ICND11S06

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Chapter 6
Catalyst Switch Operations

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
6-1
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Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to perform the following tasks:
Describe Layer 2 switching (bridging) operations. Describe the Catalyst 1900 switch operations. Describe the Catalyst 1900 switch default configuration. Configure the Catalyst 1900 switch. Use show commands to verify Catalyst 1900 switch configuration and operations.
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-2
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Three Switch Functions
Address learning Forward/filter decision Loop avoidance

www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-3
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How Switches Learn Host Locations

MAC Address Table
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0260.8c01.1111
E0 E2
E1 E3
0260.8c01.3333
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.4444
Initial MAC address table is empty.
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-4
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MAC Address Table E0: 0260.8c01.1111
A B
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0260.8c01.1111
E0
E1
0260.8c01.3333
E2
E3
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.4444
Station A sends a frame to station C. Switch caches the station A MAC address to port E0 by learning the source address of data frames. The frame from station A to station C is flooded out to all ports except port E0 (unknown unicasts are flooded).
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-5
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MAC Address Table E0: 0260.8c01.1111 E3: 0260.8c01.4444
A B
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0260.8c01.1111
E0 E2
E1 E3
0260.8c01.3333
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.4444
Station D sends a frame to station C. Switch caches the station D MAC address to port E3 by learning the source address of data frames. The frame from station D to station C is flooded out to all ports except port E3 (unknown unicasts are flooded).
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ICND v1.1 6-6
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How Switches Filter Frames

MAC Address Table E0: E2: E1: E3: 0260.8c01.1111 0260.8c01.2222 0260.8c01.3333 0260.8c01.4444
0260.8c01.1111
E0
E2
X XE3
E1
0260.8c01.3333
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.4444
Station A sends a frame to station C. Destination is known; frame is not flooded.

www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-7
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Broadcast and Multicast Frames

MAC Address Table E0: E2: E1: E3: 0260.8c01.1111 0260.8c01.2222 0260.8c01.3333 0260.8c01.4444
A B
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0260.8c01.1111
E0 E2
E1 E3
0260.8c01.3333
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.4444
Station D sends a broadcast or multicast frame. Broadcast and multicast frames are flooded to all ports other than the originating port.
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-8
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Redundant Topology
Server/Host X Router Y Segment 1
Segment 2
Redundant topology eliminates single points of failure. Redundant topology causes broadcast storms, multiple frame copies, and MAC address table instability problems.
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-9
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Broadcast Storms
Server/Host X Router Y Segment 1 Broadcast
Switch A
Switch B
Segment 2
Host X sends a Broadcast

www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-10
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Broadcast Storms
Server/Host X Router Y Segment 1 Broadcast
Switch A
Switch B
Segment 2
Host X sends a Broadcast

www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-11
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Broadcast Storms
Server/Host X Router Y Segment 1
Switch A
Broadcast
Switch B
Segment 2
Switches continue to propagate broadcast traffic over and over.

www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-12
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Multiple Frame Copies

Server/Host X Unicast Router Y Segment 1 Switch A Switch B
Segment 2
Host X sends an unicast frame to router Y. Router Y MAC address has not been learned by either switch yet.
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-13
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Multiple Frame Copies

Server/Host X Unicast Router Y Segment 1 Unicast Unicast Switch B
Switch A
Segment 2
Host X sends an unicast frame to router Y. Router Y MAC address has not been learned by either switch yet. Router Y will receive two copies of the same frame.
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-14
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MAC Database Instability

Server/Host X Unicast Port 0 Switch A Port 1 Router Y Segment 1 Unicast Port 0 Switch B Port 1 Segment 2
Host X sends an unicast frame to router Y. Router Y MAC address has not been learned by either switch yet. Switch A and B learn the host X MAC address on port 0.
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-15
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MAC Database Instability

