TYPES OF REFRIGERATION COMPRESSORS

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT : RECIPROCATING ( 1/40 TO 150 TR) : OPEN, HERMETIC & SEMI-HERMETIC. ROTARY ( 1/40 TO 10 TR) : OPEN & HERMETIC. SCROLL ( 1 TO 30 TR) : HERMETIC ONLY. SCREW ( 20 TO 800 TR) : OPEN, HERMETIC & SEMIHERMETIC. ROTODYNAMIC : CENTRIFUGAL (150 TO 10,000 TR) : OPEN & SEMIHERMETIC. ALL TYPES MAY BE AIR-COOLED, WATER-COOLED & / OR REFRIGERANT GAS COOLED FOR STATIONERY, TRANSPORT OR MARINE APPLICATION.
OCT. 2006 D.RAVINDRA

TYPES OF COMPRS..Contd.
OPEN TYPE :
COMPR. SHAFT EXTENDS THRU A MECHANICAL SHAFT SEAL & IS DRIVEN BY AN EXTERNAL PRIME MOVER. AMMONIA COMPR. IS ONLY OF OPEN TYPE. (WHY?)

HERMETIC :
COMPR. & DRIVE MOTOR ARE CONTAINED WITHIN THE SAME ENCLOSURE OR SHELL. THE MOTOR ROTOR IS MOUNTED DIRECTLY ON THE CRANKSHAFT . MOTOR WDGS. IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH REFRIGERANT.

SEMI-HERMETIC ( OR ACCESSIBLE HERMETIC) :

HERMETIC COMPR. OF BOLTED CONSTRUCTION. AMENABLE TO FIELD REPAIR.

2-STAGE COMPRESSORS :
TO ACHIEVE HIGHER COMPRESSION RATIO (FOR EXTRA LOW TEMP. APPLICATION)
OCT. 2006 D.RAVINDRA

APPLICATION & RATING CONDITIONS

RATING CONDITIONS (ASRE-T / ARI) :
HIGH TEMP. SST, C 7.2 SDT, C 54.4 LIQUID TEMP., C 46.1 SUC. TEMP., C 35 / 18.3 AMBIENT TEMP, F 35 MED. TEMP. - 6.6 54.4 46.1 35 / 18.3 35 LOW TEMP. - 23.3 54.4 32.2 32.2 32.2

LIQUID SUBCOOLING :
CAPACITY INCREASES BY 0.9% PER DEGREE C

SUCTION SUPERHEAT :
CAPACITY INCREASES BY 0.9% PER 4o C.

OCT. 2006

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HAZARDS TO COMPR. OPERATION

REFRIGERANT FLOODBACK FLOODED START (DUE TO REFRIGERANT MIGRATION) SLUGGING OVERHEATING

REMEDIES
USE MINIMUM REFRIGERANT CHARGE SUCTION ACCUMULATOR CRANKCASE HEATER PUMPDOWN CYCLE CONTROL SUCTION SUPERHEAT ADEQUATE COMPRESSOR COOLING.

OCT. 2006

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COMPRESSOR PROTECTION
INHERENT / INBUILT :
HERMETIC MOTOR EXTERNAL THERMAL-CUM-OVERCURRENT PROTECTION. INTERNAL PROTECTION (TEMPERATURE-CURRENT OR ONLY TEMPERATURE SENSING) ELECTRONIC PROTECTION WITH INTERNAL THERMISTOR TEMPERATURE SENSORS. INTERNAL PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE. CRANKCASE HEATER. SUCTION FILTER / STRAINER. CHECK VALVE AT DISCHARGE PORT (IN MANEUROP SCROLL & ALL SCREW COMPRESSORS) REVERSE ROTATION PROTECTION (IN ALL SCREW & SOME SCROLL COMPRESSORS).
OCT. 2006 D.RAVINDRA

COMPRESSOR PROTECTION .. Contd.

