Professional Documents
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ISO BRG083110M3
Berkeley, California, USA
Version 15
August 2010
COPYRIGHT
Copyright Computers & Structures, Inc., 1978-2010 All rights reserved. The CSI Logo is a registered trademarks of Computers & Structures, Inc. CSiBridge TM and Watch & Learn is a trademark of Computers & Structures, Inc. Adobe and Acrobat are registered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorported. AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc.
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DISCLAIMER
CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF THIS SOFTWARE. HOWEVER, THE USER ACCEPTS AND UNDERSTANDS THAT NO WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED BY THE DEVELOPERS OR THE DISTRIBUTORS ON THE ACCURACY OR THE RELIABILITY OF THIS PRODUCT. THIS PRODUCT IS A PRACTICAL AND POWERFUL TOOL FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN. HOWEVER, THE USER MUST EXPLICITLY UNDERSTAND THE BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE MODELING, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN ALGORITHMS AND COMPENSATE FOR THE ASPECTS THAT ARE NOT ADDRESSED. THE INFORMATION PRODUCED BY THE SOFTWARE MUST BE CHECKED BY A QUALIFIED AND EXPERIENCED ENGINEER. THE ENGINEER MUST INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE RESULTS AND TAKE PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE INFORMATION THAT IS USED.
Contents
Step 2
Step 3 Step 4
Dead Load Analysis and Cracked Section Properties Response Spectrum and Demand Displacements
4.1 4.2 4.3 Overview Response Spectrum Load Cases Response Spectrum Results 4-1 4-1 4-4
Step 5
5.5
ii
Contents
Step 6
Step 7 Step 8
References
iii
List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Figure 1-2 Figure 1-3 Figure 1-4 Figure 1-5 Figure 1-6 Figure 1-7 Figure 1-8 Figure 1-9 Figure 1-10 Figure 1-11 Figure 1-12 Figure 1-13 Figure 1-14 Figure 1-15 Figure 1-16 Figure 1-17 Figure 1-18 Figure 1-19 Figure 1-20 Figure 1-21 Figure 1-22 Figure 1-23 Figure 1-24 3D View of Example Model Example Bridge Elevation Example Bridge Plan Example Bridge BENT1 Elevation 3D Bridge Layout Line Data 3D Cap Beam Section Property Definition Bent Column Property Definition Precast I-Girder Properties Pile Properties Bridge Deck Section Properties Bridge Bent Data Bent Column Data Bent Column Base Restraint Definitions Bridge Object Data form Abutment Property Definitions Abutment Bearing Properties Abutment Bearing Geometry Bent Assignments form Bent Bearing Data Bent Support Geometry Equivalent Pile Properties View of Bent Foundations Bent Column Base Connectivity Mass Source Definition 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-9 1-10 1-11 1-12 1-13 1-13 1-14 1-15 1-15 1-16 1-17 1-17 1-18
iv
Contents
Figure 2-1 Figure 2-2 Figure 2-3 Figure 2-4 Figure 2-5 Figure 2-6 Figure 2-7 Figure 3-1 Figure 4-1 Figure 4-2 Figure 4-3 Figure 4-4 Figure 5-1 Figure 5-2 Figure 5-3 Figure 5-4 Figure 5-5 Figure 5-6 Figure 5-7 Figure 5-8 Figure 5-9 Figure 5-10 Figure 5-11
AASHTO/USGS Hazard Maps used to determine the Demand Response Spectrum 2-2 Response Spectrum Function Data form Bridge Design Request form Seismic Design Parameters form Perform Seismic Design Auto Load Patterns Auto Load Cases 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-7 2-7 2-8
Auto Stage Construction Load Case used to apply Cracked Section Property Modifiers 3-2 U1 Direction Response Spectrum Load Case form ABS Response Spectrum Load Case form 4-2 4-3
BENT1 Displacements for the three Auto-Defined Response Spectrum Load cases 4-3 Modal Load Case Definition Hinge Locations Hinge Locations Moment Curvature Diagram Auto Hinge Assignment Data Sample Hinge Data form Nonlinear Material Data form for Concrete Nonlinear Stress-Strain curves for Confined and Unconfined Concrete Concrete Model - Mander Confined Nonlinear Material Data form for steel Nonlinear Stress-Strain Plot for steel Plastic Hing Fiber option 4-4 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10
