony: First IGBT-based MV Drive

An Extensible Architecture - Many Benefits


Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt
Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

99

Large Drives Applications

Air-Cooled
ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

ROBICON Perfect Harmony Gen IV & Gen IIIe Air-cooled


400 to 9,000 HP with a Single Bridge 300 kW to 6.7 MW 2300 ~ 7200 V Motors Power Cell 690 & 750V, 40 ~ 660A Full-featured ROBICON Perfect Harmony Smallest MV AC Drive in The World

1000HP / 750 kW @ 4160V


110 high x 66 wide x 42 deep 2.8 M high x 1.68 M wide x 1.07M deep

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

10 10

Large Drives Applications

Water-Cooled
ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

ROBICON Perfect Harmony WC III

6,000 to 20,000 HP
5 to 15 MW
2300 ~ 7200 V Motors Power Cells 750V, 800 & 1250A
Single bridge to 20,000 HP / 15 MW Four bridges in parallel to 80,000 HP / 60 MW Water to water and water to air HEX options
Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt 21.06.2007 11 11

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

Large Drives Applications

High Voltage
ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

ROBICON Perfect Harmony HV


7,500 to 43,500 HP 5 to 32.5 MW 11, 13.2 & 13.8 KV Water-cooled Power Cells 1375V at 500, 800 & 1400 A
Single bridge to 43,500 HP / 32.5 MW Four bridges in parallel to 174,000 HP / 130 MW Water to water and water to air HEX options

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

12 12

Large Drives Applications

400 to 40,000 HP / 300 kW to 30 MW and a Single Control


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

State-of-the-art Sensorless Flux-vector Control

PC-based drive tool provides Windows-based graphical user interface Automatic motor/drive auto-tuning High torque at low speeds w/o encoder

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

13 13

Large Drives Applications

DCS Protocols Standard Options


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

The following DCS Protocols are supported as standard options from the ROBICON Perfect Harmony VFD system control. Modbus and Modbus Plus Ethernet Modbus Profibus DP DeviceNet ControlNet

The following have been supported as a special option. Ethernet IP

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

14 14

Large Drives Applications

Keeping an Eye on Things


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Built-in Input/Output Power Monitoring Monitored parameters


Input voltage Input voltage harmonics (one at a time) Input current Input current harmonics (one at a time) Input PF Input power (kW) Input reactive power (kVAR) Input kW-Hr Input phase sequence Loss of phase Low voltage

Transformer overload Output power (kW) kW-Hr Output current RMS Output voltage RMS VFD efficiency Motor torque Motor speed (RPM) Motor slip (%) Drive output frequency (Hz) Magnetizing current Torque current Motor flux
21.06.2007 15 15

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

Automation and Drives

OBICON R Perfect Harmony


Topology
LARGE DRIVES APPLICATIONS

Large Drives Applications

ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Power Cell Schematic

Input from transformer secondary

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

17 17

Large Drives Applications

ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Typical Power Schematic of a ROBICON Perfect Harmony Drive


4160 Volt Drive (750 V Power Cells)

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

18 18

Large Drives Applications

ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options
C2
750 Vac

A 4,160 volt supply can be assembled from 750 volt sources.

Equivalent circuit of 9-cell Harmony drive with all cells in service.

A
A3
750 Vac

A2
750 Vac

VAC

A1
750 Vac

VBA
120o
B1
750 Vac

TYP. C1
750 Vac N

B2
750 Vac

C3
750 Vac

100% VOLTAGE AVAILABLE

B3
750 Vac

VCB
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

19 19

Large Drives Applications

ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Typical Power Schematic of a ROBICON Perfect Harmony Drive


6.0~7.2 kV Drive (750 V Cells), or 11 kV Drive (1375 V Cells)

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

20 20

Large Drives Applications

ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits
A5

A 6,600 volt supply can be assembled from 750 volt sources.


A
750 Vac

ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Equivalent circuit of 15cell Harmony drive with all cells in service.

