Professional Documents
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AProject Report on :-
-: PROJECT GROUP :-
CHANDRA SINGH
CHINTAN DAVE
ISHAK DALA
JAGRUTI BHADRIKE
K. VISHNUPRIYA
MITA CHAUHAN
NEHA PATEL
NIKHIL JAIN
NUPUR JOSHI
PRASHANT PATEL
TARAPRIYA
VIJAY DHAMI
.: GUIDE :-
PROF. N. T. DESAI
1998 - 99
S.V.REGIONAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY, SURAT.
CERTIFICATE
U\.
Date : \ S'. s. q ~ ~T ~\ HEAD OF THE
FACULTY ADVISOR DEPARTMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
3.3 \JVindload
4.0 CONNECTIONS
6.5 STAAD-INTDES
CONFIGURATIONS
11.0 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
Nhich require accurate analysis and design. Their span and corresponding cost
configurations with same span, pitch, spacing regarding the cost aspects.
1) Fan truss
2) Pratt 1 truss
4) Howe truss
5) Pratt truss
and typical drawings are prepared for span ranging from 10 to 30 Mts. which are
1.1 General:
as either load bearing or skeleton frame. As the least dimension of the building
becomes larger and thus impossible or uneconomical to span with simple beams
or joists, columns and roof support Such systems extend to the perimeter of
bearing walls or walls with integral load bearing piers. An alternative solution is to
span the distance between walls with trusses. The truss frequently offers the
unobstructed interior floor area at less cost. In Industrial buildings,we use trusses
supports,but the exteriorwalls of which are more than 12 meters apart, some
called a 'truss'.
together at their common ends forming three joints .Such a triangle Is clearly rigid
Another two members connected to two of the joints with their far ends connected
member of such geometrically rigid triangles can be interconnected to give a
stable configuration .The joints may be bolted, welded or fastened together with
. Rise :The overall height of the truss measured from the bearing level to its
peak.
. Planetruss :
If all the members of the truss lies in one plane,( two dimensional)it is
. Space truss
In general, the materials used in the construction of truss are timber ,steel,
it has high strength at low weight. Steel is most frequently used in truss
construction and is an ideal material for such trusses. Steel trusses may be
constructed of cold rolled sections, angles or tubes and riveted, bolted or welded
used for strengthening of building of very large span. Fibre reinforced plastic is
used in the construction of airplane, helicopter, solar panel or space ship etc.
. To study the change in force with the change in span for a particular truss
configuration.
design.
· To plot the graphs and prepare tables for the better understanding of cost
interior supports the exterior walls and which are more than 12 m apart, some
system of framing would be more economical than simple beams. Such a frame is
. The central post known as king post forms a support for the tie beam.
. The upper ends of the queen posts are kept in position by means of a
. In this truss a straining sill is introduced on the tie beam between the
. The pratt truss has diagonals in tension under normal vertical loading so
. For pratt roof truss the most economical span to depth ratio is between
. For a light pitched roof truss wind loads may cause a reversal
applied loads.
. For the top end of the span range the bay width should be such that the
. For long deep trusses the bay, width become too large and are often
. For longer spans the pitched trusses are used for drainage purposes.
. The tension chord is more heavily loaded than the compression chord at
. It can be used for steep slopes but they are usually not too economical.
span range of 8m to 12 m.
· They can be divided into a large number of panels to suit almost any
number of panels.
(7) Mansard truss
· When properly designed , this truss has the unusual feature of having
I = span length
h = height of truss
· It is used for supporting short span structures like churches and other
· Near the center line of this truss the diagonals are reserved for the
· It Is used for long spans and also when more head room is required.
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3.0 LOADS ON ROOF TRUSSES
The roof trusses are subjected to normally,dead load ,live load.and wind
10ad.Andin addition to these loads, the roof trusses are also subjected to some
Dead loads are loads which are constant in magnitude and fixed position
throughout the life time of the structure. Dead load on roof trusses includes the
weight of roof covering, the weight of purlins, the weight of bracing and the self
f
weight of trusses.
corrugated sheets, G.I Sheets, tiles, glass and slates. The weights of truss
materials are given in KN. per square meter of plan areas. The unit weights of
buildingmaterials have been given in IS: 875 ( PART I )- 1987 & Table I and II of
The weight of purlins is assumed as 0.070 to 0.150 KN. per meter of plan area.