Server/Host X Unicast Port 0 Switch A Port 1 Router Y Segment 1 Unicast Port 0 Switch B Port 1 Segment 2 Host X sends an unicast frame to router Y. Router Y MAC address has not been learned by either switch yet. Switch A and B learn the host X MAC address on port 0. The frame to router Y is flooded. Switches A and B incorrectly learn the host X MAC address on port 1.
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-16
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Multiple Loop Problems

Broadcast Server/Host
Loop Loop
Loop
Workstations
Complex topology can cause multiple loops to occur. Layer 2 has no mechanism to stop the loop.
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-17
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Solution: Spanning-Tree Protocol
Block
Provides a loop-free redundant network topology by placing certain ports in the blocking state.
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-18
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Spanning-Tree Operations
One root bridge per network One root port per nonroot bridge One designated port per segment 100BaseT
Designated Port (F) Root Port (F)
Root Bridge
SW X SW Y Designated Port (F) Nondesignated Port (B)
Nonroot Bridge
10BaseT
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-19
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Spanning-Tree Protocol Root Bridge Selection

Switch X Default Priority 32768 (8000 hex) MAC 0c0011111111 Switch Y Default Priority 32768 (8000 hex) MAC 0c0022222222
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BPDU
BPDU = Bridge Protocol Data Unit (default = sent every 2 seconds). Root bridge = Bridge with the lowest bridge ID. Bridge ID = Bridge priority + bridge MAC address. In the example, which switch has the lowest bridge ID?
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-20
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Spanning-Tree Protocol Port States

100BaseT Port 0 Switch X Default Priority 32768 MAC 0c0011111111
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Designated Port (F)
Port 0
Root Port (F)

Switch Y Default Priority 32768 MAC 0c0022222222
Root bridge Port 1
Port 1
Designated Port (F)

10BaseT
Nondesignated Port (B)
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-21
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Spanning-Tree Protocol Path Cost

Link Speed Cost (Reratify IEEE Spec) Cost (Previous IEEE Spec) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 Gbps 2 1 1 Gbps 4 1 100 Mbps 19 10 10 Mbps 100 100
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www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-22
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Spanning Tree
Switch Z MAC 0c0011110000 Default Priority 32768 Port 0
100BaseT
Port 0 Switch X MAC 0c0011111111 Default Priority 32768 Port 1 Port 0 Switch Y MAC 0c0022222222 Default Priority 32768
Port 1
100BaseT
Can you figure out: What is the root bridge? What are the designated, nondesignated, and root ports? Which are the forwarding and blocking ports?
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-23
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Spanning Tree
Switch Z MAC 0c0011110000 Default Priority 32768 Port 0
Designated port (F)
100BaseT
Port 0 Switch X MAC 0c0011111111 Default Priority 32768 Port 1
Root port (F)
Port 0
Root port (F)

Switch Y MAC 0c0022222222 Default Priority 32768
Designated port (F) Port 1
Nondesignated port (BLK)
100BaseT
Can you figure out: What is the root bridge? What are the designated, nondesignated, and root ports? Which are the forwarding and blocking ports?
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-24
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Spanning-Tree Port States

Spanning-tree transits each port through several different states:
Blocking (20 Seconds) Listening (15 Seconds) Learning (15 Seconds) Forwarding
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-25
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Spanning-Tree Recalculation
100BaseT
Designated Port Root Port (F)
Switch X MAC 0c0011111111 Default Priority 32768 Root Bridge Port 1
Port 0
Port 0
Designated Port
Port 1
Nondesignated Port (BLK)
10BaseT
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ICND v1.1 6-26
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Spanning-Tree Recalculation
100BaseT
Designated Port
MAXAGE
Switch X MAC 0c0011111111 Default Priority 32768 Root Bridge Port 1
Port 0
Port 0
Root Port (F)

x BPDU
Designated Port
Port 1
Nondesignated Port (BLK)
10BaseT
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-27
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Key Issue: Time to Convergence

Convergence occurs when all the switch and bridge ports have transited to either the forwarding or the blocking state. When network topology changes, switches and bridges must recompute the Spanning-Tree Protocol, which disrupts user traffic.
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ICND v1.1 6-28
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Bridging Compared with LAN Switching

