Ismt12 C03 A PDF

CHAPTER 3 DIFFERENTIATION
3.1 TANGENTS AND THE DERIVATIVE AT A POINT

1. P" : m" 1, P# : m# 5
2. P" : m" c2, P# : m# 0
3. P" : m" 5 , P# : m# c "

#
#
4. P" : m" 3, P# : m# c3
h!
c a1 c 2h b h bb1
h
#
lim
c4 c (c" b h) d c a4 c (c1) b
h
#
h!
5. m lim
lim
h!
h(# c h)
h
2;
at (c" $): y $ b #(x c (c1)) y 2x b 5,

tangent line
c(1 b h c 1) b 1d c c(" c ") b 1d

h
#
h!
lim
6. m lim
h! h
lim h 0; at (" "): y 1 b 0(x c 1) y 1,

h!
tangent line
2 1 b h c 2 1
lim 2 1 b h c 2
h
h
h!
h!
4(1 b h) c 4
2
lim
lim 1 b h b 1
h ! 2h 1 b h b 1
h!
7. m lim
2 1 b h b 2
2 1 b h b #
1;
at (" #): y 2 b 1(x c 1) y x b 1, tangent line
c ac2h b h b
h(c1 b h)
lim
h!
lim
1 c (c1 b h)
h(c1bh)
2ch
h ! (c1 b h)
# b c
"
h!
c(
# "c
"
lim
h)
h!
( 1
8. m lim
2;
at (c" "): y 1 b 2(x c (c1)) y 2x b 3,

tangent line
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
Chapter 3 Differentiation
c8 b 12h c 6h b h b 8
h
lim
h!
(c2 b h) c (c2)
h
9. m lim
h!
94
lim a12 c 6h b h# b 12;

h!
at (c2 c8): y c8 b 12(x c (c2)) y 12x b 16,

tangent line
c a12h c 6h b h b
c8h(c# b h)
$
h!
3
c 16 ;
"
at c# c " : y c 8 c
8
c (c2))
tangent line
c(2 b h) b 1d c 5
h
lim
h!
a5 b 4h b h b c 5
h
h!
at (2 5): y c 5 4(x c 2), tangent line

c(" b h) c 2(1 b h) d c (c1)
h
#
h!
a1 b h c 2 c 4h c 2h b b 1
h
lim
h!
lim
c b
b
h!
(3 b h) c 3(h b 1)
h(h b 1)
h ! h(h b 1)
at ($ $): y c 3 c2(x c 3), tangent line

c2
8 c 2(2 b h)
h(2 b h)
lim
h!
at (2 2): y c 2 c2(x c 2)
(2 b h) c 8
h
$
h!
lim
a8 b 12h b 6h b h b c 8
h
#
15. m lim
h!
h!
h!
at (2 )): y c 8 12(t c 2), tangent line

c(1 b h) b 3(1 b h)d c 4
h
a1 b 3h b 3h b h b 3 b 3hb c 4
h
lim
h!
h!
16. m lim
lim
h!
h a12 b 6h b h b
h
lim
h!
lim
h!
" ; at (% #): y c 2
4
18. m lim
h!
"
9 b 3
(8 b h) b 1 c 3
h
"
4
4 b h c 2
h
4 b h b 2
4 b h b 2
lim
c8
4
c2;
(4 b h) c 4
h ! h 4 b h b #
h a6 b 3h b h b
h
lim
6;
h ! h 4 b h b #
"
4 b #
(x c 4), tangent line
lim
h!
9 b h c 3
h
"
6 ; at (8 3): y c 3
19. At x c1, y 5 m lim
h!
"
6
9 b h b 3
9 b h b 3
(9 b h) c 9
lim
h ! h 9 b h b 3
lim
h ! h 9 b h b 3
(x c 8), tangent line
5(c" b h) c 5
h
#
4 b h c 2
h
lim
h!
5 a1 c 2h b h b c 5
h
#
h!
c2h(4 b h)
h(2 b h)
12;
lim
at (" %): y c 4 6(t c 1), tangent line

17. m lim
c3;
c2;
8 c 2 a4 b 4h b h b
h(2 b h)
lim
# b
h)
h!
8
(2
14. m lim
c2h
lim
c3
h!
h
h) 2
(3
h(c3 c 2h)
h
h!
at (" c"): y b 1 c3(x c 1), tangent line

13. m lim
%;
lim
12. m lim
h(4 b h)
h
lim
h!
3
16 (x
11. m lim
xc
"
#,
yc
3
16
12 c 6h b h
8(c2 b h)
lim
"2
8(c8)
h!
c8 c (c# b h)
c8h(c# b h)
lim
$ b #c
"
lim
h!
c(
h)
$ #c
"
h!
$
$
10. m lim
lim
h!
5h(c2 b h)
h
c10, slope
Section 3.1 Tangents and the Derivative at a Point
(3
c b
"
m lim
h) 1
#
"
h!
h
h
22. At x 0, y c1 m lim
h!
1
1
b
c
"
#
21. At x 3, y
h!
2 c (2 b h)
2h(2 b h)
lim
h!
c (c1)
h
a1 c4 c4h c h b b 3
h
lim
h!
2, slope
lim (2x b h b 4) 2x b 4;
h!
2h
h ! h(h b 1)
a2xh b h b 4hb
h
lim
c4, slope
c(x b h) b 4(x b h) c 1d c ax b 4x c 1b
h
h!
ax b 2xh b h b 4x b 4h c 1b c ax b 4x c 1b
h
#
h!
lim
ch(4 b h)
h
c " , slope
4
h ! 2h(2 b h)
23. At a horizontal tangent the slope m 0 0 m lim

lim
h!
ch
lim
(h c 1) b (h b ")
h(h b 1)
lim
lim
h!
c1 c (2 b h) d c (c3)
h
20. At x 2, y c3 m lim
h!
2x b 4 0 x c2. Then f(c2) 4 c 8 c 1 c5 (c2 c5) is the point on the graph where there is a
horizontal tangent.
$
3x h b 3xh b h c 3h
h
lim a3x# b 3xh b h# c 3b 3x# c 3; 3x# c 3 0 x c1 or x 1. Then
h!
h!
lim
ax b 3x h b 3xh b h c 3x c 3hb c ax c 3xb

h
lim
h!
c(x b h) c 3(x b h)d c ax c 3xb

h
24. 0 m lim
h!
f(c1) 2 and f(1) c2 (c" 2) and (" c2) are the points on the graph where a horizontal tangent exists.
c b
"
h)
cx
c
"
(x
h!
(x c 1) c (x b h c 1)
h(x c 1)(x b h c 1)
lim
h!
ch
lim
h ! h(x c 1)(x b h c 1)
"
c (x c 1)
25. c1 m lim
(x c 1)# 1 x# c 2x 0 x(x c 2) 0 x 0 or x 2. If x 0, then y c1 and m c1

y c1 c (x c 0) c(x b 1). If x 2, then y 1 and m c1 y 1 c (x c 2) c(x c 3).
x b h c x
lim
27. lim
h!
f(2 b h) c f(2)
h
x
4
"
# x
h!
h ! h x b h b x
y 2 b " (x c 4)
4
x b h c x
lim
h!
"
4
. Thus,
x b h b x
x b h b x
"
#x
(x b h) c x
lim
h ! h x b h b x
x 2 x 4 y 2. The tangent line is
b 1.
lim
h!
a100 c 4.9(# b h) b c a100 c 4.9(2) b

h
#
m lim
"
4
c4.9 a4 b 4h b h b b 4.9(4)
h
lim
26.
h!
lim (c19.6 c 4.9h) c19.6. The minus sign indicates the object is falling downward at a speed of 19.6 m/sec.
h!
1(3 b h) c 1(3)
h
f(2 b h) c f(2)
h
h!
lim
4
3
h!
(2 b h) c 43 (2)
h
60 ft/sec.
1 c9 b 6h bh c 9d
h
lim
$
h!
30. lim
h!
h!
lim
4
3
lim
3 a20h b h b
h
lim
lim 1(6 b h) 61
h!
31. At ax0 , mx0 b bb the slope of the tangent line is lim
h!
h!
c12h b 6h b h d
h
#
f(3 b h) c f(3)
h
h!
29. lim
h!
3(10 b h) c 3(10)
h
lim
f(10 b h) c f(10)
h
h!
28. lim
lim
h!
amax0 b hb b bb c am x0 b bb
ax 0 b h b c x 0
41
3
c12 b 6h b h# d 161
lim
h!
mh
h
The equation of the tangent line is y c am x0 b bb max c x0 b y mx b b.
2 b 4 b h
2 b 4 b h
h!
1
4 h
c
b
lim 22h44b hh
h!
and m lim
#
"
"
#
lim
h!
1
4 h
1
4
#
"
32. At x 4, y
2 4 b h
2 4 b h
lim m m.
h!
c
b
lim 22h44b hh
h!
hb
ch
lim : 4 c a4 b
lim :
2h 4 b h2 b 4 b h ;
2h 4 b h2 b 4 b h ;
h!
h!
95
96
c1
1
lim :
c 1 c 16
2 4 b h2 b 4 b h ;
2 42 b 4
h!
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
h sin h
h
#
h!
"
33. Slope at origin lim
lim
h!
lim h sin " 0 yes, f(x) does have a tangent at

h
h!
the origin with slope 0.
h!
h sin h
h
"
g(0 b h) c g(0)
h
34. lim
lim
h!
"
lim sin h . Since lim sin
h!
h!
"
h
does not exist, f(x) has no tangent at
the origin.
_, and lim
h!
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
lim
h!
1c0
h
_. Therefore,
_ yes, the graph of f has a vertical tangent at the origin.
U(0 b h) c U(0)
h
lim
h!
lim
h!
c1 c 0
h
0c1
h
_, and lim
h!
36.
h!
U(0 b h) c U(0)
h
lim
h!
does not have a vertical tangent at (! ") because the limit does not exist.
1c1
h
lim f(0 b h) c f(0)

h
h!
lim
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
lim
h!
35.
0 no, the graph of f
37. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x 0.
c0
h
lim
h!
"
h
&#
h!
lim
&$
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
c_ and lim
h!
the graph of y x#& does not have a vertical tangent at x 0.
"
lim
h!
&$
(b)
_ limit does not exist
h!
c0
h
&%
lim
lim
h!
"
&"
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
c_ and lim
y x%& does not have a vertical tangent at x 0.
h!
"
lim
h!
&"
(b)
_ limit does not exist
39. (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x !.
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
lim
h!
c0
h
&"
lim
h!
lim
h! h
"
&%
(b)
_ y x"& has a vertical tangent at x 0.
Section 3.1 Tangents and the Derivative at a Point