3.1.4 Weight of trusses
For the design of roof trusses, the weight of truss is assumed . The weight of
truss varies with the span, and the rise of truss I the spacing of trusses, the type
of roof covering material, the geographical situation of the roof structure.The self
weight of truss is a small part of the total design for the roof truss. The self weight
of truss may be assumed as 0.090 to 0.150 km per square meter of plan area.
I
3.2 Live Loads
Live loads are the loads which very in magnitude and/or in positions. Live
j
loads are also known as imposed or transient loads. Live loads are expressed as
roofs other than wind load and snow load. as per IS : 875-1987, for roofs with
where access is provided to roof . The minimum live load measured on plan shall
be 3.75 KN uniformly distributed over any span. of one meter width of the roof
slab and 9.0 KN uniformly distributed over the span in the case of all beams.
Where the access is not provided , except the maintenance , live load on roofs is
adopted as 0.150 KN/ m2of plan as in the case, the minimumlive load measured
..
on plan shall be 1.9 KN uniformly distributed overly span of one meter width of
roof slab and 4.5 KN uniformly distributed over the span in the case of beams.
The live load for sloping roof with slopes greater than 10° is adopted as 0.75 KN
per square meter of plan area. less 0.020 KNlm2for every degree increase In
slope over 10° subjected to minimumof 0.400 KN I m2 per square meter of plan
area.
The wind load is one of the most important loads that an engineer has to ...
j I
deal with and is also one that is most difficult to evaluate properly . The magnitude
i
of wind pressure depends on wind velocity and the shape of the structure . The
magnitude of wind velocity varies with the geographical location of the structure i
and the height of the structure.
The basic wind speed, Vb is the wind speed measured in a 50 year return
period,. The basic wind speed is based on peak gust velocity averagedover a
As per IS : 815 (part 3) wind loads - 1987 , six wind zones have been
formed which corresponds to basic speed of 55,50,47,39 and 33 meter per
wind speed is the wind speed for which the structure is designed.
Vz = ( k1 . k2 . k3 ) Vb
k3 = topography factor
Above factors k1 , k2 and k3 have been described in IS :875 ( part 3) -1987 ,Is to
note that the design wind speed upto the height from the mean ground level shall
be considered constant.
The design wind pressure, pz depends upon the basic wind speed, Vb, the
height of structure above ground level, the terrain categories ,the local topography
,the aspect ratio ( viz.,length and breath of structures),the shape of structure and
The design wind pressure at any height above mean ground level shall be
pz = 0.6 <Vz)
2 N 1m2
Where, Vz is the design wind speed in m/sec at height z . This coefficient 0.6 in
enough to sustain various types of loads as the more common structural failures
. Bolted
f
. Welded i
. Ball and socket Joint
Rivets are made from mild steel rivet bars by a machine which forms the
head and cuts the rivet of the desired length.The different types of rivet are shown
in the fig.(4.1et)
Power driven shop rivets are the ones driven in fabrication shop under
better controlled. conditions. Therefore,they are stronger than the power driven
When a rivet is ready for driving, it should be free from slag, scale and
process. This is the case when riveting is done by heating . The rivets can be
driven cold also with the use of special equipment and considerable success has
been obtained up to for 24 mm diameter rivets but at the present time cold driving
These are generally the simplest type of connection used when two
member are in the same plane. In this the planes to be connected together
. Single riveted lap joints in which a single row of rivets parallel to the edges of
joint in which two parallel rows of rivets are used which may be in the form of
In the butt joint, the plates to be connected together are kept flush, their
central planes being just opposite to each other. These may be connected through
cover plates on one side only. Butt joint may be of single row of riveting or of
chain riveting or zig-zag riveting fig. ei:1-~. Transmission of load in a riveted joint
occurs either by friction between the connected plates due to large gapping forces
produced by the tension in rivet or by shearing action on the cross section of the
rivet and bearing stress on the rivet and plates in contact with each other fig.( 4:~).
If a riveted joint carrying one rivet in lap joint such as the one shown1nfig
(4-3) is subjected to load 'P' increasingfrom zero to the stage when the joint fails.
There are following ways in which the joint can fail, as shown in fig. (4 '3).