Bridging
Primarily software based One spanning-tree instance per bridge Usually up to 16 ports per bridge
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LAN Switching
Primarily hardware-based (ASIC) Many spanning-tree instances per switch More ports on a switch
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-29
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Transmitting Frames Through a Switch

Cut-Through Switch checks destination address and immediately begins forwarding frame. Frame
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ICND v1.1 6-30
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Cut-Through Switch checks destination address and immediately begins forwarding frame. Frame Frame Frame Store and Forward Complete frame is received and checked before forwarding.
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Frame
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ICND v1.1 6-31
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Cut-Through Switch checks destination address and immediately begins forwarding frame. Frame Store and Forward Complete frame is received and checked before forwarding.
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Frame Frame Frame
Fragment-Free (Modified Cut-Through) Cat1900 Default Switch checks the first 64 bytes, then immediately begins forwarding frame.
Frame
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ICND v1.1 6-32
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Duplex Overview
Half Duplex (CSMA/CD) Unidirectional data flow Higher potential for collision Hubs connectivity Switch Hub
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-33
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Duplex Overview
Half Duplex (CSMA/CD) Unidirectional data flow Higher potential for collision Hubs connectivity Switch Hub
Full Duplex Point-to-point only Attached to dedicated switched port Requires full-duplex support on both ends Collision-free Collision detect circuit disabled
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-34
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Configuring the Switch
Catalyst 1900 Switch

Menu-driven interface Web-based Visual Switch Manager Cisco IOS CLI (command line interface)
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-35
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Catalyst 1900 Series Default Configurations

IP address: 0.0.0.0 CDP: enabled Switching mode: fragment-free 100baseT port: autonegotiate duplex mode 10baseT port: half duplex Spanning tree: enabled Console password: none
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ICND v1.1 6-36
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Ports on the Catalyst 1900 Switch

Catalyst 1912 10BaseT ports AUI port 100BaseT uplink ports e0/1 to e0/12 e0/25 fa0/26 (port A) fa0/27 (port B) Catalyst 1924 e0/1 to e0/24 e0/25 fa0/26 (port A) fa0/27 (port B)
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ICND v1.1 6-37
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Ports on the Catalyst 1900 Switch (cont.)

wg_sw_d#sh run Building configuration... Current configuration: ! ! interface Ethernet 0/1 ! interface Ethernet 0/2 wg_sw_d#sh span Port Ethernet 0/1 of VLAN1 is Forwarding Port path cost 100, Port priority 128 Designated root has priority 32768, address 0090.8673.3340 Designated bridge has priority 32768, address 0090.8673.3340 Designated port is Ethernet 0/1, path cost 0 Timers: message age 20, forward delay 15, hold 1
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wg_sw_a#show vlan-membership Port VLAN Membership Type Port VLAN Membership Type -----------------------------------------------------------------1 5 Static 13 1 Static 2 1 Static 14 1 Static 3 1 Static 15 1 Static
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-38
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Configuring the Switch

Configuration Modes
Global configuration mode
wg_sw_a# conf term wg_sw_a(config)#
Interface configuration mode

wg_sw_a(config)# interface e0/1 wg_sw_a(config-if)#
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-39
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Configuring the Switch IP Address

wg_sw_a(config)#ip address {ip address} {mask}
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ICND v1.1 6-40
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Configuring the Switch IP Address

wg_sw_a(config)#ip address {ip address} {mask}
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wg_sw_a(config)#ip address 10.5.5.11 255.255.255.0
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ICND v1.1 6-41
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Configuring the Switch Default Gateway

wg_sw_a(config)# ip default-gateway {ip address}
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ICND v1.1 6-42
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Configuring the Switch Default Gateway

wg_sw_a(config)# ip default-gateway {ip address}
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wg_sw_a(config)#ip default-gateway 10.5.5.3
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ICND v1.1 6-43
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Showing the Switch IP Address

