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Each Horizontal Row (Left-to-Right) of the Periodic Table is called a period. 2. Each Vertical ol!"n (To#-to-$otto") of the Periodic Table is a called a group. %. The ato" is "ade !# of Protons and Neutrons in the center of the ato" (Nucleus) and Electrons orbiting aro!nd the n!cle!s at different energy levels. &. Protons ha'e a #ositi'e charge( Neutrons ha'e no charge (the) are neutral)( Electrons ha'e a negati'e charge. *. Stable ato"s ha'e the same a"o!nt of Protons+ ,e!trons+ and Electrons( therefore+ the Atomic Number (the n!"ber of Protons in an ato") is equal to the number of Neutrons and Electrons. -. .n the "odern Periodic Table+ ele"ents are arranged in order of increasing /to"ic ,!"ber. 0. The Mass Number is the sum of the Protons and ,e!trons in the ato"1s n!cle!s.
2. 3. Isotopes are less stable ato"s with a greater number of Neutrons co"#ared to the Protons with which it shares the n!cle!s. 4ne can fig!re o!t how "an) ,e!trons are in a n!cle!s b) subtracting the Mass Number b) the Atomic Number. 15. /n Ion is an ato"+ or gro!# of ato"s+ that has a positive (6) or negative (-) charge. 11. Positive and Negative .ons for" when electrons are transferred between atoms. /n ion with a positive (6) charge is called a cation. /n ion with a negative ( ! charge is called an anion. 12. /to"s of "etals tend to for" cations (6) b) losing one or "ore electrons fro" their highest occ!#ied energ) le'els.
1%. /to"s of non"etals tend to for" anions (-) b) gaining one or "ore electrons. 1&. /bo!t 257 of ele"ents are "etals. /ll "etals are solid at roo" te"#erat!re+ e8ce#t for Mercury ("g!. ( h. -.1+ #.1*2) 1*. ,on"etals are fo!nd in the upper right corner of the #eriodic table. 9ost non"etals are gases at roo" te"#erat!re+ incl!ding the "ain co"#onents of airNitrogen and #$ygen. / few are solids+ s!ch as Sulfur and Phosphorous. 4ne nonmetal+ %romine+ is a dar:-red li;!id. 1-. 9etalloids generall) ha'e #ro#erties that are similar to those of metals and nonmetals. 9etalloids are fo!nd in a stair-ste# diagonal line (fro" left to right) beginning with %oron ($) ending with Astatine (/t). The other 2 "etalloids+ to the left of the ste#+ are &ermanium (<e) and Antimony (=b).
2 8 8 %2 8 8
10. Energ) le'els are the s#ecific energies an electron in an ato" can ha'e. The energ) le'els of electrons in the quantum mechanical "odel are labeled b) #rinci#al quantum n!"bers (n). @!ant!" is the a"o!nt of energ) needed to "o'e an electron (e-) fro" one energ) le'el to another. 12. Aor each #rinci#al energ) le'el+ there "a) be se'eral orbitals at different energ) s!ble'els. 13. Summar! of Principal Energ! #e"els$ Suble"els$ and %rbitals Principal Energy 'evel Number of Sublevels (ype of Sublevel n>1 1 1s (1 orbital) n>2 2 2s (1 orbital)+ 2p (% orbitals) n>% % %s (1 orbital)+ %p (% orbitals)+ %d (* orbitals)
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25. Energ) le'el n 1 2 % & 9a8i"!" ,!"bers of Electrons 9a8i"!" n!"ber of electrons ( 2e-B orbital) 2 (s > C C ) 2 (s > C C) (p > C C C C C C ) 12 (s > C C ) (p > C C C C C C ) (d > C C C C C C C C C C ) %2 (s > C C) (p > C C C C C C) (d > C C C C C C C C C C) (f > C C C C C C C C C C C C C C )
25. The wa)s in which electrons are arranged in 'ario!s orbitals aro!nd the n!clei of ato"s are called electron configurations. 21. Electron onfig!rations in <ro!#sD The ,oble <ases (.nert <ases)D Ele"ents in gro!# 2/( E8ce#t for Heli!"+ all other ele"ents ha'e 2 'alence electrons. The Re#resentati'e Ele"entsD <ro!#s 1/ thro!gh 0/( 1/ > 1 'alence e-+ 2/> 2 'alence e-+ %/> % 'alence electronsEetc. Transition 9etalsD <ro!# $ ele"ents+ between 2/ and %/+ along #eriod &. .nner Transition 9etalsD /##ear below the "ain bod) of the #eriodic table.
4nl) the 'alence electrons are shown in the Lewis Fot diagra"s.