Figure 5-12 Figure 6-1 Figure 6-2 Figure 6-2 Figure 6-3 Figure 6-4 Figure 6-5 Figure 7-1
Section Designer options Rectangular Beam Design Design Requirements for SDC BENT1 Transverse Pushover Load Case BENT1 Application of Property Modifiers and Dead Loads to BENT1 BENT1 Pushover Load Pattern for the Transverse Direction Display of BENT1 Pushover Curves D/C Displacement Ratios
vi
Foreword
Over the past thirty-five years, Computer and Structures, Inc, has introduced new and innovative ways to model complex structures. CSiBridge, the latest innovation, is the ultimate integrated tool for modeling, analysis, and design of bridge structures. The ease with which all of these tasks can be accomplished makes CSiBridge the most versatile and productive bridge design package in the industry. Automated seismic design, one of CSiBridges many features, incorporates the recently adopted AASHTO Guide Specification for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design. CSiBridge allows engineers to define specific seismic design parameters that are then applied to the bridge model during an automated cycle of analysis through design. Now, users can automate the response spectrum and pushover analyses. Furthermore, the CSiBridge program will determine the demand and capacity displacements and report the demand/capacity ratios for the Earthquake Resisting System (ERS). All of this is accomplished in eight simple steps outlined as follows:
1. 2. 3. 4. Create the Bridge Model Evaluate the Ground Motion Hazard and the Seismic Design Request Complete the Dead Load Analysis and evaluate the Cracked Section Properties Identify Response Spectrum and Demand Displacements
vii
5. 6. 7.
Determine Plastic Hinge Properties and Assignments Complete Capacity Displacement Analysis Evaluate Demand/Capacity Ratios
8. Review Output and Create Report A detailed explanation of each of the steps is presented in the chapters that follow. The example bridge model shown in the figure illustrates the CSiBridge Automated Seismic Design features.
Schematic of the Eight Steps in the Automated Seismic Design of Bridges using CSiBridge
viii
Foreword
1.1
Example Model
This chapter describes the first step in the process required to complete a Seismic Design Request for a bridge structure using CSiBridge. It is assumed the user is familiar with the requirements in the program related to creating a Linked Bridge Object. Only select features of the model development are included in this chapter. The CSiBridge model used throughout this manual is available and includes all of the input parameters.
Example Model
1-1
As described in the AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design, the seismic design strategy for this bridge is Type 1 Design a ductile substructure with an essentially elastic superstructure. This implies that the design must include plastic hinging in the columns.
1.2
1-2
24'-10"
1-3
1.3
1.4
1-4
1.4.1
The material property used was 4000 psi. Note that the units shown in Figure 1-6 are in inches. (To check this, hold down the Shift key and double click in the Depth or Width edit box. This will display the CSiBridge Calculator.)
1.4.2
1-5
1.4.3
I-Girder Properties
The I-Girder properties were input using inch units, as shown in Figure 1-8. (Again, check this by holding down the Shift key and double clicking in a dimension edit box to display the CSiBridge Calculator.)
Figure 1-8 Precast I-Girder Properties
1-6
1.4.4
Pile Properties
The piles were defined as 14inch-diameter concrete piles with six #9 vertical bars (Components > Type > Frame Properties > New > Concrete > Circular command). The outer steel casings of the pile were found to increase in the flexural stiffness of the piles by a factor of 2.353. This value was applied as a property modifier to the pile section property. The pile will be added to the bridge model as Equivalent Cantilever piles, as shown in Figure 1-9 and as described in subsequent Section 1.8. Using this method, the pile is replaced by a beam that has equivalent stiffness properties to that of the pile with the surrounding soil.