wg_sw_a#show ip IP address: 10.5.5.11 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 Default gateway: 10.5.5.3 Management VLAN: 1 Domain name: Name server 1: 0.0.0.0 Name server 2: 0.0.0.0 HTTP server: Enabled HTTP port: 80 RIP: Enabled wg_sw_a#
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ICND v1.1 6-44
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Speed and Duplex Options

wg_sw_a(config)#interface e0/1 wg_sw_a(config-if)#duplex
{auto | full | full-flow-control | half}
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ICND v1.1 6-45
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Setting Duplex Options

wg_sw_a(config)#interface e0/1 wg_sw_a(config-if)#duplex
{auto | full | full-flow-control | half}
wg_sw_a(config-if)#duplex half
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-46
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Showing Duplex Options

wg _ s w_ a # s h i nt e r f a c e s Et he r ne t 0/ 1 i s Ena bl e d Ha r dwa r e i s Bui l t - i n 1 0 Ba s e - T Addr e s s i s 0 0 9 0 . 8 6 7 3 . 3 3 4 1 M TU 1 5 0 0 by t e s , BW 1 0 0 0 0 Kbi t s 8 0 2 . 1 d STP St a t e : Fo r wa r di ng Fo r wa r d Tr a ns i t i o ns : Po r t m o ni t o r i ng : Di s a bl e d Unkno wn uni c a s t f l o o di ng : Ena bl e d Unr e g i s t e r e d m ul t i c a s t f l o o di ng : Ena bl e d De s c r i pt i on: Dupl e x s e t t i ng : Ha l f dupl e x Ba c k pr e s s ur e : Di s a bl e d Re c e i ve St a t i s t i c s ------------------------------------To t a l g o o d f r a m es 44841 To t a l o c t e t s 4944550 Br o a dc a s t / m ul t i c a s t f r a m es 31011 Br o a dc a s t / m ul t i c a s t o c t e t s 3865029 Go o d f r a m e s f o r wa r de d 44832 Fr a m es f i l t ered 9 Runt f r a m es 0 No buf f e r di s c a r ds 0 Er r o r s : FCS e r r or s Al i g nm e nt e r r o r s Gi a nt f r a m es Addr e s s v i o l a t i o ns
0 0 0 0
Tr ans m i t St a t i s t i c s ------------------------------------To t a l f r a m es 404502 To t a l oc t e t s 29591574 Br o a dc as t / m ul t i c a s t f r a m es 390913 Br o a dc as t / m ul t i c a s t o c t e t s 28478154 De f e r r al s 0 Si ng l e c o l l i s i o ns 0 M ul t i pl e c o l l i s i o ns 0 Ex c e s s i v e c o l l i s i o ns 0 Que ue f ul l di s c a r ds 0 Er r o r s : La t e c o l l i s i o ns 0 Ex c e s s i v e de f e r r a l s 0 J a bbe r e r r o r s 0 Ot he r t r a ns m i t e r r or s 0

ICND v1.1 6-47
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Duplex Mismatches
The manually set duplex parameter differs between connected ports. The switch port is in autonegotiate and the attached port is set to full duplex with no autonegotiation capability, causing the switch port to be in half-duplex mode.
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-48
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FCS and Late Collision Errors

