uu mes? m&ys me] *jT<T.

1945
dXq+ eT\| sdwH <>Zs y] qT>=HsT. jTq
eTqeTT<H qTu nqTu$d me] e{&ysT
<T. n|&|& { sTT <>Zs q Xs
&T|+ +#ysT. dXq+ q mTb{ >&|
|sT +& q qT e{&T +, >=DT>T, eTsk] X+
y| #d _>sZ > qe d>\
T #dysT. n|{ #TT| \
y jTqqT ne< > >T]+#sT. kq+ #jT bsTTH uu
<>ZsqT+& z ~e |]eT+ y|+#&+ u\qT nTs|]#~.
eT u||T\ jTq ek\T, uH\T n+~+#ysT.
jTH|& Xs dV e+&ysT <T. 1972 Xsr
d yT+&> jTq &\TqT |P]> _q+
#d+~. nsTTH y] XsdV <T. * T kj
Vd ysTT+#sT u\T. s uu>sT =
d+eseTT\T q|&<T.
eTs 1980 jTq H+|* {| bdt dwH <>Zs
e+&&+ >eT+#sT. n+<Te\q jTqqT H+|*uu nH
|sT u\T |\ek>sT. jTq |sT, }sT,
*<+&Tes, \><T$T{ me] *jT<T. C
<e + eH jTq HeTsV T&T. H+|*u u @. jTq
e{&TT+&> mes #&<T. m|& eTqyT, |P]
~>+sT&T> e+&ysT. jTq jTq m& y <T . me]
&T\T j+#ysT <T. |Hk\T e<T. |\qT
Xs|]# \s eTVeTM |<]+#<T. |X\T #|<T.
nsTTH HH{ H+|*uu <sq+ d+ e# u\ d+K
|sT>T+~. eTVeTBjTT\T Vs>Y , V+<Te\T ne< >
u$+ j u\T jTq {, d>sT deT]dT+&ysT.
H+|*uu ]& ksTT neseT u\ qeT+ +~.
H+|*uu d>sT >T es d>sTq |
$T+>ysT. jTq &T |H <T q< n | $T+>+
<s d>sT sTTq u\ s\ q+|Cdys, jTq
1

<s qe+ # c\T =\bjT, s\T Hsy s T jT,

XssT>\T, u<\T uu =\ks u\ qeT+.
>+<+ |s=q uu>] ~e\\T u \
qeT sD+.
1969 b++ uuqT #dq seTweT]>sT
# | T Hs T : H djTsY eTTd+ \d HqT 1969
eT\| dXqy{ yTT<{k]> uuqT <]+#qT.
uuqT #&>H Jddt d qt T \|+#ysT. m|& X+ y|
#d+&ysT. m|& eTq + eqT q&ysT
<T. \ b&e #T\ #=, |Ce <]+ e+&ysT.
b&e> |] &\T {q ET e+&~. n|&|&
>E|+ ET dysT. T\H kq+ #dysT.
n+<T me> m|& & \H +#ysT. m+& >,
#*>, yq> ysT @ &q XsTT+#ysT sT.
uu>sT q&q|&T # y>+>, \ +< e+#T=
q&#ysT. y+q&#ysT |]>e\d e#~.
o uu>sT me]& y] @MT n&> ysT <T. mesH
n+ |Ps+ y] <>Zs eqysT |d m+ <s+
eHds q ns# #sT | |*#ysT. X+ | qTq y]
L& u> $|+# neX+ e+&~<T me] <+
n #]#s ysT m+ <s+ eH ds yqT ] uu
<>Zs e#ysT. u\T sbsTT d s VA
{ , #]HsY d>sT |f, nZ|f =HysT. uu>sT
d>s T me> >ysT. uu d>s T > $<q+ $<+ >
e+&~. keq+> <eTbq |jTT\T> b>qT |*
| ysT <T, b> y+H e~* ydysT. eq ms n
e+ =] $T+ydysT.
HqT yTT<k] uuqT <]+q|&T b< qeTks+
#dT= e +{ _ seT+f sTy ekq #bsT.
eT&T sE\ s Xs+! yTeTT e +{ n&dT #| H
uu e +{ _ $#d eTeT* <qT\qT #XsT.
2

e +{ <<| s +&T d+es\T sp _ e#sT. uq+

#dq s #sTT &T+& y[bjTysT. k] e
n> ] nCq| e\T$ H us uu n|&| & ed
e+&+& n #|+~. sE qT+N uu _ se+
eHXsT. ]q d+> *d HqT |sT>Tq y[ uuqT
b<jT|& sE _ e#sT. s qT+& HqT,
H eT&e nusTT uu _ rdTyyseTT.
1972 j&+T nsTT uuqT kj Vd
#]+q+es uu>] + <]+#y&. 1972 qT+&
1980 esL uu>sT q|&<T. eTs 1980 H+|*
sdwH <>Z] bdTdwqT es+& <]+#qT.
eTVjTT\ rsT:
o eHXHk$T (]&) qqT <]+# | $ MTqH>sT
V<su<T y| m|&T y[H =]jT sTT <
H+|*uu deT]+, uuqT <]+ yeT #|ysT.
V<su<T qT+& eq ksTTuu u\qT <+
ksTTuu d+ MT]+ <s+ sqs<T. V<su<T
ksTTuu
o o o H+|*uu>] <]d ksTTuuqT <]+qfq
#|ysT.
|P o ms\ us< ecsT>sT m+eT+~
ksTTuu u\qT H+|*uu>] <sq+ #dTeT
bV+#ysT. n+ &sT (>b<dT >sT)
ecsT >] (V<su<T eq|&T) *d ]& y THq+f
ecsT>sT jT <>ZsT+& H+|*uu>] <>Zs rdT[
]& ksTTuuH & eHsT. | <sq+ #dT+
e+&+& n #bsT.
H+| * u u eT+~s | P C] sE>s T ]& qT+&
H+|*uu <>Zs y e< nH $wjTyT o <sZk$T
(\ + s s e |, & | ) n& j T q k T
|syTXsT&T. jTq <>Zs [ de #dT | \T>TT+~
3

n #bsT. < $wjT yT sE sE>sT ]& <sesTT

+us T | q { +& < > Z s < q+ # d T +T+f
<s esTT ksTTuu b { qT+& | + # e TTU\
+HjTk$T q& (eTTK+ e+ ksTTuu<) m+<T
ujT|&TTHe. y, HqT #dT+{qT n d+<X+
e+~.
o |d\ dTseTjT, >=\>eT&
|P>TsT<eq #s o ms\ us<>sT |
<]+#eT qqT bV+q eTVjTT\ o H+|* uu
>sT sT . u> e +T #| &q eT&T >TDeTT\T (1) ds y| eTT
(2) dseTT (3) dsdeTseTT eTVjTT |P]>
|qeTsTTHsTT. n+<T H kqTueyT sDeTT. HqT
| & T V < s u< y [ HqT. n & my T . .q+<
y+fXsT>sT H # eTTKyTq dVT&T. ysT
m&THs, y] sTHe H *jT<T. HqT o H+|* uu
>] < ] + k$T! eTV q> s + H dV T & T
myT..q+<y+fXsT >] sTHe *jT<T. HqT ns>+
d| MT d~ LsT+{qT. ns>+ q+< y+fX sT
>]HH & s| +#+& +f y] sTHe #|y]HH
& s| +#+& n #| = HqT y] d~ ns>+ d|
LsTHqT. ns>+ |\ nHe T+~ e y[HsT. ye]
q+< y + f X s T >] s T He * j T < T . H q T
y ue#Tq|&T sT eHsT. ysT uu >] n dMT|+
q+<* |d T eq o q+< y+fX sT> ] H #|HsT.
q+< y+fX sT> ] &{ sT>TTq+<Te\q, ysT o k$T
y] < > Z s s bj s T . H q+< y + f X s T
#|+qy], MTsT & m+<T eHsT? n n&>qT.
ysT sTT #bsT
H q T eTT | d T y eTT+< T o uu>]
<]+#T+{qT. uu>]qT+& 1 .MT. <seTT y[> e
k| s<T. HqT sE |dTqT+& +{ y#THqT. s|
4

~ys+ qT b+eTTq ekH sH n s|{ <sq+

sC #d y\ k| y[qy&q ] yqe#qT
n #bsT. k|qT+& ysT uu <>Zs e#d] ns>+
f+ |{q~. n+f HqT & uu d~ bsq #dq y+H
y] k| |sD * uu d~ e H q+<
y+fXsT >] #|{sT.
dyX+ ysT dsy|\T < uu d~
HqT #dq bsq =s y+H y] ] q d~
rdT=ssT . HqT eTqdT #dq bsq y] \TdT+ ~ n+f
ys T d s E \ T n \ Td T + ~. k | qT+& y]
yqrdT=#s+f, uu ds deTsT\T n \TdT+~.
u > e + T # | & d s y| eTT, d s eTT,
dsdeTseTT y] eHsTT >qT ys u>e+T&T n H
$XdeTT.
dsu V<j+se] uu
|P >TsT<eq o us< ec]>] d\V yTs
_]j b+ {+ rdT [ uu>] eTT+<T e+#qT. ysT
bseX+ q+<Te\q _]j b{ <T. y]
d~ HqT <q+ #d Ls= n|&|&T uu
#dTH qT. |sjTeTT ## d] yTbT q eT
b{ s+<+ #d _]j +Tq~. n Je\
u>e+T& eH&T qT HqT <H$T seT<T. +
=+d|{ yTbT y[bsTT+~. _]j b{ uu
rdT= eT> u+#dTHsT.n Je\ H eH&T >qT
n~ yTbT m+* nH e L& y] |<T.
HqT +{ #q eT]jTT nqTueeTT
n|&T uu >sT H+|* bdt dwH es+& HsT.
$\Tyq sT sT ~>sT. jTq <TdT\T # \$,
# $\Tyq $, n|& d eT&\
T rd ydT =qT> eHsTT.
uu <>Zs s>H qT q q |P &u uu eTT+<T
5

|{ s&T | q e+& <TeTT us|& kc+><+ &+ |{sT .

d+ eTTU >, q >T&\ > n+Tq eT{ L&
T&T#T+& n> <q+ LsTHsT. m|& uu >sT
eTq | e |P &u nH, e&qT &u
u $T| |f
|&T =~> X+ e+~. n|& e |P &u
rdT= sT y[bjsT. n+{ oeT+T\T L& eT{
|& uu>] qeTd]dTHs+f uu>] m&\ u ||T\T
m+>=|> y]Hj nseTeT+~.
eT\eTT uu
sE HqT, e es dTeT uu>] <>Zs y[, o
H+|*uu>] |<D\T #dTHeTT. n& eq eTTd+
jTH+{ +{ V+<TeqTHy? jTq eTTdeTT, n{
|<D\T #jTe<T. | seT # ujT+s+>
nsTdTH&T. y] e\ HqT e+ ujT|& e#XqT. e
es @e+ +TL& ujT+ +& |<D\T #dH
e+~. ysTe+ @MT nq&+ <T. yT e+ |<D\T
eq<T. n& nsTdTq eTTdyT z&bsTT y[bjsT. o
uu>] eTq V < j T + d + +< + >, eTq eT
VeTT\|q |{{b\ (V+>T, seTT\) | @$T
+T+~?
bdt H #|q q ~yqTueeTT
bd T qT s j T \ e\q > H+| *
bdtdwH ~ #XsT. n&T n& e &{ #]
eT&T H\T>T sE\T nsTT+~. uu>sT n|&T H+|* b dTdwH
es+& eHsT. bdT uuqT >T]+ @MT *jT<T.
>=| >=|ysT s e eT{ us|& kc+>
qeTks+ #d be+ y] # XseTT> +&~. uu>sT
me] @MT n&>sT. <+&\T |f u\T L& &T> y]
e+ #&< T . {, ;&\T, |y +{$ y] deT]+#ysT.
sE bdTdw H yT |\y &T uuqT | s>e T >~d T H &T.
bseX+ eq uu | s><T. y+H |\y&T
6