40. (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x 0.
lim
h!
c0
h
&$
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
lim
h!
"
lim
h! h
&#
(b)
_ the graph of y x$& has a vertical tangent at x 0.
4h
c 2h
h
&#
h!
lim
h!
lim
&$
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
c 2 c_ and lim
h!
lim
h!
&$
(b)
c#_
limit does not exist the graph of y 4x#& c 2x does not have a vertical tangent at x 0.
h!
$&
lim
c 5h
h
$#
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
lim h#$ c
h!
$"
lim
h!
0 c lim
h! h
y x&$ c 5x#$ does not have a vertical tangent at x !.
5
$"
(b)
does not exist the graph of
43. (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x 1

and a cusp at x 0.
c (1 b h c 1)
h
$"
$#
(1 b h)
c"
lim
h!
(1 b h)
$#
lim
h!
ch
h
$"
(b) x 1:
c"
c_
y x#$ c (x c 1)"$ has a vertical tangent at x 1;
97
h
$#
lim
h!
c (h c 1)
h
$"
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
c (c1)
$"
lim
h!
lim h " c
h!
$"
x 0:
(h c ")
h
$"
98
"
b h
does not exist y x#$ c (x c 1)"$ does not have a vertical tangent at x 0.
44. (a) The graph appears to have vertical tangents at x 0 and
x 1.
lim
$"
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
h!
b (h c 1)
h
$"
lim
h!
c (c")
$"
(b) x 0:
_ y x"$ b (x c 1)"$ has a
vertical tangent at x 0;
f(1 b h) c f(1)
h
lim
(1 b h)
$"
lim
h!
h!
b (" b h c 1)
h
$"
x 1:
c1
_ y x"$ b (x c 1)"$ has a
vertical tangent at x ".
45. (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x 0.
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
lim
x!
h!
lim
h c 0
h
"
lim
c kh k c 0
h
h ! h
lim
y has a vertical tangent at x 0.
h!
lim
h!
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
_;
c kh k
c kh k
lim
h!
"
kh k
h!
lim
(b)
h!
lim
k4 c (4 b h)k
h
lim
h!
lim
h!
f(4 b h) c f(4)
h
h!
k4 c (4 b h)k c 0
h
kh k
h
kh k
clhl
lim
h!
lim
h!
y % c x does not have a vertical tangent at x 4.

47-50. Example CAS commands:
Maple:
f := x -> x^3 + 2*x;x0 := 0;
plot( f(x), x=x0-1/2..x0+3, color=black,
title="Section 3.1, #47(a)" );
q := unapply( (f(x0+h)-f(x0))/h, h );
lim
h!
lim
h!
f(4 b h) c f(4)
h
lim
(b)
"
h
c"
kh k
_;
c_
# part (a)
# part (b)
Section 3.2 The Derivative as a Function

L := limit( q(h), h=0 );
# part (c)
sec_lines := seq( f(x0)+q(h)*(x-x0), h=1..3 );
# part (d)
tan_line := f(x0) + L*(x-x0);
plot( [f(x),tan_line,sec_lines], x=x0-1/2..x0+3, color=black,
linestyle=[1,2,5,6,7], title="Section 3.1, #47(d)",
legend=["y=f(x)","Tangent line at x=0","Secant line (h=1)",
"Secant line (h=2)","Secant line (h=3)"] );
Mathematica: (function and value for x0 may change)
Clear[f, m, x, h]
x0 p;
f[x_]: Cos[x] b 4Sin[2x]
Plot[f[x], {x, x0 c 1, x0 b 3}]
dq[h_]: (f[x0+h] c f[x0])/h
m Limit[dq[h], h 0]
ytan: f[x0] b m(x c x0)
y1: f[x0] b dq[1](x c x0)
y2: f[x0] b dq[2](x c x0)
y3: f[x0] b dq[3](x c x0)
Plot[{f[x], ytan, y1, y2, y3}, {x, x0 c 1, x0 b 3}]
3.2 THE DERIVATIVE AS A FUNCTION
1. Step 1: f(x) 4 c x# and f(x b h) 4 c (x b h)#
a4 c x c 2xh c h b c 4 b x
h
c4 c (x b h) d c a4 c x b
h
c2xh c h
h
f(x b h) c f(x)
h
Step 2:
h(c2x c h)
h
c2x c h
Step 3: f w (x) lim (c2x c h) c2x; f w (c$) 6, f w (0) 0, f w (1) c2
h!
c(x b h c 1) b 1d c c(x c 1) b 1d
h
ax b 2xh b h c 2x c 2h b 1 b 1b c ax c 2x b 1 b 1b
h
#
2(x c 1); F (c1) c4, F (0) c2, F (2) 2
#
"
# b
"
t c at b 2th b h b
(t b h) t h
c2th c h
(t b h) t h
2
; gw (c1) 2, gw (2) c " , gw 3 c 33
4
kw (z) lim
lim
h!
h!
(z h)
(z h)
z c z c zh c z c h b z b zh
2(z b h)zh
#
(1 c z c h)z c (" c z)(z b h)

#(z b h)zh
c2
t
1 c (z b h)
2(z b h)
b #
b c"
c2t
t t
#
c"
c"
2z
# #
and k(z b h)
# #
h!
(t h)
h) t
# #
lim
(t
# #
1 cz
#z
c2t c h
h ! (t b h) t
4. k(z)
Step 3: gw (t) lim
# #
c
g(t b h) c g(t)
(t h)h t
h
c
c2t c
h(b 2t ct h) (t b h) h
(t h) h
t
Step 2:
"
(t b h)
and g(t b h)
h!
"
t
# # b
# b c#
3. Step 1: g(t)
lim (2x b h c 2)
# #
h!
2xh b h c 2h
h
lim
h!
lim
h!
2. F(x) (x c 1)# b 1 and F(x b h) (x b h c 1)# b " Fw (x) lim
lim
ch
h ! 2(z b h)zh
lim
c"
h ! #(z b h)z
"
; kw (c") c " , kw (1) c " , kw 2 c 4
#
#
5. Step 1: p()) 3) and p() b h) 3() b h)
99
100
Step 2:
p() b h) c p())
h
3() b h) c 3)
h
3) b 3h c 3)
h
Step 3: pw ()) lim
3) b 3h b 3)
3) b 3h b 3)
(3) b 3h) c 3)
h 3) b 3h b 3)
3
3) b 3h b 3)
3h
h 3) b 3h b 3)
h ! 3) b 3h b 3)
3
3) b 3)
3
2 3 )
; pw (1)
2
, pw (3) " , pw 3
#
3
2 3
3
#2
2s b 2h b 1 c 2s b 1
h
h!
6. r(s) 2s b 1 and r(s b h) 2(s b h) b 1 rw (s) lim
lim
"
, rw #
7. y f(x) 2x$ and f(x b h) 2(x b h)$

h!
2 ax b 3x h b 3xh b h b c 2x
h
lim
h!
lim a6x# b 6xh b 2h# b 6x#

h!
h)(2t 1) t(2t 2h
(2t 2h 1)(2t 1)
1)
b
b b
b b
c b
2t b t b 2ht b h c 2t c 2ht c t
(2t b 2h b 1)(2t b 1)h
#
"
lim
h ! (2t b 2h b 1)(2t b 1)
"
(q b h) b 1
h(t
dp
dq
h)t
(t
t (t
h)t
h)
h!
1b
lim
"
t
lim
h!
lim
(q
b b
"
b b b
b b c b
1
h 1
q 1 9
h)
c
h
b
"
t b1
t
#
b
"
and f(q b h)
h!
hc
lim
t b ht b 1
h ! (t b h)t
lim
q b 1 c q b h b 1
h ! h q b h b 1 q b 1
h!
t c t
"
"
q b 1
q 1
q h
h ! (2t b 2h b 1)(2t b 1)h
b
"
lim
hc
ht b h t b h
h(t b h)t
h!
(t b h)(2t b 1) c t(2t b 2h b 1)
(2t b 2h b 1)(2t b 1)h
"
h!
11. p f(q)
h!
lim
"
(2t b 1)
(t b h) c
lim
h!
h
t
h) 1 c 2t 1
"
(2t b 1)(2t b 1)
lim
lim
h!
2(t t
lim
ds
dt
b
b bc b
lim
h!
b b
b
tbh
2(tbh)b1
dv
dt
2(x b h) c 2x
h
lim
and r(t b h)
t
2tb1
(t
dr
ds
lim
10.
h!
9. s r(t)
2
22s b 1
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
as b hb3 c 2as b hb2 b 3 c s3 c 2s2 b 3
lim s b 3s h b 3sh b h c 2s c 4sh c h b 3 c s b 2s c 3
h
h
h!
h!
2
2
3
2
h3s2 b 3sh b h2 c 4s c h
lim 3s h b 3sh bhh c 4sh c h lim
lim a3s2 b 3sh b h2 c 4s c hb 3s2 c 2s
h
h!
h!
h!
8. r s3 c 2s2 b 3
h a6x b 6xh b 2h b
h
lim
6x h b 6xh b 2h
h
h!
lim
dy
dx
#
lim
"
2
"
3
; rw (0) 1, rw (1)
2
2s b 1 b 2s b 1
"
2s b 1
h ! 2s b 2h b 1 b 2s b 1
2h
h ! h 2s b 2h b 1 b 2s b 1
h ! h 2s b 2h b 1 b 2s b 1
lim
(2s b 2h b 1) c (2s b 1)
lim
2s b 2h b 1 b 2s b 1
h!
2s b 2h b 1 b 2s b 1
2s b h b 1 c 2s b 1
lim
q b 1 c q b h b 1 q b 1 b q b h b 1
1) c
h 1)
q b 1 b q b h b 1 lim hq b h b 1(q b b 1 (q bb bb q b h b 1
q
q 1
h ! h q b h b 1 q b 1
h!
ch
lim
lim q b h b 1 q b 1 c"q b 1 b q b h b 1
h ! h q b h b 1 q b 1 q b 1 b q b h b 1
h!
c"
c"
q b 1 q b 1 q b 1 b q b 1 2(q b 1) q b 1
dz
dw
lim
lim
h!
c b
"
lim
3(w
h)
h!
"
12.
3w
3w c 2 c 3w b 3h c 2
h3w b 3h c 2 3w c 2
lim
lim
3w c 2 c 3w b 3h c 2
h ! h3w b 3h c 2 3w c 2
3wc2b3wb3hc2
3w c 2 b 3w b 3h c 2
c3
h ! 3w b 3h c 2 3w c 2 3w c 2 b 3w b 3h c 2
lim
(3w c 2) c (3w b 3h c 2)
h ! h3w b 3h c 2 3w c 2 3w c 2 b 3w b 3h c 2
c3
3w c 2 3w c 2 3w c 2 b 3w c 2
c3
2(3w c 2) 3w c 2
lim a3t# b 3th b h# c 2t c hb

