WHAT IS EXCITATION?

IT IS THE REACTIVE POWER REQUIRED BY A SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE FOR ITS OPERATION

IT IS THE ARRANGEMENT THROUGH WHICH THE REACTIVE POWER TO THE GENERATOR IS SUPPLIED WHEN IT IS CONNECTED WITH THE GRID.

EXCITATION SYSTEM RESPONSE

RELIABILITY STABILITY QUICK RESPONSE

EXCITATION SYSTEM RESPONSE

RESPONSE RATIO CEILING VOLTAGE STEADY STATE AND TRANSIENT STABILITY

EXCITATION SYSTEM RESPONSE

RESPONSE RATIO= RATE OF RISE OF EXCITATION VOLTAGE(V/S)/NOMINAL VOLTAGE GENERALLY CALCULATED FOR .5S AND COMES TO 2x MAXIMUM VOLTAGE APPLIED/RATED VOLTAGE

Actual build up of voltage

C
D

voltage

time

.5 S

EXCITATION SYSTEM RESPONSE

CEILING VOLTAGE IT IS THE MAXIMUM VOLTAGE APPLIED ACROSS THE FIELD WINDING FOR VERY SHORT DURATION (APPX. 10S) AND GENERALLY 1.5 TO 2 TIMES OF RATED VOLTAGE.

EXCITATION SYSTEM RESPONSE

STEADY STATE STABILITY

CAPACITY OF THE MACHINE TO PRODUCE FORCE EQUAL TO DISTURBING FORCES SO THAT SYNCHRONISM COULD BE MAINTAINED.
P O W E R 90

LOAD ANGLE

EXCITATION SYSTEM RESPONSE

TRANSIENT STABILITY
P O W E R

LOAD ANGLE

TYPES OF EXCITATION

DC EXCITATION SYSTEM USING DC EXCITER AND VOLTAGE REGULATOR AC EXCITATION SYSTEM USING PILOT EXCITOR AND DC CONTROLLER BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM

DC EXCITATION USING DC EXCITOR AND VOLTAGE REGULATOR

THE EXCITATION SUPPLY IS TAKEN FROM STATION DC AND FED TO INDIVIDUAL MACHINE THROUGH RHEOSTAT. THE RHEOSTAT IS CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH FIELD WINDING OF THE MACHINE. THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE IS ADJUSTED USING THIS RHEOSTAT. SUITABLE FOR LOW CAPACITY MACHINE.

AC EXCITATION SYSTEM

A SHAFT DRIVEN AC PILOT EXCITOR HAVING ROTATING FIELD AND STATIONARY ARMATURE. THE AC OUT OF PILOT EXCITOR IS FED STATIONARY DIODE THROUGH CONTROLLED RECTIFIER. THE STATIONARY DIODES OUTPUT DC IS FED TO GENERATOR FIELD THROUGH SLIP RINGS.

BRUSHLESS SYSTEM

DIODE RECTIFIERS ARE MOUNTED ON THE GENERATOR SHAFT. RECTIFIER OUTPUT IS DIRECTLY FED TO GENERATOR FIELD. THIS AVOIDS SLIP RING AND CARBON BRUSH ARRANGEMENT.

STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM

THE AC POWER IS TAPPED OFF FROM GENERATOR TERMINALS. STEPPED DOWN BY RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER. RECTIFIED BY FULLY CONTROLLED THYRISTOR BRIDGE. FED TO GENERATOR TERMINALS BY SLIP RING AND CARBON BRUSH ASSEMBLY. THE GENERATOR FIELD INPUT CONTROLS THE GENERATOR OUTPUT VOLTAGE.

Rotor current limiter

Regulator Power supply

X-mer prot >1 X-mer prot >1 Pulse supervision

Rectifier transformer 15.75kv/575

575/380 575/380

Stator current limiter Rotor angle limiter

Filter

Filter

THYRISTOR
Gate ckt
Pulse final Stage

Auto channel Automatic voltage regulator Auto/Man M Grid control Pulse amplifier

Fan supply

PT CT
Slip stabilizer M

DC source

Manual channel Grid control Comparator& Follow up Pulse amplifier

Field flashing

o/ v prot
AC source

G
Field breaker

STATIC EXCITATION SYS: BLOCK DIAGRAM

PARTS OF STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM

RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER SCR OUTPUT STAGE EXCITATION START UP AND FIELD DISCHARGE EQUIPMENT REGULATOR AND OPERATIONAL CONTROL CIRCUITS.

RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER

THIS IS RESIN CAST COIL, DRY TYPE X-MER WITH NATURAL/ FORCED AIR COOLING. 15.75/0.580 KV, DYn5 TRANSFORMER. PRIMARY IS CONNECTED WITH GENERATOR OUT PUT. SECONDARY IS FEEDING TO 580V 3-PHASE AC BUS FEEDING TO SCR BRIDGES THROUH FUSES.

SCR OUTPUT STAGE

CONSISTS OF SUITABLE NO OF BRIDGES CONNECTED IN PARALLEL. EACH BRIDGE COMPRISES OF SIX THYRISTORS WORKING AS SIX PULSE FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE. CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY OF EACH BRIDGE DEPENDS ON THE RATING OF INDIVIDUAL THYRISTOR. BY CHANGING FIRING ANGLE, VARIABLE OUTPUT IS OBTAINED.