&u uu |q #&T. ~ # | bdt, |\y&

#+|MT< < ={ ]yTX&T. s +&T sE\ s bdt|
>\ Hss|D| z|H m+sTT] s>uTq~. m+sTT
b bdt uu>] bsq #d y&T. uu HqT
swq MT \TdT, qqT dT qT+& s+#+& n #|
y&T. bdt sjT HjT& m+sTT <>Zs
rdT y[ |dsT #|+#\ rdTbe&+ q z|H
m+ VsT e*dq \eTT ns>+ <{bsTT+~.
s j T Hj T & s T bdt L & b T Hs T .
esZeT<eTTq bdt yqT q dVT&T |+ yqT
k #d, sT | dT ={ydHsT n #| y[HsT. C
n dT nqT m+sTT VsT +&H ={ yXsT.
bdt dTe y[ bj&T. HqT jTqqT z|H
m+sTT e +&H dT m ={ yXsT nH $wjT+
n&>+<T H ks++& bsTT+~.
ksTXsY >] nqTueeTT:
ksTXsY nHysT V<su< >+B dT|
b {>| s Y > eHs T . ys T n| & | & T uu >]
<]dT+&ysT. sE ysT o uu>] <>Zs e+&> n&Tq
u\T s| uu>] <>Zs nq<q+ sT>TT+~, MTsT L&
s+& n y] V+#sT. ksTXsY XeDY esY >]
nq<q+ $wjT+ n&>sT. nq<q+ sT>TT+< H
*jT< XeDY esY >sT #bsT. nq<q+ ]>T
e+f <jT#d H bH #jT+& n XeDY esY >] #|
ksTXsY y[bj&T. s ksTXsY d|+ o
H+|*u u>sT <s q $T <j H 6 >+\H <>]Z s!
n |*#sT. ksTXsY>sT <jH 5 >+\ uu>]
<>Zs ysT. n|{ c$TjH\T yd nq<H e+\T
#dTHsT. ksTXsY>] XeDY esY>sT q *de+&
L& nq<q+ $wjT+ #| bsTTH o uu>sT y] d|
<sqeTT sTT |*|+#THsT. dyX+ L& ysT
7

dsE\, dsdeTsT\, dsy|\ \TdT+~.

oeT ns$+<eT >] nqTue eTT (|. sY. . |k < >] dreTD)
yT dJe eTVjTT\qT <]+#\ s|&~.
sE HqT (o |d\ dTseTjT) H+|*uu>] >T]+ #|
<]+#eTHqT. ysT y qT H n~ y] odT\T
n u$+#eT #bqT. sE yT q us L& uu>]
<]++~. n& bH uu>sT yT y| re+> ]$T
#ksT. ujT+syTq #|H u]+# y] ed >V
y[bsTT+~. o uu>] odT\T b+~q+es HqT
V<su< e~* sqT MTsT +{ y[b+& n us #| +~.
H$T |dT deTd <T HqT H e+{q jTq L&
V<su< e+& bjsT. sE s n+ yT
<b+& bsjTD, HeTdsD, |PC m+ ] #d qqT
sT D+#eT uuqT b]d >&| + ~. \y ] q us q T H\T>T
&\T, $Tsb& eT, HqT { Ls= eTdT=
e+{qT, e qqT uu < > Z s rd T y [
se eT+fs T kqT n #| n> y[+~. b>H o uu>]
# qeTd]++~. y+H uu>sT q >~ seT
# d> #XsT. >~ b>H uu>sT #sTT#| yT #
& b{ eeT n& rdT= & HXsT. y+H uu>sT
m+ +> $T y*? n m+ dwyTq #sD
n&>sT. deTj yT @$T #| eTq+> HsT.
uu q$ d]|{sT. qT yTT< uu <>Zs y[q|&T @
k<q #jT+&H @< ueTqT <]+#T y[qT>H
bsTT+~. n+<T ysT ]$T ##sT. s+&ek] s n+
bsjTD, |P, HeTdsD\ >&|+~. qTH yT q
& q&yT , @$T y*? n L& n&>sT. qT
eTqeTT @ eTVjTT <]+H y] qT+& odT\T b+<*
n+f bsjTD, |P, HeTb\T m+ >=|> | #kj
\ #TT+~.
|sT |#T]+#{ w+ u& nqTuy\T
8

1. HqT uu>] s#T> <]dT+{qT. H esT

| T H b<\T e+ s . | s w H # s TT+H d ] >Z
q&ebTH&T. H+|*uu>] <sH |\y& L&
rdTyy&. |\y&T uu <>Zs &T+, uu Xs
>T \T eH uu @eTHysT <T. sE s |\y D
< >{> ={sT. \y]qT+& |\y& b<\T de+>
e#sTT eT]jTT @ sTT+B +& q&e>\TZ#TH&T.
2. HqT > uu <jT+ nVs+, eT<V+
uq+, s uq+ +{ qT+& , VA\T qT+& rdTy+ &
yD < { n #| n # |+|+#y&. {
n uu n+f d]>Z *jT<T. |> qeT+ nd <T.
sE s uu { n \ @s m n+f n edTH e,
kq+ #ds n n]#sT. s qT+& { nqT X<>
uu <sq+ #dT+TH&T.
o |.$..MTqH, o ksTTeTsTT d]Te d+sY, neTqu\T, +>\T

1. n|&T HqT oX\ + e+&y&. s +T e+&~ <T. sT H

>~ jT eT+#+ |&T= LsT q\ L&q
X, #\ >*,N{ |X+qT nqTu$dT+&y&.
sE s 10.45 >+.\ H >~ jT >=+|{ Ls=
d>s{ >TTHqT. + >* \T H+|*uu H
eTT+<s q&sT. jTq # d>sT y\T>T+~. jTq
yTsTdTHsTT. H Xs yTdH nH Ls=
e+&bjqT. $Tw+ bT uu qqT #d >* \T
>=+ |{q \T| rjT+&H |* y[ $Tw+ e+&
eTs nH >~ jT e#sT. =~ksT |*
jT y[ e e e{&+& n<XeTjsT.
$<+> dsy|+ s|+#sT.
2. o eHXH k$T |s+ HqT 10 H\\T
jT+XsY, Hd\ eHqT. sE cjT ek\T
<] +q >&e TTq dHd e H e{&q s qT+& jTq
9

s|+ ksTTuu q&TTq+<Tq HqT jTq MT< #

>se+ e+&y&. dHd # u> e{&y &T eT]jTT
eT+> |e]+#y&T. u>e+T <jTe\q dHd
+& \TdTHqT. nqT qqT q d|j H
|j+#T+<eT nqTH&T. n jTT ] |s+
+>\T ed V<su<T H+|*u u <s H yeTT.
n|&T uu >*|s s&T |q e+&ysT. s {
y< eTqT= s&T MT< q&TdTq |&T uu H y| # qqT
<>Z] seT |*#sT. $wjT+ #| +&T |<T
HqT b]+q s uu <>Zs e#&T. HqT uu
& y|, nqT m&eT y| eHeTT. uu n m&eT #
uq y\T #|{ > nV& (eTT+<T y) n +^w
nHsT. H & # uq y\T #|{ > V (d+
\TdT) n +^w nHsT. <+ n&T +&,
uu <jT e\q n y[H qH$T #jT & *d+~. s
+>\T, $<q>s\
Y yeTT. nqT mH + |j >\T
#dH nyMT qHMT #jTbjsTT. e\+ uu | e\q
eyT $<+> HqT + u]qT+& s+#&qT.
. seTw eT], u 4, 24/2, R T eTT| \, eT\|, Hyd-36
o H+|*uu >] s+&T d+es\T e sTT+{ _
sTT# u > + * +~. H q T 1967 | u T bs X \
|<Hb<jTT&T> e+&|&T H | n~] (& ) H
qT<T \+ #d ndV+> e+<+f HqT MTs nq+
eT+~ <q+<T |rs+> mH sTT+<T\T |{ e]
bsX\ \T F #sTT+, HqT bsX\ keTT CdqT
dT |{ dd+& #sTT+#sT.
1. bsX\ y be&+ Vd\T |\\ +^w
\T wH s 7>+.\ qT+& 9>+\ es #|y&.
eT\ | M~ e+& s& & | \ \ qT y + &
@&|+ #y&T. $wjT + |\\
<s *dq s H+|* uu
<>Z] y[ $wjT+ #| <jT #|eT b]+#qT. uu \
10

eP| ds nHsT. # +> s sE qT+& s&

&|\qT L& @&+#<T. |> H m+ $qjT+>
yT*>y&T. uu #| M~ s& sTT es&+f uu ds u
V<j+s$T eT]jTT ds |sD~] n \Tk+~.
2. d+es+ ddqH s b*dT\ dT n|+#&
y] m+sTT HqT &T CjT<, = |d\T
eT]jTT ed >V+ = keqT\T bjjT * qqT
<>+ rdTHsT. B| n&q d+CsTTw &T\T
{y d d]bT+< nqT= bsTTq edTe \, |d \ y\ HqT
{ykqHqT. de<q+ HqT | |qT u$+
ddqH J+ s<T X\e |Te*+~> <X\T
C #d | n~] |+bsT. H eTT&T .m.mdt sY e
&bsTyT+{ d e{& @MT #jTq <M]+
#b&T. HqT H |{w H |f eTT+<s n| wHq T H+|*u u
b<\ MT< |{ kMT! <jT#|e\d+< b]+#qT. uu
\eP| ds nHsT. | n~sT\T n+<s es+> ydH
n|{ $<XUeT\T H $wj djT+> #d B
sTT+ +#e\dq neds+ <T ddqH \+ yTT+ J+
&{ |]jT&> +^]+#e\d+~> <+#sT. e\+ uu
| e\q eyT ddqH \+ J+ H <+~ .
3. H us dTo\eT 1969 sE s 9 >+\
|q >s\T yk+~. qH u+& +<|& d\d\ > qH #
MT< |& * u< T @&TdTq~. s deTjT+ qT
d rdT y <T . #TT| \ y # ysT. u<
< | @&Td LsTq~. nss uu>sT sTT+{ \T|
{ |* e @$T ]+~ n d>\ n& $wjT+
\TdT= q neTV de TT H us #sTT| sXsT. y+H
u< Z < |{+~. uu y[bjsT. \y] < #d
H us #sTT MT< u<T, *q eT# L& <T. ~
n+ uu>] eTV+ n >T]+ HqT V<jT |Ps+>
|D$T\TTHqT. y] sTD, |eT m+ #|>\qT.
11

4. H |< =&T us+ +&d |{ ybs+

qwbj&T. n|\T q ] d+d\ L& u
d eH&T. ybs+ qwbsTTq+<T e\q {*q
HkyT+{ d{ |HjT sswH <T. n+<Te\q
d{ |HjT sswH ysT e nusTT se*q 3 \\
sbjT\ H e+& ey& es+> |
ydXsT.
n+{ |]d uu <>]Z y[ $wjT + #| keTT e#
#jT eT b]+#> uu ds nqT> \ }bsT. 24 >+\T
eTT+< mdt.m|t.d ysT bqT #d e y& |* 3 \\
sbjT\ # sTT#sT. eT] $wjT+ uu>sT y
@ $<yTq <X+ sTT#s |se msT. |sV
ds|& nk<eTqTq~ <T <!
5. H ueeT]~ ysD+ |sTc+q 1980 H{
eT|* \T e+~. ] |]dT\ e\q \T
n$TyjT{ us+ |& d>+ <s n&T>TTHsT. H
$wjT+ *d H H+|*uu <>Zs rdTy[ \T
neTT&jTT b]+HeTT. uu H ueeT]~ {
sTTeu> n |T= # u> ={ > s+ e#T
#sT. eTsTd{ sE }V+q <+f s+&T sT <s
e \T neTT&TbsTT+~. nqT &T m._ q>sY
# eT+ \T =qTH&T. uu q neT Vde TT ={
n sqT =\+ \T s sC neTT&T njTT #d
n s +&T s T <jT+ *+#+ uu sT D eTs$T{?
6. k] H #\T ]& y[q|&T n& eq eHXH
k$T yT V<su< H+|*uuqT <]d ]&
ksTTH<T <]+qfq #bsT.
7. H d |#d & {#sY sE H nj! e
neT udT qsY. $& sE yTT+ | D+ <TssyTq
H=|, u<\ $\$\&T+~. MT k$Ty] e neT
$wjTyT #| s+#eT Bq+> #|+~. y+H {#sY
12

eTT& H+|*uu e< rdT[ $wjTeT+ #| uu!