INCORPORATED IN SYSTEM DESIGN:
SUCTION ACCUMULATOR PUMP DOWN CYCLE. PROTECTION AGAINST HIGH / LOW PRESSURES. PROTECTION AGAINST LOW OIL PRESSURE. HIGH DISCHARGE GAS TEMPERATURE PROTECTION.

OCT. 2006

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HERMETIC MOTORS
COMPRISE ONLY A WOUND STATOR & DIE-CAST ROTOR. WINDINGS FORCE-COOLED BY COLD REFRIGERANT GAS. HENCE RELATIVELY HIGHER ELECTRICAL LOADING COMPARED TO STANDARD AIR-COOLED MOTORS. ACTIVE MATERIAL ONLY ABOUT 60% OF STD. MOTORS. HIGH BREAKDOWN TORQUE. MATERIALS COMPATIBILITY WITH REFRIGERANT. TYPES: SINGLE PHASE: RSIR, CSIR, PSC, CSR. THREE PHASE : DOL, STAR-DELTA, PART WINDING. PROTECTION: EXTL. / INTL., CURRENT / TEMP. SENSING.
OCT. 2006 D.RAVINDRA

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
WORKHORSE OF AC& R : 1/40 TR TO 200 TR. OPEN, SEMI-HERMETIC OR HERMETIC. VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY & CAPACITY REDUCE WITH : INCREASE IN DISCHARGE PRESSURE. DECREASE IN SUCTION PRESSURE. INCREASE IN COMPRESSION RATIO. SINGLE OR 2-STAGE. CAPACITY CONTROL BY : COMPRESSOR CYCLING CYLINDER UNLOADING.

OCT. 2006

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OCT. 2006

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SEMI-HERMETIC RECIPROCATING COMPR.

OCT. 2006

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OPERATIONAL LIMITS OF RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

COMPRESSION RATIO : 9 TO 10 (MAX.) MAX. OPERATING DIFFERENTIAL : 325 PSIG SST / SDT, F : 50 / 140 150 (AS PER COMPR. MFR.) DISCH. TEMP, F: 275 F SUC. TEMP., F : 10 TO 20 F MIN./MAX. AMBIENT TEMP. MIN. / MAX. VOLTAGE & FREQUENCY MIN. / MAX. OIL QUANTITY

OCT. 2006

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SCROLL COMPRESSORS.

FEATURES & CHARACTERISTICS :

ALMOST 100% VOLUMETRIC EFFY. HIGH ENERGY EFFY. (ABOUT 10% MORE THAN RECIPS.) FEW MOVING PARTS: HENCE DURABLE & RELIABLE. LOW GAS PULSATIONS. LOW SOUND ( 3 TO 5 dB LOWER THAN RECIPS.) BETTER LIQUID HANDLING CAPABILITY (THAN RECIPS.) STARTS UNLOADED : GOOD LOW VOLTAGE STARTABILITY.

OCT. 2006

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SCROLL COMPRESSOR (Cut away view)

OCT. 2006

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OCT. 2006

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SCROLL COMPRESSORS.
Scroll
High pressure gas Fixed Scroll
Valve plate

Piston
Low pressure gas High pressure gas

Low pressure gas

Suction valve Piston ring

Orbiting scroll

Wrist pin Piston Rod

2 parts
OCT. 2006 D.RAVINDRA

15 parts (2 cylinders)

Fewer moving parts

SCROLL COMPRESSORS.

SCROLLS OPEN TO SUCTION

INVOLUTE INVOLUTE POCKET POCKET TRAPS BEGINS TO REDUCE SUCTION GAS IN SIZE

AND REDUCE

AND REDUCE

END OF COMPRESSION CYCLE

DISCHARGE

DISCHARGE

OCT. 2006

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OCT. 2006

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SCROLL COMPRESSORS.
COMPRESSION OCCURS IN ALL INVOLUTE POCKETS SIMULTANEOUSLY.
FORCES OF EQUAL PROPORTIONS IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS CANCEL ONE ANOTHER. SMOOTH AND CONTINUOUS.