wg _ s w_ a # s ho w i nt e r f a c e s Et he r ne t 0/ 1 i s Ena bl e d Ha r dwa r e i s Bui l t - i n 1 0 Ba s e - T Addr e s s i s 0 0 9 0 . 8 6 7 3 . 3 3 4 1 M TU 1 5 0 0 by t e s , BW 1 0 0 0 0 Kbi t s 8 0 2 . 1 d STP St a t e : Fo r wa r di ng Fo r wa r d Tr a ns i t i o ns : Po r t m o ni t o r i ng : Di s a bl e d Unkno wn uni c a s t f l o o di ng : Ena bl e d Unr e g i s t e r e d m ul t i c a s t f l o o di ng : Ena bl e d De s c r i pt i on: Dupl e x s e t t i ng : Ha l f dupl e x Ba c k pr e s s ur e : Di s a bl e d Re c e i ve St a t i s t i c s ------------------------------------To t a l g o o d f r a m es 44841 To t a l o c t e t s 4944550 Br o a dc a s t / m ul t i c a s t f r a m es 31011 Br o a dc a s t / m ul t i c a s t o c t e t s 3865029 Go o d f r a m e s f o r wa r de d 44832 Fr a m es f i l t ered 9 Runt f r a m es 0 No buf f e r di s c a r ds 0 Er r o r s : FCS e r r or s Al i g nm e nt e r r o r s Gi a nt f r a m es Addr e s s v i o l a t i o ns
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0 0 0 0
Tr ans m i t St a t i s t i c s ------------------------------------To t a l f r a m es 404502 To t a l o c t e t s 29591574 Br o a dc as t / m ul t i c a s t f r a m es 390913 Br o a dc as t / m ul t i c a s t o c t e t s 28478154 De f e r r al s 0 Si ng l e c o l l i s i o ns 0 M ul t i pl e c o l l i s i o ns 0 Ex c e s s i v e c o l l i s i o ns 0 Que ue f ul l di s c a r ds 0 Er r o r s : La t e c o l l i s i o ns 0 Ex c e s s i v e de f e r r a l s 0 J a bbe r e r r o r s 0 Ot he r t r a ns m i t e r r or s 0

ICND v1.1 6-49
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Managing the MAC Address Table

wg_sw_a#show mac-address-table
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ICND v1.1 6-50
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Managing the MAC Address Table

wg_sw_a#show mac-address-table
wg_sw_a#sh mac-address-table Number of permanent addresses : 0 Number of restricted static addresses : 0 Number of dynamic addresses : 6 Address Dest Interface Type Source Interface List -----------------------------------------------------------------00E0.1E5D.AE2F Ethernet 0/2 Dynamic All 00D0.588F.B604 FastEthernet 0/26 Dynamic All 00E0.1E5D.AE2B FastEthernet 0/26 Dynamic All 0090.273B.87A4 FastEthernet 0/26 Dynamic All 00D0.588F.B600 FastEthernet 0/26 Dynamic All 00D0.5892.38C4 FastEthernet 0/27 Dynamic All
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ICND v1.1 6-51
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Setting a Permanent MAC Address

wg_sw_a(config)#mac-address-table permanent
{mac-address type module/port}
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ICND v1.1 6-52
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{mac-address type module/port} wg_sw_a(config)#mac-address-table permanent 2222.2222.2222 ethernet 0/3
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ICND v1.1 6-53
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{mac-address type module/port} wg_sw_a(config)#mac-address-table permanent 2222.2222.2222 ethernet 0/3
wg_sw_a#sh mac-address-table Number of permanent addresses : 1 Number of restricted static addresses : 0 Number of dynamic addresses : 4 Address Dest Interface Type Source Interface List -----------------------------------------------------------------00E0.1E5D.AE2F Ethernet 0/2 Dynamic All 2222.2222.2222 Ethernet 0/3 Permanent All 00D0.588F.B604 FastEthernet 0/26 Dynamic All 00E0.1E5D.AE2B FastEthernet 0/26 Dynamic All 00D0.5892.38C4 FastEthernet 0/27 Dynamic All
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ICND v1.1 6-54
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Setting a Restricted Static MAC Address