me]H eTsD+ |<T. q sEH yT u<
+& <jT #|eT b]+#eTT. uu ds n \ ePbsT.
s sE qT+& yT H\ sE\T @ u< +& J$+
s eTsD+#sT.
H eTT+<s ]q \: H+|*uu e+& bdtdwH
8.H
yqTy| jTTH &sT e+&y&T.n us udT
qsT u<|&TT+&~. H&T &sT dk+&
o H+|*uu>] eTT+<T+ VsY! <U sV
V, yTs ;; VQY F|t s sV V, |t #Y qV sY sV
V n+ ;s + > nsTdTH &T. uu>sT dk&T yTXsT.
&sT>sT { Ww<+> u$+ jTq use>
n|{qT+& yT qsY y~ d++~+q u< +&
J$++~.
mdt $ seT|k <, 71m, H>, V<su<, bH 040 24220262
1. e nusTT 2004 m+d{ 42,000 s+ e+~.
eT+ J dT se&+ w+. 7,8 *+>\ y[H e
nusTT s+ < s<T. HqT H+|*uu <>Zs y
T+&y&. e nusTT seT+f e#y&T <T. ~ys+
m | +<{ d+es V {T rdT y&T.
+{ bqT #d d+es V\T {T rdT seTH&T.
14 .MT <s+ eq | +< HqT yd] deTjT+
nsTTbsTT+~. e nusTT #&eT& { H+|*u u <s H
rdTyqT. =sE\ s e] *+> (nsY 19,
2004q) yTeT yeTT. }V+# $<+> e nusTT qT
nqTq J d$ +]+> dT e+~. *+> nsTT
jT eq s HH! H dT e+~ H+|*uu
e\H m+<T+f eT<s e T uu <s H y[q|&T jT
# \T L& ydT qT H *<+&T\T eTVjTT&T
n+THsT. e eTVjTT&y H $.mH.sY $CqC
J dT sy\, n ed HqT |ys+ MT <sq+
13

#dT+{q uu #+C #kqT. H s+ dT

se&+ uu <jT sD+ n #b&T. s |E {
H+|*uu <sH y[ e nusTT #&>H zsTT zsTT
n \T yd eT+<Vd+ #dTHsT. jTq n|+q |
qT Hsy]qT> \T jTT ueeTsyT+~. nusTT
k$T # | q $< + > | ys + < ] d T + f d
|y&T> k$T <w e+{&T. nq+yTq yT\T
b+< T & T .
2. k ] H q T H+| * u u >] < > Z s de# d
b<qeTks+ #dT y\ e+~ n eTqdT nqT>H uu
He+ # qe q e+ #|dTHsT.
b<qeTks+ #dTHqT. H eTqdT yT~*q ueq
y+& |d+~+ de<q+ sTT#sT uu.
3. H+|*uu qe+sY 6, 2004q u Xs+ $&#sT.
HqT qe+sY 9e B es uu >] n+eT se\
y b jqT. 9e KT s H us HqT uu>] n+eT
seTeTT\ y>\H? HqT yes uu Xs
e+#Ts e+#s n H +<q >T]+ #| <bjqT.
s H+|*uu \ |+ HqT & HqT. qTe
s!n nHsT. |H us< ecsT, y+jTk$T L&
eHsT. uu #|qT eTs&T seTeTT n+ <>ZsT+&
#d u>+ \_+q~. H+|*uu |sDH >=\>eT&
y+jT k$T de~ <s qeTT, +>\T us < ec]>]
de~ <sqeTT #dT= se&+ ]q~.
&s Y X{ y+fX sT, 3`6`8, kd{ _*+> +| , s jTTs~
d+sY, $yq+< q>sY \, L{|* , V<su<`72
2003 d + e s e TT q nqTu y # b s T .
oeT<+&{ V+&HjT&q o H+|*uu >]
<sqeTT =s HqT 9 d+\T |]|+#qT. y] <sqeTT
s>< \bjTT#Tq deTjT+ o #+<XKsY s&>sT H
14

<>sZ {{y T +{ =s se&eTT ]q~. e\ d+<s e TT

o H+|*uu >] >T]+ ysT #|&eTT ]+~. HqT
k]> qT+ ysT m& eHsT, H
<s q$T|+#e\d+~> sqT. n|&T ysT eTsTH{ <jT eTT
>*|s rdT= y[ uu>] <sqeTT >$+HsT. n|{
H q+<eTTq ne<T\T e m+<T+f 9 d+\ D
|* +q Xuy , uu>sT L& b< qeTkseTT #jT #sT,
os<eTT L& #sT. y] <]+q Xuy qT+& qqT
> 7 d+eseTT\ qT+& u~+#T#Tq &T|H=|, s
y<T\T |P]> qjTyTHsTT. n|{ qT+& H bdT L&
~q~H_e~ b+<T# <qeTTq @ +& uu>]
<jT e\q e T+duT\+<seT jTTss>eTT\
e]\TTHeTT. |{ uu>] <sqeTT #dT=qT#THeTT.
u |se, bT H+ 1 / 2 mH myT & d \, dt q+<u>,
eT], V<su<`47, 9290894942
]& y[ k] ksTTuu de~ <]+#Tq|&T
n& e+& eHXH k$T e MT ksTTuu H+|*uu
s|+ V<su<H eHsT. Mq|&T jTq <sq+
#dT+& n #bsT. n|{ qT+& H+|* uu <sq+
#dT+THeTT.1991 m.$. |k<T dT| +{
|swH ~ sjT+ nsTT+~. |swH eTT+<T sE qT+
H reyTq \H=| e+~. HqT s | |s wH \H=|
m #sTT+#Ty n ujT|& H+|*uu <>Zs e H
u< #| = H H=| +Z H |s wH d]> ]>T #jT eT
uuqT b]+#qT. sE s d|+ >qsd+V+ e
H \MT< # >{> H\T><T <\T ={sT. \ys d]
H \H=| nd\T <T. n|&T <s+> m.$.|k<
dT| y[ |swH #sTT+#THqT. uu <jT #
u> ]+~.
&. >b <dT >sT, 1`2`33/7, s<sD q]+> VAyT | _*+>,
<eT\>&, V<su<
15

1984 H n<we TT =~ us < ecsT >] |]#jT +

@s&+~. n|&T HqT ]& yTHq #| ecsT >sT
|&T ]& ksTTH<T&T sTT& eHsT #|&q #|
H+|* bdtdwH <>Zs eq H+|*uuqT #|+ jTH
]& ksTT uu, ]& yH jTH >{> |T nHsT.
n|{ qT+& H+|*uuqT <]dTHqT.
1. HqT jTyT._._.jTdt. #dH H n|{ <>+ <T.
H <>+ y\ uuqT n& uu>sT \ ePbsT.
=~ sE\ s H kj dT| <>+ e+~.
n|{ qT+& H+|* uuqT d+|Ps+> qeTTHqT.
sE H+|* uu d|+ + #bjTes
ksTT nqT n #bsT. n|{ qT+& H+|*u u #| +f
m+{ wyTH =\>TT+~, eTqdT *eT+~.
2. 1998 nsY H\ e T+ d y{ d+
eTTd+ djT< nT yT sT dT yk&T. # sE\T
sT rsT sTTe<T . H+|*u u sT dT >] yTTs|T=q
s VsT> djT< nT |e<+ #bj&T.
s =~ sE sT
dT ={y d e d e sTT#sT.
e|, |dq \, Vdt.H+.10`130`7, ksTTq>sY, uq>sY,
V<su<. bH H+.9395302000
H q T eT& T {\T | H qTMT< rd T =
q&T|+T+& y&. ]+ > @ sTT+<T\ e. =+\+
s (2002e d+es+) e #* |[ #j* e+~. n<
deTjT+ eT&T {\ ]|sT e &T\T ]|sT
#sTT+#bjqT. n+<Te\ sEy] {MT< e# &T\T
be+ |HqT bjqT. +{ ] |]d #
<sTD+> j s + ~. HqT +| 2,000 sbjT\ J+
| #dTHqT. mesH m\ |qT\T d y{ #d J$+
> & T | T HeTT. n< d e Tj T + | \ \ d | E \T
e\dse+, e Hq>sT #be+ e\q +{ |P
16

eyT uq+ #jT>*>yseTT. =k] HqT <jT+ 11

>+\|&T jT{ y[ VA nq+ e#q n<+
#| T+&y&. n+{ deTjT+ sVD esY nH dVT
<y\jT+ H <>+ >T]+ #| nqT o >TsT#]
bsjTD #jT eT #| q &T qqT H+|*u u <s H
rdTy&T. n|{qT+& uu <>Zs Mq|&T yy&.
uu <>Zs y[q 5 H\\| H jwt +sYHwq nH
+| <>+ e+~. |&T H 12,000 sbjT\ J+.
uu <>Zs yeTT+<T 8`9 H\\T u< |&qT. HqT y[q 5
H\\| e+<+f <+ uu | n qeTTTHqT.
eT+> +{ |]dT\T #&sTT.
2. H us e |[ eTT+<sqT+& d]>Z q&$
e. m . _. d > 15 d + e s\qT+&
#sTTdTHeTT. &sT |swH #dH #| yTsT>e<, eq
#| b+& #<eT #dT H sT. & qT #| bsTT+~.
H+|*u u b{ qT+& sE #TsT ]+~. sC H+|*
uu de~ #+<s *d, uuqT <]+#T e#eTT. s
= sE\ &sT <>Zs y[ &sT |swH #d qT
edT+< #bsT. 2005e d+es+ |swH #d 65% #|
e+~. qTH H us sTT|&T #&>\T>TTq~. +{
#| s<qTq~ #| se+ H+|*uu>] <jT
n \TkeTT.
jTq+ uTse,+{.H+.27,s+|*, sY.m.q>s,Y 9701210692
sE + | d T +{ y < q+
#dT+T+f H dH MT< $<+> q&+~. >*|s
>T, }#\T, HqT >T <>Zs \&qT. |\ jTq
ksTTuu > | ydT = eHsT. H ksTTuu nH ueq
e+~. <+{ uu |\ e+& HqT jT eHqT n
nqTHqT. s L& $wjT + >TsT #
T = m+<T uu
n <sq$T#s nqT+THqT. s dVT\ <s
>*|s H+|*uu nH ne< >T]+ *d y[ H
17