SCR OUTPUT STAGE

EACH BRIDGE IS CONTROLLED BY ONE FINAL PULSE STAGE AND COOLED BY FAN. N-1 BRIDGE OPERATION IS ENSURED. FAILURE OF TWO BRIDGES LIMITS THE EXCITATION CURRENT. FAILURE OF THREE BRIDGES ENSURES GENERATOR TRIPPING.

SHUNT CIRCUIT

THIS TAPS THE POWER FROM GENERATOR TERMINALS AND FEEDS DC POWER TO SLIP RINGS THROUGH FIELD BREAKER. FOR INITIAL EXCITATION, A SEPARATE SUPPLY SOURCE IS REQUIRED AS THE REMANENCE VOLTAGE OF GENERATOR IS TOO LOW. THIS SOURCE GETS DISCONNECTED AUTOMATICALLY WHEN THE THE GENERATOR OUTPUT VOLTAGE REACHES TO 70% OF ITS RATED VALUE.

EXCITATION CURRENT LIMITER

PREVENTS THE THERMAL OVERLOADING OF ROTOR BY LOWERING THE OUTPUT VALUE OF THE VOLTAGE REGULATOR AND THUS THE FIELD VOLTAGE.

LOAD ANGLE LIMITER

INCREASES THE FIELD VOLTAGE AND THUS STOPS THE GENERATOR FROM FALLING OUT OF STEP.

STATOR CURRENT LIMITOR

THIS REDUCES THE EXCITATION CURRENT WHEN THE STATOR CURRENT EXCEEDS A SAFE PERMISSIBLE LIMIT IN INDUCTIVE DIRECTION.

PULSE MONITOR

THIS IS CONNECTED TO THE BUS BAR. IF FAULTY PULSES OR PULSE FAILURE ARE DETECTED, THE CHANNEL CHANGES TO ANOTHER STANDBY CHANNEL .

PULSE COMPARING STAGE

IT COMPARES PULSE POSITION OF BOTH CHANNELS. MATCHING IS AFFECTED WITH FOLLOWUP CONTROL DEVICE.

FIELD BKR TRIPPING PROTECTIONS

1.CLASS-A 30Z 86G 386GX FIELD BKR a. Transformer over current instantaneous b. Transformer over current delayed protection c. Rotor over voltage d. 48V supply fail e. Three or more failed: 1. Fan failed 2. Pulse final stage power failure 3. Thyristor fuse failed. 4. Isolator open

continue

FIELD BKR TRIPPING PROTECTIONS

2. Class B 30F UTR LFPR(32GI) 86G 386G FB TRIP Rotor Earth Fault, Stage-2(IR value <2.2k ohm). Regulator supply fuse fail. Manual channel fail. Thyristor supply fail. Transformer temp HI-HI. 3. Direct trip Trip the Field Breaker directly, Generator trips through field failure relay

EXCITATION START UP

FIELD FLASHING IS REQUIRED FOR INITIAL BUILD UP OF GENERATOR VOLTAGE. BOTH DC & AC FIELD FLASHING ARE PROVIDED FOR RELIABILITY.

FIELD DISCHARGE EQUIPMENT

ON TRIPPING OF GENERATOR, ITS STORED ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO BE DISCHARGED. THIS IS DONE THROUGH A NON LINEAR DISCHGARGE RESISTENCE.

DIGITAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR

THE PRESENT DAY MICROPROCESSOR BASED EXCITATION SYSTEM NOT ONLY MEET THE VOLTAGE REGULATION FUNCTION BUT ALSO PROVIDES ENHANCED INTERNAL CONDITION MONITORING AND EXTENSIVE FAULT DIAGNOSIS BESIDES PROVIDING OPERATING FLEXIBILITY AND OTHER ADVANTAGES ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL SYSTEM.

DVR OPERATION

THE DVR PERIODICALLY CALCULATES THE CONTROL SIGNAL FROM THE MEASURED AND REFERANCE VALUES.THE CALCULATION IS REPEATED AT VERY SHORT TIME INTERVALS (= 3.3 ms) RESULTING IN APPARENTLY CONTONUOUS REGULATOR OUTPUT SIGNAL.

DVR FUNCTIONS

CONTROL OF GENERATOR VOLTAGE LIMITATION OF FIELD CUURENT LIMITATION OF LOAD ANGLE LIMITATION OF STATOR CURRENT SLIP STABILISATION FORMATION OF GENERATOR VOLTAGE ACTUAL VALUE SIGNAL REFERENCE /ACTUAL VALUE DIFFERENCE PID ALGORATHIM

ADVANTAGES OF DVR

FAST RESPONSE(<20ms) TO NETWORK DISTURBANCES. SYSTEM REDUNDENCY AT INTERNAL POWER SUPPLY, CONTROLS & EXCITATION POWER OUTPUT. SELF MONITORING & DIAGNOSTIC FEATURE. MAINTAINS DRIFT FREE PARAMETERS AVAILABILITY OF SINGLE/DUAL AUTO CONTROL CHANNEL.

ADVANTAGES OF DVR

FACILITY TO PROVIDE ADOPTIVE TYPE PSS. LOW FAILURE RATE OF CKT COMPONENTS. FACILITY TO PROVIDE SECURITY MEASURE FOR UNWANTED OPERATION. POSSIBILITY OF ON LINE REPAIR.