1-7
1.5
1.6
Bent Data
The bents for the subject model have three columns, each with a cap beam width of 38.25 feet. The Bridge Bent data form shown in Figure 1-11 is used to input the number of columns and the cap beam width. Since multiple columns are specified, the location, height and support condition for each column needs to be specified using the Bent Column Data form, which is accessed using the Components > Substructure Item > Bents > New command.
1-8
After the Modify/Show Column Data button is used, the Bent Column Data form shown in Figure 1-12 can be used to define the type, location, height, angle and boundary conditions for each bent column.
An important part of this example model is the inclusion of the foundation elements. Although the foundations can be represented as Fixed, Pinned, or Spring-Support restraints at the base of the columns, these have been explicitly modeled in this example. It is important to note that when foundation objects
Bent Data
1-9
are part of the bridge model, the base of the bent column must not be restrained, but instead, connected to the foundation elements. Restraining the base of the columns in the Bent Column Data form using Fixed or Pinned restraints would prevent the bridge loads from reaching the foundation. In this example, a foundation spring (BFSP1) having no stiffness in any direction is used as the Base Support data. After the foundations have been modeled and connected to the bent column bases, support of the bent columns will be achieved. The Foundation Spring Data form is shown in Figure 1-13. Access this form by clicking the Foundation Spring Properties button on the Bridge Bent Column Data form and then the Add New Foundation Spring button on the Define Bridge Foundation Springs form, or by using the Components > Substructure Item > Foundation Springs > New command.
1.7
1 - 10
support conditions at the abutments and bents. The ERS will depend on the types of supports used at the abutments and bents and the bearing properties that are used for each. If a bearing has a restrained DOF, it will provide a load path that will act as part of the bridge ERS. Abutments can be defined using bents as supports (this feature was not used in the subject example).
The span data is used to define the span lengths and bent locations. Cross diaphragms also can be included in a bridge model using the Modify/Show Assignments > In Span Cross Diaphragms command and Modify/Show button. No cross diaphragms were used as part of the example model.
1.7.1
ject Abutment Assignment form. After that selection has been, an option is available to select the appropriate property definition from a list of previously defined bent properties.
The substructure location is critical because CSiBridge accounts for the superstructure/substructure kinematics. The ends of the bridge deck will have a tendency to rotate due to gravity loading. If the abutment bearings are restrained against translation at both ends of a bridge, outward reactions on the bearings and deck moments can be induced as a result of these restraints. The amount of outward thrust and the moment in the deck are a function of the amount of rotation and distance from the deck neutral axis to the top of abutment bearings. Therefore, the user should pay special attention to the substructure and bearing elevations as well as the bearing restraint properties. The user also must keep in mind that the seismic resisting load path is dependent on the restraint properties of the bearing at both abutments and bents. For this example, only the vertical translation of the abutment bearings was set to Fixed. All other abutment bearing components were set to Free since the abutment restraint was assumed to be free in the longitudinal and transverse directions. See Figure 1-16 (display this form by clicking the + plus beside the Bearing Property drop-down list on the Bridge Object Abutment Assignments form and the Add New Bridge Bearing or Modify/Show Bridge Bearing button on the Define Bridge Bearings form).
1 - 12
To help visualize the abutment geometry, the graphic shown in Figure 1-17 includes the values in the example model to define the location of the abutment bearings and substructure. It should also be noted that the CSiBridge program automatically includes the BFXSS Rigid Link when the bridge object is updated.
1.7.2
Abutment Geometry
Figure 1-17 also shows the location of the BRG1 action point. This is the location where the bearing will translate or rotate depending on the bearing definitions.
1.7.3
For this example model, the bearing properties at the bents have fixed translation restraints in all directions but free restraints for all rotational directions. See Figure 1-19 (click the + plus beside the Bearing Property drop-down list; click the Modify/Show Bridge Bearing button on the Define Bridge Bearings form).