Due to rivet holes in the jointed plates, the original strength of the full
Bolts are made from mild steel or high tensile steel and consists of a
hexagonalhead, a plain part of a shank and a threaded part as shown in fig. (Lj.4)
For connecting two steel plates together, holes are made in the parts, the parts I
are brought together, the bolt is passed through the holes and a nut Is threaded ~
.
on the other end.
,
The bolts are classified as,
j I
. Black bolts.
. Fitted bolts.
. Standard unfinishedbolts.
. Ribbed bolts.
Fitted bolts are also usually made from mild steel but the surface of the
ofthe bolt by 1.2 mm for bolts M8 to M16 and by 1.3 mm for larger sizes. These
bolts will fit the bolt holes, which are larger by 1.5 mm more readily and provide
much better bearing contact between the bolts and the holes.
rivet and the thread and nut of a ballet as shown in fig( ~ .fa).The shank has
longitudinal ribs which project from its core and result in an over all diameter
slightly larger than the diameter of the hole. When driven into the hole, the ribs
are deformed wedging the bolt tightly and allowing the nut to be tightened. The
ribs, by gripping the sides of the fitted pieces, provide greater resistance to
High Strength bolts are the major type of fieldJastener used in steel
structural building. These bolts are made from high tensile steel and their surface
is kept unfinished, that is, as rolled and rough. Therefore,they remain loose fit in
holes like black bolts, but their action in the joint takes place differently..These
bolts are tightened to a very high tension, reaching their proof load,through
1
j)
.'1
+
calibrated torque wrenches. Thus a very high compression is created between the
r
connected parts,which is equal to the proof load. The bolt of the joint is subjected
to a shear load, it is primarily resisted by the frictional force. Therefore the ':'
bearing of bolt on the hole surface does not come to play at all. Suchjoints remain
fullytight .
.
a
1
4.2.5 Design of bolted Joints
The analysis and design of joints is exactly similar to the riveted joints
except that the allowable stresses in the bolt are different . The pitch and edge
metallurgical bond between them. Many different welding processes may be used
The shield Metal arc welding process is the most common type used for
structural welding. In this process, the intense heat required to reduce the metal
I
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to a liquid state is produced by an electric arc fig. (Lj.5). f
In all modern arc welding process t.hearc is shielded to control the complex j
j.,
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4.3.2 Type of welds fig.(~ .6)
horizontal weld .
vertical weld .
overhead weld.
plug weld.
slot weld .
lap weld.
tee weld .
comer weld.
edge weld .
Flat weld is one which is made right on top,the electrode being downward
in a vertical plane.
weld is made from lookingup, the electrode being upward in almost vertical plane.
The flat weld is the easiest to make and overhead weld the most
inconvenient.
Butt and fillets welds are the ones most commonly used for structural work.
plug and slot welds are generally used where it is not possible to providethe .
in the same plane. They are classified according to the method of grooving or
Fillet welds
Lap, tee or corner joints require fillet type welds.Such welds are usually in
The size of the fillet welds Is denoted by the sizes of the sides of the right
therefore. small fillet welds are the most economical. This is true because the
throat dimension is proportional to the leg size,while the amount of weld metal
"
varies approximately, as the square of the leg size. ,
- ..:.
Welds of this type fail through the throat as a result of the combined effect
that strength per linear inch of fillet weld is the shearing strength .
connection can be strengthened by the use of plug or slot welds. Plug and slot
welds are made by filling with weld, metal in a circular or slotted hole cut in one of
the two parts to be jointed, or by forming a fillet weld around the edge of the hole
or slot. The strength of such a weld is equal to mean length of weld times the
This is the joint where all the loads are supported by the end reactions in all
the three directions, As shown in the fig. (it-f) In the figure all components of the
Method of design
members are such that they will not develop restraint moment.and for the purpose
frames, it permits account being taken of the rigidity of the connections and the
This method gives the greatest rigidity and economy in the weight of steel
frame shall have sufficient rigidity to hold the original angles between such
not prevented .In the later case the ratio ilL should not be less than 1.2 .
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I~ 5.0 ANALYSIS OF TRUSS
determinate truss. The whole truss is consider as a free body to obtain reaction
and then each joint as a free body to obtain the axial forces at a time. The joints
Nhere the number of unknowns are two or less than two should be solved first.
