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INTRODUCTION
Bridge Circuit is a null method, operates on the principle of comparison. That is a known (standard) value is adjusted until it is equal to the unknown value. The bridge is said to be balance when there is no current through the galvanometer or potential difference across the galvanometer is zero. The relationship between the component values of the 4 arms of the bridge at the balancing is called balancing equation or balancing condition. This equation gives the value of unknown component.
DC BRIDGES
The measurement of resistance are classified as, i. Low Resistance: order 1. Ex: resistance of armature windings of electrical machines, series field winding of D.C machine, shunts and lead wires. i. Medium Resistance: order 1 to 0.1M. Ex: Shunt field windings of D.C machine and multipliers. i. High Resistance: 0.1M and upwards. Ex: insulation resistance of cables and wires.
Wheatstone Bridge
It is the very important device used for the measurement of medium resistance. Fig shows the model and circuit of Wheatstone Bridge.
It consist of four arms, consisting of resistances P, Q, R & S with a source of emf E and null detector G.
The bridge is said to be balanced when there is no current through the galvanometer. To have zero current through the galvanometer the points b and d must be at the same potential. Thus potential across arm ab must be same as the potential across arm ad.
Wheatstone Bridge
For balanced bridge, We can write, I1P= I2 R--------------------(1) As galvanometer current is zero I1 = IG + I3 (IG = 0) = I3 ------------(2) Similarly, I2 = IG + I4 = I4
Considering battery path under balanced condition E = I1P + I3Q = I1P + I1Q = I1 (P +Q) Therefore, I1 = E / P +Q = I3 ---------------------------(3) Similarly, E = I2R + I4S = I2R+ I2S = I2 (R +S) Therefore, I2 = E/R +S = I4 ---------------------------(4) Using equation (3) & (4) in equation (1)
Therefore,
If the three of the resistances are known, the fourth resistance can be determined as using the above equation.
Therefore, VBD = VTH = VAD VAB Or EBD = VTH = EAD EAB = We know that, Therefore, VTH = =
VTH
Now Also, Therefore,
e
and the galvanometer sensitivity
Finally,
From the above equation, sensitivity of the bridge depends on bridge voltage, bridge parameters and voltage sensitivity of the galvanometer. Rearranging the above equation
Galvanometer Current
The current through the galvanometer can be found by finding the Thevenins equivalent circuit for the bridge shown. The open circuit voltage between the Points b and d is The Thevenins equivalent resistance is Found by short circuiting the voltage Source E and finding the resistance Between the points b and,
Galvanometer Current
Therefore, The current through the galvanometer is given By Ig (Rg + RTH) = VTH Also Ig = VTH / (Rg + RTH) We know that for a small change in resistance i.e., R + R Bridge sensitivity is Here if P = Q = R = S then,
Therefore,
3. Thermoelectric e.m.fs are present in the circuit and they affect the galvanometer deflection.
4. The excessive currents may generate heat which may cause the permanent change in the resistance.