1 - 14
1.7.4
Bent Geometry
The bent geometry is shown in Figure 1-20 for the input values used to define the bearing and substructure elevations from the Bridge Object Bent Assignment form (Figure 1-18).
Note that the BRG2 connects to the center of the cap beam. The substructure elevation is used to define the top of the cap beam. The action point of BRG2 is at Elevation -49.0.
1.8
f = yield calculated from an average spt blow count N. T = 5.1 feet; this effective length is used in modeling the bridge foundation.
Figure 1-21 Equivalent Pile Properties
After the lengths of the piles were known, the piles were connected to an area object representing the pile cap. The cap was meshed at the top of the pile locations. The completed pile cap appears in Figure 1-22, which is shown using a 3D extruded view.
1.9
1 - 16
Column-to-Foundation Connection
1.10
Mass Source
The Mass Source definition (Advanced > Define > Mass Source) is used to define the mass and loads to be included in the modal and response spectrum load cases. In this example, the combined weight of the parapets and wearing surface was approximated as 2.0 kips per linear foot acting along the bridge deck. A load pattern was added as a superimposed type with the name SDEAD
Mass Source 1 - 17
(Loads > Load Patterns). Using the option, From Element and Additional Masses and Loads, the program will calculate the self weight of the bridge structure and include that mass along with the mass derived from the SDEAD load assignment.
1 - 18
Mass Source
2.1
Overview
The ground motion hazard (response spectrum) can be determined by CSiBridge by defining the bridge location using the latitude and longitude or the postal zone. As an alternative, the user can input any user defined response spectrum file. The site effects (soil site classifications) also are considered and are part of the user input data.
2.2
Overview
2-1
Figure 2-1 AASHTO/USGS Hazard Maps used to determine the Demand Response Spectrum
From the Response Spectrum Data form (Loads > Functions > Type > Response Spectrum > New > NCHRP 20-07), the values for SDS and SD1 are de-
2-2
termined by CSiBridge and reported. The SD1 value is used to determine the Seismic Design Category (SDC). The SDC is used to determine the analysis and design requirements to be applied to the bridge. For example, if the SDC is A, no capacity displacement calculation is performed. If the SDC is B or C, CSiBridge uses an implicit formula (see Section 4.8 of the AASHTO Seismic Guide Specification). If the SDC is D, CSiBridge uses a nonlinear pushover analysis to determine the capacity displacements.
2.3
For this example, clicking the Modify/Show button will display the Substructure Seismic Design Request Parameters form, shown in Figure 2-4. A brief description of the parameters on that form follows.
Item 1 Response Spectrum Function Horizontal Response Spectrum Function Vertical Substructure Seismic Design Request Parameter After a response spectrum function has been defined (see Section 2.2), the name of the response spectrum to be used for a specific Seismic Design Request should be selected here. After a response spectrum function has been defined (see Section 2.2), the name of the vertical response spectrum to be used for a specific Seismic Design Request should be selected here. None should be selected if no vertical response spectrum is to be included in the seismic design request The user can choose to have the SDC be selected by the program (i.e., Programmed Determined), or the user can impose a value for the SDC (i.e., User Defined). To impose a value, select it from Item 4, the Seismic Design Category.
