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27

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26

cfvo.cjc mfhsdtkt,b itflutylyty& rthjl^ bc fv cbutkib othc%

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25

fvfdt vjmdbc cf[fht,bc ofhotht,blfy xfyc^ hjv 1300 okfvlt

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24

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23

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22

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21

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mfhsdtkt,bsff lfcf[kt,ekb@ ~bmdt^ ud& 618`&
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,jkj tgbcrjgjcb uf,hbtkb bekt,ekb ufv[lfhf \|++ cfereytib
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df[einbc lhjc rfstlhf erdt ufemvt,ekbf& vskbfyb obyflflt,f

20

rtlkt,b `dtkb vjyfcnhbcf^ hjvtkbw lblb [ybc obyfs xthmtpt,bc

itvjctdt,bc vjenjdt,bfs@ ~ufv,f^ vjupfehj,f fvbthrfdrfcbfib^
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lf cekbcf ovblbcf nffhj^ hjvtkvfy thsb cfvt,bcfufyb itbo.yfht
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10

19

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lf;byt,bs fvnrbwt,lyty^ hjv vfsb lhjbcfsdbc fa[fptsbc^ fye
hjujhw bcbyb eojlt,lyty^ #mdtvj b,thbbc@ rfsfkbrjcb eahjcbf
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trktcbt,cf lf vjyfcnht,c& mfhsekb cekbthb reknehbc edtktc
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18

11

fstekj,bs tgbcrjgjct,b^ [jkj^ sfdbc v[hbd^ bc tmdtvlt,fht,jlf

cfmfhsdtkjc gfnhbfhmc& cfgfnhbfhmj cnhemnehf bctsb b.j^ hjv
cfmfhsdtkjc gfnhbfhmb bvfdlhjekfl ofhvjflutylf mfhskbc
rfsfkbrjcc& tct bub^ vfc jhb nf[nb tzbhf cfmfhsdtkjc gfnbhfhmbcf lf mfhskbc rfsfkbrjcbcf^ fvbnjvfw itvlujv eojltc rbltw
rfsfkbrjc-gfnhbfhmb&
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fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbf tdltvjy cf.dfhtkbt ~mfhsekb cfvfhskbc `tukt,b^ +++^ ud& 386`^ \|++ c& 20-bfy okt,ib fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbf vfkfmbf uehbtkb ~1616-1639` ~bmdt^ ud& 482`* vfmcbvt
vfzenft ~1639-1657`* \|++ c& 50-bfy okt,ib fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbf pfmfhbf mdfhbfyb ~1657-1660`^ cdbvjy x[tnbt ~1660-1666`^
tdltvjp ++ cf.dfhtkbt ~1666-1669`^ tmdsbvt ++ cf.dfhtkbt ~16691673`^ lfdbs ytvcft ~1673-1696`^ uhbujk kjhsmbafybt ~16961742`^ uthvfyt oekerbt _ ,tcfhbjy thbcsfdb ~1755-1769` ~hfzbc
inj thbcsfdt,bcf` ~bmdt^ ud& 880`* 70-bfy okt,ib _ fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbf bjct, ,fuhfnbjyb ~vtabc t` ~bmdt^ ud&885`^ vfmcbvt
fsf,fub ~1776-1795`&
bvbc itvltu^ hfw mfhskbcf lf rf[tsbc cfvtajt,b bmwf cgfhctsbc dfcfkeh mdt.yt,fl \|++ cfereytib^ lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc
gjkbnbrehb thste kt ,b ~bvt ht sbc cfvtaj cfvsfdhjt,b`
itlfht,bs sfdbceakt,bs cfhut,kj,lyty^ fvbc ufvj fa[fptsbc
cfrfsfkbrjcj^ hjvtkbw vjbwfdlf vstk lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc^
itlfht,bs eahj ufkbthlf& fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjv sfdbc
sfdpt fbqj mfhsdt kj,bc^ m fhse kb m hbcnbfyj,bc^ fye
vfhskvflblt,kehb cfhoveyjt,bc pheydbc ndbhsb& tc bc lhjf^
hjwf cgfhct kt ,b lf jcvfkt,b s,bkbcbc cbjybc vtx tsfl

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v[jkjl cfmfhsdtkjcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb cfvtrktcbfyb