A4
750 Vac

A3
750 Vac

A2
750 Vac

VAC

A1
750 Vac

VBA
120o TYP.
B1
750 Vac

C1
750 Vac

C2
750 Vac

B2
750 Vac

C3
750 Vac

C4
750 Vac

100% VOLTAGE AVAILABLE

B3
750 Vac

B4
750 Vac

C5

750 Vac

B5
750 Vac

B
21.06.2007 21 21

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

VCB robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

Large Drives Applications

ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options
C2
1,375 Vac

A 14,400 volt supply can be assembled from 1,375 volt sources.


A
A6
1,375 Vac

Equivalent circuit of 18cell HV Harmony drive with all cells in service.

A5
1,375 Vac

A4
1,375 Vac

A3
1,375 Vac

A2
1,375 Vac

VAC

VBA
120o TYP. B1
1,375 Vac

A1
1,375 Vac

C1
1,375 Vac

B2
1,375 Vac

C3
1,375 Vac

C4
1,375 Vac

100% VOLTAGE AVAILABLE

B3
1,375 Vac

B4
1,375 Vac

C5
1,375 Vac

B5
1,375 Vac

C6

1,375 Vac

B6
1,375 Vac

B
22 22

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

VCB robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

Large Drives Applications

ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options
DIT Secondary Windings To 40,000 HP (30 MW)
To 20,000 HP (15 MW)

PH 1375V Cells
PH 750V Cells DIT Primary Winding

7200V
4160V

10,000V
5500V

12,000V
6900V

14,400V
7200Vn+1

DIT (Drive Isolation Transformer)

Induction or Synchronous Motor

VFD Power Cell Groups


Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt 21.06.2007 23 23

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

Large Drives Applications

ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Very Large Power / High Availability Applications


The standard ROBICON Perfect Harmony control allows the connection in parallel of up to four individual lineups.

If one of the line-ups requires maintenance, it can be disconnected and serviced while the system continues operating.

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

24 24

Automation and Drives

OBICON R Perfect Harmony


Input Power Quality
LARGE DRIVES APPLICATIONS

Large Drives Applications

Input Power Quality Claim


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

and What it Means to You?

Features

Customer Benefits

Clean power
sinusoidal converter

Near zero harmonics P.F. > .95

Meets all IEEE 519 1992 requirements No need to do harmonic analysis Eliminates the costly and troublesome
harmonic filters

No need to add P.F. Correction


Capacitors or Extra Bus Capacity

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

26 26

Large Drives Applications

Input Current into Each Cell


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Six-Pulse Rectifier

Figure 8 Input Current to One Cell

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

27 27

Large Drives Applications

Input Current into VFD 18 ~ 48 Pulse


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Actual Test Data Shown 30-Pulse Rectifier Line to Line Voltage 1.2%

Line Current 0.8%

Figure 9 Input Voltage and Current to Drive

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

28 28

Large Drives Applications

Good Power Factor at any Speed


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology
Percent

No Need to Waste Energy or Capacity


VFD System Performance

97.05 97.00 96.95 96.90 96.85 96.80 96.75 96.70 96.65 96.60 96.55 96.50 25 50 Load (Percentage) 75 100

Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

VFD Efficiency

System Power Factor

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

29 29

Automation and Drives

OBICON R Perfect Harmony


Motor Compatibility
LARGE DRIVES APPLICATIONS

Large Drives Applications

Benefits of Standard Motor Compatibility


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Why Limit the Options?

Procuring a new motor can increase the project implementation cost.


The number of existing motors exceeds the number of new motors built each year by 30 to 50 times (average 40). Existing or new motors could be: Induction (asynchronous) Synchronous Wound Rotor Permanent Magnet Synchronous Super Conducting

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

31 31

Large Drives Applications

Motor Insulation Is A Concern


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Retrofits?

Existing motors do not have special insulation systems.


Existing cables that run to motors are not designed for voltage spikes associated with non-sinusoidal power loads. Long cable runs can result in voltage doubling.