For example the truss ABC shown in fig find the forces in member AB, BC and AC
Taking moment @ B
R2 X L - P X L1 = 0
~" R2 = PL1 I L KN
/~e,
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- L
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R2 = ( P - R2 ) KN
RI H~
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~fy = 0
R1 + FAS sin 81 = 0
~Fx = 0
B ~/ 6L
1:FY =0
i
RI ~ F13 Co
R2 + FACsin 82 =0
~.""" EFX = 0
formed for either one of the parts of the truss treating it as a free body. The
method of section is superior if we see the forces only in some of the member
section AA cuts the trusses in to the parts . The left part of the truss takes in to
V, t@ \,\ fA) v~
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FU,U2=( P, x L / 4 ) - (R, x L I 2 )
11
L;FY = R, - P, - FU,U2sin 8, = 0
graphical method.
(1) If only there non parallel forces act one body they must pass through a
(2) If the magnitude of two forces acting on a body are the only unknown the
IJ
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R(B) /
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Rl(N)
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Rl (D) IRR
b .
favorite choice of structural engineers. Data Exchange with CAD programs for
review the results, sort and search the data to create a report - all \,'.~thinthe
using STAPLE, you can access the STAAD-III database to extract all structural
engineer has use STAPLE to integrate and execute his in-house, company-
In STAAD-III the following are the main options available from the
graphical Environment -
..
STAAD-III Analysis and Design
analysis and design are integrated and can be performed in the same run. The
input file can be created through a text editor or STAAD-PRE input generation
elements. So frame elements and plate elements may be used to model the
elements. But care should be taken that nodes be specified either clockwise or
This option can be used either to create a file or for adding additional
data before the completion of the input file. It allows generation of structural
in generation and viewing of structural models for both 20 and 3D situations. The
facilities for the specifications of section properties, material constants, supports,
processing ( i.e. after running) the input file or for processing the input file. It is a
powerful graphics facility for verification of the model and display of the results.
force diagrams, stress contours etc. A versatile query facility allows generation of
~
cl:Istomized reports. Powerful icon-based graphics tools provide extremely user-
6.5 STAAD-INTDES
Input me
The purpose of explainingthe input files is:
. to explain,what type of data is required to be give as input for
standard analysis software for the analysis of 3- dimensional and 2-
dimensional structures.
. To explore the sophisticated features available with such softwares.
STADD TRUSS
Every STADD-III input has to start with the word STADD. the word
J
TRUSS signifies that the trusses are pin-joined and carry only axial loads. ~
UNIT METER KG ,
This command allows the user to specify or change length force units for i
input and output. t
t
~
INPUT WIDTH 72
This command is used to specify width of lines of input. The default
input width is 72.
JOINT COORDINATES
This command allows the user to specify and generate the co-ordinated of
the joints of the Truss. All joints numbers are assigned globally. In global
axts,
x -> + left.
y -> + Ve upward
Z -> + Ve outward
MEMBER INCIDENCES
This command defmes the members by the joints to which they are .
comected.
The general configuration of truss with joint numbers and member numbers
is shown in the latter pages.
JOINT COORDINATES
This connnand allows the user to specify and generate the co-ordinated of
the joints of the Truss. All joints numbers are assigned globally. In global
axts,
x -> + left
y -> + Ve upward
Z -> + Ve outward
MEMBER INCIDENCES
This connnand defmes the members by the joints to which they are
cormected.
The general configuration of truss with joint numbers and member numbers
is shown in the latter pages.
~
SELECT ALL
By this command , selection of member sizes is done using the last
results ftom analysis and iterating on sections until a least weight size is
obtained for most critical load combination.
SELECT OPTIMTZFTI
BY this command, analysis of the structure is done a number of times
and corresponding iteration of sizes until an overall structure of least
weight is obtained.
GROUP MEMB it to i5 .
.
Although the program selects the most economical section for all members, r
it is not always practical to use many different sizes in one structure.
Truss members are classified into different types such as tie members,
,.
rafters and strut members. Generally for the pmpose of design work,
members of same type at a particular level, at different faces of truss,
are grouped together and same is adopted. The GROUP command groups
the members by their input listing i.e. the members in one group have
same size (largest of grouped members.)