h!
b ac
bb b a
c8
x c 2 x c 2 x c 2 b x c 2
4
; dy
a1 c xb2 dx xc2
8
c
b
c8h
hx b h c 2 x c 2 x c 2 b x b h c 2
x b h b 3 c x2 c xh c 3x c x c 3 b x2 b 3x b xh b 3h
h a1 c x c h b a 1 c x b
(x
h)
c b
h!
4
a3 b 2
x c 2 b x b h c 2
lim
f(x b h) c f(x)
h
x c 2 b x b h c 2
4
9
8
x 2
c ab c c a
b a c b c ab b b
8
(x b h) c 2
h ! a1 c x c hba1 c xb
ab
c c
3 1 x
x 3 1
1 x h 1 x
h x b h c 2 x c 2
lim
and f(x b h)
8 x c 2 c x b h c 2
8
x c 2
17. f(x)
h!
4h
lim
h ! ha1 c x c hba1 c xb
3
x
lim
x
c1
3
h
h!
h
x
h a3t b 3th b h c 2t c hb
h
x
1
lim
h!
h!
at b 3t h b 3th b h b c at b 2th b h b c t b t
h
lim
lim
dy
dx
kw (x) lim
16.
ds
dt tc"
; m f w (c3) 0
b b#
"
3t# c 2t; m
9
x
b#
"
h!
3t h b 3th b h c 2th c h
h
lim
1c
h!
9
h) c x b x
k(x b h) c k(x)
lim
h
h!
h!
c
lim h(2 b x)(2hb x b h) lim (2 b x)(c" x b h) (2 c"x)
#b
b
h!
h!
"
2 b (x b h)
c(t b h) c (t b h) d c at c t b
h
lim
x c9
x
ds
dt
"
16
k (2) c
15.
h!
(x
x h b xh c 9h
x(x b h)h
h!
x b xh c 9
x(x b h)
; f w (x) lim
and k(x b h)
(# b x) c (2 b x b h)
h(2 b x)(2 b x b h)
lim
"
#bx
14. k(x)
x b xh c 9
x(x b h)
h(x b xh c 9)
x(x b h)h
(x b h) b
x b 2x h b xh b 9x c x c x h c 9x c 9h
x(x b h)h
x(x b h) b 9x c x (x b h) c 9(x b h)
x(x b h)h
f(x b h) c f(x)
h
9
(x b h)
and f(x b h) (x b h) b
9
x
13. f(x) x b
8[(x c 2) c (x b h c 2)]
hx b h c 2 x c 2 x c 2 b x b h c 2
c8
f w (x) lim
h ! x b h c 2 x c 2 x c 2 b x b h c 2
c4
(x c 2)x c 2
; m f w (6)
c4
4 4
c " the equation of the tangent

#
line at (6 4) is y c 4 c " (x c 6) y c " x b $ b % y c " x b (.

#
#
#
18. gw (z) lim
1 b 4 c (z b h) c 1 b 4 c z
h
h!
h!
(4 c z c h) c (4 c z)
lim
h ! h 4 c z c h b 4 c z
ch
lim
h ! h 4 c z c h b 4 c z
4 c z c h b 4 c z
4 c z c h b 4 c z
c"
lim
h ! 4 c z c h b 4 c z
c"
2 4 c z
m gw (3)
the equation of the tangent line at ($ #) is w c 2 c " (z c 3)

#
c"z b (.
#
#
19. s f(t) 1 c 3t# and f(t b h) 1 c 3(t b h)# 1 c 3t# c 6th c 3h#
"
x
2
4 c () b h)
dr
d)
1 c
h c 1 c x
"
3
dy
dx x= 3
lim
h!
"
h ! x(x b h)
lim
f() b h) c f())
lim
h
h!
h!
24 c ) c #% c ) c h 2 % c ) b 2 4 c ) c h
lim

2 4 c ) b #4 c ) c h
h ! h 4 c ) 4 c ) c h
and f() b h)
2 4 c ) c 2 4 c ) c h
h 4 c ) 4 c ) c h
lim
f(x b h) c f(x)
h
h!
lim
c)c
h ! x(x b h)h
dy
dx
h!
2
4 c )
lim
2
4
lim
"
xbh
ds
dt t=
h!
"
21. r f())
b
"
and f(x b h) 1 c
h!
"
x
h!
lim
cx
h
20. y f(x) " c
lim (c6t c 3h) c6t
f(t b h) c f(t)
h
lim
b
"
a1 c 3t c 6th c 3h b c a1 c 3t b
h
#
h!
"c
lim
ds
dt
"
c"
c"
#
2 4 c 3
"
$
c#z b # b # w
4 c z c h c 4 c z
lim
101
h ! 2h4 c ) 4 c ) c h 4 c ) b 4 c ) c h
2
(4 c )) 24 c )
"
(4 c ))4 c )
dr
d) )!
lim
h ! 4 c ) 4 c ) c h 4 c ) b % c ) c h
"
8
22. w f(z) z b z and f(z b h) (z b h) b z b h

z b h b z b h c z b z
1 b lim
(z b h) c z
h ! h z b h b z
h b z b h c z
h
h!
lim
"
1 b lim
h ! z b h b z
f
23. f w axb zlimx fazb c xaxb zlimx z
zc
cx
zcx
#b
"
h!
#b
"
lim
dw
dz
lim
h!
lim 1 b
h!
"b
"
2 z
f(z b h) c f(z)
h
z b h c z
h
dw
dz z 4
z b h b z
z b h b z
5
4
x #b c a
#
xcz
zlimx azac bbaz b #z b bb#b zlimx az c xbaz b #bax b #b zlimx az b #c"x b #b
x
bax
ba
z2 c 3z b 4 c x2 c 3x b 4
c"
ax b #b
4(% c )) c 4(% c ) c h)
lim
102
f
24. f w axb zlimx fazb c xaxb zlimx
zlimx z c 3z c x b 3x zlimx z c xz c 3z b 3x
zc
zcx
zcx
cx
az c xb<az b xb c 3
az c xbaz b xb c 3az c xb
zlimx
zlimx
zlimx<az b xb c 3 2x c 3
zcx
zcx
cxx
zcx
"c
"c
b g
26. gw axb zlimx gazz c xaxb zlimx
c
z x "b c x a z
b
c b
zlimx azac cbaz c "baxc ""b zlimx az c xbazzc "x x c "b zlimx az c "c"x c "b
ba
x
ba
c
" b zc" b x
zcx
zlimx
z c x
zcx
z b x
z b x
c"
a x c "b
cx
"
zlimx az c xbz z b x zlimx z b x
b g
25. gw axb zlimx gazz c xaxb zlimx z
c
"
# x
27. Note that as x increases, the slope of the tangent line to the curve is first negative, then zero (when x 0),
then positive the slope is always increasing which matches (b).
w
28. Note that the slope of the tangent line is never negative. For x negative, f# (x) is positive but decreasing as x increases.
w
When x 0, the slope of the tangent line to x is 0. For x 0, f# (x) is positive and increasing. This graph matches (a).
w
29. f$ (x) is an oscillating function like the cosine. Everywhere that the graph of f$ has a horizontal tangent we expect f$ to be
zero, and (d) matches this condition.
30. The graph matches with (c).

31. (a) f w is not defined at x 0, 1, 4. At these points, the left-hand and right-hand derivatives do not agree.
c
x!
f(x) c f(0)
xc0
slope of line joining (c% 0) and (! #)
"
#
but lim
line joining (0 2) and (" c2) c4. Since these values are not equal, f w (0)
x!
For example, lim
f(x) c f(0)
xc0
lim f(x) c f(0)

xc0
x!
(b)
slope of
does not exist.

32. (a)
103
(b) Shift the graph in (a) down 3 units
33.
(b) The fastest is between the 20th and 30th days;

slowest is between the 40th and 50th days.
34. (a)
35. Answers may vary. In each case, draw a tangent line and estimate its slope.
F
(a) i) slope 1.54 dT 1.54 hr
ii) slope 2.86
dt
iii) slope 0
dT
dt
F
0 hr
iv) slope c3.75
dT
F
dt 2.86 hr
F
dT c3.75 hr
dt
(b) The tangent with the steepest positive slope appears to occur at t 6 12 p.m. and slope 7.27
The tangent with the steepest negative slope appears to occur at t 12 6 p.m. and
F
slope c8.00 dT c8.00 hr
dt
(c)
36. Answers may vary. In each case, draw a tangent line and estimate the slope.
lb
(a) i) slope c20.83 dW c20.83 month
ii) slope c35.00
dt
iii) slope c6.25
dW
dt
dW
dt
lb
c35.00 month
lb
c6.25 month
(b) The tangentwith the steepest positive slope appears to occur at t 2.7 months. and slope 7.27
lb
dW c53.13 month
dt
dT
dt
F
7.27 hr .
104
(c)
lim h 0;
lim 1 1;
lim
h!
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
the derivative f w (0) does not exist.
38. Left-hand derivative: When h !, 1 b h 1 f(1 b h) 2
lim
h!
lim 0 0;
lim
h!
lim 2 2;
h!
f(1 b h) c f(1)
h
h!
1 b h c "
h
lim
1 b h b "
1 b h b 1
lim
lim
h!
(1 b h) c "
h!
h 1 b h b "
h!
1 b h c "
h
lim
h!
f(1 b h) c f(1)
h
f(1 b h) c f(")
h
c"
1bh
lim
h!
h!
lim
h!
h!
(1 b h) c "
h
lim
h!
c1;
f(1 b h) c f(1)
h
lim
lim
lim 1 1;
h!
c "
lim
h!
h!
Then lim
f(1 b h) c f(")
h
lim
f(1 b h) c f(1)
h
b
"
h!
h!
lim
h!
lim
h!
Right-hand derivative:
ch
h(1 b h)
lim
h!
(1 h)
1 h
b
b c
f(1 b h) c f(1)
h
40. Left-hand derivative:
"
1 b h b 1
lim 2 2;
b
h!
Then lim
(2h b 1) c "
h
h!
f(1 b h) c f(1)
h
f(" b h) c f(1)
h
Right-hand derivative: When h 0, 1 b h 1 f(1 b h) 2(1 b h) c 1 2h b 1

lim
41. f is not continuous at x 0 since lim faxb does not exist and fa0b c1
x!
g(h) c g(0)
h
h!
c0
h
2 3
h!
lim
h!
+_;
1
h2 3
b
b
h!
lim
lim
1
h1 3
lim
h1 3 c 0
h
g(h) c g(0)
h
g(h) c g(0)
h
h!
h!
lim
h!
lim
Then lim
g(h) c g(0)
h
Right-hand derivative:
lim
h!
42. Left-hand derivative:
2c2
h
39. Left-hand derivative: When h 0, 1 b h 1 f(1 b h) 1 b h

lim
lim
h!
2h
h
f(1 b h) c f(1)
h
h!
h!
lim
Then lim
(2 b 2h)c2
h
h!
h!
Right-hand derivative: When h !, 1 b h 1 f(1 b h) 2(1 b h) 2 b 2h

lim
lim
h!
f(1 b h) c f(1)
h
h!
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
h!
Then lim
hc0
h
h!
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
+_;
b _ the derivative gw (0) does not exist.
lim
lim
h!
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
h!
Right-hand derivative: For h 0, f(0 b h) f(h) h (using y x curve)
h c0
h
#
h!
lim
lim
h!
37. Left-hand derivative: For h 0, f(0 b h) f(h) h# (using y x# curve)
"
#;
f("bh)cf(1)
h