2-3
2-4
Substructure Seismic Design Request Parameter If the Auto-This Bridge Object option is selected for Item 6 Gravity Load Case Option, an additional group can be included in the gravity load case. This item is required only when the gravity load case is program determined. It may include pile foundations and other auxiliary structures. If P-Delta Effects are to be included, the user needs to specify yes here. P-Delta effects will cause a more abrupt drop in the pushover curve results if an idealized bilinear hinge has been assigned to the bent columns. It is recommended that an initial Seismic Design Request be performed before including the P-Delta effects to help the user understand the nonlinear behavior of the bents. The cracked section properties for the bent columns can be automatically determined by the program or they can be user defined. If program determined, the automatic gravity load case will be run iteratively. Section Designer will use the calculated axial force at the top and bottom on the column to determine the cracked moments of inertia in the positive and negative transverse and longitudinal directions. The average of the top and bottom column cracked properties will be applied as named property modifier sets and the analysis will be re-run to make sure the cracked-modified model converges to within the specified tolerance. This value sets the relative convergence tolerance for the bent-column cracked-property iteration. This item is required only when the crackedproperty calculation is program determined. This value sets the maximum number of iterations allowed for the bentcolumn cracked-property iteration. The first run is considered to be the zero-th iteration. Usually only one iteration is needed. This item is required only when the cracked-property calculation is program determined. Specifies if the seismic design should or should not continue if the bentcolumn cracked-property iteration fails to converge. This item is required only when the cracked-property calculation is program determined. Specifies if the modal load case is to be determined by program or specified by the user. The modal load case is used as the basis of the response-spectrum load case that represents the seismic design. If program determined, the modal load case will use the stiffness at the end of the auto-gravity load case that includes the cracked property effects. If user-defined, the user can control the initial stiffness, Eigen vs. Ritz, and other modal parameters by selecting user defined for Item 15 Modal Load Case. The name of an existing modal load case to be used as the basis of the response-spectrum load case. This item is required only if Item 14 Modal Load Case Option is user-defined.
Include P-Delta
2-5
Substructure Seismic Design Request Parameter Specifies if the response-spectrum load case is to be determined by program or specified by the user. The response-spectrum load case represents the seismic demand. If program determined, this load case will use the given response-spectrum function and modal load case. Acceleration load will be applied in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the bridge object, and combined using the 100% + 30% rule. If user-defined, the user can control the loading or select SRSS as the method to account for directional combinations. The name of an existing response-spectrum load case that represents the seismic demand. This item is required only if the response-spectrum load case option is user-defined. Specifies if the angle of loading in the response-spectrum load case is to be determined by program or specified by the user. If program determined, the longitudinal (U1) loading direction is chosen to be from the start abutment to the end abutment, both points located on the reference line of the bridge object. This item is required only if the responsespectrum load case option is user-defined. Angle (degree, from global X) that defines the direction of the response spectrum load case. This item is required only if the response spectrum load case is user-defined. The type of directional combination for the response spectrum analysis For absolute directional combination this is the scale factor used for the secondary directions when taking the absolute sum. This is typically 0.3 if a 100/30 rule is to be applied. For CQC3 directional combination, this is the scale factor applied to the response spectrum function in the second horizontal direction. This is typically greater than 0.5. For the SRSS directional combination the directional scale factor is normally 1.0. If foundations are included and explicitly modeled, then the foundation objects need to be assigned to a group and that group needs to be identified here. This way the foundation objects will be included in the pushover load case. This item is required only if the seismic design category is D. The target displacement is defined as the target ratio of Capacity/ Demand for the pushover analyses. This item is required only if the seismic design category is D. The criteria to determine the bent failure. <Pushover Curve Drop> means the bent fails when the pushover curve slope becomes negative. This item is required only if the seismic design category is D.
22 Foundation Group
2-6
2.4
2.5
2-7
2.6
2-8
As shown in the schematic included in the Foreword, the third step begins with the dead load analysis of the entire bridge model. The results of the dead load analysis are then used to verify the analytical model followed by the determination of the cracked section properties that are then applied to the bent columns as frame section property modifiers. The reduced stiffnesses of the bent columns will affect the response spectrum and pushover analyses. The frame section property modifiers are defined separately for each of the bent and abutment columns as a named property set. The user can use the Section Designer program to observe the moment-curvatures and I,cracked properties for the various cross-sections (see also Step 5). Auto load patterns and auto load cases are produced by the program. The load case, which has the default name, _GRAV_SDReq1, is automatically developed by CSiBridge as a single stage construction load case and is used to apply the cracked section property modifiers to the columns. Figure 3-1 shows the Load Case Data form for the _GRAV_SDReq1 load case (Analysis > Load Cases > Type > All > New > Highlight _GRAV_SDReq1 > Modify/Show Load Case). The auto load cases are not modifiable.
