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Making Sense of The Periodic Table and Its Elements 1.

Each Horizontal Row (Left-to-Right) of the Periodic Table is called a period. 2. Each Vertical ol!"n (To#-to-$otto") of the Periodic Table is a called a group. %. The ato" is "ade !# of Protons and Neutrons in the center of the ato" (Nucleus) and Electrons orbiting aro!nd the n!cle!s at different energy levels. &. Protons ha'e a #ositi'e charge( Neutrons ha'e no charge (the) are neutral)( Electrons ha'e a negati'e charge. *. Stable ato"s ha'e the same a"o!nt of Protons+ ,e!trons+ and Electrons( therefore+ the Atomic Number (the n!"ber of Protons in an ato") is equal to the number of Neutrons and Electrons. -. .n the "odern Periodic Table+ ele"ents are arranged in order of increasing /to"ic ,!"ber. 0. The Mass Number is the sum of the Protons and ,e!trons in the ato"1s n!cle!s.

2. 3. Isotopes are less stable ato"s with a greater number of Neutrons co"#ared to the Protons with which it shares the n!cle!s. 4ne can fig!re o!t how "an) ,e!trons are in a n!cle!s b) subtracting the Mass Number b) the Atomic Number. 15. /n Ion is an ato"+ or gro!# of ato"s+ that has a positive (6) or negative (-) charge. 11. Positive and Negative .ons for" when electrons are transferred between atoms. /n ion with a positive (6) charge is called a cation. /n ion with a negative ( ! charge is called an anion. 12. /to"s of "etals tend to for" cations (6) b) losing one or "ore electrons fro" their highest occ!#ied energ) le'els.

1%. /to"s of non"etals tend to for" anions (-) b) gaining one or "ore electrons. 1&. /bo!t 257 of ele"ents are "etals. /ll "etals are solid at roo" te"#erat!re+ e8ce#t for Mercury ("g!. ( h. -.1+ #.1*2) 1*. ,on"etals are fo!nd in the upper right corner of the #eriodic table. 9ost non"etals are gases at roo" te"#erat!re+ incl!ding the "ain co"#onents of airNitrogen and #$ygen. / few are solids+ s!ch as Sulfur and Phosphorous. 4ne nonmetal+ %romine+ is a dar:-red li;!id. 1-. 9etalloids generall) ha'e #ro#erties that are similar to those of metals and nonmetals. 9etalloids are fo!nd in a stair-ste# diagonal line (fro" left to right) beginning with %oron ($) ending with Astatine (/t). The other 2 "etalloids+ to the left of the ste#+ are &ermanium (<e) and Antimony (=b).

10. 2->/to"ic ,!"ber Ra> /to"ic =)"bol


222.510-> /to"ic 9ass Electrons in each Energ! le"el

n>1 n>2 n>% n>& n>* n>-

2 8 8 %2 8 8

s!" of e- > ato"ic ? 2-

10. Energ) le'els are the s#ecific energies an electron in an ato" can ha'e. The energ) le'els of electrons in the quantum mechanical "odel are labeled b) #rinci#al quantum n!"bers (n). @!ant!" is the a"o!nt of energ) needed to "o'e an electron (e-) fro" one energ) le'el to another. 12. Aor each #rinci#al energ) le'el+ there "a) be se'eral orbitals at different energ) s!ble'els. 13. Summar! of Principal Energ! #e"els$ Suble"els$ and %rbitals Principal Energy 'evel Number of Sublevels (ype of Sublevel n>1 1 1s (1 orbital) n>2 2 2s (1 orbital)+ 2p (% orbitals) n>% % %s (1 orbital)+ %p (% orbitals)+ %d (* orbitals)

n>&

&

&s (1 orbital)+ &p (% orbitals)+ &d (* orbitals)+ &f (0 orbitals)

25. Energ) le'el n 1 2 % & 9a8i"!" ,!"bers of Electrons 9a8i"!" n!"ber of electrons ( 2e-B orbital) 2 (s > C C ) 2 (s > C C) (p > C C C C C C ) 12 (s > C C ) (p > C C C C C C ) (d > C C C C C C C C C C ) %2 (s > C C) (p > C C C C C C) (d > C C C C C C C C C C) (f > C C C C C C C C C C C C C C )

25. The wa)s in which electrons are arranged in 'ario!s orbitals aro!nd the n!clei of ato"s are called electron configurations. 21. Electron onfig!rations in <ro!#sD The ,oble <ases (.nert <ases)D Ele"ents in gro!# 2/( E8ce#t for Heli!"+ all other ele"ents ha'e 2 'alence electrons. The Re#resentati'e Ele"entsD <ro!#s 1/ thro!gh 0/( 1/ > 1 'alence e-+ 2/> 2 'alence e-+ %/> % 'alence electronsEetc. Transition 9etalsD <ro!# $ ele"ents+ between 2/ and %/+ along #eriod &. .nner Transition 9etalsD /##ear below the "ain bod) of the #eriodic table.

#e&is 'ot 'iagrams of Selected Elements

4nl) the 'alence electrons are shown in the Lewis Fot diagra"s.

Electron 'istributions Into Shells for the (irst Three Periods

Each shell "atches the n!"ber of electrons in an energ) le'el.

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