< q+ q | & q j T H H+| * u u n > T ] +

XsbjqT. n = d+es\ y T uu q <s q$T
qqT q e< s|+#THsT. n|{qT+& |$wjT+
H+|*uu #|= #jT+ n\ysTT+~.
1993 HqT+& \T <>Zs eTs= m$T~ +&T |
+MT e+&$ e. n&$> e+&~. n|{ | +{ y]+{
<=+>q+ s>&+ =e q|& # s\T
rdyseTT. sE usT ydTHeT uu #|+f uu
\jT }bsT. s <jT + 5.30 >+\ usT ysTT+#&+
bs+_+#eTT. =+d| nsTTq sT y +|] ET ydT = dTesT
35d+ ejTdT >\ nqT n& q&&T . H eq q\T>TsT
| +{ ysT n mesT, m+<T e#e n n& #&{
e#qT nH&T. n|& H us sTT+{ qT+& rdT=q {\T
sTT+{ >TeT+ <>sZ n+<T= yq ]> d] => eqqT
#Ts 1/2 .$T. < q& b++ m& q|&<T.
usT yjT + nsTTq~. s HqT H+|*u u <s H y[
uu |<|Tq qysT. n|&T n++~ usT ydq|&T
eq nqT uujTq. s sE usT sT
q LC rdT [ y+& yTT+ sT >d qysT. uujT
<>ZsT+& usT ysTT+#sqT+THqT.
jT|wt, 1745, m1 sks+T m<TsT, $TkCsY, us+ bdT,
( u @<H uu #||&T eTT+<s \{
b>+{~ e#~. b> eyT q|&~. +^w
q \qT \T>T nqTe~+#eTT)
HqT 1965d+ qT+& 1985d+ es msTTsYbsT
|#XqT. 1983e d+eseTT H us uey+
e+&+ e\ |> |e]+#~. +{ # >+<s>+> e+&
eqd |X+ <T. n e+Tq sE sE +<T
e\ |dT X\ee+ HqT \TBH <sZ[ yTT+f
H us u>T+T+< jT\T<sqT. sw|s&T u{
18

cseTT m<TsT> eq |<#T +< jTq \{ >&+,

\{ \T ydT Ls= q&&T. #&>H |Pue+
*+~. $+> e <] eT< \{
b> eq~.HqT b>qT
dT+ jTq <>]Z y[ Ls>H H |jT eTT +&
@&TdTH qT. jTq @&e, @&e, @MT ne<T n nHsT.
HqT y+H H |jTeTT +& n! n _>Zs> n]#qT.
jTq * <>Zs |dT||# +> e+& jTq
qH]+#sTT. HqT =+#+d|+& +{ e#qT. ssE
qT+& H us s>+ u>+~. s jTq eTs
\TdTbjqT. n|{qT+& mes uu, eTs m|&T
\TkH n nqT+ e+&y&.
1986 HqT b>\T +| #sqT. 1994e
d+es+ H dVA< uTse>] *d H+|*u uqT
<]+#THqT. uuqT #dq <>Z]qT+& eTs eTs
<]+#Ty\ e+&~ eT]jTT s#
T > <]+#T+T+&y&.
sE uuqT #d Ls= eHqT. uu H e+ <+>
#dTHsT. + uu, H eT< \{ b>+{~
q&T+~. H #$ uuqT #ky n $q|&+~.H
y+& 11 d+es\ + sw|s&T <]+q dyX+
> T s T e j T q mes T ? uuqT # k y n
n&T>TTH&qT+THqT. y+& #$ yTyT|{qT+& qT
sd T H eTT n $q|&d ] 11 d+es\ + <]+q uu,
H+| * u u @< d + +< + e+< q T HqT.y + &
C|+qT |{qT+& $<jT e+&T, <>+
<s<+> #sTT, \V\T >, XUVsyT qT,
>TsTys\T eyT ed e+&T n #$ $|++~. >
16 d+es\qT+& | >TsTys+ uuqT <]dTHqT. =
eTTKyTq \\T.
1. H 1970 qT+& >T+& | feTT + < q +&>
e+& nq+ q s |qT >TqT e+&~. u] +#>\
H=|
{ &sT <>Z] y<T. e +| dL]{ HdsT
19

dTuwt \d >TsTys+ kjT++ 7 >+\ uu <>sZ

y[ LsTHeTT. uu H e+ < + > #dTH sT. uu qT+&
y\T>T+{~ e H >T+& |feTT +< eq +&qT
>{> ={+~. H=| |{ H #T\T < *q |<X
rdT|\ y\T>T |<X+ sT<T+~. H
eTT# eT\T | { s TT. H eq H d s T u j T | &
y[b<eT+f @MT < LseTHqT. sE qT+& H=|
eTs s<T.
2. J >=&e\ e\q e nusTT V #XsT. n<
deTjT+ e neT qsT u<| & T +~. +{ y\+f
ujT+> e+& uu <>Zs y[q|&T uu uu! J$+
&|wH> qT, n>eT>#s+ >qT eq~ n #| HqT. y+&
uu d>s T y*+ <eTT >sT. y+& H qs\
|*bsTTqT nsTT =+d|{ # ]|t> eq~.
n+eTT+<Tq &|wH>, fqH> @MT e. d>sT
<eTT H eqd +<qqT uu =\+#sT.
3. H # uu <s H rdT y eT+f y] rdT=
uu >] < > Z s L s T HqT. H q T sE o d T +< s
#Hq+<>sT ydq |d+ rdTqT. uu H e+
#dTHsT. H #$ 46e |J rjTeT e+~.
|J eq d+<X+ $<+ > eq~. jT edTe q+<+
<T . s> q+<+ u> e +T e+~. o\yT n+<+. u> e +T&
yTq n+<+. eTw jTT \eTT: XX q+<yTq
u>e+T& #syT. z+ qy u>e ydT<yjT. He
#]dT+f J$+ < J$+> e]bT+~.
$wjT+ H dVT&T use #| uu $<+> B
#sT He \T#T n #bsT.
4. 2003e d+es+ H us jT]H s sTT+~
| & T +~. y T # y T T+& > uu H q T | s w H
#sTT+#TqT. y @yTH #sTT n b]++~. sE \
20

uu q& & H=|< n, jT]H e# |<X+ <>Zs

y* H=sT. ssE qT+& H=| eTs s<T.
5. dT+<s #Hq+<>] |d+>+ #|q +~e
H eTqdT <&+ > HT+~. eTVjTT\ <>sZ y[q|&T
y]HMT n&>qs<T. eTqdT nqT+f y]qT+&
de<q+ edT+~
HqT s eq e eDX] <>Zs y[q|&T
eTqdT ne! e H+|*uu n+f mes, @$T{
*jTf< T n #| HqT. H #e\ neT >=+T n+<s
j nH, |d nH <]dT+{sT, qT >=| n,
+=sT >=| n n+{sT. <+ @eT+f s+T. s+f
# qT+& y\TTsT> y\T>TT+~. y\TTsTH
MTseT+{s+f jTq # |esY|, jTq # |esY|
n. s+T edH e y*>~. s+f H+|*uu n
$q|&+~. n+f @ #qeTT d\dw ud\T+<
#qyT H+|*uu.
k ] T sE| e+& H > +< u \j
<>Zs[q|&T jTq e d+> yT#T+ HHMT
n&> +&H |\y &T e T +#&&T n #bsT.
s uu >T]+ e{&\+f m+<T ujT|&sT,
eqe\d+ uu e#sT, n+<Te\q MTs+ uu >T]+
*jT y] uu >T]+ #| y] uu <s q+ #sTT+#yT
MT | n #bsT. n|{qT+& uu >T]+ bds T n+#+,
e *dq y] #|+ bs+_+#eTT.
s >TsTys+ uu <>sZ y[ LsT+f uu eT
m&eT # y* eTqT #| HH se nes+, |&T
qqT #&T n nHsT. Hs+ d+> duT\ #|
ysT n|&T <jTT jTT *jTT>+ yTT<{ 5
nes\T: o o b< e\uT\T, o qd+V dsd k$T, o
eD |uTe, o n k$T, o ]& ksTTuu n
21

y] >T]+ #| H+|*uu 6e neseT $e]+#sT.

6. \T { + # +: H us |<jT |\\T
be&+ qq d e \T TeT+~. H
n|{ 14 H\\qT+& HqT |#d +| qc e+&
J+ sef<T. n+{ |]dT \T eT #| H us
m>H \T {\+ c_sYuu >] <>Zs y[ jTq
bs+_+#T nHsT. s H+|*uu <>Zs y[ uu
d>s T n& rdT odT\T n+<CX sT. 2,000 sbjT\
bs+_+q~ e\+ uu | e\q deTj $$< e\T
ys+ys e neds e\dq &TqT n+<CXsT.
|&T e+Tq \T uu H |{q _!
uu de~ nsTTH H @ e+ jTq sT nH ueq
<T. @ sjT+ rdTy\H uu #| #kqT. |{
@B nedsy n~ uu #sTTdTHsT.
>=] ksTT dTVD+, <eT|
V < s u< # < T e H | & T >*| s e+&
H+|*uu>] <sq+ #dT+ e+&y&. bsjTD #d
y |eT> #&+, b<ds u>+ *Z+#ysT. bsjTD
#jTbsTTH, | #q\ y[H <s+ qT+& nsTd
y[beT+{sT. sE y[ H+|*u u # |X++> qqT
d>sT sTTe nqT d> #dTHsT. HqT d>sT =qT=
ed $ Hq &T\T < e< #dTHe nH #& #q
e+~. uu <>Z] e#> us< ewsT H+|*uu
eTVjTT&T n #bsT < n = s\T> eT+ ueq
+|THqT. uu <>Z] e#d] uu # |+> nsTd
n&Tq y+< y[beT+THsT. n& e+& XeDesY
>] HqT yusTT @<H &T e+f $e]dT+&y& n
H MT< n_eq+. n+{ jTq qqT L& ns y[beT
#bsT. n+f d>sT rdTedTq|&T H eTqdT eq
#& #q H+|*uu |]d n+ esXsT. n+>
22

uu de #dTH u>+ bsTT+~.

>=] \, <eT|
H |< esT&T |. V#Y.& #d nHs>yT n
|]#s \T #d HqT \Vq|&qT. V<su< VA$Tj|
y< y[q|&T H+|*uu >] de~ <sqeTTq
y qT. n| { | ] d m e+< + f | \ y & s> +
<T|&
< u<, sd+ , dV eHqT. uu qeTks+
#dT + H |]d $q$+#qT. de~ <s q+ sTTq s
+{ eq|{ qT+& m+ <s +>, VQcsT> eHqT. s
|]dT\ uu | e\q #&sTT. uu <sqyT n{
eT+<T.
>=] ksTTe, ds+&
o H+|*uu e< 1997 yT H\ H |{qsEH&T
e nqjT rdTy&T. y] |<eT <sq+ |{ H
m<T =Dd
&T+~. #]HsY >*|s XeDY esY >]
+{ seTT o H+|* uu >sT eT+#+MT< LsT
eHsT. \T|yd e+~. {\>T+& k$T dw+>
q|&T THsT. nqjT, HqT k$T m<TsT> \T| <>sZ #T \T
C&+ \& eHeTT. o uu >sT # d>\
, u+ eT\,
y] <\ @< *jT |u e+ H| *+#sT. $|+>
H e#dTH sTT. n @&Td k$T y| #d n&
m+d| \& eHqT. n|{ ecsT s#q \T = #<e +,
$q+ e\ u\T H ksTTuu e<H |+> HqH
ue+ e+<, @XH y] HeT sb\ u<+ | <w eT<T .
ysT @MT e{&q |{ HqT #d | | sT e] *jT
y{ dV y] \TdTq~, eT]jTT eTq |esqqT { ysT
|d+~+# rsT e+T+<q <& $Xk yTT<{ <sq+
H |k~+q+<T uu _e+<H\T n]dTHqT.
( qT+& o ]& ksTTuu nsTTH H+|*u u nsTTH uu
nH |k$kqT. )
23

