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The soil resistivity formula associated with Wenner method is shown in equation 1 where R is the resistance measured by the machine, a is the spacing of the probe
= 2aR
(1)
Wenner array is the least efficient from labour perspective it requires four people to perform the task in a short time. On the other hand it is the best method when it comes to ration of received voltage per unit of transmitted current.
Schlumberger Array This method is more economical than the Wenner array when it comes to the man power that is required to perform the task. The outer electrode can be moved four or five times for each move of the inner electrode [2]. Figure 2 shows the arrangement for the Schlumberger Array. When contact resistance which is the resistance of the top layer of the ground, is very high, this can lead to an error in the reading of the machine during the soil resistivity test. Every machine has maximum loop impedance, in some cases where the soil resistivity of the top layer is very high, that will lead to a loop impedance higher that the maximum loop impedance of the machine. In this case the reciprocity theorem can be applied to the Schlumberger array, this method is known as the Inverse Schlumberger Array (ISA), this method provides a safer working environment for the tester under high current supply also reduce the heavier cable may be needed during the test. The soil resistivity can be calculated using equation 2: L2 R (2) = 2l Where: L is the distance the centre from the outer probe l distance to the centre from the inner probe
Driven Rod Method This method is also called the three probe method or three pin method [3]. This method is most suitable for an area where the physical layout makes the usage of the previous two methods difficult; the soil resistivity under this method can be calculated using equation 3:
2lR 8l ln d
(3)
Where: l is the length of driven rod in contact with earth d driven rod diameter