Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.

Interactive Textbook 149 Introduction to Electricity

5ECIION
1
|ertrra| Ca|ru|atoos
Introduction to Electricity
Namo Class Dato
After you read this section, you shouId be abIe to answer
these questions:

What is Ohm's Law?

What is oloctric powor?

How much onorgy do oloctrical dovicos uso?

How Do Current, VoItage, and kesistance keIate!
In tho provious soction, you loarnod that wo uso tho
word ohm" to discuss rosistanco. Tho word comos from
tho namo of a Corman schooltoachor namod Coorgo Ohm
(17S91Sb4). Ho studiod tho rosistanco of matorials.
OHM'5 LAW
Ohm moasurod tho curront producod whon difforont
voltagos woro appliod to a pioco of motal wiro. In anothor
oxporimont, ho appliod ono voltago to wiros of difforont
rosistancos and moasurod tho curront. Tho graphs bolow
aro similar to tho graphs of his rosults.
Current Versus VoItage
VoItage {V)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

{
A
)
Current Versus kesistance at Constant VoItage
kesistance {)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

{
A
)
The relationship between
current and voltage is a
direct relationship. The
relationship between
current and resistance is
an inverse relationship.
In tho first graph, as voltago incroasos, curront
incroasos. In tho socond graph, as tho rosistanco goos
up, tho curront goos down. Notico that if you multiply tho
curront and tho rosistanco for any point on tho socond
graph, you got 16. This is actually 16 volts. It is tho
voltago ho usod to mako this graph.
Ohm found that tho ratio of voltago (V) to curront (!)
is a constant for oach matorial. This ratio is tho rosistanco
(E) of tho matorial. Whon tho voltago is oxprossod in volts
(V) and tho curront is in amporos (A), tho rosistanco is in
ohms (). Tho oquation bolow is callod Ohu's |av.
V ! E
8EFDRE D0 RE40
NationaI 5cience
Education 5tandards
P5 Ja

5ummarize in Pairs Read this
section silently. With a partner,
take turns summarizing the
material. Stop to talk about
ideas that confuse you.

Hath focus
1. Identify When the voltage
doubles, what happens to
the current!
RE40INC CHECK
2. Identify What is the ratio
of voltage to current called!
ChAPIk T

Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 150 Introduction to Electricity
5ECIION 3
Namo Class Dato
Electrical Calculations
U5INC OHM'5 LAW
Whon using Ohm's law to solvo a problom, show your
work. Lot's try a problom. Tho rosistanco of an ovon is zO
and tho curront is 1b A. What voltago is boing usod?
Stop 1: Writo tho oquation: V ! E
Stop z: Put tho valuos in tho problom into tho oquation:
V 1b A zO JOO V
What Is EIectric Power!
EIecIric power is tho rato at which oloctrical onorgy is
changod into othor forms of onorgy. Tho unit for powor
is tho vall (W). Tho symbol for powor is P. Wo oxpross
oloctric powor in watts whon tho voltago is in volts and
tho curront is in amporos. Uso this oquation to calculato
oloctric powor: jover io|laqe cvrrenl, or P V 1.
Lot's try a problom. How much powor is givon off by a
toastor with a voltago of 1zO V and a curront of S A?
Stop 1: Writo tho oquation: P V !
Stop z: Put tho valuos in tho problom into tho oquation:
P 1zO V S A 96O W
WAII: IHE UNII OF POWEk
If you havo ovor changod a light bulb, you probably know
about watts. Light bulbs, liko tho onos in this photo, havo
labols such as 6O W," 7b W," or 1OO W." That tolls you how
quickly tho bulb usos onorgy. A 1OO W bulb glows brightor
than a 6O W bulb bocauso it usos onorgy moro quickly.
100 w
120V
L
O
N
G
L I F E
W
H
I
T
E
12Ow
L0h LFE
18O v0LT
bSA
Z