 sTy = H\\ +sY MT&jT{ #<e{

V<su< e+&Hs+_+#qT. sp y[se+, o
>TsT#],ksTTeT+ =~ d| bsjTD #jT+
bs|d\T #<e+ ~ ~q#s. qT+& sE o
H+|*u u e< y\H reeTsTTq |sD * e+&
nqjT n|&T be&+ D <] d]>Z *jTbsTTH
uujT rdTysH ue+ jT\T<] y[ uu <sq+
#dTHqT. ~ s+&e <sq+. y[q|& uu s+&T
dsT rdTy+, n$ ysT d]d # y*+#+
+f y] n+<TuT {bsTT MT< |{ n& m<TsT>
eq #T yTT<\T HeTdsD #d V<jT+ bsq
#dT+&&y <qj> dsdy, eTs ec] >+<y
=~d| #<Te= uu |dq e<H n> #d
Lsey ]>~. n|{ qT+& sT#T> uu >] <sq+,
d~ |k~+q sTDeTjTT\T. y] <sq+, d~ m+
|X +q , q+< |k ~+#$. # esT ~ys+ <jT +
y[ kjT++ es n& e+& neX *+Z #sT. |&T
+ #d m+ Xs+ n|dT+~. ejTdT @
de\T, {.M.\T, \T #&+ ` y$ eq+ q+<,
sDq y] d~ <s *+ <s |y$ s+&T
d+es\ nd\T =~> L& eT~ Cs&jT+&
|P]> #<Te, uu sT\T, ec] s#q\T, |y[+{
d +>+ #dT e+, M\Tq|& uu >] d~ >& |T
#Xs+f uu m+ sTyTq | #|+#s <! m+<s
$<sT\T, dVT\T |\ deTjT+ L& { edT+f
#&+& e+&qT >V+#T, |\ |sTT njT
|]d eH \Vq e~*+#T u<|&TT+f,
s+> uu>sT *<+&T\T, +<Te\T, $TT\T #jT
neT\yTq yT\T H *jT+&H #XsT. ejTdT
y{ <s+> +#&+ <s y{| nHd nH es
|k~+#s =H sT y *d+~. |{ n~ H es+>H
n|dT+~. $<] <X y{ e\q *> V |]>DjT+.
24

nTe+{~ uu M+{ $T+q q+< y] d~ <s

` @ |<X\T, y# <X\T sTTeH ` |k~+#s+f y]
~e eTVeT m+{< nseTeT+~.
uu >] eTqu<\T
1. uu>] dsu V<j+s]eTT eT]jTT
ds|sD~] *jTCjTT:
| b]eT eT]= | d+<s\ o uu>] e<
| y&T\T ]|ysT. n+f sE uuqT seTT
qT+& jT rdTe es+& |\ Lsu{,
n\+]+ y] d~ u q\T, |P\T #jT &+ e+{$. H
eeTT\T> ~ys\T y&+ n\yT m|&T Te+{
y&T\T sT>Tj eTT+<T> n& $#]+ \TdT=
y&+ #dy& <T. nsTTq|{ H eTT+<T> @e+
*jTbsTTH, n|{|&T sE eTqdT re+> uu
<s H y\H |q , |sD * me]qT #| +&H q|+ >
y[bjTy&. y[q sTy *d~, m+<T uu n
\+> |sD *+ s| +#THs! ~ jTyTy nH
d+<V @ e+ e+&, n< $<+> {,s+&T ksT
mHksT n #XsT. m+ Xss+> +&~!
eTT+<TsE, sCH =~eTT+<T uu e< y\q
d+\+ y& n|{|&T mes [qT uu e<
y&+ ` n|& | seT+ ]> sE eT]jTT deTjT+
e&+! $<+ > uu nqTue |Ps+> y] ds y| ,
ds|sD~] *jT|sTd +&ysT. n> dT
|jD+ eTdT= HeTdsD #dT+ y|&T
, <bsTTq|&T d]>Z dT ~>e\dq k| s>H
s
y+H ~>T #dysT. n+<T u\T n+sYVX
Yds+ y| HsjTD d: n+{sT. uu He\
Vs+sY y|H qeT: nqB +<T <!
2. HeTdsD, eTH>V \ eX >] *jT|s#
T :
25

o uu>] <sH yTeTT eddT+& |<X+ qT+&

y& dTesT >+qs deTjT+ |f~. s+&T, eT&T d{
dT\T e] y*. uu e+& +{ d+<T eT\T| e< e+&
& =T s+&T d>sT = rdT yy&. ysT +&
+{ |y+#& eTT+<T> jT +& +&
&T=, yTT m (eT&T, H\T>T +&$) V\T
|ykeTT. n& eTVT\ |{\, m&eTy|q >& uu
|< |eT neT] +{sTT. seTT <{ ne\y|
yTT ~ y[ uu +& seTT edT+~. V\T qT+& seTT
|+H, eTTK<s+ += ~X +&&+ e\q, Ty| n&+>
|s<\T, #|\ { +&&+ e\q uu eTq , eTq+
uu |+#+. yTT ~ m&eTy| y[, nT |>
q <s+ e< y[ uu <sq+ neT+~.
nsTT uu d+<q e\+ eTq+ jTq m<TsT> q|&T
|e]+# rsTqT { > eTq+ +{qT+& jT\T<]q~ yTT<\T
uu d~ #s esL eTq eTqdTqT m e+#THeTH <
{ +T+< *jTs#sT.
V<jT|Ps+>, nq\+|\T +& HeTdsD
#dT+, uuH eTqdT <d y] <sH y[
y] d+<q $Xw+ > +&~! ysT d>s T n& rdT= nZ| \
y*d < n+{+#&+ d+ eT+#+ ~ eTT+<T e
d>sT y*+#T= >ysT. q <w eTq| k]d
|dq+> +&ysT. k<sD+> uuqT d+ b< qeTks+
#dT =H neX+ +&<T . sD+ ysT +& seTT \T| >&j
T
|& e+T+~. uu <s H e#|&T nq +\T
+&, n+<] uu Hs ueq #dT+ ed @<
$<+> uu ds, b< qeTks+ #dTH u>+
*+#ysT. deTj m& <sb+\ qT+& uu
<s q+ d+ eqysT &y] uu qeTd]+#Te{
n]d uu deTjT+ |dq +> +f \T| rd
b#ysT. mes n sbsTTH eTs< $<+>HH
26

neX uu *+#ysT ` HeTdsD, eTH>V \ eX

*jT|s#&. n , <] dT e#|&T
nq+\ s&TMT< de bdsT #dH, s&Tq bjT
nesTT\qT #dH y[ + +{ |y +# +&H
&T= yTT<{ >~ yTT mT+&>H uu @jYT!
@jYT! n+ # _>Zs> n]#ysT.(C + eTT+<T
|k$+qT uu e+& >~ qT+& & mesH eq~ ~
L& |+#<T. nsTTH dsE\sTTq uu s\T n&!).
nd\T y] m<TsT> s#ysT <T. m+ d| n
nsTde +&ysT. y ePsTH, eT y] m<TsT> y >H
ns | y< \T ydysT. eTq+ uu nsTdTH
| =\b+& y n& qT+#T+f n&ysT e
eTq\qT | =\beT V#]+ n& qT+& eTs >~
e#d #ksT . $<+ > uu <s H e#|&T eTqdTqT
|$+>, \&> +#Ty\ uu H{ $e]+# +&H
nqTue+ V<jT>+ njTT #ksT.
sT y HeT~> e\+ uu <s H e#|&T u ,
X<\
se&yT <, yseT+{
m HeTqB y]
\TdH +T+<, uu <s H y |&T @$<+ > dsD
yy n< $<+ > sp J y[e#|&T |j
D+ +f
y] n$T | n, ~sT<yTq q&e& y] nsTTweT
m+ dw+> ` mHesT |{+#ysT. n+f <VsD
ys+ J y[e#|&T dsD #jT +&, nq+\
+& sTy uu e< y[ ` uu m+d|{H
<sq$T#ysT <T. d+ y] ~eeTTUs$+<yTH #d
u>+ +& eTs y| ] |&T +&ysT. m>+\T
m<TsT#dH ksH T s>&+ , d>s{
d]+#&+ , y] b<w k]+#&+ #dysT <T.
n ys+ u> dsD, VsT\T e&+, bsjTD
#jT &+ #d y[ m+ |eT, |dq +> #d, d>\
T #d
+eTT+<T $e]+q $<+> y] | nqT>V #$
27

#|+#ysT. n+<Te\q sT es (dVT\T, *< + &T\T,

+<Te\T) bV+#&+, s+~+#&+ bsTTH, uu
|k~+# | nqT>V+, odT\d+ y{<s e#
n|]$T q+<+ d+ |sp dsD, M\Tq VsT\T
sTTe&+, d +>+ #dT e&+, bsjTD #jT &+ e+{$ uu
#sTT+#ysT.
sT#T> uu <sq+ \u+ e& |
sD\T + eTT+<T |k$+qT e neT>sT : yT
ec] s#q\T #<Te, d+>+ #dT+ eTVT\ |
m+ >seuy *e+, n~ deTjT+ +q
e+&+. eTs s\T o |d\ dTseTjT >sT. uu M]
<s d+<sqTks+> ysTT+# K\T eT+|P]+>
nqTd+~+#&q Xsd<X\e j e\ V<j\
<dTbsTT qesT rdTse&+ #eT+~ nqTue +
$~yT. <eT| d+>+ dTds+> =qk>& nTe+{
nk\T bw+q b ysT e neT>], d+>duT\
ydq s \qT |]o*d ne>e TT+~. $<+ > yjT&q
s \, +~ s + ysT H+|*u u >] <]+#&+
>] ydq~ e |s+> m+>H |]++~.
```````
o dTseTjT >sT e neT>] ydq s+
>=\>eT&
25`03`1999
| P E q oeT .\ >] |.d T seTj T
qeTkseTT\T.
MTsT ydq sT #]q~. mH> +THsT.
$<+>HH eTsT uu >] <]dTHsT. # d+w+.
yd$ d\eHH ok$Ty] <s H k] >=\>eT& s+&.
o ksTTecsT \jT+ #&e#T. o ecsY, o ksTT,
28

ok$Ty] |{\T |{ nK+& B|+ +#eTT. +

kjT++ 6:30 qT+& 8:00 es ddY + >+ ` # =~ eT+~
mes s+f <]. me] |\e+ <T. $Tsb #]
#<TeTHeTT. n~ >H o ksTT |u<eT+ s
ne<eT+. o ec] H MT< m+ <j #&+&. y]
\j ]+#T= H =s H <>ZsT+& >& #dTHsT.
HH yTT<Tu] \+ e< #dTHqT. eT< eT&T sE\T
eT&T d+<X*#sT.
=* sE`q d<e X+ d~j>+ #dT +f &<
s*be.
s+&e sE`ejT me] q+ qT> qqT
n $ T+# e< T . | | j T + <s ej T qT
n$T+#*.
3e k]`d<TZsTeqT n+ y+{$Ts& > y+&d
<e<sqyT > uT L& =s <T.
ysT dT \ q u \ m<T ds ds < Hs,
|*N |\e eTT+< |\Tq | d+<X\<s s|+#sT.
y] @MT s+& s+s+ H &T> e+& qqT MT
wyTTqT q&|+&. @~ eTT+<T s @~ yq s
*jT T~VqT&qT n e+ bsq #dTHqT.
nj! m+ |D+ #dHy eTq+<s+ ec]
dVT\jeTT. q @MT ns<T.
uT! @ |HH deT+> #j\+f eTq #
|eTTT (+|yT+{) eT+~> +&*. n~ m+ eT+<
eTq+ n+ # > #jT >\TZeTT. Xs+ eTq+ u> e +T
de #d ]keTT. +sT q yT< d+| d$d ]&T
q +& \+ d$k&T. me e\T e. >qT e
yT<&T yT u{ # +sTy <s <Xe TT nq&T
<es eT+ de <=sTT+~. >qT |&T #jTe\dq
29

|PC, <q+ n+ #<T y. e <] +#ujT +|y T +{ |]s

u> |<TqT |T= # +|yT+{ jsT #dTy*.
n~ u>e+T&T eTq s+q |. | n+ >=|>
HsysT #jTeT o H+|*uu>] b]+#T. dY
bsT&T> Hq s <eq m+ | * > T Hsy s T
os~+#eT n&T>T. n&>&yT k<yTq+ es y|
qT+& V<jT|PsyTq w #sTT.
H *dq ecsT nH
@e+ r] H H
|d+ eTs eTs #~$ XT$TT\ m&\ deTue+,
eHeeH\ deTT\+> m +& u> + ec]
#sD
m +&< # HsT. # eq | |kqT
<T]j>+ #jT +& d~j>+ #sTT. o uu >] <>sZ
bsTTq|& | bsq #| = X\+> uu sb <d
y] d~ k<yTq+ d| +&T. y] d~ e\T
eqT. n #d y] d~ eTq #> |j>|&TT+~.
o k$T y] odT\,
|d\ dTseTjT
```````````
o H+|*u u s|+ *jTC| q neT\ $wjT +
(HeTdsD, eTH>V\ >] ) uu o dTB+<uT >]
s|+ V#]+ \|]#sT. V<su< +&jT{
#<e+ |PssTTq s +]+> b\+# #<e&+
H+|*uu <sH y&+ bsTTq~ (m|& V<su<
y[q|&T |). +]+> yTT<{ d+es+ |PssTT yd$
X\e\ e |<eT>] +{ b\=\T yqT. X\e\
\+ H\|> \T, { $ #&+, Ts >&
bsTT+~.
=~ sE\ J sT ksT nq> +{ y ujT eTT+<T
<>Zs eq o e+ neT <sq+, o dTB+< uT >]
<sq+ #dT= y<eT <X+ DT <>Zs eq e+
30

