Chapter #30: The War to End War Big Picture Themes 1.

. President Wilson outlined the wars objectives with his Fourteen Points. They set the goals of free seas, self-determination after the war, and establishing a body to prevent future wars. 2. A military draft was instituted, the first since the Civil War. 3. Women went to work more than theyd ever done and black soldiers were drafted into the military into segregated units. 4. The Americans focused their military effort in protecting Paris from the Germans. 5. At the Treaty of Versailles, Wilson agreed to allow England and France to punish Germany for the war. In return, they agreed to start Wilsons League of Nations. 6. However, the US Senate rejected the Treaty/League. They didnt wish to turn over Americas decision-making to a foreign body like the League of Nations. Chapter #30 Identifications

George Creel Head of the Committee on Public Information 1917 which was allegedly formed to combat wartime rumors by providing authoritative info. It served as propaganda agency proclaiming the governments version of reality and discrediting those who questioned that version. Bernard Baruch a Wall Street broker before being chosen by President Wilson in 1918 to head the War Industries Board. He helped the U.S. Manage war production. Henry Cabot Lodge Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations. James M. Cox A Governor of Ohio, U.S. Representative from Ohio and Democratic candidate for President of the United States in the election of 1920. Supported the League of Nations. Self-Determination Idea that all people can have independence and make up their own government. This was one of Wilson's fourteen points. Collective security a system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all Normalcy quoted by Warren G. Harding - promised a "return to normalcy" in the new era; ironic because the new era was hardly normal at all

Zimmerman Note Arthur Zimmerman secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance, tempting anti-Yanks to think they could get back Texas, sparked the war. Fourteen Points Wilson's revolutionary ideas, the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations. League of Nations an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations Committee on Public Information was a propaganda committee that built support for the war effort in Europe among Americans. It depicted Germans and other enemies on bad terms, and served to censor the press. The committee helped spur up the anti-German feeling in America as well as motivated Americans to support war against Germany once declared. Espionage and Sedition Acts enacted fines and imprisonment for false statements, inciting rebellion, or obstructing recruitment or the draft. Also papers which opposed the government could be banned from the U.S. postal service. It showed American fears/paranoia about Germans and other perceived threats. Act of 1918 made illegal any criticism of the government. It showed American fears/paranoia about Germans and other perceived threats. Industrial Workers of the World led by William Haywood, many members convicted under Espionage Act War Industries Board headed by Bernard Baruch, to help economic affairs during war, failed quickly Nineteenth Amendment Women have the right to vote Food Administration It was a government organization created to stir up a patriotic spirit which encouraged people to voluntarily sacrifice some of their own goods for the war. It helped the war effort by helping create a food surplus to feed America and its allies. Irreconcilables These were Republicans who wanted no part with the League of Nations. They were a burden to the vote on the League of Nations and had a part in its failure to pass. (Most hated Treaty of Versailles as well) Treaty of Versailles Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1) stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Air force. 2) Germany had to repair war damages 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.

Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions

War by Act of Germany Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann 1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?

Woodrow Wilson did not want to declare war on Germany for many reasons; one being which it would drag America from neutrality into the affairs of the European nations. He gave a speech titled Peace without Victory, its based on the fact that America would defeat Germany and embarrass them so it rather not attend to the fighting. The Germans responded with by taking their Sussex Pledge back, and began to attack all ships on sight with unlimited submarine warfare. After that, the last straw was the Zimmerman note that was intercepted by the British, and it from Germany to Mexico, telling them to start a war with the US to distract the US from the European affairs. Congress declared war on April 6, 1917.

Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned Know: Jeannette Rankin

2. Name Wilsons twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants? To make the world safe for democracy and to prevent a hyper-destructive war. It gave America idealism, because the other combatants were after territories or riches.

Wilsons Fourteen Potent Points Know: 3. Fourteen Points List several of Wilsons Fourteen Points.

1) Abolish all secret treaties- good for liberals 2) Freedom of the seas- good for Germans and anti brits 3) International economic barrier removal- liberals

4) Reduction of armament burdens- good for taxpayers 5) Adjustment of colonization policy- good for anti-imperialists Self Determination 14) League of Nations

Creel Manipulates Minds Know: Over There 4. Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun,

How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?

They became passionate about defending democracy for America and the world.

Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent Know: D. Haywood 5. Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William

How was loyalty forced during WWI?

If you voiced any opposition to the American war effort, you could be convicted and sent to prison.

The Nations Factories Go to War Know: 6. Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?

Americans were not fully prepared, there was ignorance of how to build weapons and machinery for a war effort, and states did not want economic control by the federal govt.

Workers in Wartime Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies 7. How did the war affect the labor movement?

It stifled the labor movement and led to violent and bloody confrontations

Suffering until Suffrage Know: 8. NAWSA, 19th Amendment, and Womens Bureau How did the war affect women?

Women also found more opportunities in the workplace, since the men were gone to war. The war separated the womens suffrage movement. Many progressive women suffragists were also pacifists and therefore against the war. Most women supported the war and concluded they must help in the war if they want to help shape the peace. Eventually they passed the 19th amendment which gave them suffrage.

Forging a War Economy Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds 9. Did government become too intrusive in peoples lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer. Yes, the government called for voluntary measures but the war propaganda was so strong that people were pressured into conforming.

Making Plowboys into Doughboys 10. Was the governments effort to raise an army fair and effective?

The governments effort to raise an army was fair and effective because it was a draft that had no ways to buy out of it. All men 18-45 were registered, and if they were drafted they had to go to war. The transition from the drafting was smooth, and there were some objections but they later shut up as the draft was largely successful, having raised an army of up to 4 million soldiers. The unfair part was that the troops were not given enough time to train properly and were just immediately shipped off into war. Women were also allowed to serve in the military, and black people were also allowed to, but only served in different infantry units.