,fpbkbrt,b^ ]dhbc nbgbc uev,fsjdfyb nfht,b bv sfdbct,eht,t,bs^
hjvtkbw v[jkjl mfhsekb tukt,bcfsdbcff lfvf[fcbfst,tkb&
~u& xe,byfidbkb`&
hbu ew[jeh o.fhjt,ib #fa[fptsb@ ybiyfdc vstk cfmfhsdtkjc^ #fa[fpb@^ cfthsjl^ mfhsdtkbc vybidytkj,bs b[vfht,jlf&
fqybiye k cfrbs[pt dhwt kb kbnt hfnehf fhct ,j,c lf
lflfcneht,ekbf^ hjv hecekb othbkj,bsb o.fhjt,bc #f,fcub@^
cjv[eh-fhf,ek-cgfhcekb o.fhjt,bc #fa[fpb@ lf c[df^ pjuflfl^
hjujhw otcb^ mfhsdtkc ybiyfdc&
bvlhjbyltk mfhsek o.fhjt,ib #fa[fpb@ ybiyfdc pjuflfl
mfhsdtkc^ lfcfdktk mfhsdtkc&
,thyek lf ew[jeh o.fhjt,ib mdtvj bdthbbc^ fye fa[fptsbc
cfrfsfkbrjcj b[ctyt,f fdnjrtafkeh trktcbfl^ vfuhfv bc fdnjrtafkehb^ fye lfvjerblt,tkb b.j cojhtl ew[jehb trktcbt,bc
vbvfhs& [jkj vw[tsbc^ fye ptvj bdthbbc cfrfsfkbrjcjcsfy vfc
uffxylf eahjc-evwhjcj,bsb lfvjrblt,ekt,f
cfgfnhbfhmjc vjo.j,bc cnhemnehf bctsb b.j^ hjv vfcib itlbjlf jhb cftrktcbj cfvsfdhj% vw[tsbc ~fye mfhskbc` cfrfsfkbrjcj^ ,bzdbysbc ~fye fa[fptsbc` cfrfsfkbrjcj&
mfhsek cfgfnhbfhmjib cfrfsfkbrjcjt,b bv ajhvbs fhct,j,lyty^ hjujhflfw ,thyek cfgfnhbfhmjib cfvbnhjgjkbnjt,b&
,thyek cfvbnhjgjkbnjt,ib ths-thsb hjvtkbvt lblb mfkfmbc tgbcrjgjcb ofhvjflutylf eahjcc^ fye vsfdfhc lf vfc tmdtvlt,fht,jlyty vbc [tkmdtbs v.jab cftgbcrjgjcjt,bc vtsfeht,b _
tgbcrjgjct,b& cfvbnhjgjkbnjt,ib fstekj,bs cftgbcrjgjcj
fhct,j,lf^ [jkj vbnhjgjkbnb^ sfdbc v[hbd^ tmdtvlt,fht,jlf
gfnhbfhmc& fctdt b.j vjo.j,bkb mfhsekb cfrfsfkbrjcjt,bw&
fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcc tmdtvlt,fht,jlyty lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc

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13

,fuhfn rehfgfkfnc _ #mfhsdtksf vtatc@ eqdfobf fa[fptsbc

rfsfkbrjcbc behblbekb wyj,bcfsdbc& vfnbfyt othc% #[jkj vfy
,fuhfn uffxbyf lf ufyfotcf rfsfkbrjcb fa[fptsc mhbcntc fmts
830 otkc@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ n& +^ ud& 255`&
,fuhfn vtabc lhjbcfsdbc cfrfsfkbrjcjl bmwf^
#uffxbyf@ lf #ufyfotcf@ rfsfkbrjcb&
+\ cfereytibdt bjfyt uestkb tgbcrjgjcb
frehs[tc&
thsflthsb vbptpb bvbcf^ hjv ew[jtksfufy ufsfdbceakt,bc
itvltu fa[fptsbc cf[tkvobaj^ cftrktcbj^ reknehbcf lf flvbybcnhfwbbc tyfl mfhsekb tyf ufvjw[fllf^ b.j bc^ hjv fa[fptsbc
cfvtajc vjcf[ktj,f b.j mfhsekb&
fa[fptsbc cfvtaj mfhsdtksf cfvtajc ofhvjflutylf^ cojhtl
fvbnjvfw eojlt,lyty lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc ew[jtkt,b #mdtvj
b,thbfc@&
lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc cfrfsfkbrjcjc wtynhb vjsfdct,ek
bmyf ,bzdbysfib lf mfhsekb tybs flblt,lyty eafk qvthsc
vqdltkvcf[ehyb& ,bzdbysf ofhvjflutylf mhbcnbfyj,bc ths-ths
evsfdhtc wtynhc fa[fptsib
fa[fptsib bmvyt,jlf v[jkjl pjuflmfhsekb [fcbfsbc fhmbntmnehekb tukt,b^ cftrktcbj lf cfvjyfcnhj ityj,t,b^

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