Harmonics from non-sinusoidal loads can increase:


Motor heating Mechanical System Torsional Resonance Excessive noise Bearing wear (Due to increased circulating currents)

Not a Problem With ROBICON Perfect Harmony


Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt
Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

32 32

Large Drives Applications

Harmony Motor Compatibility Claims


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

No common mode motor insulation stress

Drive is compatible with both new and existing motors

No motor embedded RTD insulation failures

Overall induced torque ripple 1% or less on driven load for any given frequency No additional VFD induced motor heating

Drive can be safely applied to 1.0 service factor motors


Harmonic Voltage Factor < 0.02, well below MG1 limit = 0.03 Drive creates no motor voltage insulation stress

No dV/dT problems

No Problem with Harmonys Output Power Quality


Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt
Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

33 33

Large Drives Applications

Harmony Motor Compatibility Claims


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Why?

Isolation transformer guaranties common mode elimination


With Harmony, the isolation transformer is standard, and integrated into the single VFD lineup

An almost perfect sinusoidal motor voltage waveform,


...

with an order of magnitude smaller voltage steps and a high overall PWM switching frequency

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

34 34

Large Drives Applications

Harmonic Cancellation in Output Voltage


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options
COMPOSITE CELL 1

Multi-level PWM Reduces Voltage Step


Three Series Cell-Seven-Level PWM Solution Shown

CELL 2

CELL 3

Harmonic Cancellation in Output Voltage


Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt
Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

35 35

Large Drives Applications

Effective Modulation Frequency


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Output Voltage Modulation Frequency

A higher effective modulation frequency means a lower motor current distortion.


The effective modulation frequency for the Harmony family of products (based on a cell switching frequency of 600 Hz) becomes: 3 Cell System 3,600 Hz 4 Cell System 4,800 Hz 5 Cell System 6,000 Hz 6 Cell System 7,200 Hz

With the Harmony Concept the modulation frequency is maintained throughout the motor speed/frequency range.

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

37 37

Large Drives Applications

Consideration of Harmonic Voltage Factor


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Harmonic Voltage Factor


US NEMA Standard MG 1-30 defines requirements for motor derating based resulting from harmonic injection from a VFD. The Harmonic Voltage Factor (HVF) is calculated based on the motor voltage waveform harmonics, reflecting the combined heating effect on the motor stator windings which caused the current harmonics to be induced by a distorted voltage waveform. The standard states that if the calculated HVF is greater than 0.03, a motor must be thermally de-rated.

HVF for Harmony VFD outputs are:


For a 3 Series Cell Solution < 0.020 For a 4 Series Cell Solution < 0.010 For a 5 Series Cell Solution < 0.007 For a 6 Series Cell Solution < 0.005

and Hence No Motor De-rating is Needed


Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt
Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

38 38

Large Drives Applications

Harmony Output Voltage and Current


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

9-Level Line-to-neutral Voltage Waveform (4 cells per phase)

Motor Voltage

Motor Current

The Line-to-Line Voltage Waveform Would Show 17 Levels


Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt
Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

39 39

Large Drives Applications

True Adjusted Voltage Output


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Output Waveforms @ 60 Hz and 30 Hz

Wave Forms Remain High Quality at Lower Speeds Due to Multi-level PWM Output
Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt
Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

40 40

Large Drives Applications

Starting Torque Assured


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

150% Current Motor Current @ 1.6 Hz

Motor Current

Motor Voltage (Vln)

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

41 41

Large Drives Applications

Results Are Proven From Field Testing


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility
Temp Rise (degF)

Output Harmonics Induced Heating? Motor Operating from Alternator vs. ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Recirc Pump Motor 2B Temperature Rise (based on 3 hour averages)
60

50

40

High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

30 MG Set VFD 20

10

-10 400

500

600

700

800

900

1000 Speed (RPM)

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

42 42

Large Drives Applications

Results Are Proven From Field Testing


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Output Harmonics Induced Torque Pulsations? Motor Operating from Alternator vs. ROBICON Perfect Harmony cont. Each recirculation pump and motor has a BentleyNevada vibration system Vibration data with M-G set and VFDs compared No impact on vibration levels from VFD operation

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

43 43

Large Drives Applications

Extended Cable Length Applications


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Output Filters for Long Cables?

ROBICON Perfect Harmony VFD systems have been applied for solutions where the cable length between the VFD output and motor connection have exceeded 35 kilometers (22 miles). In general, no motor filters are required. When cable lengths exceed 2 kilometers (6,500 feet), a calculation of the output system should be completed to insure that a filter is not required.