wg_sw_a(config)# mac-address-table restricted static {mac-address type module/port src-if-list}
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ICND v1.1 6-55
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wg_sw_a(config)#mac-address-table restricted static 1111.1111.1111 e0/4 e0/1
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ICND v1.1 6-56
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wg_sw_a(config)#mac-address-table restricted static 1111.1111.1111 e0/4 e0/1 wg_sw_a#sh mac-address-table Number of permanent addresses : 1 Number of restricted static addresses : 1 Number of dynamic addresses : 4 Address Dest Interface Type Source Interface List -----------------------------------------------------------------1111.1111.1111 Ethernet 0/4 Static Et0/1 00E0.1E5D.AE2F Ethernet 0/2 Dynamic All 2222.2222.2222 Ethernet 0/3 Permanent All 00D0.588F.B604 FastEthernet 0/26 Dynamic All 00E0.1E5D.AE2B FastEthernet 0/26 Dynamic All 00D0.5892.38C4 FastEthernet 0/27 Dynamic All
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ICND v1.1 6-57
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Configuring Port Security

wg_sw_a(config-if)# port secure [max-mac-count count]
Configures an interface to be a secured port. Defines a maximum number of MAC addresses allowed in the address table for this port. Allows counts from 1 to 132. (default 132)
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-58
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Configuring Port Security

wg_sw_a(config-if)# port secure [max-mac-count count]
Configures an interface to be a secured port. Defines a maximum number of MAC addresses allowed in the address table for this port. Allows counts from 1 to 132. (default 132)
wg_sw_a(config)#interface e0/4 wg_sw_a(config-if)#port secure wg_sw_a(config-if)#port secure max-mac-count 1
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-59
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Configuring Port Security (cont.)

wg_sw_a#show mac-address-table security
wg_sw_a#show mac-address-table security Action upon address violation : Suspend Interface Addressing Security Address Table Size --------------------------------------------------------------Ethernet 0/1 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/2 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/3 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/4 Enabled 1 Ethernet 0/5 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/6 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/7 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/8 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/9 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/10 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/11 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/12 Disabled N/A
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-60
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Configuring Port Security (cont.)

wg_sw_a#show mac-address-table security
wg_sw_a#show mac-address-table security Action upon address violation : Suspend Interface Addressing Security Address Table Size --------------------------------------------------------------Ethernet 0/1 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/2 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/3 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/4 Enabled 1 Ethernet 0/5 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/6 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/7 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/8 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/9 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/10 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/11 Disabled N/A Ethernet 0/12 Disabled N/A
wg_sw_a(config)#address-violation {suspend | disable | ignore}

www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-61
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show version
wg_s w_a#s how ve r s i on Ci s c o Cat al ys t 1900/ 2820 Ent e r pr i s e Edi t i on Sof t war e Ve r s i on V8. 01. 01 Copyr i ght ( c ) Ci s c o Sys t e m s , I nc . 1993- 1998 ROM : Sys t e m Boot s t r ap, Ve r s i on 3. 03 wg_s w_d upt i m e i s 8day( s ) 17hour ( s ) 53m i nut e ( s ) 25s e c ond( s ) c i s c o Cat al ys t 1900 ( 486s xl ) pr oc e s s or wi t h 2048K/ 1024K byt e s of m em or y Har dwar e boar d r e vi s i on i s 1 Upgr ade St at us : No upgr ade c ur r e nt l y i n pr ogr e s s . Conf i g Fi l e St at us : Fi l e wgs wd. c f g downl oade d f r om 10. 1. 1. 1 27 Fi xe d Et he r ne t / I EEE 802. 3 i nt e r f ac e ( s ) Bas e Et he r ne t Addr e s s : 00- 90- 86- 73- 33- 40 wg_s w_a#
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-62
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Managing the Configuration File

