Organic Chemistry

Francisco Gutierrez, Raul Gonzalez, Diego Cortes. 9A

Alkanes
What is it?
Substances consisting entirely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lacking functional groups are called Alkanes.

Uses
In making plastics Strictly speaking, the compounds we are talking about here are halogenoalkenes, not halogenoalkanes, but one of the UK A level syllabuses includes them in this section.

IUPAC Naming

Some branched alkanes have common names that are still widely used today. These common names make use of prefixes such as iso-, sec-, tert-, and neo-. The prefix iso-, which stands for isomer, is commonly given to 2-methyl alkanes. In other words, if there is methyl group located on the second carbon of a carbon chain, we can use the prefix iso-. The prefix will be placed in front of the alkane name that indicates the total number of carbons.

Properties

There is not much electronegativity difference between carbon and hydrogen, so there is hardly any bond polarity. The molecules themselves also have very little polarity. A totally symmetrical molecule like methane is completely nonpolar.

Alkenes
What is it?
Alkenes area class of hydrocarbons that contain only carbon and hydrogens. They are unsaturated compounds that contain at least one carbon-tocarbon double bond. Another term that is often used to describe alkenes is olefins.

Uses
Alkenes are extremely important in the manufacture of plastics. All plastics are in some way related to alkenes. The names of some plastics (Polythene or Poly Ethene, Polypropene), relate to their alkene partners. Plastics are used for all kinds of tasks, from packaging and wrapping, to clothing and outdoor apparel.

IUPAC Naming

i. Find the Longest Carbon Chain that Contains the Carbon Carbon double bond. If you have two ties for longest Carbon chain, and both chains contain a Carbon Carbon double bond, then identify the most substituted chain. ii. Give the lowest possible number to the Carbon Carbon double bond.

1. Do not need to number cycloalkenes because it is understood that the double bond is in the one position. 2. Alkenes that have the same molecular formula but the location of the doble bonds are different means they are constitutional isomers. 3. Functional Groups with higher priority: iii. Add substituents and their position to the alkene as prefixes. Of course remember to give the lowest numbers possible. And remember to name them in alphabetical order when writting them

Properties Alkenes contains a carbon-carbon double bond. This carbon-carbon double bond changes the physicals properties of alkenes. At room temperatue, alkenes exist in all three phases, solid, liquids, and gases. Melting and boiling points of alkenes are similar to that of alkanes, however, isomers of cis alkenes have lower melting points than that of trans isomers. Alkenes display a weak dipole-dipole interactions due to the electron-attracting sp2 carbon.

Alkynes
What is it? Alkynes are organic molecules made of the functional group carboncarbon triple bonds. They are written in the empirical formula of CnH2n-2. They are unsaturated hydrocarbons. Shape Uses
Among the alkynes, ethyne (acetylene) especially is used widely. Particularly, industrial ethyne chemistry in the 30s and 40s at BASF was of great economical importance. The ability of ethyne to undergo a multitude of chemical reactions with other compounds thereby providing the chemical industry with a broad range of products is crucial for its wide use.

IUPAC Naming
Find the longest carbon chain that includes both carbons of the triple bond. Number the longest chain starting at the end closest to the triple bond. A 1-alkyne is referred to as a terminal alkyne and alkynes at any other position are called internal alkynes. After numbering the longest chain with the lowest number assigned to the alkyne, label each of the substituents at its corresponding carbon. While writing out the name of the molecule, arrange the substituents in alphabetical order. If there are more than one of the same substituent use the prefixes di, tri, and tetra for two, three, and four substituents respectively. These prefixes are not taken into account in the alphabetical order. Substituents containing a triple bond are called alkynyl. A molecule that contains both double and triple bonds is called an alkenyne. The chain can be numbered starting with the end closest to the functional group that appears first.

Properties

The characteristic of the triple bond helps to explain the properties and bonding in the alkynes.

Halocarbons
What is it? Shape Uses

A halocarbon is an organic chemical molecule composed of at least one carbon atom bound covalently with one or more halogen atoms; the most common halogens in these molecules are fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
IUPAC Naming Properties

By the 1970s chloroflorocarbons were in broad industrial use as the main working fluid for refrigerant systems, air conditioning gases, as aerosol propellants, foam producing agents, solvents, dry cleaning chemicals, and paint strippers.

Halocarbons, organic compounds containing one or more halogens, are named using the same procedure. Take the name of the element attached (chlorine) and replace the -ine with -o (chloro). Use the same group prexes to describe the amount. Ex: CF3CHBrCl is named 2bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-triuoroethane.

any chemical compound of the element carbon and one or more of the halogens (bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine); two important subclasses of halocarbons are the chlorocarbons, containing only carbon and chlorine, and the fluorocarbons, containing only carbon and fluorine.