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

44 44

Automation and Drives

OBICON R Perfect Harmony


High System Availability
LARGE DRIVES APPLICATIONS

Large Drives Applications

The Five Pillars of High Availability


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Features Advanced power cell bypass


Malfunctioning

power cells will not shut the system down

ProToPS Control Strategy


Advanced

warning = time to react

Extended under-voltage operation


If

there is any voltage left, continue operating vast majority of power incidents only last a few cycles

Power loss ride-through


The

Virtually no single points of failure

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

46 46

Large Drives Applications

Advanced Cell Bypass


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Addition of Bypass Contactor to Power Cell

Automatic Bypass of a Failed Cell in Less Than 450ms


Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt
Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

47 47

Large Drives Applications

Advanced Cell Bypass


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Advanced Cell Bypass Results

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

48 48

Large Drives Applications

Advanced Cell Bypass


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options
100%

Advanced Power Cell Bypass


% speed / motor voltage % voltage VFD output / available motor voltage

Percent of Original Voltage / Speed Available after One Failure

Keeping in mind
100% speed 4.8 kV motor 93% speed* 4 kV motor 100% speed 6 kV motor

100% speed 7.2 kV motor

90%
90% / 6,248 VII 87.5% / 4,860 VII

92% / 7,636 VII

80%

83% / 3,467 VII

The % of available voltage is calculated based on the VFD maximum output voltage, which is larger than the motor rated voltage. A motor operating at a lower voltage can still maintain the required speed by increasing the stator current, which is done automatically by the drive up to the motor/vfd set current limit.

70% 3 / 4,160 VII 4 / 5,554 VII 5 / 6,942 VII 6 / 8,330 VII

Original Number of Power Cells Per Phase / VFD Output Voltage Available with All Cells Working
*Centrifugal pump/compressor application.

100% Output Current is Always Available.


Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt
Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

49 49

Large Drives Applications

Advanced Cell Bypass


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality
C3 C4 A3

Advanced Power Cell Bypass


A

A2

Unbalanced Motor Line-to-Line Voltage


TYP.

VAC
C1 C2

A1 120

VBA
B2 B3 B4

B1

Vac=Vba < Vcb


B5

Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

C5

VCB

A
A3

A2

Balanced Motor Line-to-Line Voltage Vac=Vba=Vcb

VAC 132.5
C1 C2 C3 C4

A1
o

132.5
B1
o

VBA

95

B2 B3 B4 B5

C5

VCB

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

50 50

Large Drives Applications

Advanced Cell Bypass


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

1,400 Amps Cell Bypass Contactor

Bypass Contactor

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

51 51

Large Drives Applications

Redundancy for the Power Electronics


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Six Series Cell Solution Example: 6,900 V Motor


Available Cells Per Phase Va-Vb-Vc 6-6-6 Maximum Output Voltage Available

8,330

6-6-5
6-6-4, 6-5-5, 5-5-5 6-6-3, 6-5-4, 5-5-4 6-6-2, 6-5-3, 6-4-4, 5-5-3, 5-4-4, 4-4-4 6-6-1, 6-5-2, 6-4-3, 5-5-2, 4-4-3 6-5-1, 6-4-2, 6-3-3, 5-5-1, 5-4-2, 4-4-2, 4-3-3, 3-3-3

7,635
6,942 6,248 5,553 4,860 4,165

N+2 at Process Rated Power Minimum


Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt
Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

52 52

Large Drives Applications

Redundancy for the Power Electronics


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Four Series Cell Solution Example: 4,160 V Motor


Available Cells Per Phase Va-Vb-Vc 4-4-4 Maximum Output Voltage Available 5,554

4-4-3 4-4-2, 4-3-3, 3-3-3


4-4-1, 4-3-2, 3-3-2 4-3-1, 4-2-2, 3-3-1, 3-2-2, 2-2-2

4,860 4,165
3,470 2,777

N+2 at Process Rated Power Minimum

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

53 53

Large Drives Applications

ProToPS
ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Control Strategy
Process protection versus VFD protection Allows the user to decide when and how to respond to an alarm or possible trip situation Provides time for a smooth transition of process Communicates, if required, via a hierarchical service of messages
Alarms

