NSZ

Bu kitap, Farmastik Teknoloji alannda temel bilgiler ve gncel gelimelerin

aktarld yeni bir Trke kaynak oluturabilmek amacyla Gazi niversitesi Eczaclk
Fakltesi Farmastik Teknoloji Anabilim Dal retim yeleri tarafndan hazrlanmtr.
Kitapta Farmastik Teknolojinin temel konular, yzey kimyas, dispers sistemler,
yar kat ila ekilleri, farmakokinetik ve biyofarmastik konular geni apta ele alnarak
okuyucuya aktarlmaya allmtr.

Modern Farmastik Teknoloji

NDEKLER
tme.................................................................................................................................................................1
Partikllerin krlma mekanizmas.........................................................................................................................1
tme teorileri.....................................................................................................................................................2
tme yntemleri................................................................................................................................................3
El ile yaplan tme yntemleri ve kullanlan aletler...........................................................................................3
Mekanik yollar kullanlarak yaplan tme..........................................................................................................4
Deirmen trnn seiminde gznne alnmas gereken etkenler....................................................................7
Kartrma.............................................................................................................................................................9
Svlarn kartrlmas..........................................................................................................................................10
Svlarn karm mekanizmalar..........................................................................................................................10
Svlarn kartrlmasnda kullanlan aletler........................................................................................................10
Tozlarn kartrlmas..........................................................................................................................................10
Kartrma indisi...................................................................................................................................................11
Tozlarn kartrma mekanizmalar......................................................................................................................12
Toz kartrclar...................................................................................................................................................12
Kartrmada meydana gelen sorunlar................................................................................................................15
Kartrcnn seilmesi........................................................................................................................................15
Kurutma..............................................................................................................................................................17
Kurutmada kullanlacak s kaynaklar ve snn aktarlmas...............................................................................18
Is aktarm ve kurutma........................................................................................................................................21
Kurumann temel mekanizmas...........................................................................................................................25
Kurumann aamalar..........................................................................................................................................26
Kat maddelerin nem ierikleri.............................................................................................................................28
Kuruma asndan kat maddelerin zellikleri.....................................................................................................28
Kurutma yntemleri.............................................................................................................................................33

Szme.................................................................................................................................................................49
Szme mekanizmas...........................................................................................................................................51
Filtre eitleri.......................................................................................................................................................52
Membran filtreler..................................................................................................................................................53
Membran filtrelerde yaplan baz temel denetimler.............................................................................................57
Endstride kullanlan filtreler ve szme teknikleri...............................................................................................59
Sterilizasyon......................................................................................................................................................63
Mikroorganizmalarn lm kinetii.......................................................................................................................64
Sterilizasyon yntemleri......................................................................................................................................68
Scakln uyguland fiziksel sterilizasyon yntemleri......................................................................................69
Scakln uygulanmad fiziksel sterilizasyon yntemleri.................................................................................76
Kimyasal sterilizasyon yntemleri.......................................................................................................................80
Gaz sterilizasyonu...............................................................................................................................................80
Aseptik yntem (aseptik ortamn salanmas)....................................................................................................83
Sterilizasyonun denetimi.....................................................................................................................................83
Sterilizasyonun validasyonu................................................................................................................................87

ii

Modern Farmastik Teknoloji

Kolligatif zellikler.............................................................................................................. 91
Buhar basnc ve buhar basnc alalmas......................................................................................91
Donma noktas ve donma noktas alalmas................................................................................... 94
Kaynama noktas ve kaynama noktas ykselmesi............................................................................97
Osmotik basn ve deiimi.......................................................................................................99
Kolligatif zelliklerden hareketle znen maddenin molekl arlnn bulunmas.................................... 101
Fazlararas denge ve faz kural............................................................................................... 105
bileenli sistemler iin faz diagram........................................................................................ 109
Difzyon...........................................................................................................................113
Difzyon ve matematiksel aklamas......................................................................................... 114

Difzyonda denge durumu.....................................................................................................115

nformlasyon.................................................................................................................. 119
Kristal zellikleri ve polimorfizm................................................................................................120
Amorf ekiller......................................................................................................................123
Faz dnmleri.................................................................................................................. 123
Kat ila ekillerinin hazrlanmas amacyla kullanlan ve faz deiiklii ile ilikili olan ilemler........................125

Partikl byklnn kltlmesi......................................................................................... 125

Ya granlasyon................................................................................................................... 125
Kuru granlasyon................................................................................................................. 125
Pskrterek ve dondurarak kurutma.......................................................................................... 125

Bask ve kapslleme............................................................................................................. 125

Kaplama............................................................................................................................125
Kat halin karakterizasyonu......................................................................................................126
Kristalografi........................................................................................................................ 126
Termal analiz yntemleri.........................................................................................................127
Spektroskopik yntemler........................................................................................................ 127

Mikroskop yntemleri........................................................................................................... 128

Higroskopisite.................................................................................................................... 128
znrlk ve znme hz.................................................................................................... 128
Molekl bykl...............................................................................................................129
Ortam pHs ve pKa................................................................................................................ 129
Etkin maddenin dielektrik deimezi........................................................................................... 130
Etkin maddenin partisyon katsays............................................................................................ 130
Etkin maddenin znme hz tayini........................................................................................... 131
znrln artrlmas........................................................................................................ 132
Tozlarn karakterizasyonu....................................................................................................... 132
Partikl bykl ve ekli...................................................................................................... 133
Dansite............................................................................................................................. 134
la-yardmc madde etkilemeleri..............................................................................................137

Stabilite............................................................................................................................ 139
Reaksiyon Kinetii ve Stabilite.............................................................................................. 141
Reaksiyon kinetii................................................................................................................ 142
Basit reaksiyonlar.................................................................................................................143
Sfr-derece reaksiyonlar.........................................................................................................144
Birinci-derece reaksiyonlar...................................................................................................... 145
kinci-derece reaksiyonlar....................................................................................................... 145

viii Modern Farmastik Teknoloji

Logaritmik dntrme.425
znme hz.426
znme hznn evrimi427
Salm hz....................................432
znme saptayan gereler439
Denetimli salm saptayan gereler.440
Transdermal sistemlerden salm saptayan gereler...445
Dozaj ekillerinden oluan salmn resmi otoritelerce deerlendirilmesi............445
Dozaj ekillerinde biyoyararlanma etkiyen etmenler..447
Biyofarmastik snflandrma sistemi.450
Deerlendirmeye dayanan biyoedeerlik tanmlar..452