To send the configuration to a TFTP server:
wg_sw_a# copy nvram tftp://host/dst_file
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-63
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To download the configuration from a TFTP server:
wg_sw_a# copy tftp://host/src_file nvram
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ICND v1.1 6-64
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To download the configuration from a TFTP server:
wg_sw_a# copy tftp://host/src_file nvram
wg_sw_a#copy nvram tftp://10.1.1.1/wgswd.cfg Configuration upload is successfully completed wg_sw_a#copy tftp://10.1.1.1/wgswd.cfg nvram TFTP successfully downloaded configuration file
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-65
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Clearing NVRAM
wg_sw_d#delete nvram
Resets the system configuration to factory defaults
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-66
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Visual Objective
Pod A B C D E F G H I J K L Switch 10.1.1.10 10.1.1.20 10.1.1.30 10.1.1.40 10.1.1.50 10.1.1.60 10.1.1.70 10.1.1.80 10.1.1.90 10.1.1.100 10.1.1.110 10.1.1.120 Router e0 10.1.1.11 10.1.1.21 10.1.1.31 10.1.1.41 10.1.1.51 10.1.1.61 10.1.1.71 10.1.1.81 10.1.1.91 10.1.1.101 10.1.1.111 10.1.1.121
fa0/26 e0/1 (Port A) wg_sw_a 10.1.1.10 wg_pc_l wg_pc_a
e0/2
e0 wg_ro_a 10.1.1.11
fa0/26 e0/1 (Port A) wg_sw_l 10.1.1.120
e0/2
e0 wg_ro_l 10.1.1.121
...
fa0/1
fa0/12
fa0/24 core_ server (TFTP server) 10.1.1.1

core_sw_a 10.1.1.2 www.cisco.com

ICND v1.1 6-67
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Summary
After completing this chapter, you should be able to perform the following tasks:
Describe Layer 2 switching (bridging) operations. Describe the Catalyst 1900 switch operations. Describe the Catalyst 1900 switch default configuration. Configure a Catalyst 1900 switch. Use show commands to verify Catalyst 1900 switch configuration and operations.
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-68
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Review Questions
1. What function does the Spanning-Tree Protocol provide? 2. What are the different spanning-tree port states? 3. Describe the difference between full-duplex and half-duplex operations. What is the default duplex setting on the Catalyst 1900 switch 10-Mbps port and 100-Mbps port? 4. What is the default switching mode on the Catalyst 1900 switch?
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-69
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Review Questions (cont.)

5. What is the Catalyst 1900 switch CLI command to assign an IP address to the switch? Why does a Layer 2 switch require an IP address? 6. Which type of MAC address does not age, permanent or dynamic? 7. What is the Catalyst 1900 switch CLI command to display the contents of the MAC address table?
www.cisco.com
ICND v1.1 6-70
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PD

Catalyst Switch Operations

ICND v1.1 6-2

Three Switch Functions

Address learning Forward/filter decision Loop avoidance

ICND v1.1 6-3

How Switches Learn Host Locations

Initial MAC address table is empty.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

ICND v1.1 6-4

How Switches Learn Host Locations

ICND v1.1 6-5

How Switches Learn Host Locations

ICND v1.1 6-6

How Switches Filter Frames

Station A sends a frame to station C. Destination is known; frame is not flooded.

ICND v1.1 6-7

Broadcast and Multicast Frames

ICND v1.1 6-8

ICND v1.1 6-9

Host X sends a Broadcast

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

ICND v1.1 6-10

Host X sends a Broadcast

ICND v1.1 6-11

Switches continue to propagate broadcast traffic over and over.

ICND v1.1 6-12

Multiple Frame Copies

ICND v1.1 6-13

Multiple Frame Copies

ICND v1.1 6-14

MAC Database Instability

ICND v1.1 6-15

MAC Database Instability

ICND v1.1 6-16

Multiple Loop Problems

ICND v1.1 6-17

Solution: Spanning-Tree Protocol

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

ICND v1.1 6-18

SW X SW Y Designated Port (F) Nondesignated Port (B)

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

ICND v1.1 6-19

Spanning-Tree Protocol Root Bridge Selection

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

ICND v1.1 6-20

Spanning-Tree Protocol Port States

Designated Port (F)

Root Port (F)

Root bridge Port 1

Designated Port (F)

Nondesignated Port (B)

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

ICND v1.1 6-21

Spanning-Tree Protocol Path Cost

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

ICND v1.1 6-22

ICND v1.1 6-23

Designated port (F)

Root port (F)

Root port (F)

Designated port (F) Port 1

Nondesignated port (BLK)