- Something is wrong, no process impact


alarms - Advisory not to increase process

Process Trip

alarms - VFD will initiate a trip if process action not taken

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

54 54

Large Drives Applications

ProToPS
ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Air-cooled ISO Transformer


1. Process Alarm T_xfmr > 170C 2. Trip Alarm T_xfmr > 190C 3. VFD Trip only if: XFMR Temp Alarm & XFMR Temp Trip Alarm & both alarms last more than five Minutes

Loss of Cooling Pump


1. Alarm - One pump lost 2. Trip Alarm - Loss of cooling or of all pump control power 3. VFD Trip only if: All pumps are lost & Transformer Temp Alarm & Cell Temp Alarm or cell cabinet Temp Alarm

Process Protected from Faulty Sensors or Data


Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

Time Provided to Correct Cooling Issues


Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

21.06.2007

55 55

Large Drives Applications

Input MV Availability
ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Input VFD Voltage Within +/- 10% of Rated Value: 100% VFD continuous output power available. Input VFD Voltage Falls Within 90% to 65% of Rated Value: VFD output power is rolled-back linearly from 100% power @ 90% input voltage down to 50% power @ 65% input voltage. During roll-back, the highest available voltage will be sourced to the motor. The output power is reduced by limiting the available motor torque. The VFD can operate continuously in this mode. Input VFD Voltage Falls Below 65% or Disappears All Together: The VFD will ride-through without tripping for at least five cycles. During ride-through the motor voltage is maintained but no torque is produced until input VFD voltage is re-established. If input voltage is not re-established before the energy stored in the power cells is depleted, the VFD will trip.

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

56 56

Large Drives Applications

Input MV Availability
ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

5 Cycle Power Loss Ride-through @ 100% Voltage

No Motor Torque During Ride-through


Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt 21.06.2007 57 57

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

Large Drives Applications

Redundancy Options with ROBICON Perfect Harmony


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Available Options
System Element Single Point of Failure None None None None None None None Redundancy Level

Power Electronics VFD Control Cooling Cooling Control VFD Input Filter Motor Filter Output Transformer

N+2 at Rated Power Double Control Requires Second Critical Fault Requires Second Critical Fault Not Required Not Required Not Required

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

58 58

Large Drives Applications

System Availability Results


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Single Points of Failure Virtually Eliminated Single points-of-failure remaining include:


Input

Transformer Selected Power Cabling Cooling Piping all remaining single points of failure are low FIT
Process Availability Based on a Two-year Breaker-to-Breaker Run

> 0.9999+ Moving to 0.99999

Lessons Learned From Experience and Listening


Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt
Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

59 59

Automation and Drives

OBICON R Perfect Harmony


System Application & Integration Options
LARGE DRIVES APPLICATIONS

Large Drives Applications

VFD Sizing
ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Sizing for Required Current Ratings The first criteria is continuous current rating Gen IV 70, 100, 140, 200 and 260 Amps Gen IIIe 315, 375, 500 and 660 Amps WC III 880 and 1250 Amps HV 500, 800 and 1400 Amps

The second criteria is momentary overload


GEN IV 150% Gen IIIe 110% WC III 110% HV 100% overload for one minute in 10 minutes of operation

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

61 61

Large Drives Applications

VFD Sizing
ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Understanding and Applying V-Available


V-Available is the maximum voltage the VFD can produce. It is based on the cell rated voltage and number of working cells. V-Required is the motor rated voltage or the process required voltage.
Note: A process may operate at a speed less than the motor 50 or 60 Hz rated speed.