43. (a) The function is differentiable on its domain c$ x 2 (it is smooth)
(b) none
(c) none
44. (a) The function is differentiable on its domain c# x 3 (it is smooth)
(b) none
(c) none
45. (a) The function is differentiable on c$ x 0 and ! x 3
(b) none
(c) The function is neither continuous nor differentiable at x 0 since lim f(x) lim f(x)
x!
x!
46. (a) f is differentiable on c# x c1, c" x 0, 0 x 2, and 2 x 3

(b) f is continuous but not differentiable at x c1: lim f(x) 0 exists but there is a corner at x c1 since
c
h!
f(c1 b h) c f(c")
h
x c1
c3 and lim
h!
lim
f(c" b h) c f(c1)
h
3 f w (c1) does not exist
(c) f is neither continuous nor differentiable at x 0 and x 2:

at x 0, lim f(x) 3 but lim f(x) 0 lim f(x) does not exist;
x!
x0
x!
at x 2, lim f(x) exists but lim f(x) f(2)

x#
x#
47. (a) f is differentiable on c" x 0 and 0 x 2

(b) f is continuous but not differentiable at x 0: lim f(x) 0 exists but there is a cusp at x 0, so
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
h!
f w (0) lim
x!
does not exist
(c) none
48. (a) f is differentiable on c$ x c2, c2 x 2, and 2 x 3
(b) f is continuous but not differentiable at x c2 and x 2: there are corners at those points
(c) none
c(x b h) c acx b
h
#
h!
lim
lim
h!
cx c 2xh c h b x
h
#
f(x b h) c f(x)
h
h!
49. (a) f w (x) lim
lim (c2x c h) c2x

h!
(b)
(c) yw c2x is positive for x 0, yw is zero when x 0, yw is negative when x 0

(d) y cx# is increasing for c_ x 0 and decreasing for ! x _; the function is increasing on intervals
where yw 0 and decreasing on intervals where yw 0
b
"c
h!
c
h
1
x
lim
lim
h!
cx b (x b h)
x(x b h)h
lim
"
h ! x(x b h)
"
x
f(x b h) c f(x)
h
h!
50. (a) f w (x) lim
105
106
(b)
(c) yw is positive for all x 0, yw is never 0, yw is never negative

(d) y c " is increasing for c_ x 0 and ! x _
x
(z c x) az b zx b x b
3(z c x)
z b zx b x
3
zlimx
zlimx
x
3
zcx
x# f w (x) x#
z cx
3(z c x)
zlimx
z3 c
zlimx
f(z) c f(x)
zcx
51. (a) Using the alternate formula for calculating derivatives: f w (x) zlimx
(b)
(c) yw is positive for all x 0, and yw 0 when x 0; yw is never negative

x
3
(d) y
is increasing for all x 0 (the graph is horizontal at x 0) because y is increasing where yw 0; y is
never decreasing
z b xz b x z b x
4
$
zlimx
(z c x) az b xz b x zb x b
4(z c x)
zlimx
z cx
4(z c x)
zlimx
zlimx
f(z) c f(x)
zcx
z
4
52. (a) Using the alternate form for calculating derivatives: f w (x) zlimx
x
4
zcx
x$ f w (x) x$
(b)
(c) yw is positive for x 0, yw is zero for x 0, yw is negative for x 0
4xh b 2h c 13h
h
#
h!
lim
a2(x b h) c 13(x b h) b 5b c a2x c 13x b 5b

h
lim
h!
2x b 4xh b 2h c 13x c 13h b 5 c 2x b 13x c 5

h
#
h!
53. yw lim
is increasing on 0 x _ and decreasing on c_ x 0

#
x
4
(d) y
lim (4x b 2h c 13) 4x c 13, slope at x. The slope is c1 when 4x c 13 c"

h!
4x 12 x 3 y 2 3# c 13 3 b 5 c16. Thus the tangent line is y b 16 (c1)(x c 3)

y cx c "$ and the point of tangency is (3 c16).
54. For the curve y x, we have yw lim
h!
lim
"
h ! x b h b x
"
#x
x b h c x
h
x b h b x
x b h b x
lim
(x b h) c x
h ! x b h b x h
. Suppose + a is the point of tangency of such a line and (c" !) is the point
on the line where it crosses the x-axis. Then the slope of the line is
a c 0
a c (c1)
a
ab1
which must also equal

"
;
2 a
using the derivative formula at x a
exist: its point of tangency is (" "), its slope is
a
ab1
"
# a
"
2a a b 1 a 1.
#a
"
# ; and an equation of the line is
Thus such a line does

yc1
"
#
(x c 1)
y "x b ".
#
#
55. Yes; the derivative of cf is cf w so that f w (x! ) exists cf w (x! ) exists as well.
56. Yes; the derivative of 3g is 3gw so that gw (7) exists 3gw (7) exists as well.
57. Yes, lim
g(t)
t ! h(t)
can exist but it need not equal zero. For example, let g(t) mt and h(t) t. Then g(0) h(0)
0, but lim
g(t)
t ! h(t)
lim
t!
mt
t
lim m m, which need not be zero.

t!
58. (a) Suppose kf(x)k x# for c" x 1. Then kf(0)k 0# f(0) 0. Then f w (0) lim
lim
h!
f(h) c 0
h
lim
h!
f(h)
h .
For khk 1, ch# f(h) h# ch
h!
f(h)
h
f(0 b h) c f(0)
h
h f w (0) lim
h!
f(h)
h
by the Sandwich Theorem for limits.

(b) Note that for x 0, kf(x)k x# sin " kx# k ksin xk kx# k 1 x# (since c" sin x 1). By part (a),
x
f is differentiable at x 0 and f w (0) 0.
59. The graphs are shown below for h 1, 0.5, 0.1. The function y
y x so that
"
# x
lim
h!
x b h c x
h
"
2 x
. The graphs reveal that y
is the derivative of the function
x b h c x
h
gets closer to y
"
# x
as h gets smaller and smaller.
60. The graphs are shown below for h 2, 1, 0.5. The function y 3x# is the derivative of the function y x$ so
$
(xbh) cx
h
. The graphs reveal that y
(xbh) cx
h
$
h!
that 3x# lim
gets closer to y 3x# as h
gets smaller and smaller.
107
108
61. The graphs are the same. So we know that

for f(x) kxk , we have f w (x)
kx k
x
62. Weierstrass's nowhere differentiable continuous function.
63-68. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
f := x -> x^3 + x^2 - x;
x0 := 1;
plot( f(x), x=x0-5..x0+2, color=black,
title="Section 3.2, #63(a)" );
q := unapply( (f(x+h)-f(x))/h, (x,h) );
# (b)
L := limit( q(x,h), h=0 );
# (c)
m := eval( L, x=x0 );
tan_line := f(x0) + m*(x-x0);
plot( [f(x),tan_line], x=x0-2..x0+3, color=black,
linestyle=[1,7], title="Section 3.2 #63(d)",
legend=["y=f(x)","Tangent line at x=1"] );
Xvals := sort( [ x0+2^(-k) $ k=0..5, x0-2^(-k) $ k=0..5 ] ):
# (e)
Yvals := map( f, Xvals ):
evalf[4](< convert(Xvals,Matrix) , convert(Yvals,Matrix) >);
plot( L, x=x0-5..x0+3, color=black, title="Section 3.2 #63(f)" );
Mathematica: (functions and x0 may vary) (see section 2.5 re. RealOnly ):
<<Miscellaneous`RealOnly`
Clear[f, m, x, y, h]
x0= 1 /4;
f[x_]:=x2 Cos[x]
Plot[f[x], {x, x0 c 3, x0 b 3}]
Section 3.3 Differentiation Rules

q[x_, h_]:=(f[x b h] c f[x])/h
m[x_]:=Limit[q[x, h], h 0]
ytan:=f[x0] b m[x0] (x c x0)
Plot[{f[x], ytan},{x, x0 c 3, x0 b 3}]
m[x0 c 1]//N
m[x0 b 1]//N
Plot[{f[x], m[x]},{x, x0 c 3, x0 b 3}]
3.3 DIFFERENTIATION RULES
12 c 0 c 30xc% 12 c
12
)
4
)
&
30
x
c12
x
2sc% c 5sc$
c12
)
24
t
2
s
5
s
24)c$ c 48)c& b 20)c'
d r
d)
#
c12)c# b 12)c% c 4)c&
2
z
d r
ds
#
0 c 12xc&
5
2s
d y
dx
c4
t
20
)
'
48
)
d y
dx
#
&
dr
d)
c2
3s
c 2 sc$ b 5 sc#
3
#
3
x
18
z
&
c# b 3xc% c# b
10
x
$
24
)
c4tc$ b 24tc%
d s
dt
18zc% c 2zc$
12x c 10 b 10xc$ 12x c 10 b
dy
dx
12. r 12)c" c 4)c$ b )c%
8
t
d w
dz
dr
ds
c 5 sc"
#
" c#
3 s
"
z
11. r
dy
dx
10. y 4 c 2x c xc$
2
t
2x b 1 b 0 2x b 1
2tc# c 8tc$
9. y 6x# c 10x c 5xc#
a15t% b 30t c 60t$
ds
dt
d
dt
8. s c2tc" b 4tc#
c6
z
$
c6zc$ b zc#
d y
dx
dw
dz
7. w 3zc# c zc"
x
4
a15t# b c
126z& c 42z b 42
d w
dz
x# b x b
d
dt
"
4
dy
dx
x
#
8x
d s
dt
x
3
d y
dx
6. y
4x# c 1
dy
dx
4
3
21z' c 21z# b 42z
dw
dz
x$ c x
5. y
a3t& b 15t# c 15t%
4. w 3z( c 7z$ b 21z#
d
dt
a5t$ b c
d
dt
ds
dt
c2
d y
dx
d y
dx
3. s 5t$ c 3t&
2x b 1 b 0 2x b 1
dy
dx
(3) c2x b 0 c#B
d
dx
2. y x# b x b 8
acx# b b
d
dx
dy
dx
1. y cx# b 3
13. (a) y a3 c x# b ax$ c x b 1b yw a3 c x# b