y[ ne< o e+ neT de~ <]+#T=, n&qT+&

<>Zs eq e+&es+ ooo dTB+<uT >] <sH
yqT. uT >sT \T| rd ` mesT y*? nHsT. MT
<sH e#q+& nHqT. uT>sT r] nsTTq|&T ed
<s<T. y n \T| ydXsT.
y] y, #s D+H H V<jT+| \yTq
|uy #bsTT. eTsTD+H HqT #dq |, <
| ] cs + V < j T + $d w + # X s T . y] < s H
+eTT+<T o H+|*uu *jTCdq $<+> bsjTD,
HeTdsD, u X<\ y*> \T, {$ #&+ e+{
es \b \ sE\T >&| , y{ _J nsTTbsTT (X\e\
$<+ > KsT#d) |&T + +{ y ujT eTT+<T {
s+&T sE\T U (r]) #dT= y] <sH y&+ m+
|T s+! V<su< nksT uu *jTCd+ ~ @yT+ ~? n~
eT] H q T @ eTTK+ |T = y] < s H, d ~
|k~+#eT n]+# nsT&qT? H\ sE\T> H |esq
H| H ndV+, d>TZ yd+~. n+<T k] e+
uT>] @ e+ e& #jT eTqdT s<T (n+f +
n & \& ys T eT \ T| rj \H < X +
yTT+& dT= +&&+ ). y+H qeTd]+#T= ] y[bsTT
ys+ sE\T X<> bsjTD, <e+q >&| n|&T ]
uT>] <sH y\q |sD *+#sT. (n~ uT>]
s|+ uu #dq eTqu< n H $Xd+). $<+>H
] b\=\T y[ bsjTD #sTT+ sTy uT>]
|qssH yT #XsT. HqT y[q|&T uT>sT }
sT n+<Te\q uT>] <sq+ <T. HqT +{ y[q
s = sE\ HqT n&>+&H \ dTB+<uT>sT
<sq+ nqT>V+#sT. d+|Tq ]q~ 2001 e d+.
< $wjTyT (HeTdsD, eTH>V\ eX) 2007 e
q+es+ d<TZsT o <sZk$TysT +~ d+uwD
dTdw+ #XsT:
31

|X: kMT! yTeTT @+ #d, @ $<+> q&T#T=+f MT

| *+#>\
T>TeTT?
k$T: eTqdT \& #d @> eq dyT
n+<]qT, n+{ +< \TdT+f n+<] |> +T+~.
HL m+ |> +T+~.
|X: kMT! MTsT H q< ` n+<]qT +<HsT
H *jT+ <T
k$T: b\qT #d yq m&T+~? HsTT m&T+~
n+f m&T+T+~? b\qT * yq |dT+~. n<
$<+> eTqdT \& #d, @> eq d+
\TdT+~. eTT+<T q d+ *d sTy n+{
q~ \TdT+~. HeTdsD #d eTqdT \&eT+~.
|*q DyT (HeT+ #]+q y+H) d<TZsTy eTq
ds+&sY nsTT eTq #+ +{sT. |eT HeTdsD #sTT.
B { o H+|*uu, o dTB+<uT>sT, o d<TZsT
<sZk$T sb\T ysH ys+<s |se dsb\,
ys+<] s|+ uuH eTq+ @ $<+> q&T#Ty, ysT
#|qT q&d y] m+ d+w+ *+q yseTy,
<s eTq+ dTK X+T\T \_kj eTs eTs
*jTCdTHsT. z d<TZsTeT! HH qTe #|q esZ+
|jT+# <& Xj, |qq |k~+#T +&! +<sT
eTVjTT\ sb\ eT eT qTe nq+yTq |eT,
sTD *jTCdT+f ne eTsbsTT |e]dTq HqT
T~V qT&qT, |T T&qT. e |k~+q nqTuy \qT d]+,
=+esH ` d+ |{qT+&H b{+#b
\T \T|=H<?
3. u>e+T&T |*d |\T&T n *jTCjTT:
uu>sT y] <]+#& y[q|&T y] eTTK: @MT
e{& b sTTH, ysT |sD <sq, |]d T \ s|+ s#

32

ysT #|<\q $wj\qT dw+> *jT#dT+&ysT. B

>T]+# ecsT uu d+|<jT+ m|& k],
|<X+ #$ eT++ |<+#&+ <, ysT dVd
eTTU\ s+s+ u< #dH +{s #bsT. uuqT
s#T> <]dT+& \+ + eTTqT| |k$+q $<+>
` eTq+ eTqdT HeTdsD #d y] \TdT+ <, n<$<+ >
eTqdT y] $q$+#T+f \TdT+ <H *jT#XsT. <
&T ysT nq+ sTDeTjTT\T, |eTeTjTT\T { eTq+
@ $wjTyTH y] V<jT|Ps+> $q$+#T=, b]d
< ysT de<q+ | ks *jT#XsT. |sD |{
ksTTeTy o >TsT#] @V+ #sTT+ s
d|+ ` @ $wjT+ >] bsjTD #XH < ` de<q+
*jT #dysT. C>T |]dT\qT Xs+ *+#
esT jTq jTT n<X nujT Vk #|+#ysT.
$<+> |\TesT ysT s|+#&+ H *jT+&H,
V<jT+ #s>s q, ysT |*d |\TsT nH~
eTT~+#sT. <s @ $<+> nsTT eTq+ * <+&T\
bT +{ e<H +f ` @ |HH #jTujT eTT+<T y]
#| , y] d\V yTs #ky , n< $<+ > uu $q$+#T=
#jT&eTH~ n\yT> @ss ` eqd+> y]
nqT+<+ \|]#sT. ysT sE *jT]qT |&T
m|& q&T#T+f m+ u>T+T+< <! y+jTk$T
ysT #|qT eqd nqT+<+ nH f*bH H b+&
e+f ysT m|& eTqe<H +{sT nq~ >TsT+#T=,
$<+> q&T#THT #jTeT b]dTHqT.
mdt H>k$T HjT, yZ&, s , |H: 518533
HqT o H+|*uu>sT dXseTT> q|&T 2 ksT
<sqeTT #dTHqT. 31 &d+sY 2003 11:30 \ o k$T
<s qeTT nsTT+~. o k$T m<T LsTq 10 $Tc\ H
*jT+&H qT\T eTdT=be, | &yT q <Ts | {
+ ~.
<Ts #d ] 12 >+ \ s sT>T+~. ok$TysT q#
33

ysT sT. s|eTT H o w neseTT <sqeTT

nsTT+~. $<eTT> Vs |P] nsTTq+es ysT
ceseTT HsT. H #qT+& 3 ksT d>s { n+{+#eT
ysT d> #dHsT. HqT n< $<+> #XqT. deTjT+ HqT
y] |< D
#dH qT. |{ ysT H qT +~. ~
o ksTT ecsY <jT e\ ]+~. o uu>sT q |<s\T
=~> H |k<eTT> \_++~.
T +{, u>q>sY \, L{|* , Hyd
K. s<<$, 103 yT|T H nbsTy
1. H+|*uu>sT $yq+< \ eq|&T HqT
|sE 11:30\ uqeTT rdT= Vs y<.
sE kjT+\eTT 6:30\ HqT <sT u\ uu
<s q+ #dT = ns>+ LsTHeTT. +{ y\|+#
>+ n> eHeTT. yeT qT+#= uuqT #d
b, b
e+f eqT+& uu |< |<> b,
b n nsTd MT<
e#dTHsT. n|&T e ujTeTT yd >>u +{
y[bjeTT. HqT +{ e LsTHH < #|q+
eseTT, >*, <TeseTT bT s+{ L& bsTT+~. n|&T
b, b
nsyT+~ uu m+<T b,
b n ns eTeT* |+|#Xs.
d\+ uu qqT +{ |+|b +{y +>sT
|&y eT]jTT HqT L& sTT+~ |&<. n+f m|&T
@+ s>ujT~ uu dw+> \TdT. < $<+> uu
b b
<>Zs bsjTD #d Ls= e+f uu # ksT b
b n
ns +{ |+|+#dysT u< +{ eq # =~
d|{ H us +{ e#ysT. HqT +{ b H us
+ +{ jT H d+ m<TsT#d sTT+~ |&*
edT+~. uu H us m|&T +{ eks *d, jTq
de eq qqT d\+ +{ |+|+ H us H e\
+~ +& #XsT.
2. =+\eTT uu <>Zs \*, $w dVd HeT
bsjTD, ksTT eT bsjTD q\T>TsT, <T>TsT
u\eTT \d #dyeTT. k] <ds e +{ <e&,
34

ueT\T |{ \*, $w dVd HeT bsjTD #d Hy<+

|fd] \dyT uu <>Zs y eTqdT u<|&<.
e ysT <jT+ y+> y[q|&T uu <sq+ #dT=
HqT sbTHqT n uu #|ysT. sE H
d|eTT uu q& @$T{ se&eTT eHXe, & mes
\*, $w dVd HeT bsjTD, ksTT eT bsjTD
#dy sT , n+<Te\q bsjTD s>
+ <T . e sb
m{ n nsTdTHsT. |*VAs eT d> #dTHsT. s
s> | eTT+#T= uu <>Z] y uu #|qT n&
bsjTD s>+ <T. qqT #&>H uu | | qysT.
HqT rdTy[q |*VAs y+& rdT HsT. H \
q& qqT V#]+ uu de #dT=H u>+ *Z+#sT.
& o us< ecsT >sT |]|X nH >+<+
(~rjT eTT<D: |J H+: 24) u q de<q+
|k$+q $wj ||PC<T$T #dH sTT+{e< +f
qB rs+qT, n++ f |D +q, n{+ f eTVT
d ~ j T +< mH s T n~ | * + * j T T+{j T
TTw\+<s #bsT >TsT+ #Ty*. $wj H H+|*u u
s<<$ >] d|+ q& V#]+#sT.
3. 2008 |e] (uu de~ nsTTq s) e
nesTT 5,6 sE\ qT+& \jT H=|> e+& =+#+ >&
>Z<T. HqT uu <>Zs @$T{ uu eT< eTeT*
|{+#TeeTT <T, |\ \H=| =+#+ >& >Z<T.
e | mesTHsT n #| qeTkseTT #dT=
<bjqT. H d|+ m& qeT+ | dT+
eHsT. HqT y] dT+ |* y[ #d uu Ls=
eHsT. HqT, H b| q+ | LsTHeTT. uu>sT
e | ] #sTT |{ |\TdTHsT. me]H nqT
y<T. eTs #sTT #|+#sT. HH n+f <T n e
nesTT #|+#sT. e nesTT bT HqT L& yqT
uu <>Zs. uu e nesTT #+|\T ysTT+ \MT< |
35

|{ ={sT . e nesTT qT+& q b| jT bsTT+~.