PERFORM ANALYSIS
Since the member sizes are now all different, it is necessary to reanalyze
the structure to get new values of forces in the members.
JOINT LOAD
This command specifies that. all - loads are acting at the joints of a
member
LOAD liST AIL
PERFORM ANALYSIS
This connnand directs the program to penonn the analysis of a truss for
member sizes as initially specified which includes.
· checking whether all . infonnation is provided for the analysis;
. fOIming the joints stiffness matrix;
· checking the stability of the structure;
· solving simultaneous equations, and
· computing the member forces and displacement.
After the generation of a roof truss on the screen . the initial member
sIZes are specified before going into complex 3D analysis of the actual \
~
truss.
,
CONST ANTS
E STEEL ALL
SUPPORTS
il to i4 FIXED
This connnand specifies that the joints il to i4 are fixed, meaning the
support has both transitional and rotational restraints.
LOAD i
The load combination that we have considered for the analysis of the roof
truss is that of wind load and dead load.
SELECT ALL
Again for grouped members, the program selects member sizes using last
results of analysis for most critical load combination.
FINISH
This command tenninates the STADD-ill / ISDS run.
-~
In this chapter, the input file for pratt truss of 9 m span in STAAD-II/is included in
the followingpages. And output file for the same is also included in the following
pages in the same format which STAAD-IIIgives.
STAAD TRUSS
INPUT WIDTH 72
UNIT METER KNS
JOINT COORDINATES
1 .00 .000 .000
2 3.30 .000 .000
3 6.60 .000 .000
4 9.90 .000 .000
5 13.20 .000 .000
6 16.50 .000 .000
7 19.80 .000 .000
8 16.50 1.650 .000
9 13.20 3.300 .000
10 9.90 4.950 .000
11 6.60 3.300 .000
12 3.30 1.650 .000
MEMBER INCIDENCES
112
223
334
445
556
667
778
889
9 9 10
10 10 11
11 11 12
12 1 12
13 2 12
14 3 12
15 3 11
16 4 11
17 4 10
18 4 9
19 5 9
20 5 8
21 6 8
MEMBER PROPERTY INDIAN
1 TO 21 TABLE ST ISA20X20X3
SUPPORT
1 7 FIXED
CONSTANT
E STEEL ALL
DENSITY STEEL ALL
LOAD 1 (DEAD LOAD + WIND LOAD)
JOINT LOAD
1 7 IT 7.96
8 TO 12 FY 15.93
1 7 FX 4.99
8 TO 12 FX 9.98
PRINT PROBLEM STATISTICS
PERFORM ANALYSIS
CHECK CODE ALL
SELECT ALL.
SELECT OPTIMIZED
PRINT MEMBER FORCES ALL
PRINT JOINT DISPLACEMENTS ALL
PLOT DISPLACEMENT FILE
STEEL TAKE OFF
FINISH
STAAD TRUSS -- PAGE NO. 3
STEEL TAKE-OFF
--------------
61. FINISH
been analysed and designed with the help of STAAD III Computer Programme
Software. The results of the various member sections of trusses and the
9.1
.