#
d
dx
ax$ c x b 1b b ax$ c x b 1b
%
d
dx
a3 c x# b
a3 c x b a3x c 1b b ax c x b 1b (c2x) c5x b 12x c 2x c 3

(b) y cx& b 4x$ c x# c 3x b 3 yw c5x% b 12x# c 2x c 3
14. (a) y (2x b 3) a5x# c 4xb yw (2x b 3)(10x c 4) b a5x# c 4xb (2) 30x# b 14x c 12
(b) y (2x b 3) a5x# c 4xb 10x$ b 7x2 c 12x yw 30x# b 14x c 12
d
dx
"
x b 5 b " b x b 5 b x
x
d
dx
ax# b 1b
ax# b 1b a1 c xc# b b ax b 5 b xc" b (2x) ax# c 1 b 1 c xc# b b a2x# b 10x b 2b 3x# b 10x b 2 c
"
x
yw 3x# b 10x b 2 c
"
x
(b) y x$ b 5x# b 2x b 5 b
"
x
15. (a) y ax# b 1b x b 5 b " yw ax# b 1b

x
109
2x b 5
3x c 2 ; use the quotient rule: u 2x b 5 and
(3x c 2)(2) c (2x b 5)(3)
c19
6x c 4 c 6x)c 15 (3x c 2)
(3x c 2)
(3x c #
c17
(2x c 7)
s b " c s c 1
2 s s b 1
t c 2t c "
a1 b t b
"
s s b 1
"
"
5x c 1
4x
c 1 b x c 4 x
"
)(0) c 1
2 x c "
x
"
# ) ;
c )" b
#$
"
#"
x 1 c
"
4x
#$
"
ax c 1 b a x b x b 1 b
#
"
at b 2 b 2
from Example 2 in Section 3.2
2x (5) c (5x b 1)
vw
s b1
"
26. r 2 b ) rw 2 :
)
27. y
c s c 1
c" c t c 2t b 2t
a1 b t b
1 b x c 4 x
x
du
dx
# #
25. v
2x c 7 c 2x c 10
(2x c 7)
5x b "
# x
"
# s
s b "
a1 b t b (c") c (1 c t)(2t)
a1 b t b
# #
24. u
dv
dt
(2x c 7)(1) c (x b 5)(2)

(2x c 7)
f w (s)
tb#ctc"
at b 2 b 2
d
ds
1 ct
1 bt
at b #ba"b c at b "ba"b
at b 2 b 2
t " f w (t)
NOTE:
tb"
tb2,
# #
ww
s c "
s b 1
23. f(s)
xb5
2x c 7
c"
vu c uv
v
at c "bat b "b
at b #bat c "b
21. v (1 c t) a1 b t# b
22. w
v x b 0.5 uw 2x and vw 1 gw (x)
t c"
t btc2
20. f(t)
9x2 c 24x c 4
a3x2 b xb2
c9x2 c 3x b18x2 c 21x c 4

a3x2 b xb2
vu c uv
v
#
vu c uv
v
rule: u 4 c 3x and v 3x2 b x uw c3 and vw 6x b 1 yw
x c4
#
xb0.5 ; use the quotient rule: u x c 4 and
(x b 0.5)(2x) c ax c 4b (")
bx
2x (x b c x b 4 x b x b 4
(x b 0.5)
0.5)
(x b 0.5)
19. g(x)
1
x2
4 c 3x
3x2 b x ;use the quotient
3x2 b xac3b c a4 c 3xba6xb1b
a3x2 b xb2
18. y
11 74
4 x
v 3x c 2 uw 2 and vw 3 yw
17. y
3
x4
3
4x1
(b) y x34 c xc3 b x114 c xc1 yw
3
3
b x4
4x1 4
11 74
1
b x2
4 x
16. y a1 b x2 b x34 c xc3

(a) yw a1 b x2 b 3 xc14 b 3xc4 b x34 c xc3 a2xb
4
110
; use the quotient rule: u 1 and v ax# c 1b ax# b x b 1b uw 0 and
vw ax c 1b (2x b 1) b ax# b x b 1b (2x) 2x$ b x# c 2x c 1 b 2x$ b 2x# b 2x 4x$ b 3x# c 1
c6x b 12
(x c 1) (x c 2)
#
c 6 ax c 2b
(x c 1) (x c 2)
#
ax c 3x b 2b (2x b 3) c ax b 3x b 2b (2x c 3)
(x c 1) (x c 2)
yw
c4x c 3x b 1
#
#
"
1 #0
3
#
30. y
x% c
"
#
x b 3x b 2
x c 3x b 2
29. y
(x b 1)(x b 2)
(x c 1)(x c #)
0 c 1 a4x b 3x c 1b
28. y
vu c uv
v
dy
dx
x# c x yw 2x$ c 3x c 1 yww 6x# c 3 ywww 12x y% 12 yn 0 for all n 5
x& yw
"
#4
x% yww
"
6
x$ ywww
"
#
x# y% x y& 1 yn 0 for all n 6
31. y ax c 1bax2 b 3x c 5b x3 b 2x2 c 8x b 5 yw 3x2 b 4x c 8 yww 6x b 4 ywww 6 yn 0 for all

n4
111
32. y a4x3 b 3xba2 c xb c4x4 b 8x3 c 3x2 b 6x yw c16x3 b 24x2 c 6x b 6 yww c48x2 b 48x c 6
ywww c96x b 48 y% c96 yn 0 for all n 5
"%
x
c&
t
#
t
$
)
d r
d)
cz
dw
dz
czc# b 0 c 1 czc# c 1
0 b $)c% $)c%
dr
d)
1b
x
x
1 c )c$
"
)
"c
ax b x b a x c x b 1 b
x
x(x b 1) ax c x b "b x axx b 1b x xb x
x
du
c%
c3xc% c$ d u 12xc& "#
dx 0 c 3x
dx
x
x
) c"
)
36. u
c12)c&
c"#
)
&
() c " ) a ) b ) b 1 b
)
1 b xc$
&
37. w 1b 3z (3 c z) " zc" b 1 (3 c z) zc" c

3z
3
#
z
"
1#
qc# b
q b3
aq c 3q b 3q c 1b b aq b 3q b 3q b 1b
#
"
c 4 qc%
dp
dq
"
6
"
q b 6 qc$ b qc&
"
6
qb
"
6q
"
q
q b3
2q b 6q
q b3
2q aq b 3b
"
#q
"
#
qc"
"
q
qc$
d p
dq
c " qc# c #"

#
q
"
4
12z#
&
q6
q# c
"
#q
"
1#
"
6
'
"
c # qc% c 5qc'
q b3
(q c 1) b (q b 1)
dp
dq
"
6
40. p
d p
dq
q c q b 3q c 3
12q
d w
dz
b
39. p q12q3 q qc 1
4z$ c 0 4z$
dw
dz
&
2zc$ c 0 2zc$
d w
dz
8
3
c"
b 3 c z zc" b
c"
z
"
3
38. w (z b 1)(z c 1) az# b 1b az# c 1b az# b 1b z% c 1
2 b 14xc$ # b
0 c 5tc# b 2tc$ c5tc# b 2tc$
ds
dt
35. r
d y
dx
c tc#
t b 5t c 1
1 b 5 c t" 1 b 5tc"
t
t
d s
c$
c 6tc% "! c t'
dt 10t
t
(
x
2x c 7xc# #x c
dy
dx
34. s
x# b 7xc"
x b7
x
33. y
41. u(0) 5, uw (0) c3, v(0) c1, vw (0) 2

d
d
(a) dx (uv) uvw b vuw dx (uv) x = 0 u(0)vw (0) b v(0)uw (0) 5 2 b (c1)(c3) 13
v
u
x=0
d
2uw dx
v(0)u (0) c u(0)v (0)

(v(0))
u(0)v (0) c v(0)u (0)
(u(0))
w
(7v c 2u) 7vw c
x=0
(d)
d
dx
u
v
uv c vu
u
d
dx
(c")(c3) c (5)(2)
(c1)
(5)(2) c (c1)(c3)
(5)
w
w
v
u
(c)
d
dx
d
dx
vu c uv
v
u
v
d
dx
(b)
c7
7
25
(7v c 2u) x = 0 7v (0) c 2u (0) 7 2 c 2(c3) 20
42. u(1) 2, uw (1) 0, v(1) 5, vw (1) c1

d
(a) dx (uv) x = 1 u(1)vw (1) b v(1)uw (1) 2 (c1) b 5 0 c2
x=1
(d)
v
u
d
dx
d
dx
(c)
v(1)u (")cu(1)v (1)

(v(1))
u(1)v (")cv(1)u (1)
(u(1))
w
50c2(c1)
(5)
2(c1)c50
(2)
#
x=1
u
v
d
dx
(b)
2
25
c1
2
(7v c 2u) x = 1 7v (1) c 2uw (1) 7 (c1) c 2 0 c7
43. y x$ c 4x b 1. Note that (# ") is on the curve: 1 2$ c 4(2) b 1

(a) Slope of the tangent at (x y) is yw 3x# c 4 slope of the tangent at (# ") is yw (2) 3(2)# c 4 8. Thus the slope
of the line perpendicular to the tangent at (# ") is c " the equation of the line perpendicular to the tangent line at
8
x
5
(# ") is y c 1 c " (x c 2) or y c 8 b 4 .
8
(b) The slope of the curve at x is m 3x# c 4 and the smallest value for m is c4 when x 0 and y 1.
112
(c) We want the slope of the curve to be 8 yw 8 3x# c 4 8 3x# 12 x# 4 x 2. When x 2,

y 1 and the tangent line has equation y c 1 8(x c 2) or y 8x c 15; when x c2, y (c2)$ c 4(c2) b 1
1, and the tangent line has equation y c 1 8(x b 2) or y 8x b 17.
44. (a) y x$ c 3x c 2 yw 3x# c 3. For the tangent to be horizontal, we need m yw 0 0 3x# c 3 3x# 3
x 1. When x c1, y 0 the tangent line has equation y 0. The line perpendicular to this line at
(c" !) is x c1. When x 1, y c4 the tangent line has equation y c4. The line perpendicular to this
line at (" c%) is x 1.
(b) The smallest value of yw is c3, and this occurs when x 0 and y c2. The tangent to the curve at (! c2)
has slope c3 the line perpendicular to the tangent at (! c2) has slope " y b 2 " (x c 0) or
3
3
4x b 4 c 8x
ax b 1 b
#
ax b 1b(4) c (4x)(2x)
ax b 1 b
dy
dx
4 acx b "b
ax b 1 b
#
4x
x b1
x c 2 is an equation of the perpendicular line.