3-1
Figure 3-1 Auto Stage Construction Load Case used to apply Cracked Section Property Modifiers
As an option, the user can overwrite the cracked section property determined by the program and instead, apply a user defined value. See Step 2 for the user options available in the Seismic Design Request.
3-2
4.1
Overview
The seismic response of the entire bridge structure is analyzed by CSiBridge using the response spectrum function defined in Step 2. The number of modes used by CSiBridge is automated and depends on the number of bridge spans. The user should check the total mass participation to ensure that an adequate number of modes are included in the modal analysis. The response spectrum displacements are used by CSiBridge as the displacement demands as defined in Section 4.4 of the AASHTO Seismic Guide Specification.
4.2
Overview
4-1
The third response spectrum load case uses a Directional Combination option of ABS, with an ABS scale factor of 0.3. This response spectrum load case will satisfy the AASHTO Seismic Guide Specification, Section 4.4, which requires the response spectrum loads to be combined using the 100/30 percent rule in each of the major directions. The single response spectrum load case, _RS_XY_SDReq1, envelopes the maximum response spectrum results for each of the combinations 100/30 and 30/100. The Load Case Data form for the response spectrum load case _RS_XY_SDReq1 is shown in Figure 4-2. The modal damping coefficient is set to 5 percent, but this value can be modified as necessary by the user in the Substructure Seismic Design Request Parameters form (Chapter 2).
4-2
To illustrate the ABS directional combination feature, the following BENT1 displacements are summarized for example model MO_1C:
Figure 4-3 BENT1 Displacements for the three Auto-Defined Response Spectrum Load cases
4-3
4.3
4-4
5.1
Overview
For bridge structures having a Seismic Design Category (SDC) D the AASHTO Seismic Guide Specification requires that the displacement capacity be determined using a nonlinear pushover analysis. This requires that the column plastic hinge lengths and plastic hinge properties be determined for each column that participates as part of the Earthquake Resisting System (ERS). In this step, the methodologies used to calculate the plastic hinge lengths and properties will be explained. After the hinge properties have been determined, the plastic hinges are assigned to the ERS columns. The automation of the plastic hinge assignments will also be explained in this step.
5.2
Overview
5-1
5-2
5.3
5-3
Typically, the axial loads in the bent columns change as the bent is pushed over due to the overturning effects. Therefore, the yield and plastic moments will change depending on the amount of axial load present in a particular column at a particular pushover step. These effects are captured in the nonlinear hinge responses whenever P-M or P-M-M hinges are specified. For this reason, the Automated Seismic Design procedure assigns coupled P-M-M hinges to the bent columns. The default settings are shown in Figure 5-4 (select the frame(s) to be assigned a hinge, click Advanced > Assign > Frames > Hinges, select Auto, click the Modify/Show Auto Hinge Assignments Data button). The length of the plastic hinge also is calculated by CSiBridge when using the Automated Seismic Design procedure.
5-4
5-5
Upon completion of the Pushover Analysis, the Hinge Results can be traced. This feature is explained in detail in Step 6.
5.4
5.4.1
5-6
Figure 5-7 Nonlinear Stress-Strain curves for Confined and Unconfined Concrete
5-7
5.4.2
5-8
5.5
5-9
The fiber mesh also can be specified in this form. The mesh can be rectangular or cylindrical depending on the shape of the column. Another advantage of using the Section Designer feature is that complex sections, similar to the one below, can be handled.
5 - 10
This step describes the automated procedure that CSiBridge uses to determine the bridge seismic capacity displacements. The method used varies depending on the Seismic Design Category (SDC) of a particular bridge. A flowchart that describes when an implicit or pushover analysis is used to determine the capacity displacements is shown in Figure 6-1:
6-1
The user can overwrite the program determined SDC to enforce that a pushover analysis is used to determine the displacement capacity. The differences between the implicit and pushover approaches are described in the following sections.