Fighting in France--Belatedly 11. How were American troops used in Russia?

The American troops were sent to Europe late after the Allied started losing the war. Russia was breaking down on the inside; the Bolsheviks have already torn down the regime, and are planning to set up a communist regime in the nation. Because of this, they have backed off war and left the Eastern Front open allowing the Germans to focus their fire on the West side, the side with France and Britain. American troops were stationed at Russia to make sure the East front is still a viable option of attacking and also to prevent the Russian border to shrink.

America Helps Hammer the Hun Know: 12. Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.

The American troops landed and were the shining rays of hope for the Allied forces. When they came, they had 3 purposes. To defend France and Paris, to provide a moral boost to a much needed losing alliance, and also to provide supplies for the Allied nations. Marshal Foch was a famous French commander and his motto was To make war is to attack. Americans came and pushed the Germans back with the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, and Alvin York was given recognition for killing and capturing lots of Germans. Second Battle of Marne was a huge victory that began the Germany withdrawal.

The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany Know: 13. Armistice What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?

At home the German economy, society and government were collapsing. Many called for the abdication of the Kaiser, the resignation of Ludendorff and Hindenburg and a return to civilian rule. President Wilson insisted on a civilian democratic government if he were to agree to a negotiated surrender. - See more at: http://www.chacha.com/question/what-role-did-americaplay-in-bringing-germany-to-surrender#sthash.DnB95gxS.dpuf

Wilson Steps Down from Olympus Know: 14. Henry Cabot Lodge What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?

Wilson made a few political mistakes in Europe and also American politics because of his decision to go to Europe after the armistice was called. To the Republicans, Wilson looked as if he was showing off what American power can do. Republicans also disliked the fact that Wilson brought no Republicans to European to negotiate the peace, only Henry Cabot Lodge.

The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations

15. How did Wilsons desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference? The 4 big negotiators went to Paris to talk peace and bargain. Vittorio Orlando represented Italy, Georges Clemenceau represented France, David George represented Britain and Wilson himself represented America. They had conflicted feelings over what to do, although there was a certain unanimity of punishing Germany. Wilson wanted to create a League of Nations which was something no European nation really wanted, but he got what he wanted and everybody else got some except for Italy, who believed that had more land but couldnt get any and was largely ignored.

Hammering Out the Treaty Know: 16. William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?

Wilson wanted to compromise his 14 points because he wanted to create his League of Nations so badly that he signed the Treaty of Versailles since he was desperate and sold himself out to imperialism of the European nation. Many Germans were angry with this since they saw hope in the 14 points, but not anymore, and thus bred anger and led to a cause for another war a few years down the road. Many Americans were disappointed with Wilsons bargains and felt that he was too nice.

The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War Know: 17. Treaty of Versailles For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?

Wilson wanted to compromise his 14 points because he wanted to create his League of Nations so badly that he signed the Treaty of Versailles since he was desperate and sold himself out to imperialism of the European nation. Many Germans were angry with this since they saw hope in the 14 points, but not anymore, and thus bred anger and led to a cause for another war a few years down the road. Many Americans were disappointed with Wilsons bargains and felt that he was too nice.

The Domestic Parade of Prejudice 18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?

The treaty was criticized back in America because they felt that it was getting America into an entangling alliance that Washington and Jefferson warned about. This would mean that Americans would be getting themselves into more trouble later down the road. Americans were split over the issue if the treaty was too harsh or too soft on the Germans. And last, Americans felt that the treaty did not earn enough for America, and gave Britain too much power for the effort that Americans put into the war.

Wilsons Tour and Collapse (1919) 19. What was the purpose and result of Wilsons trip around the country when he returned to America? The Treaty of Versailles was not very liked by Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge and he wanted to stall the congress so he can get better terms with it. At the same time, Wilson decided to tour the country in hopes that he can convince the people to support the new treaty since congress wont. He didnt make much progress in the tour, since he came to the Midwest which was filled with German-Americans and over-exhausted himself thus causing him to collapse.

Defeat through Deadlock 20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?

The treaty was finally rejected because Lodge kept on adding his changes to it his way to tack it and when it was finally time to vote for it, Lodge was for the treaty but Wilson was not so he told the Senate not to pass it and it did not. Then it was put on for vote one more time and it was again rejected. Wilson would not compromise with Lodge, whom he disliked much. Another one was that the League of Nations forced America to back any nation in war if one was attacked.

The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920 Know: 21. Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?

The treaty was finally rejected because Lodge kept on adding his changes to it his way to tack it and when it was finally time to vote for it, Lodge was for the treaty but Wilson was not so he told the Senate not to pass it and it did not. Then it was put on for vote one more time and it was again rejected. Wilson would not compromise with Lodge, whom he disliked much. Another one was that the League of Nations forced America to back any nation in war if one was attacked.

The Betrayal of Great Expectations 22. How much should the U.S. is blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?

The US should be blamed the most for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles because of Wilsons plan of creating a League of Nations and then making it all big and losing his political support back in the United States so that it couldnt pass. America really could have taken control of Europe as a world power and people wouldve listened to America too. Because of that France was able to bully Germany and then caused Germany to suffer and put out a Hitler.

Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist? Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism

23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations? Wilson was not very realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among them because it just isnt how all nations will act. War was common a form of diplomacy back in the time since if words doesnt make something through, war does. Justice is hard to serve when there are multiple rulers, and thus forcing them to cooperate but back then they still believed in a dog eat dog world. Thus, it wasnt the time to think of the perfect in peace world out there.