#
45. y
"
3
. When x 0, y 0 and yw
4(0 b 1)
1
%, so the
tangent to the curve at (! !) is the line y 4x. When x 1, y 2 yw 0, so the tangent to the curve at (" 2) is the
line y 2.
c16x
ax b 4 b
#
ax b 4b(0) c 8(2x)
ax b 4 b
yw
. When x 2, y 1 and yw
c16(2)
a2 b 4 b
#
8
x b4
46. y
c " , so the tangent

#
line to the curve at (2 ") has the equation y c 1 c " (x c 2), or y c x b 2.

#
#
47. y ax# b bx b c passes through (! !) 0 a(0) b b(0) b c c 0; y ax# b bx passes through (" #)
2 a b b; yw 2ax b b and since the curve is tangent to y x at the origin, its slope is 1 at x 0
yw 1 when x 0 1 2a(0) b b b 1. Then a b b 2 a 1. In summary a b 1 and c 0 so
the curve is y x# b x.
48. y cx c x# passes through (" !) 0 c(1) c 1 c 1 the curve is y x c x# . For this curve,
yw 1 c 2x and x 1 yw c1. Since y x c x# and y x# b ax b b have common tangents at x 0,
y x# b ax b b must also have slope c1 at x 1. Thus yw 2x b a c1 2 1 b a a c3
y x# c 3x b b. Since this last curve passes through (" !), we have 0 1 c 3 b b b 2. In summary,
a c3, b 2 and c 1 so the curves are y x# c 3x b 2 and y x c x# .
49. y 8x b 5 m 8; faxb 3x2 c 4x f w axb 6x c 4; 6x c 4 8 x 2 fa2b 3a2b2 c 4a2b 4 a2, 4b
50. 8x c 2y 1 y 4x c
"
#
m 4; gaxb 1 x3 c 3 x2 b 1 g w axb x2 c 3x; x2 c 3x 4 x 4 or x c1

3
2
ga4b 1 a4b3 c 3 a4b2 b 1 c 5 , gac1b 1 ac1b3 c 3 ac1b2 b 1 c 5 4, c 5 or c1, c 5

3
2
3
3
2
6
3
6
51. y 2x b 3 m 2 m c 1 ; y
2
x
xc2
2 x c 2 x 4 or x 0 if x 4, y
52. m
yc8
xc3;
ax c 2ba1b c xa1b
ax c22b2 ; ax c22b2
ax c 2 b 2
c
c
4
0
4 c 2 2, and if x 0, y 0 c 2
yw
faxb x2 f w axb 2x; m f w axb
yc8
xc3
2x
x2 c 8
xc3
c 1 4 ax c 2b2
2
0 a4, 2b or a0, 0b.
2x x2 c 8 2x2 c 6x x2 c 6x b 8 0
x 4 or x 2 fa4b 4 16, fa2b 2 4 a4, 16b or a2, 4b.

2
53. (a) y x$ c x yw 3x# c 1. When x c1, y 0 and yw 2 the tangent line to the curve at (c" !) is
y 2(x b 1) or y 2x b 2.
113
(b)
(c)
y x$ c x
x$ c x 2x b 2 x$ c 3x c 2 (x c 2)(x b 1)# 0 x 2 or x c1. Since
y 2x b 2 I
y 2a2b b 2 6; the other intersection point is (2 6)
54. (a) y x$ c 6x# b 5x yw 3x# c 12x b 5. When x 0, y 0 and yw 5 the tangent line to the curve at
(0 0) is y 5x.
(b)
y x$ c 6x# b 5x
$
#
$
#
#
I x c 6x b 5x 5x x c 6x 0 x (x c 6) 0 x 0 or x 6.
y 5x
Since y 5a6b $!, the other intersection point is (6 30).
56.
x50 c 1
xc1
lim
x c1
50 x49
x2 9 c 1
xb1
55. lim
x1
x1
2
9 xc 7 9
50 a1b49 50
x c1
2
9 ac 1 b 7
(c)
2
c9
57. gw axb
2x c 3
a
x0
, since g is differentiable at x 0 lim a2x c 3b c3 and lim a a a c3
x0
x0
x0
58. f w axb
a
x c1
, since f is differentiable at x c1 lim a a and lim a2bxb c2b a c2b, and
2bx x c1
x c1
x c1
since f is continuous at x c1 lim aax b bb ca b b and lim abx2 c 3b b c 3 ca b b b c 3

x c1
x c1
a 3 3 c2b b c 3 .
2
c
59. Paxb an xn b anc" xnc" b b a# x# b a" x b a! P w axb nan xnc" b an c "banc" xnc# b b #a# x b a"
60. R M# C c
#
M
3
C
#
61. Let c be a constant
M# c " M$ , where C is a constant

3
dc
dx
d
dx
(u c) u
dc
dx
bc
du
dx
dR
dM
CM c M#
u0bc
du
dx
du
dx
. Thus when one of the
functions is a constant, the Product Rule is just the Constant Multiple Rule the Constant Multiple Rule is
a special case of the Product Rule.
v0 c 1 dv
dx
v
#
"
v
c" dv
dx
v
d
dx
"
cv
#
62. (a) We use the Quotient rule to derive the Reciprocal Rule (with u 1):
dv
dx
(b) Now, using the Reciprocal Rule and the Product Rule, we'll derive the Quotient Rule:
((uv) w) (uv) dw b w
dx
d
dx
(uv) uv
%
d
dx
b w u
dv
dx
bv
a u" u# u$ b
d
dx
du
dx
uv
#
#
##
#
akmbqc" b cm b h q
#
dA
dq
b cm b
hq
#
w
b b u" u# un
n, R are also constant so their derivatives are zero
km
q
du
dx
cm xmc1c2m cm xcmc1
nRT
an
Vcnb c V . We are holding T constant, and a, b,
a
(V c nb)0 c (nRT)(1)
dP
cnRT
c V (0) cV an b (2V) (V c nb)
dV
(Vcnb)
a b
66. Aaqb
b wv
a u" u# u$ u% b
2an
V
cakmbqc# b h c km b
#
q
#
cmxm
x2m
dv
dx
xm 0c1mxm 1
ax m b 2
d 1
dx xm
b wu
"
dw
dx
(using (a) above)
"
dw
dx
au" u# u$ u% b u" u# u$ du b u" u# u% du b u" u$ u% du b u# u$ u% du

dx
dx
dx
dx
w
w
w
w
u" u# u$ u% b u" u# u$ u% b u" u# u$ u% b u" u# u$ u%
d
w
w
Generalizing (a) and (b) above, dx au" un b u" u# unc" un b u" u# unc# unc" un
d
cm
b
dx ax
65. P
u
v
h
#
#akmbqc$
d A
dt
#
d
dx
w
d
dx
64.
d
dx
(uvw)
uvww b uv w b uw vw
d
d
(b) dx au" u# u$ u% b dx aau" u# u$ b u% b au" u# u$ b du b u%
dx
u" u# u$ du b u% u" u# du b u$ u" du b u$ u# du
dx
dx
dx
dx
(c)
(Reciprocal Rule)
#km
q
$
d
dx
" du
v dx
d
"
dx u v
cu dv b v du
dx
dx
v
u
v
63. (a)
dv
u c1 dx b
v
#
d "
" du
dx v b v dx (Product Rule)
v du c u dv
dx
dx
, the Quotient Rule.
v
d
dx
114
3.4 THE DERIVATIVE AS A RATE OF CHANGE

1. s t# c $t b #, 0 t #
(a) displacement ?s s(#) c s(0) !m c #m c# m, vav
#
(b) v
ds
dt #t
d s
dt #
?s
?t
a(0) # m/sec# and a(#) # m/sec#
changes direction at t
$
#.
2. s 't c t# , ! t '
(a) displacement ?s s(') c s(0) ! m, vav
ds
dt ' c
d s
dt c#
#
c" m/sec
c $ kv(0)k lc$l $ m/sec and kv(#)k 1 m/sec;
(c) v 0 #t c $ 0 t $ . v is negative in the interval ! t

#
(b) v
c#
#
?s
?t
!
'
$
#
$
#
and v is positive when
t # the body
! m/sec
#> kv(0)k l 'l ' m/sec and kv(')k lc'l ' m/sec;
a(0) c# m/sec# and a(') c# m/sec#
(c) v 0 ' c #t 0 t $. v is positive in the interval ! t $ and v is negative when $ t ' the body
changes direction at t $.
c9
3
c3 m/sec
c3t b 6t c 3 kv(0)k kc3k 3 m/sec and kv(3)k kc12k 12 m/sec; a

#
d s
dt
#
(b) v
ds
dt
?s
?t
3. s ct$ b 3t# c 3t, 0 t 3

(a) displacement ?s s(3) c s(0) c9 m, vav
c6t b 6
a(0) 6 m/sec and a(3) c12 m/sec

(c) v 0 c3t# b 6t c 3 0 t# c 2t b 1 0 (t c 1)# 0 t 1. For all other values of t in the
interval the velocity v is negative (the graph of v c3t# b 6t c 3 is a parabola with vertex at t 1 which
opens downward the body never changes direction).
Section 3.4 The Derivative as a Rate of Change

c t$ b t# , 0 t $
(a) ?s s($) c s(0)

$
m, vav
?s
?t
$
%
m/sec
(b) v t c 3t b 2t kv(0)k 0 m/sec and kv($)k ' m/sec; a 3t# c 6t b 2 a(0) 2 m/sec# and
a($) "" m/sec#
(c) v 0 t$ c 3t# b 2t 0 t(t c 2)(t c 1) 0 t 0, 1, 2 v t(t c 2)(t c 1) is positive in the interval
for 0 t 1 and v is negative for 1 t 2 and v is positive for # t $ the body changes direction at
t 1 and at t #.
c 5, 1 t 5
t
4
25
(c) v 0
6. s
25
tb5
c5 m/sec
kv(1)k 45 m/sec and kv(5)k
"
5
m/sec; a
m/sec#
c50 b 5t
t
$
a(5)
5
t
(b) v
c50
t
c20
4
150
t
%
(a) ?s s(5) c s(1) c20 m, vav
10
t
$
25
t
#
5. s
*
%
%
*
t
4
4. s
115
a(1) 140 m/sec# and
0 c50 b 5t 0 t 10 the body does not change direction in the interval
, c% t 0
(a) ?s s(0) c s(c4) c20 m, vav c 20 c5 m/sec