sTy H #+| MT< { ={sT. s sE e
nesTT \H=| bZ sTT+~.
ds& ds+, +.H+ 16, 11`19/6/6 | n+dT, sCX]
\jTeTT, d+q>sY \, eT\|, V<su<
1995 qT+& uu >] <]+#T+THeTT. 1999 H
nHs>yT &s #|d |\T #d H qsY 3e dJ
<{ 4e dJ e+~, y< + nqeds+ , |s wH #dH q
e |\\ #bsT. deTjT+ H+|*uu <>Zs y[
uu>sT &sY d]|{\T rdT q*| Cy s n 2,3
ksT nHsT. s eTs Vd #| t d+ y+. +
eTT+<T #dq |\, |&T #dq |\ & ed &sT
#d XsbjsT eT]jTT |s wwt #d Tq #bsT.
s |swH #dTq|&T H nsTTbsTT H bD+
bsTT+~. nqT d+|Tq &sT V&*bjsT eT]jTT
@+ #j b\Tb<T . 15, 20 $Tc\ s eTs bD+
~*+~. &s T n+<s XsbsTT s H MTsT @ <e&
|Pks <e& $TeT* b&sT n nHsT. Cy s
nH e H nHs> rdd H bD_ |{sT uu.
H |< =&T uu odT\ $yV+ ]+~.
sE >sT (H+|*uu de~ |PC])
1990 HqT ]& e+&y&. k] >=\>eT&
y+jT k$T <s q+ #dT = y[q s s + &ek] ys+
sE\T+<eTqT= >=\> e T& eq| & T o
dTseTjT>] \TdTHqT. s eT&ek] eq|&T
>=\>eT& eT&+&T eHqT. yTT<{ dTseTjT >]+{
| _*+>T eHqT . <q+ #dT+T+f us<
ecsT>sT | jTH ydT= q&sT. n |jTH
ecsT >sT ydT =Hys o dTseTjT>] n& #bsT.
us< ecsT>sT >=\>eT& eq|&T sTT+{ (HqT
36

n|&Tq sTT+{) <q+ #dq T, ec] o dTseTjT>sT

|P #dq T *d+~. eT< <sZk$T >=\>eT& ed jTq
b<de #dTe+ ]+~. H m|{qT+& u+> eq
eTVjTT\qT d$+#Ty\ ] e+&~. n+<Te\q jTq
de #dT+<eT <sZk$T <>Zs y[ n& =
sE\THqT. eTs >=\>eT& e eT&+& s ]&
yqT. >=\>eT& eq|&T k$T _q+ rdTse+,
eT+~s+ k$T #] #~$ $|+#&+, ksTT ecsY
\jT+ sT \T sTTe+, V+>] eT+~s sD+qT,
ksTT ecsT _*+> sD+qT | #jT+ <s k$T
de #dTH u>+ *+~. >=\>eT& dTseTjT>]
d+>+, ceT s\T HqT |&T $<+> H+|*uu
>] de #dT+{ esZ<s\T.
2001 d+ H $TT&T V] < \T, seTDXeT+
# d T = ]& e#qT. n & e+&\| + ]&
e+&bjqT. V] k] ]& ed V<su< eq
H+|*uuqT <]+#TH&T. n|&T H+|*uuqT >*|s
qT+& $y q>sY L{|* rdT e#sT. uu de
#jT{ mes sT. u\T e <sq+ #dT= ysTq+
d| uu de #dysT mes jTq{ sT.
$wjT+ uuqT $yq>sY rdTeq y] sT V]
|k$+#> V] H >T]+ #| |&T ]& eHq n&
#bq #| ]& e#&T.
sE eT<V+ q+<B|+ <>sZ |< D
\T #dT + f qqT
\TdT= H+|*u u nH eTVjTT\T V<su<T eHsT,
us< ecsT L& jTq >T]+ #| eHsT. jTq
|&T $y q>sY eHsT jTq de #jT{
de&T y\ < >T]+ #|{ & e#q
#b&T. HqT yTT<{ qT+& HqT u> $Xd+q~ uuqT
eT]jTT ]&H e+& b<eTqT+THqT. eT] uu
d+\+ m e+< < n #bqT. s+&T sE\T ysTT{
37

#kqT. dTseTjTksY bH #d $wjT+ #| y e<

n n& qqT uu de~ e< NT |{ @~ ed n~
jTq <X+> u$+ #sTT n #bsT. HqT NT yd
H+| * uu < > Z s y eT e+~. eTqdT
n+^]+#f<T ]& qT+& y\+f. s <sZZk$T bH
#d #| <sZk$T (\+sse |, &|) jTq kT
|syTXsT&T. jTq <>Zs [ de #dT | \T>TT+~
n #bsT. o eHXH k$T d$+#Tq djs+>sT
L & H+| * u u>s T u + > eHs T j T qqT
d$+# T eT #bsT. eTqdT | u+> eq
eTVjTT de #dT=H u>+ *Z+< q+<+, eTs= |
]& d+kq+ ysT eHXH k$T eq|&T jTq q
deqT H #sT (n+f <sesTT sE eT+, |{\T
& >T& |{ T&e+, |\ deqT deTLs+ yTT<\>T de\T)
|&T deqT e~*|& eTs sTT+{ >=| neX+ s<
eTqdT \ H+|*uu <>Zs y e< nH <MT<
sj sHqT.
sE s K+&u \jT+ HqT, >VdT&T
|&THeTT. sE s \ n&$ |+~ H bT
|&Tq >VdT& b&+~. HqT < sTeTT<eT y
THqT. n~ qqT #d+~ @$T #jTbsTT+~! \
n+]++~. nsyT$T <T. HqT sjT+ rdT+&
HqT, ksTT ysT
eHqT. eTsTd{ sE \ jTq q& H
< T n dw+> #|TH&T. qqT |\TdTHsT. HqT jTq
mes n dT+f \ n+]++~. s sE V] \
>T]+ #| nqT V<u< H+|*uu >] <sq+
#dT= ed ed rdT=q uu b{ #b&T. b{
#dq s *d+~ H q s \ <sq+ sTT+~
H+|*uu n. + ]H y\+f | ujT+>H
e+~, sj
T + rdT HqT. sE <sesTT +usT
|q { +& <>Zs <q+ #dT+T+f <sesTT
38

ksTTuu b{ qT+& |+#eTTU\ +HjTk$T q&

(eTTK+ e+ ksTTuu<) m+<T ujT|&TTHe.
y, HqT #dT+{qT n d+<X+ e+~. y+H H+|*
uu <>Zs y<eT sjT+ #dT= de~ <>Zs <sq+
#dT+f n& |PC] qqT #d TyT CH(jT)> n 2,3
ksT nHd] n~ uu d+<X+> u$+ +=+#+ <s+
s y+& ]& qT+& H+|*uu <>Zs jT\T<sqT.
eTH&T nXuu >], +^eTVsE>] Mq |&T
<]+#T+T+&y&. eTH&T nXuu >] <sq+
#dT+<eT yd] nX uu |&T= eHsT. |\
jTq <>Zs eqy \T| rjTf<T. H bT #eT+~
uu <sH jT m<TsT #dTHsT. s\T fyT ne+~.
k]> uu > T <>]Z e n+<] H=& jTq
b< qeTks+ #dT H u>+ *+#sT. n< H nXuu
>sT qqT H+|*uu <>Zs yeTqT ^H d> qT
u$+ jT\T<sqT. |j D+ s+ nX uu, H+|*
uu \ e#sT. \y] V<su< H+|*uu >]
<sq+ #dTHeTT.
uu eTq+> H eTqd T # q \ q
nqTuy\T eT]jTT #dq u<\T:
1. HqT uu uu! sTT+ eTT+<T m|& $TeT*
#&< T . MTsT eTVjTT\ #| THsT n+<s . HqT eP]
e+& de #jT+ eeT\T $wjT+ <T. MTsT @<H
nqTue + d < n+{ |T= e+&>\
Hy , +{qT uu
n #| MTsT eTVjTT nqTue+ sTTe+& n
qeTd]+#THqT. eT&T sE\ s nq+, |ds ||,
Ls>jT\T *| e+& uu <>sZ e+& {bjYT MT< eT\>,
es> |{qT. n|{ # qT+&s\T <MT< |{
eHsTT. eTqdT HqT jsT#dq Vs+ 5 $Tc\
MTsT d]d H& e+& de #kqT b y[bqT n
39

#|= |q e+& uu b{ qeTks+ #d uuy|

]>d] HqT |{q u nq+ HXsT. n~ #d @<H
Ee> ]+< nH nqTeq+ bT, nd\T HsT <
n d+| #+<qT.
2. y T T< { e+& + bs + _ + q| & T uu H
qbsTTH HqT HdyD. sE ||>\T \ n&$
|\y&T yT\T yT|TH&T. HqT u! nq+ Hy n
n& nqT H yT\T yTjT<T n+<Te\q q<T
n+TH&T. n|&T eTqdT |\y&T q yT\T
yTjTbH nq+ q<! eT] HqT H >TsTe>sT q+&
HdTHH n+ + sE qT+& HqT |{q nq+ uu
+fH HqT nq+ H~. u |{q nq+ yTT+ uu
H e+&q<+{ $T*q~ +{qT. n~ eT<V+ >+ 2
ne, 3 ne, 4 ne uu +fH H* n jTeT+
|THqT.
3. uu eq |<X <>Zs @ VA < HqT
e+&TH|& =+#+ me #d n~ eT<V+ e# u \

|e# bs+_+q~ yTD 50 eT+~ e+ #dyD.
|qesTT <TsTHqT. sE uu u nq+,
Ls *| |{qT. eT<V s nsTTq s u\T mes
sT. =+#+d| m<TsT #<eT <q+ #dT+THqT.
<q+ uu>sT | +& q>\y? n n&>d]
y+H <q+ qT+& jT e HMT Xs sT> <T
<, sT#T\ d+ |jT |&f<T < uu m+<T sTT
nHs nqT+THqT. | eTT>TZsT u\T e#sT.
|qesTT ne! eq u\ uqeTT |T, e#y
eksT n+ | ne d]>Z yXyy #&T nHqT.
|qesTT #d Ls | yjT< #|+~. y+H
uu <q+ #|q~ dT]+ uu |{q u nq+
qbe+ #d y+H #+# | yd u nq+
*bqT. =+d|{ uu nH HsT.
40