FANTRUSS
15 20 25
!I
: Memb '
10
30
'8
I
65 x 45x 5 65 x 45x 5 70x 70x 5 65x65x5 75x75x5
1
10
35x 35x 3
15
90 x 90x 6
2 35x 35x 3 50 x 50x 3 60 x 60x 5 75 x 75x 5 90 x 90x 6
3 30 x30x 3 45 x 45x 3 60 x 60x 5 75 x 75x 5 90 x 90x 6
4 20x 20x 3 30 x 20x 3 30 x 30x 3 35 x 35x 3 40 x 40x 3
5 30x 30x 3 40 x 40x 3 55 x 55x 5 65 x 65x 5 80 x 80x 6
6 20x 20x 3 30 x 20x 3 30 x 30x 3 35 x 35x 5 40 x 40x 3
7 30x 30x 3 45 x 45x 3 60 x 60x 5 75 x 75x 5 90 x 90x 6
8 35x 35x 3 50 x 50x 3 60 x 60x 5 75 x 75x 5 100x100x 6
9 35x 35x 3 50 x 50x 3 60 X 60x 5 75 x 75x 5 75 x 75x 5
10 45x 30x 6 75 x 50x 5 70 x 70x 6 100 x 75x 6 90 x 90x 6
11 45x 30x 6 75 X 50x 5 70 X 70x 6 100 x 65x 6 90 x 90x 6
12 40x 25x 6 55 x 55x 5 75 x 50x 6 90 x 60x 6 100 x 65x 6
13 35x 35x 5 60 x 40x 5 65 x 65x 5 70 x 70x 6 65 x 45x 8
14 . 35x 35x 5 60 x 40x 5 65 x 65x 5 70 x 70x 6 65 x 45x 8
15 40 x 25x 6 55 x 55x 5 75 x 50x 6 90 X 60x 6 100 x 65x 6
16 45x 30x 6 75 x 55x 5 70 x 70x 6 100 x 65x 6 90 x 90x 6
17 45x 30x 6 75 x 55x 5 70 x 70x 6 100 x 75x 6 90 x 90x 6
18 20x 20x 3 20 x 20x 3 20 x 20x 3 20 x 20x 3 20 x 20x 3
19 20x 20x 3 30 X 20x 3 30 X 20x 3 35 x 35x 3 40 x 40x 3
20 55x 55x 5 80 x 80x 6 125 x 95x6 130x130x8 200x150x10
21 30x 20x 3 30 x 30x 3 40 X 40x 3 50 x 50x 3 60 X 60x 6
22 65x 65x 5 100x100x 6 130x130x 8 200x200x10 200x200x12
23 30x 30x 3 40 X 40x 3 55 x 55 x 5 65x65x 5 80 x 80x 6
24 80x 80x 6 130x130x 8 200x150x10 200x200x12 200x200x25
25 80x 80x 6 130x 130x 8 200 150x1 0 200x200x12 200x200x25
26 30x 30x 3 40 x 40x 3 55x55x 5 65x65x 5 80x80x 6
10 15 20 25 30
Mamba
27 65x 65x 5 100x1 OOx6 130x130x 8 200x150x10 100x200x12
28 30x 20x 3 30 x 30x 3 40 x 40x 3 50x50x3 60x60x5
29 55x 55x 5 80 x 80x 6 125x95x 6 130x130x 8 200x150x10
30 20x 20x 3 30 x 20x 3 30 x 30x 3 35 x 35x 3 40 x 40x 3
31 20x 20x 3 20 x 20x 3 20 x 20x 3 20 x 20x 3 20 x 20x 3
All section dimensions are in mm
Howe Truss ( Cost Table)
Span (m) Total Cost Rs.
10 3280.25
15 8559.25
20 18295.05
25 32078.75
30 61778.05
10 15 20 25 30
M9mb9
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10.0 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
In this chapter, the analysis of cost data for different types of trusses is
carried out . The cost tables for different types of trusses, for differents spans are
For 10 m span
Type of truss Total cost (Rs.)
Fan.Truss 4043.75
Pratt 1 Truss 4512.50
Compound Fink Truss 3311.00
Howe Truss 3280.25
Pratt Truss 1936.79
For 15 m Span
For Span 25 m
Type of truss Total cost (Rs.)
I Fan.Truss 64064.11
Pratt 1 Truss 34065.09
Compound Fink Truss 35168.75
I
II Howe Truss 32078.75
Pratt Truss 23623.85
For Span 30 m
Type of truss Total cost (Rs.)
Fan.Truss 78308.00
Pratt 1 Truss 51879.00
. From the graph of howe truss, it can be seen that total cost of truss
varies almost linearly upto 25m span. The difference between the cost
times than that of 25 m span. Secondly, it can be also observed that the
cost of 20m span be comes more than double for 15m span.
The economical span for fan truss is upto 20m because of the fact that
. Pratt 1 type of truss can be used for spans ranging from 10m to 25 m
span because the cost curve varies smoothly for above span interval.
. For the pratt truss the cost comparison with pratt1 truss is very
pratt 1 truss. The cost of pratt 1 truss for 10m span is 230% higher
than the cost of pratt truss. Such kind of trend can also be witnessed
.0 For 10m span pratt 1 type of truss gives the highest cost whereas the
difference between the cost of howe truss and compound fink truss is
almost negligible
. The least cost amongst the trusses studied,is for pratt truss. Its cost is
half than that of fan truss Moreover, pratt 1 truss is 2.32 times costlier
. For the span at 15 m fan truss comes out to be the costliest one. Again,
the cost difference between compound fink truss and howe truss is
almost negligible. Even for 15m span also pratt truss is the most
economical solution.