4
(c) v
a(0)
c25
(t b 5) kv(c4)k 25
2 m/sec#
5
0 (tc25 0 v is
b 5)
m/sec and kv(0)k " m/sec; a
50
(tb5)
(b) v
a(c4) 50 m/sec# and
never 0 the body never changes direction
7. s t$ c 6t# b 9t and let the positive direction be to the right on the s-axis.
(a) v 3t# c 12t b 9 so that v 0 t# c 4t b 3 (t c 3)(t c 1) 0 t 1 or 3; a 6t c 12 a(1)
c6 m/sec# and a(3) 6 m/sec# . Thus the body is motionless but being accelerated left when t 1, and
motionless but being accelerated right when t 3.
(b) a 0 6t c 12 0 t 2 with speed kv(2)k k12 c 24 b 9k 3 m/sec
(c) The body moves to the right or forward on 0 t 1, and to the left or backward on 1 t 2. The
positions are s(0) 0, s(1) 4 and s(2) 2 total distance ks(1) c s(0)k b ks(2) c s(1)k k4k b kc2k 6 m.
8. v t# c 4t b 3 a 2t c 4
(a) v 0 t# c 4t b 3 0 t 1 or 3 a(1) c2 m/sec# and a(3) 2 m/sec#
(b) v 0 (t c 3)(t c 1) 0 0 t 1 or t 3 and the body is moving forward; v 0 at c 3bat c 1b 0
" t 3 and the body is moving backward
(c) velocity increasing a 0 2t c 4 0 t 2; velocity decreasing a 0 2t c 4 0 ! t 2
9. sm 1.86t# vm 3.72t and solving 3.72t 27.8 t 7.5 sec on Mars; sj 11.44t# vj 22.88t and
solving 22.88t 27.8 t 1.2 sec on Jupiter.
10. (a) v(t) sw (t) 24 c 1.6t m/sec, and a(t) vw (t) sw w (t) c1.6 m/sec#
(b) Solve v(t) 0 24 c 1.6t 0 t 15 sec
(c) s(15) 24(15) c .8(15)# 180 m
(d) Solve s(t) 90 24t c .8t# 90 t
30 152
#
4.39 sec going up and 25.6 sec going down
(e) Twice the time it took to reach its highest point or 30 sec
11. s 15t c " gs t# v 15 c gs t so that v 0 15 c gs t 0 gs
#
15
t
. Therefore gs
15
20
3
4
0.75 m/sec#
116
12. Solving sm 832t c 2.6t# 0 t(832 c 2.6t) 0 t 0 or 320 320 sec on the moon; solving
se 832t c 16t# 0 t(832 c 16t) 0 t 0 or 52 52 sec on the earth. Also, vm 832 c 5.2t 0
t 160 and sm (160) 66,560 ft, the height it reaches above the moon's surface; ve 832 c 32t 0
t 26 and se (26) 10,816 ft, the height it reaches above the earth's surface.
13. (a) s 179 c 16t# v c32t speed kvk 32t ft/sec and a c32 ft/sec#
(b) s 0 179 c 16t# 0 t 179 3.3 sec
16
(c) When t 179 , v c32 179 c8179 c107.0 ft/sec
16
16
lim v lim 9.8(sin ))t 9.8t so we expect v 9.8t m/sec in free fall
1
#
(b) a
dv
dt
14. (a)
9.8 m/sec#
(b) between 3 and 6 seconds: $ t 6
(d)
15. (a) at 2 and 7 seconds

(c)
16. (a) P is moving to the left when 2 t 3 or 5 t 6; P is moving to the right when 0 t 1; P is standing
still when 1 t 2 or 3 t 5
(b)
17. (a)
(c)
(e)
(f)
190 ft/sec
at 8 sec, 0 ft/sec
From t 8 until t 10.8 sec, a total of 2.8 sec
Greatest acceleration happens 2 sec after launch
(g) From t 2 to t 10.8 sec; during this period, a
(b) 2 sec
(d) 10.8 sec, 90 ft/sec
v(10.8) c v(2)
10.8 c 2
c32 ft/sec#
18. (a) Forward: 0 t 1 and 5 t 7; Backward: 1 t 5; Speeds up: 1 t 2 and 5 t 6;

Slows down: 0 t 1, 3 t 5, and 6 t 7
(b) Positive: 3 t 6; negative: 0 t 2 and 6 t 7; zero: 2 t 3 and 7 t 9
(c) t 0 and 2 t 3
(d) 7 t 9
19. s 490t# v 980t a 980
(a) Solving 160 490t# t
4
7
sec. The average velocity was
s(4/7) c s(0)
4/7
280 cm/sec.

(b) At the 160 cm mark the balls are falling at v(4/7) 560 cm/sec. The acceleration at the 160 cm mark
was 980 cm/sec# .
17
(c) The light was flashing at a rate of 4/7 29.75 flashes per second.
20. (a)
(b)
21. C position, A velocity, and B acceleration. Neither A nor C can be the derivative of B because B's derivative
is constant. Graph C cannot be the derivative of A either, because A has some negative slopes while C has only
positive values. So, C (being the derivative of neither A nor B) must be the graph of position. Curve C has both
positive and negative slopes, so its derivative, the velocity, must be A and not B. That leaves B for acceleration.
22. C position, B velocity, and A acceleration. Curve C cannot be the derivative of either A or B because
C has only negative values while both A and B have some positive slopes. So, C represents position. Curve C
has no positive slopes, so its derivative, the velocity, must be B. That leaves A for acceleration. Indeed, A is
negative where B has negative slopes and positive where B has positive slopes.
23. (a) c(100) 11,000 cav
11,000
100
$110
(b) c(x) 2000 b 100x c .1x cw (x) 100 c .2x. Marginal cost cw (x) the marginal cost of producing 100
machines is cw (100) $80
(c) The cost of producing the 101st machine is c(101) c c(100) 100 c 201 $79.90
10
20000
x
#
(b) r a"!"b $"*'

(c) x lim rw (x) x lim
_
_
20000
x
#
24. (a) r(x) 20000 1 c " rw (x)

x
, which is marginal revenue. rw a"!!b
20000
100
#
$#
0. The increase in revenue as the number of items increases without bound
will approach zero.

25. b(t) 10' b 10% t c 10$ t# bw (t) 10% c (2) a10$ tb 10$ (10 c 2t)
(a) bw (0) 10% bacteria/hr
(b) bw (5) 0 bacteria/hr
w
%
(c) b (10) c10 bacteria/hr
26. Q(t) 200(30 c t)# 200 a900 c 60t b t# b Qw (t) 200(c60 b 2t) Qw (10) c8,000 gallons/min is the rate
the water is running at the end of 10 min. Then
Q(10) c Q(0)
10
c10,000 gallons/min is the average rate the water flows
during the first 10 min. The negative signs indicate water is leaving the tank.
117
27. (a) y 6 1 c
t #
1#
6 1 c
(b) The largest value of

value of
dy
dt
dy
dt
t
6
t
144
#
118
dy
dt
t
12
c1
is 0 m/h when t 12 and the fluid level is falling the slowest at that time. The smallest
is c1 m/h, when t 0, and the fluid level is falling the fastest at that time.
(c) In this situation,
0 the graph of y is
dy
dt
always decreasing. As
dy
dt
increases in value,
the slope of the graph of y increases from c1

to 0 over the interval 0 t 12.
28. (a) V
4
3
1 r$
(b) When r 2,
dV
dr
dV
dr
41 r #
dV
dr r=2
41(2)# 161 ft$ /ft
161 so that when r changes by 1 unit, we expect V to change by approximately 161. Therefore
when r changes by 0.2 units V changes by approximately (161)(0.2) 3.21 10.05 ft$ . Note that
V(2.2) c V(2) 11.09 ft$ .
30. s v! t c 16t# v v! c 32t; v 0 t
v
32
!
(25)
10 #
9 t
20
9
t. Thus V
500
9
; 1900 v! t c 16t# so that t
v! (64)(1900) 8019 ft/sec and, finally,
8019 ft
sec
60 sec
1 min
60 min
1 hr
1 mi
5280 ft
v
32
!
and D
20
9
500
9
t 25 sec. When
1900
v
3#
!
#
t 25, D
10
9
500
9 m/sec,
6250
9 m
v
64
!
#
29. 200 km/hr 55 5 m/sec

9
238 mph.
31.
v 0 when t 6.25 sec

v 0 when 0 t 6.25 body moves right (up); v 0 when 6.25 t 12.5 body moves left (down)
body changes direction at t 6.25 sec
body speeds up on (6.25 12.5] and slows down on [0 6.25)
The body is moving fastest at the endpoints t 0 and t 12.5 when it is traveling 200 ft/sec. It's moving slowest at
t 6.25 when the speed is 0.
(f) When t 6.25 the body is s 625 m from the origin and farthest away.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

32.
(a) v 0 when t
3
#
sec
(b) v 0 when 0 t 1.5 body moves left (down); v 0 when 1.5 t 5 body moves right (up)
(c) body changes direction at t 3 sec
#
(d) body speeds up on 3 & and slows down on <! 3
#
#
(e) body is moving fastest at t 5 when the speed kv(5)k 7 units/sec; it is moving slowest at t
3
#
when the
speed is 0
(f) When t 5 the body is s 12 units from the origin and farthest away.
33.
6 15
3
6 c 15
t
3
(a) v 0 when t
sec
(b) v 0 when
6 b 15
3
body moves left (down); v 0 when 0 t
6 c 15
3
or
6 b 15
3
t4
body moves right (up)

