Chapter #30: The War to End War Big Picture Themes 1.

. President Wilson outlined the wars objectives with his Fourteen Points. They set the goals of free seas, self-determination after the war, and establishing a body to prevent future wars. 2. A military draft was instituted, the first since the Civil War. 3. Women went to work more than theyd ever done and black soldiers were drafted into the military into segregated units. 4. The Americans focused their military effort in protecting Paris from the Germans. 5. At the Treaty of Versailles, Wilson agreed to allow England and France to punish Germany for the war. In return, they agreed to start Wilsons League of Nations. 6. However, the US Senate rejected the Treaty/League. They didnt wish to turn over Americas decisionmaking to a foreign body like the League of Nations. IDENTIFICATIONS: George Creel Man made in charge of the Committee of Public Information whose job was to make sure that the Americans will support the war. Bernard Baruch A Wall Street broker chosen by Wilson to head War Industries Board. Helped U.S. manage war production. Henry Cabot Lodge Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations. He led the "reservationists" in Congress. James M. Cox Democrat nominee who strongly supported the League of Nations. Self-Determination The doctrine of independence and anti-colonialism. Collective security One of Wilson's 14 points that foreshadowed The League of Nations. It was a production in numbers. Normalcy A return to the way of life before World War I broke out. Zimmerman Note Secret German message to Mexico (intercepted by the U.S.) which offered to return to Mexico the lands it lost in the Spanish-American War. Fourteen Points A list of foreign policy goals which Woodrow Wilson hoped to achieve in the aftermath of World War I. League of Nations The precursor to the United Nations, the League was a proposed union of the world powers after World War I. It was the brainchild of Woodrow Wilson, who fought tooth-and-nail for its passage. Committee on Public Information Established by Woodrow Wilson and headed by George Creel. The Federal group that worked on producing and distributing pro-war propaganda to the American people. Espionage and Sedition Acts Law which punished those aiding the enemy or refusing military duty during World War I. Sedition Acts deemed the American government, Constitution, flag, or armed forces as criminal and worthy of prosecution.

Industrial Workers of the World A labor union for industrial laborers. Performed many acts of industrial sabotage in pursuit of its goals. Openly opposed the Great War. War Industries Board Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries. Nineteenth Amendment Guaranteed women the constitutional right to vote. Food Administration This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and to ration food for the military. Irreconcilables Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without amendments. Treaty of Versailles Ended World War I. It was much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted but not as punitive as France and England desired. It was harsh enough, however, to set stage for Hitler's rise of power in Germany in 1930s. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: War by Act of Germany Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann 1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war? Germany's violation of the Sussex pledge and continuation of unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegraph which wanted Mexico to fight against the USA led Wilson to ask Congress. Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned Know: Jeannette Rankin 2. Name Wilsons twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants? Wilsons goal was spread democracy across Europe or any willing nation. He also aimed to prevent an ultradestructive war from occurring and protection of Allies. These qualities set the Americans apart from the others because they fought for freedom, not land or goods. Wilsons Fourteen Potent Points Know: Fourteen Points 3. List several of Wilsons Fourteen Points. One of them was to abolish secret treaties, which destroy countries relations over time. Another one was that he wanted to make it so the seas were free for anyone to travel. He wanted to remove the economic borders that prevented smooth trade from happening between European nations. Creel Manipulates Minds Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There 4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort? Americans were manipulated by the Committee on Public Information, a group made just to publicize the war positively. George Creel signed up four minute men to give patriotic speeches across the nation to stir the people. Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood 5. How was loyalty forced during WWI? Americans stopped playing Beethoven and renamed German goods. Then came the Espionage and Sedition Acts, which locked up spies such as Socialist head Eugene Debs and also the head of the ICC. The Nations Factories Go to War Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board 6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?

Americans were not fully prepared for war, there was ignorance of how to build weapons and machinery for a war effort, and the states did not want economic control by the federal government. Workers in Wartime Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies 7. How did the war affect the labor movement? Workers were discouraged from going on strike because they had to either work or be drafted. Suffering until Suffrage Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Womens Bureau 8. How did the war affect women? Women found more opportunities in the workplace since men were serving. Most supported the war and knew they must help if they want peace. Eventually, the 19th amendment was passed, which gave them suffrage. Forging a War Economy Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds 9. Did govt. become too intrusive in peoples lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer. No. The Food Administration encouraged Meatless Tuesdays and Wheatless Wednesdays, both which were voluntary and suggestions for lifestyle. The Fuel Administration only encouraged people to use less electricity. Making Plowboys into Doughboys 10. Was the governments effort to raise an army fair and effective? Not really. It was technically a mandatory draft, but was successful. It was unfair that troops were not given enough time to train and were immediately enlisted. Women/blacks were also allowed to serve in the military. Fighting in FranceBelatedly 11. How were American troops used in Russia? American troops fought with Russians so that Russian ammunitions wouldn't fall into German hands. They also made sure the East front was still a viable option of attacking and also prevented the Russian border to shrink. America Helps Hammer the Hun Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York 12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting. The American troops were hope for the Allied forces. Their purpose was to defend France and Paris, to provide a moral boost to a losing alliance and to provide supplies for the Allies. Americans pushed the Germans back with the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, and Alvin York was recognized for killing and capturing many Germans. The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany Know: Armistice 13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender? America made Germany think that the U.S. had unlimited reserves of soldiers to help the Allies continue fighting against them. Wilson Steps Down from Olympus Know: Henry Cabot Lodge 14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice? Wilson decided to go to Paris in person after the armistice was called. To the Republicans, Wilson looked as if he was showing off American power. The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations 15. How did Wilsons desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference? He bargained with the idea that the Allies would not take the conquered colonies, but the League of Nations would appoint countries to be "trustees" of these territories.

Hammering Out the Treaty Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables 16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference? He agreed to the "Security Treaty" which promised France that both America and Britain would help if Germany attacked. He also gave a valuable seaport to Yugoslavia instead of Italy. He bowed to Japanese pressure and gave it temporary ownership of China's Shandong Peninsula. The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War Know: Treaty of Versailles 17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points? He compromised his Fourteen Points to save his League of Nations and to keep Imperialism in check in Europe. The Domestic Parade of Prejudice 18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America? Isolationists criticized it because they did not want to be "entangled" with foreign countries. Some Americans were upset because it either wasn't harsh enough on Germany or wasn't favorable enough to their native lands. Wilsons Tour and Collapse (1919) 19. What was the purpose and result of Wilsons trip around the country when he returned to America? He wanted to rally support for his League of Nations. Defeat through Deadlock 20. Why was the treaty finally rejected? Wilson instructed all democrats to vote against Lodge's fourteen reservations, who blindly did his bidding. The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920 Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy 21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate? The American people wanted a return to normalcy and favored the Republicans despite the fact that Wilson was a Democrat. Most were also in favor of isolating themselves. The Betrayal of Great Expectations 22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles? America didn't have much of a role in the Treaty of Versailles. They had a conciliatory attitude towards the issue of German reparations, though they didn't wish to cripple the economy. Their lack of action in the drafting of this treaty puts some blame on the U.S. Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist? Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism 23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations? Wilson was realistic when he realized that the striving of cooperation, equality, and justice among nations was the only thing that would prevent future wars.