6.1
(4.8.1-1)
For SDC C:
L C 0.12 H o 2.32ln( x) 1.22 0.12 H o
(4.8.1-2)
in which
x
where,
Bo
Ho
(4.8.1-3)
6-2
Ho = B0 =
Clear height of the column (ft) Column diameter or width parallel to the direction of displacement under consideration (ft)
6.2
6-3
TR denotes Transverse and LG denotes Longitudinal. The _ symbol is added to the beginning of each auto load case name to distinguish the load cases that are automatically provided by CSiBridge from user defined load cases. Figure 6-3 shows the nonlinear single-staged construction load case for the BENT1 transverse direction.
Figure 6-3 BENT1 Transverse Pushover Load Case The user can not modify this load case because it is defined automatically. The _PO_TR_BT1_SDReq1 load case starts from the end of the initial nonlinear load case named, _ bGRAV_SDReq1. The _ bGRAV_SDReq1 load case is shown in Figure 6-4 and is needed to isolate the bents from the rest of the bridge model and to apply the cracked section property modifiers as well as apply the dead load.
6-4
Figure 6-4 BENT1 Application of Property Modifiers and Dead Loads to BENT1 The load pattern used to apply the lateral pushover loads or displacements to BENT1 is named, _PO_TR1_SDReq1. A 3D view of the _PO_TR1_SDReq loads is shown in Figure 6-5. The magnitudes of these loads are based on the reactions from the superstructure.
6-5
Figure 6-5 BENT1 Pushover Load Pattern for the Transverse Direction
6.3
Pushover Results
After the pushover analyses have run, the capacity displacements are automatically identified as the maximum displacement of the pushover curve just before strength loss (negative slope on the pushover curve) for each of the pushover runs.
6-6
Pushover Results
The pushover results can be viewed using the Home > Display > More > Show Static Pushover Curve command. An example output is shown in Figure 6-6 for the BENT1 transverse and longitudinal pushover load cases.
Pushover Results
6-7
After the demand displacement (Step 4) and displacement capacity (Step 6) analyses have been completed, CSiBridge computes the ratio of the Demand/Capacity displacements and reports these values in the Seismic Design Report. The table of D/C ratios can be viewed using the Home > Display > Show Tables command, and then selecting Design Data > Bridge > Seismic Design data > Table: Bridge Seismic 01-Bent D-C-AASHTO LRFD 2007. The subject table will appear similar to the table shown in Figure 7-1:
In the table shown, all four D/C ratios are reported, namely, the transverse and longitudinal direction for each bent (the example model has two bents). Note that the Generalized Displacement name also is reported. Generalized displacements are used to average the top of bent displacements and to determine
Demand/Capacity Ratios
7-1
the relative displacements between the bent cap beam and the foundation. The generalized displacement definition is automatically defined by CSiBridge and can be viewed using the Advanced > Define > Generalized Displacements command.
7-2
Demand/Capacity Ratios
This step describes the two methods of viewing the seismic design results. The first way to review the results is to use the Home > Display > Show Tables command. The second way is to create a report using the Orb > Report > Create Report command. The entire list of output tables for the Bridge Seismic Design includes the following:
The seven Bridge Seismic Design tables are described in the sections that follow.
8-1
8.1
8.2
8.3
8-2
8.4
8.5
8-3
8.6
8-4
8.7
8.8
Create Report
A single command can be used to create a report using the Design menu > Bridge Design > Create Seismic Design Report command. Several representative pages of the report that can be created using the previously noted report request are included in the following pages. Theses have been excerpted from a 30 page summary report that CSiBridge writes as a Microsoft Word document.
8-5
CSiBridge V15
8-6
Create Report
CSiBridge V15
Create Report
8-7
CSiBridge V15
8-8
Create Report
References
ACI, 2008. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary (ACI 318R-08), American Concrete Institute, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, Michigan. AASHTO, 2009. AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design. American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 North Capital Street, NW Suite 249, Washington, DC 2001
R-1