V-Available margin is important when:


Considering the implications of long cable runs Dealing with applications that required closed transition synchronous transfer The process rating needs to be stable during a line voltage excursion Special requirements are placed on power electronics redundancy
Example Power Generation Applications are commonly sized for N+2 cell redundancy at rated motor voltage
Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt 21.06.2007 62 62

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

Large Drives Applications

VFD Sizing
ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Sizing for Input Voltage and Frequency

As an Isolation Transformer is always included the input voltage can be set independently from the VFD System output voltage.
Input voltages to 13.8 kV and input frequencies of 50 or 60 Hz are supported in standard designs. Input voltages above 13.8 kV should be referred to the factory for proper sizing. For WCIII and HV solutions, primary voltages above 20 kV require the application of an Air-cooled primary winding. Transformer cubicle sizing may be impacted by the primary voltage rating. Refer to the sizing tables.
Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt
Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

63 63

Large Drives Applications

VFD Sizing
ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Sizing for Ambient and Altitude

Maximum Ambient Without De-rating


GEN IV 40oC (104oF) Gen IIIe 40oC (104oF) WC III 40oC (104oF) HV 40oC (104oF)

Maximum Altitude Without De-rating All Ratings 3300 feet (1000 meters) above 40oC (104oF) and/or 3300 feet (1000 meters) factory must be consulted

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

64 64

Large Drives Applications

Liquid-to-Air Heat Exchanger Design


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

N+1 Fan Redundancy Valve Isolation of Each Coil Copper Pipe

Two Coil Design Nine Fins Per Inch

Herriste Coated
Local Disconnect for Each Fan Maximum outside ambient 40OC / 104OF
Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt
Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

65 65

Large Drives Applications

Liquid-to-Air HEX Solution


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

66 66

Large Drives Applications

Water-to-Water Heat Exchanger


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Plate Type Heat Exchanger (HEX) 100% Redundant Construction Each HEX Fully Rated Stainless All-welded Construction Integrated Sump Base with Drain Provision Full Isolation Valves In Place Serviceable

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

67 67

Large Drives Applications

2 x 4000 HP (2.8 MW) Air-to-Air HEX


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

68 68

Large Drives Applications

2 x 6500 HP (4.8 MW) Air-to-Air HEX


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

69 69

Large Drives Applications

PDC Solutions
ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

A Power Distribution Center (PDC) is commonly supplied as part of a VFD System Solution.
The term PDC is used, as opposed to control house, for tax and depreciation reasons.

For VFD solutions to 10,000 HP (7.5 MW) is common to locate up to two VFDs in a single PDC.
VFD cooling is commonly handled on PDC solutions as follows: GEN IV - Wall Mounted HVAC GEN IIIe Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers WCIII Liquid-to-Air or Water-to-Water Heat Exchangers HV Water-to-Water Heat Exchangers

Note: As more than 96% of all heat is transferred to the heat exchanger. GEN IIIe, WCIII and HV PDCs have very low supplementary HVAC requirements.

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

70 70

Large Drives Applications

Common PDC Features and Options


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Standard design practice for PDCs


PDC base must be self-supporting

Pad or Pier Mounted As Standard

Two doors required for ingress and egress Aisle ways to meet safety and clearance (NEC Common) Walls and ceilings are insulated, floor optional Lighting and emergency lighting Stainless steel door hardware and all external fasteners

Panic Hardware and Automatic Re-closers on Doors Equipment Removal Panel Above Equipment Door Transformer Rear Access Panels for WCIII and HV Systems

Two grounding provisions on PDC base (diagonal sides) Roof slope Walls and ceilings sized for wind, seismic and snow loads Building HVAC N+1 design Low voltage and lighting distribution Included Low voltage feed from distribution to VFD included PDC over-temperature common alarm PDC common fire alarm Optional cable tray with framed openings
robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt
Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

21.06.2007

71 71

Large Drives Applications

ProToPSTM Options for PDC


ROBICON Perfect Harmony
Product Features and Benefits ROBICON Perfect Harmony Family ROBICON Perfect Harmony Topology Input Power Quality Motor Compatibility High System Availability System Application & Integration Options

Options Common For High Availability Installations

Provision to receive dual low voltage feeds to PDC Automatic transfer switch
Source

voltage available indication to each VFD

Double-conversion UPS
Automatic bypass switch Manual maintenance bypass switch Indication of UPS fault or on battery

to each VFD

Presentation ROBICON Perfect Harmony

robicon-perfect-harmony-theory-e.ppt

Siemens AG 2007 - We reserve the right to make changes

21.06.2007

72 72

You might also like