6 15
sec
3
6 c 15
6 b 15
3 # r 3 %
(c) body changes direction at t

(d) body speeds up on
15
and slows down on 0 6 c 3
15
r # 6 b 3
(e) The body is moving fastest at t 0 and t 4 when it is moving 7 units/sec and slowest at t
(f) When t
6b15
3
the body is at position s c6.303 units and farthest from the origin.
34.
(a) v 0 when t
6 15
3
615
3
sec
119
120
6 c 15
or 6 b 3 15 t 4 body is moving left (down); v 0 when
3
6 c 15
t 6 b 3 15 body is moving right (up)
3
body changes direction at t 6 3 15 sec
body speeds up on 6 c 3 15 # r 6 b 3 15 % and slows down on ! 6 c 3 15 r # 6 b 3 15
(b) v 0 when 0 t
(c)
(d)
(e) The body is moving fastest at 7 units/sec when t 0 and t 4; it is moving slowest and stationary at t
(f) When t
6 b 15
3
6 15
3
the position is s 10.303 units and the body is farthest from the origin.
3.5 DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
b 5 sin x
b5
(sin x)
d
dx
c3
x
b 5 cos x
x2 acsin xb b 2x cos x cx2 sin x b 2x cos x

x sec x tan x b
dy
dx
5. y csc x c 4x b 7
"
x
dy
dx
ccsc x cot x c
dy
dx
x#
cx# csc# x b 2x cot x b
sec x
2 x
d
dx
b 0 x sec x tan x b
4
# x
(cot x) b cot x
d
dx
sec x
2 x
b 0 ccsc x cot x c
ax# b b
2
x
2
x
cx# csc# x b (cot x)(2x) b
2
x
2
x
dy
dx
4. y x sec x b 3
6. y x# cot x c
c3
x
(cos x) c10 c 3 sin x
3. y x2 cos x
dy
dx
d
dx
3
x
2. y
c10 b 3
dy
dx
1. y c10x b 3 cos x
sin
7. faxb sin x tan x f w axb sin x sec2 x b cos x tan x sin x sec2 x b cos x cos x sin xasec2 x b 1b
x
8. gaxb csc xcot x gw axb csc xaccsc2 xb b accsc xcot xbcot x ccsc3 x c csc x cot2 x ccsc xacsc2 x b cot2 xb
9. y (sec x b tan x)(sec x c tan x)
(sec x b tan x)
dy
dx
d
dx
(sec x c tan x) b (sec x c tan x)

#
d
dx
(sec x b tan x)
(sec x b tan x) asec x tan x c sec xb b (sec x c tan x) asec x tan x b sec xb
asec# x tan x b sec x tan# x c sec$ x c sec# x tan xb b asec# x tan x c sec x tan# x b sec$ x c tan x sec# xb 0.
Note also that y sec# x c tan# x atan# x b 1b c tan# x 1
(sin x b cos x)
d
dx
(sec x) b sec x
(sin x b cos x)(sec x tan x) b (sec x)(cos x c sin x)

"
cos x
sec# x
Note also that y sin x sec x b cos x sec x tan x b 1

(1 b cot x)
#
csin x c sin x c cos x

(1 b sin x)
(1 b sin x)
ccsc x
(1 b cot x)
(1 b cot x)
(1 b cot x) accsc xb c (cot x) accsc xb

(1 b cot x)
d
(cos x) c (cos x) dx (1 b sin x)
(1 b sin x) acsin xb c (cos x) acos xb
(1 b sin x)
(1 b sin x)
csin x c 1
c"
c(1 b sin x) 1 b sin x
(1 b sin x)
(1 b sin x)
d
dx
dy
dx
d
dx
(cot x) c (cot x)
(1 b cot x)
cos x
1 b sin x
d
dx
dy
dx
ccsc x c csc x cot x b csc x cot x

(1 b cot x)
12. y
sec# x.
cot x
1 b cot x
11. y
dy
dx
sin x b cos x sin x b cos x c cos x sin x

cos x
d
dx (sin x b cos x)
(sin x b cos x) sin x
x c sin
b cos cos x x
cos x
dy
dx
0.
10. y (sin x b cos x) sec x
dy
dx
Section 3.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

"
tan x
cos x
x
x
cos x
dy
dx
4 sec x tan x c csc# x
dy
dx
x(csin x) c (cos x)(1)

x
#
14. y
4 sec x b cot x
15. y x# sin x b 2x cos x c 2 sin x
(cos x)(1) c x(csin x)

cos x
cx sin x c cos x
x
#
4
cos x
cos x b x sin x
cos x
#
13. y
121
dy
dx
ax# cos x b (sin x)(2x)b b a(2x)(csin x) b (cos x)(2)b c 2 cos x
dy
dx
ax# (csin x) b (cos x)(2x)b c a2x cos x b (sin x)(2)b c 2(csin x)
x# cos x b 2x sin x c 2x sin x b 2 cos x c 2 cos x x# cos x

16. y x# cos x c 2x sin x c 2 cos x
cx# sin x b 2x cos x c 2x cos x c 2 sin x b 2 sin x cx# sin x

17. faxb x3 sin x cos x f w axb x3 sin xacsin xb b x3 cos xacos xb b 3x2 sin x cos x cx3 sin2 x b x3 cos2 x b 3x2 sin x cos x
18. gaxb a2 c xbtan2 x gw axb a2 c xba2 tan x sec2 xb b ac1btan2 x 2a2 c xbtan x sec2 x c tan2 x
2a2 c xbtan xa sec2 x c tan xb
23. r 4 c )# sin )
dr
d)
c ) #
24. r ) sin ) b cos )
dr
d)
d
d)
cos t c cos t c sin t

(1 c cos t)
#
(1 c cos t)(cos t) c (sin t)(sin t)

(1 c cos t)
ds
dt
sin t
1 c cos t
2t c sec t tan t
c2 csc t cot t
(1 c csc t)
cos t c "
(1 c cos t)
c 1 c" t
cos
ccsc t cot t b csc t cot t c csc t cot t c csc t cot t

(1 c csc t)
22. s
ds
dt
(1 c csc t)(ccsc t cot t) c (" b csc t)(csc t cot t)

(1 c csc t)
ds
dt
20. s t# c sec t b 1
1 b csc t
1 c csc t
21. s
sec# t c 1
ds
dt
19. s tan t c t
"
cos t c 1
(sin )) b (sin ))(2)) c a)# cos ) b 2) sin )b c)() cos ) b # sin ))
() cos ) b (sin ))(1)) c sin ) ) cos )
dr
25. r sec ) csc ) d) (sec ))(ccsc ) cot )) b (csc ))(sec ) tan ))
c"
"
)
"
"
sin
c"
"
cos ) sin ) cos ) b sin ) cos ) cos ) sin ) b cos ) sec# ) c csc# )
sin
)
#
5 b tan q
(cos q)(cos q c sin q) c (sin q b cos q)(csin q)

cos q
q2 c 1aq cos q b sin qa1bb c aq sin qba2qb
dp
dq
(1 b tan q) asec qb c (tan q) asec qb

(1 b tan q)
dp
dq
q sin q
q2 c 1
sec# q
aq 2 c 1 b 2
sec q b tan q sec q c tan q sec q

(1 b tan q)
31. p
"
cos q
tan q
1 b tan q
dp
dq
cos q c cos q sin q b sin q b cos q sin q

cos q
30. p
sin q b cos q
cos q
(1 b csc q)(csin q) b (cos q)(ccsc q cot q) (csin q c 1) c cot# q csin q c csc# q
sec q
(1 b tan q)
#
29. p
dp
dq
sec# q
28. p (1 b csc q) cos q
dp
dq
"
cot q
(" b sec )) cos ) b (sin ))(sec ) tan )) (cos ) b ") b tan# ) cos ) b sec# )
27. p & b
dr
d)
26. r (1 b sec )) sin )
q3 cos q b q2 sin q c q cos q csin q c 2q2 sin q

aq 2 c 1 b 2
q3 cos q c q2 sin q c q cos q csin q

aq 2 c 1 b 2

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CHAPTER 3 DIFFERENTIATION

3.1 TANGENTS AND THE DERIVATIVE AT A POINT

2. P" : m" c2, P# : m# 0

3. P" : m" 5 , P# : m# c "

at (c" $): y $ b #(x c (c1)) y 2x b 5,

c(1 b h c 1) b 1d c c(" c ") b 1d

lim h 0; at (" "): y 1 b 0(x c 1) y 1,

at (" #): y 2 b 1(x c 1) y x b 1, tangent line

at (c" "): y 1 b 2(x c (c1)) y 2x b 3,

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

lim a12 c 6h b h# b 12;

at (c2 c8): y c8 b 12(x c (c2)) y 12x b 16,

at (2 5): y c 5 4(x c 2), tangent line

at ($ $): y c 3 c2(x c 3), tangent line

at (2 )): y c 8 12(t c 2), tangent line

(x c 4), tangent line

19. At x c1, y 5 m lim

(x c 8), tangent line

at (" %): y c 4 6(t c 1), tangent line

at (" c"): y b 1 c3(x c 1), tangent line

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 3.1 Tangents and the Derivative at a Point

23. At a horizontal tangent the slope m 0 0 m lim

lim a3x# b 3xh b h# c 3b 3x# c 3; 3x# c 3 0 x c1 or x 1. Then

ax b 3x h b 3xh b h c 3x c 3hb c ax c 3xb

c(x b h) c 3(x b h)d c ax c 3xb

(x c 1)# 1 x# c 2x 0 x(x c 2) 0 x 0 or x 2. If x 0, then y c1 and m c1

x 2 x 4 y 2. The tangent line is

a100 c 4.9(# b h) b c a100 c 4.9(2) b

31. At ax0 , mx0 b bb the slope of the tangent line is lim

The equation of the tangent line is y c am x0 b bb max c x0 b y mx b b.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

33. Slope at origin lim

lim h sin " 0 yes, f(x) does have a tangent at

the origin with slope 0.

does not exist, f(x) has no tangent at

_ yes, the graph of f has a vertical tangent at the origin.

lim f(0 b h) c f(0)

0 no, the graph of f

37. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x 0.

the graph of y x#& does not have a vertical tangent at x 0.

_ limit does not exist

38. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x 0.

y x%& does not have a vertical tangent at x 0.

_ limit does not exist

39. (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x !.

_ y x"& has a vertical tangent at x 0.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 3.1 Tangents and the Derivative at a Point

_ the graph of y x$& has a vertical tangent at x 0.

41. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x 0.

42. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x 0.

y x&$ c 5x#$ does not have a vertical tangent at x !.

does not exist the graph of

43. (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x 1

y x#$ c (x c 1)"$ has a vertical tangent at x 1;

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

_ y x"$ b (x c 1)"$ has a

_ y x"$ b (x c 1)"$ has a

vertical tangent at x ".

45. (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x 0.

y has a vertical tangent at x 0.

46. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x 4.

38. Left-hand derivative: When h !, 1 b h 1 f(1 b h) 2

39. Left-hand derivative: When h 0, 1 b h 1 f(1 b h) 1 b h

37. Left-hand derivative: For h 0, f(0 b h) f(h) h# (using y x# curve)

46. (a) f is differentiable on c# x c1, c" x 0, 0 x 2, and 2 x 3

47. (a) f is differentiable on c" x 0 and 0 x 2

(c) yw c2x is positive for x 0, yw is zero when x 0, yw is negative when x 0

(c) yw is positive for x 0, yw is zero for x 0, yw is negative for x 0

is increasing on 0 x _ and decreasing on c_ x 0