Alcohol
What is it? Shape

a colorless volatile flammable liquid that is the intoxicating constituent of wine, beer, spirits, and other drinks, and is also used as an industrial solvent and as fuel.

Uses Drinks, Industrial methylated spirits (meths), Fuel, Solvent.

IUPAC Naming

In the IUPAC system of nomenclature, functional groups are normally designated in one of two ways. The presence of the function may be indicated by a characteristic suffix and a location number. This is common for the carbon-carbon double and triple bonds which have the respective suffixes ene and yne..

Properties Alcohols are one of the most important molecules in organic chemistry. They can be prepared from many different types of compounds and they can be converted into many different types of compounds. Alcohols are molecules containing the hydroxy functional group (-OH) that is bonded to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group. The hydroxy functional group strongly contributes to the physical properties of alcohols.

Aldehyde
What is it?
The most potent and varied odors are aldehydes. Ketones are widely used as industrial solvents. Aldehydes contain the carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.

Shape

Uses
Aldehydes are used for many things such as perfumes and avorings. Other uses of Aldehydes include disinfectants and dying items. Aldehyde is also used in Bake Lite.

IUPAC Naming
The IUPAC system of nomenclature assigns a characteristic suffix -al to aldehydes. For example, H2C=O is methanal, more commonly called formaldehyde. Since an aldehyde carbonyl group must always lie at the end of a carbon chain, it is always is given the #1 location position in numbering and it is not necessary to include it in the name.

Properties
Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen, alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde. If neither is hydrogen, the compound is a ketone.

Ketone
What is it

Shape

Uses

Ketones are substances that are made when the body breaks down fat for energy. Normally, your body gets the energy it needs from carbohydrate in your diet. But stored fat is broken down and ketones are made if your diet does not contain enough carbohydrate to supply the body with sugar (glucose) for energy or if your body can't use blood sugar (glucose) properly.

-Chemistry -medicine -industry.

IUPAC Naming

Properties

The IUPAC system of nomenclature assigns a characteristic suffix of -one to ketones. A ketone carbonyl function may be located anywhere within a chain or ring, and its position is usually given by a location number. Chain numbering normally starts from the end nearest the carbonyl group. Very simple ketones, such as propanone and phenylethanone do not require a locator number, since there is only one possible site for a ketone carbonyl function

! Ketones are, and looks at the way their bonding affects their reactivity. It also considers their simple physical properties such as solubility and boiling points. Details of the chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones are described on separate pages.

Carboxylic Acid
What is it?

A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group.

Uses
1. Higher fatty acids are used in the manufacture of soaps. Soaps are sodium potassium salts of higher fatty acids such as stearic acid. 2. Organic acids are used in foods, cold drinks, etc. For example, acetic acid is used as vinegar. Sodium salts of some organic acids are used as preservatives. 3. Organic acids are used for the preparation of many drugs such as aspirin, phenacetin etc. 4. Acetic acid is used as coagulant in the manufacture of rubber. 5. Acetic acid is also used in the manufacture of various dye stuffs, perfumes and rayon.

IUPAC Naming

The IUPAC system of nomenclature assigns a characteristic suffix to these classes. The e ending is removed from the name of the parent chain and is replaced -anoic acid. Since a carboxylic acid group must always lie at the end of a carbon chain, it is always is given the #1 location position in numbering and it is not necessary to include it in the name. Many carboxylic acids are called by the common names. These names were chosen by chemists to usually describe a source of where the compound is found. In common names of aldehydes, carbon atoms near the carboxyl group are often designated by Greek letters. The atom adjacent to the carbonyl function is alpha, the next removed is beta and so on.

Properties

The most important property of carboxylic acids, and the one that is responsible for naming them such, is their acidity.

Ester
What is it?
Esters are formed through reactions between an acid and an alcohol with the elimination of water. An example of this is the reaction of acetic acid with an alcohol, which yields an acetic ester and water.

Shape

Uses
This page denes esters and discusses their simple physical properties such as solubility and boiling points. It includes an introduction to more complicated naturally-occurring esters like animal and vegetable fats and oils.

IUPAC Naming

Properties
Esters are derived from carboxylic acids. A carboxylic acid contains the -COOH group, and in an ester the hydrogen in this group is replaced by a hydrocarbon group of some kind. This could be an alkyl group like methyl or ethyl, or one containing a benzene ring like phenyl.

Esters are named as if the alkyl chain from the alcohol is a substituent. No number is assigned to this alkyl chain. This is followed by the name of the parent chain form the carboxylic acid part of the ester with an e remove and replaced with the ending oate.