. For 20 m span, a little difference among the cost for trusses accept
pratt truss can be pointed out 36% cost reduction can be obtained by
. A sudden increase in the cost of fan truss can be seen for 25m span.
. For 30 m span the costs of compound fink truss & howe truss become
doubler than their costs for 25 m span, Fan truss gives the highest cost
-
which is as much as 1.85 times higher than for pratt truss. For this case
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11.0 CONCLUSION
This project gives the various cost comparison curves to get an idea
Pratt Truss" for all the spans studied since it gives us the least cost. Fink
and howe truss are useful for span range of 10 to 20m but they are the
second choice after pratt truss because beyond 20m span they become
uneconomical.
One more observation can be carried out from the cost tables that,
that, for the same configuration, by keeping span & pitch constant, the cost
J
,
J
In this project work has been carried out by varying spans &
configurations whereas, spacing between trusses & pitch of truss are kept
constant. A cost comparison can also be made by varying the above stated
checked out.
also used in place of steel trusses. The major advantage they offer,is the
100 79 80 86 94 96 97 99 101
110 71 72 76 82 83 84 85 87
120 63 64 67 71 72 73 73 75
130 56 57 59 62 63 63 64 65
140 50 51 53 55 55 56 56 57
150 45 45 47 49 49 49 49 50
160 41 41 42 43 43 44 44 44
170 37 37 38 39 39 39 39 39
- - ---
180 33 33 34 35 35 35 35 35
190 30 30 31 31 32 32 32 32
200 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28
210 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26
220 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24
230 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22
240 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
250 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19
values of based s eo on Eq. 5.2 are given in Table 5.1 for convenience
Ir.
**********************************************************************
Solution :
Load:
x 1.0
= 41.36 m/ec
premiability as follow.
Design of Purlins
effective.
(2) Imposed load for trusses on top panel points = 267 x4 x9.3
= 9932 N
Downward= 0
The force diagrams for truss under dead load and negative wind
load have been shown in Figs. 9.14 and 9.15 . Forces due to imposed
Rafter, La U3 and Ls U3
+6.0
Main Strut U2 L2 -2.8 -2.5 -12.7 -5.3 +7.4 -5.3
+7.4
L1 +4.6
21 +5.0
rx = 1.51 cm
= 2.38 cm
I y = 179 cm
.--'
,... ....-,
..
1
Iy= 1x/rx=179/2.38=75.2
\I\fhich is safe.
Sac.cal
= 20.9 x103 /9.26 x102 = 22.6 Mpa 150 Mpa
V"hich safe
Main tie, La Ls
= 14.0 kN ( compression)
I x= 108.5/1.51 =71.85
I y = 310/2.38 = 130.25
~
..-'
;.:,;. .
.
"",;_..
' . .,.
--.. .-"'-. ..ro"
. -.<.~ ""
. -",.-
Mpa
\/Vhich is safe
= 8.7 kN ( compression)
r = 1.51 cm
\iVhich is safe.
A2 = ( 50 - 6/2 ) 6 =282 mm 2
Which is safe
50,6 mm will be sufficient for main strut, minor sling and minor strut.
Design of joints
in double shera = 2 x 24 = 48 kN
Table 9.2.
Table 9.2
+20.9
-14.0
Main Sling +6 ISA 50x 50x 6 24 2
-8.7
+7.4
+4.6
+5.0
= 10558.5 N
= -13.52 kN
= 0.8 NI mm2
= 0.334 Mpa
t = 5 mm
resist uplift force. The length of anchor bolt d should be such that the
specific
m3
Marble 27 Glsheets( 1 mm
thick)
-
plan kNI m2
10 degrees
span of 1 m width of
uniformly distributed
degrees. Subjected to a
Curved roof with slope (0.75 - 0.52 g2) where. minimum of 0.4 kN/m2
10 degrees.
0.2 1.8
0.3 1.7
0.4 1.7
0.5 1.6
0.75 1.6
1.00 2.0