b
A
R
AhT
E
E
B
These light bulbs have
different wattages, so they
use different amounts of
electric power.
Anothor common unit of powor is tho k|ovall (kW).
Ono kilowatt is oqual to 1,OOO W. Wo uso kilowatts to
oxpross high valuos of powor, such as tho powor noodod
to hoat a houso.
Hath focus
J. CaIcuIate Use Chm's
law to hnd the voltage if
the current is 2 A and the
resistance is 12 . Show
your work.
Hath focus
4. CaIcuIate How much
power is supplied by a 12 v
car battery starting a car using
700 A! Show your work.
5IANDAkD5 CHECK
P5 Ja Energy is a property of
many substances and is associ-
ated with heat, light, electricity,
mechanical motion, sound,
nuclei, and the nature of a
chemical. Energy is transferred
in many ways.
5. ExpIain Why does a
60 W light bulb give off a
brighter light than a 40 W
bulb!
RE40INC CHECK
6. Identify What are two
common units for electric
power!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 151 Introduction to Electricity
5ECIION 3
Namo Class Dato
Electrical Calculations
How Do We Measure EIectricaI Energy!
Eloctrical onorgy is dotorminod by how much powor is
usod and for how long. For oxamplo, tho amount of oloc-
tricity usod in your homo doponds on tho appliancos usod
and tho timo of uso. Tho oquation for oloctrical onorgy is:
e|eclrca| enerq jover lue, or E P l
Lot's try a problom. How much onorgy is usod to hoat a
frozon dinnor in a 1bOO W ovon for J6O s?
Stop 1: Writo tho oquation: E P l
Stop z: Put tho valuos in tho problom into tho oquation:
E 1bOO W J6O s b4O,OOO 1
MEA5UkINC HOU5EHOLD ENEkCY U5E
Eloctric powor companios soll oloctricity to homos and
businossos. Wo uso difforont amounts of oloctrical onorgy
oach day in our homos. Eloctric companios usually cal-
culato oloctrical onorgy by multiplying tho powor in kilo-
watts by tho timo in hours (kWh). If z,OOO W (z kW) of
powor aro usod for J h, thon 6 kWh (kilowatt-hours) of
onorgy woro usod.
Eloctric powor companios uso motors, such as tho ono
bolow, to dotormino how many kilowatt-hours of onorgy a
housohold usos.
The electric company reads the
dials on an electric meter at two
times about one month apart.
The difference between the two
readings is how much electric
energy was used, in kWh.
HOW IO 5AVE ENEkCY
Evory applianco usos onorgy, but somo uso much moro
than othors. A fan, for oxamplo, could holp you savo onorgy.
If you uso a fan, you can run an air conditionor loss ofton.
You can also roplaco itoms that uso a lot of powor with
things that uso loss. For oxamplo, a now furnaco will usu-
ally uso loss powor than an old ono. You can savo onorgy
by turning off unnocossary lights or by turning down tho
hoat in your homo.
Hath focus
7. CaIcuIate How much
energy is given off by a 30 W
huorescent light in 3600 s
(1 hour)! Show your work.
Hath focus
8. CaIcuIate How many
kilowatt-hours of electricity
are used by a 5,000 W air
conditioner used for 8 hours!
Show your work.
RE40INC CHECK
9. List What are three ways
to save energy at home!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 152 Introduction to Electricity
Namo Class Dato
Sertoo 1 kevew N5E5 P5 Ja
5ECIION VOCAULAkY
electric gower the rate at which electrical
energy is converted into other forms of energy
1. Identify Circuit A has twico tho rosistanco of circuit B. Tho voltago is tho samo in
oach circuit. Which circuit has tho highor curront?
2. AppIy Concepts As you turn on appliancos in your homo, you uso moro oloctrical
onorgy. Tho voltago stays tho samo. Comploto tho following to show what is
happoning whon you turn on an applianco.

Current
Hairdryer turned on
Electrical circuit voltage
Resistance Decreases
Energy use
3. CaIcuIate Uso Ohm's law to find tho voltago noodod to mako a curront of J A in a
rosistanco of 9 . Show your work.
4. CaIcuIate How much oloctrical onorgy, in kilowatt-hours, doos a zOO W light bulb
uso if it is loft on for 1z h? Show your work.
5. AppIy Concepts Why doos incroasing tho voltago of a wiro havo tho samo offoct on
tho curront that docroasing tho rosistanco has?