4. =+\+ s H nqTeq+ e+~. H HH

& e#H? uu |*|+#THs? n. +> uu
|*|+#T+f |&T HqT #d de d+|T THs b
H sTTw+ eqT HqT #dTHH? uu @+ e{&sT <
eT] H sT |X de<q+ @$T{ n nqT+THqT. 2004
E 2q >TsT |P]eT. eTT+<ss E uu <>sZ Ls= eTqdT
uu s| >TsT|P]eT. >TsT|P]eT sE >TsTe <D e+
V+<Te\ d+|<jT+. eT] HqT >TsT<D
deT]+#T+{qT
MTsT HqT #d de d+| T n~ MTsT d]+ |j +#*
n nqTHqT. s HqT L{|* CsY[ 2 u& w{, 2
~+&T, 2 ~+& >T\T, s&yT& |Ce rdTe#qT.
|sE HH HeTdsD #dT+ VA qT+& |\Vs+
rdTed uu HysT. eT] >TsT|P]eT sE L&
rdT=kqT, m+eT+~ u\T |\Vs+ rdT=H HqT #~
L& H* n nqT= VAqT+& |\Vs+ rdT=#qT.
sE kq+ #sTT+#Te+, HqT q |\Vs+ q+,
HqT q |Ce ydTe+ n<T+. m+<T+f
1970 j&+{ nsTTq s qT+& m|& ~>+s+>
e+&ysT. 1970 eTT+<s |Ce\T ydT=HysT. n+{~
2004 >TsT|P]eT sE HqT rdT=q |Ce ydT = 14 sE\T
jT<T. |Ce edb rd<eTqT+f jTe<T.
edq |CeqT #dq u&T = |Ce rdT=
yjTeTH&T. 14 sE\ s uu ydT=q |CeqT (HqT
rdT=q~) rdyd += u&T rdT=q~ yjTu
ysTT+#T<T n+<T eTs de~ njTes m|&
|Ce\T yjT<T uu. H eTqdT uu kq
#| q >TsT<D
qT d]+ HqT uu <>sZ se+ jTq
~e|sDq nsyT+~.
uu Xs de~ #dq|&T |<X+ n+
n&$> e+~. \<#Te{ neX+ <T . uu| e\q
H e+ uuqT $& y\H #q s<T. n|&T
41

uu eT+~s sD =+eT+~ u \
dV jT+ #+<
|d + yd H *dq |]#jT dT\
<>]Z y[ $s\T b>T#d
eT+~s sD+ bs+_+#eTT. eT+~s sD+ d =#
=+eT+~ s, ndjT\ e\ HqT #d | #
nu+&\T yd uu>] s+&e s<q MT{+> |{ qqT
\BjT+ bs+_+#sT. n&Tq dyD>sT n+<]
sE>sT & @+ #dTHs yTeTT #dTHeTT jTq
m+{ys e \TdT n >{> de<q+ #|d] mes
+ @$T e{&
< T . sE s de~ eT+~s+ =+eT+~
u\T, HqT, ksTTuu eT+~s |PC], |k< |&THeTT.
|k< s \ H+|*uu, jTq | HqT #d|
q&TTHeTT. y] \ >T]+ $H q dyD>]
s|+ qqT |qT+& b&s eT]jTT \qT { uu
H | H e+& b& T T Hs H $w j T + * d m+
q+<|&qT. n+ dyX+ uu MT< $Xd+
\|&+~. # u< L&q eT+~s sD | H #
#sTT+#Te+ H n<w+. |&Tq de~ eT+~s+ sD+
s>+ uu| e\q eyT ]+~.
HqT (sE>sT) #dq uu de~ nq+s \\T
1. X\>sT C.mH.{.jTT +|dt |#dTHsT. yT
q|{qT+& neTy], XsTD b]d e+&~. yT
Xs sT>\ bT, udT qsY eq~. k] uu>]
<sH eq|&T H #| uu <>Zs ed e+&+&,
deTjT+ |< D
\T, bsjTD #d e+&+&. uuH
#ksT n #| ed e+&ysT. >+ |<D\T #d~.
sE 45 $Tc\T |<D\T #k $|yTq H=| e#d H
e\ <T n+eT<X n uuqT d]d qT qeTTHqT
uu @$T #dH sTTw+ n |< D
\T #jT + e\ de~
eT+~s+ <D+ y|q + |T e+& uu b{
\ + >& qT= Ls= e+~. be>+ H=|
n+ rddqT bsTT+~. eTw eeTT\T>H e+~. s
42

yT u> H=| e+~ m+<T n &sT <>Zs y[

#|+#T+f |\
T #d yT @ s>eT (udt qsY L&)
< s]+#sT.
2. y + f X s s e >s T u+ md { y T H sY >
|#dTHsT. jTq uu n+f @MT |<T. |H <e+>
q$T | #ksT. k+|T se bZ+T+{sT. k]
uu >T]+ qq& | + > #bqT. n|{qT+& e <+&+
|T= yT+&y&T. sE jTq H >Tj s+
e+~ jTq n~ H >Tj seT *jT<T.
|dT y+& d\e |fd sTT+~ |&TTH&T. sE
s \ HqT(sE>sT) |+ +{ u><, e ydT
n #|HqT. ssE eT+<T+& s+ ZbsTT+~.
s $wjT+ H #| HqT uu <>Zs e+THqT {
s|+ uu e e+{sT n #bqT. n|{qT+&
s>T\sY> <sq+ #dT=Hy&T. eT+~s+ KsT\ | H\ 2`3
y\ sbjT\T sTTk&T. |&T uu @~ #| n~ #k&T.
jT\jT, s+sY, e<|PsY
H\ J+ 4,000 sbjT\T. +{ *, us,
=&T d+b<q MT< J$+#*. M] nusTT 8e dT
#<TeTq|&T >=+T qsY ed =+eT+~ dVjT+
u+usTT |swH #sTT+#sT. {qs d+es+ s
eTs qsY |] < |u e+ #|+ bs+_++~. n|{
]s TT+~ e\q eTs |s wH #sTT+#< T . k] mes
#|> uu <>Zs e#sT. |<D\T, bsjTD #jTeT
#| |\yD rdT= 40 sE\T |<D\T, bsjTD #ksT.
40 sE\ s &sT #|d qsY < *d+~.
~ uu H+|* eq|&T ]q \ ` H (sE>]) u &T
#| > $q~
m\ &bsTyT+{ |#d $& udT qsY
e+&~. mes #| > H+|*u u <>sZ e+~. uu eTTdT>T
43

| |&T eHsT. |y n& m|&T ks

#| eT, n& e+&eT d\V sTT#sT. =+#+db yTqT
#& +&H uu>sT q * yT jTT s +&T eC\
eT< |{sT. yT +>sT|& |H eq eTTs[ nH uu
u&T Ty\T yT eC\ MT< |eTH&T. uu
n >+qsd| e+ rdXsT q \TqT. s yT @$T
uu jTq +{y& *jT e#q yT y[bsTT+~.
ys+ sE\ &sT <>Zs y[ |\T #d n+ eTT+<T
eq sT>MT +#<T. <+ uu>] <jT n yT e
uu <>sZ eq u \ q nqTue + *+~.
X+s+>sT (9290699388), 6`10`136, ksTTq>sY, y+fXs
k$T \jT+ <>Zs, uq>sY
H nHs>+ bT >u&sY 70 s, | e\
# sV q> e+&~. Vy>_H 14 e+&*+~ 2.38 eyT
eq~. m|& |&T =H e+&\ &s T #bsT. ec] s#q \T
#<T e+ H+|*u u>] de #dT + eTVjTT\qT,
y] Xe\qT <]dT+&y&.
sE *+>+|* |Psq+<k$T Xe y[
sTy H+|*uu de~ y<eT H us sY.{.d
dT jT\T<sqT. dT q+<Te\q qT+#e* e+~.
20 $Tc\ s us T eTTTHsTT $Tj|PsY k|
t
|&bu eHqT. H us qqT # y+H H+|*uu
eTqdT uu! qTe eHe s n eTBH>& <>Zs
q& uu de~eT+~s >|s #d #|+~. y+H
H | |{ |&T+f s+ +< edT+<H
#q e dT eT< | |{ |&THqT.
eTBH>& k|t e#d] #qT. #+<q>sY dT k|t qqT
~+ =] |+#sT. n+{ qqT eTTe qT+&
s+#sT. H{ s>+> eHqT. b H | HqT
#dT +THqT.
44

X+s+>] us ksTTuu d<TZsTe #|+#+

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45

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46

| m e+T+< \ <s \Tk+~.

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47

bsjTD, |<D\T bs+_+q 6 H\ dT njT,

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48

uu |+ |{ bsjTD #dT+ +&<. sE H=|

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d | #sTT+#T+& n #bsT. y+& e neT
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49

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50

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51

|<D\T #dyD. | ~ys+ 20s. <D sTT#y&.

~ys+ nqTq |s+ 20/` s. yd H dT #\T
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52

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T) qqT deTj n<T+ > jTq <s H
s|+#THsT.
3. sE H+|*uu <sH ed dT dT
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#&sT nHqT. yT n+<] eTT+<s neeq+ @$T
nq+& LsT+~. HqT H+|* uu <sq+ #dT= yq
sTT+{ e#|&T dVT sTT+{ y[ s u+
# &b{ #d &T\T rdT+<eT y _> &
H <>Zs eq \s+ sTT#kqT. HqT u+ y[q s
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&T<T n+<Te\q @.{.myT. sT |j+#qT |> H
CT &T<T n+<Te\q n& qT+& 10 .MT. q&y*
e+~. q&TdTq|&T # \+> dT]++~ <+ HqT
<jT+ $& neeq|]q+<T uu yXs.
4. k] = sD\ e\q sujT X\esE L& |
#j * n #bsT. X\e eTT+<s sE s \ H+|*u u
|\TdTq T, HH= eTVjTT <s q+ #dT e{ y TqT
++~. s sE |dT\|+# H+|*uu
<sH y<eTqT= |dT #| eH<eT bH #dT+f
bH \e+<T. HqT H+|*uu <sq+ #dT=HqT. uu
de~ <>Zs qT e H = eTVT& #|kqT s
n+f yqT. # #|+ jTH eTVT&+f
H qeTT~ yjT<T. nqT H y| #d qe
q$ y[bj&T. jTq y[q s HqT dT m s
]q \ dw+> >Ts= \ y[q eTVT&T jTHHy
n|++~. +{ y[ s sE |dT y[ q+
s +T mes | # j T < * d + ~. s E
e<e+& H+|*uu H |sD |{ jTq <sq+
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53

|. #+<XKsY, $jTy&
HqT <> |jT\ d+ V<u< y[ +|{{y
|\
T ydq|&T deTjT+ b sTTH H+|*u u>] <s q+
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eT+ <>+ sb HqT uuqT qeTqT n #
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H <>+ e+~ n _ d]+#sT.
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1. e &|& T #T us ys+ sE\qT+& &+> s+
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#|HqT. >+ s bH #d +& Hs e
+<Te\T #bsT. =~ sE\ jTq s>+ #L]+~.
n|{qT+& H+|* uu MT< $Xd+ # <&|&+~. e
sTT+{ |sT o ksTT H+|*uu \jT+ n |THeTT.
2. e nqjT se\s>T qs+<sY s& m..myT.
54

&be #k&T. |yT +| <>+ #dy&T #

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sD+ \TdT+<eT |dT y[ y eHq MTs
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n < \ |\T #|+#sT. e Hq ns+ CT
eq H+|* uu b{ qeTks+ #d b]+#T= +{
y[ $wjT+ mTe+{ CeTT \T>#dT<T. =
sE\ e Hq w&T jTq e H <=+> d++ |{
30,000 sbjT\T rdTHq q | |H&T. uu
@$T |sD #Xs e Hq w&T q+ qT |
|HT #d eHqqT $weT |]d qT+& $eTT& #XsT.
oeT q\b{ bs, q<TsZ >T& |PC] us, <s|]
+, V<su<.
HqT us< ecsT>sT ydq o ksTTeT+, o
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sE H +{ u>T+& <jT + 10:30>+. \ |&T = eHqT.
H d|+ o H+|*u u + + |&T = eHy$Te
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de~ eT+~s |PC] sE>sT e H& |<|s+ qT+&
55

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61

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63

|. V]yVH, mdt. H+ 9`7`97, VqTeH f\sY +|,

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65

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