OCT. 2006

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SCROLL COMPRESSORS.
SOME PRECAUTIONS IN APPLICATION : :
LIBERAL SHOCK LOOPS MUST BE PROVIDED FOR SUCTION & DISCHARGE LINES. IN THE EVENT OF REVERSE ROTATION, THERE IS LOSS OF PUMPING, ACCOMPANIED BY EXCESSIVE, UNPLEASANT NOISE. POSSIBILITY OF DAMAGE TO SCROLLS IN REVERSE ROTATION (IN SOME MAKES OF COMPRESSORS). SHUT-OFF SOUND. REMOVE REFRIGERANT FROM BOTH LOW & HIGH SIDES BEFORE UNBRAZING THE SYSTEM. CARE SHOULD BE EXERCISED WHILE UNBRAZING SYSTEM COMPONENTS, TO AVOID SPILLAGE OF LUBRICANT AND POSSIBILITY OF FIRE.

OCT. 2006

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DIGITAL SCROLL COMPRESSORS.

FEATURES : :
STEPLESS CAPACITY VARIATION FROM 10 TO 100%. HIGH EER EVEN AT PARTIAL LOADS. NO OIL RETURN PROBLEMS EVEN AT LOW LOADS. NO EMC PROBLEMS.

OCT. 2006

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Disengaging Solenoid (Normally Closed)

Thermistor for Injection Control & High Temp. Cut Off

Discharge Connection

Suction Connection

OCT. 2006

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Fixed Scroll
PWM Signal

Orbiting Scroll
OCT. 2006 D.RAVINDRA

Loaded State (1); Unloaded State (0)

OCT. 2006

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Digital Scroll Operation Loaded State (1); Unloaded State (0)

Scroll Separates By 1 MM

Loaded State (1)

Unloaded State (0)

100% Capacity

0% Capacity

Example: 20% Capacity

100%

Example: 50% Capacity

100%

0% 2 s 8 s 5 s

0% 5 s

OCT. 2006

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ROTARY COMPRESSORS
USED IN RAC / REFRIGERATORS / TRANSPORT AC & R.

FEATURES :
COMPACT SIZE & LESS WEIGHT A FEW MOVING PARTS; HENCE RELIABLE T QUIET OPERATION BUILT-IN ACCUMULATOR PROTECTS AGAINST LIQUID SLUGGING NO NEED FOR CRANKCASE HEATER HIGH VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY LOW STARTING TORQUE REQUIREMENT GOOD EER.

PLICATIONS : TYPES :
OCT. 2006 D.RAVINDRA

ROTARY COMPRESSORS

TYPES OF ROTARY COMPRESSORS :

FIXED VANE, ROLLING PISTON. ROTARY VANE.

OCT. 2006

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ROTARY COMPRESSOR

OCT. 2006

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Internal Construction: Rotary

Suction Tube Discharge Tube Accumulator Discharge Muffler Discharge Valve

Housing Motor Rotor Motor Stator Crank Shaft Upper Bearing Shaft Pin Roller By Pass-pipe

Suction Tube

Cylinder
Capacity Control

Liquid Injection Tube

Lower Bearing

OCT. 2006

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OCT. 2006

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PERFORMANCE OF ROTARY COMPRESSORS.

SHARP INCREASE IN POWER CONSUMPTION AT HIGH CONDENSING TEMPERATURES. SHARP REDUCTION IN COP (AT HIGH COND. TEMPS.) CONDENSER MUST BE LIBERALLY DESIGNED FOR HIGH AMBIENT OPERATION. MOTOR COOLED BY HOT DISCHARGE GAS. LIQUID REFRIGERANT INJECTION TO REDUCE OVERHEATING. USE LIBERAL SHOCK LOOPS FOR SUCTION & DISCHARGE LINES.

OCT. 2006

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COMPRESSOR TUBING
SUCTION & DISCHARGE TUBING SHOULD BE FLEXIBLE WITH LIBERAL SHOCK LOOPS, PARTICULARLY FOR SCROLL & ROTARY COMPRS. THESE TUBINGS SHOULD NOT HAVE RESONANT FREQUENCY NEAR THE DOMINANT FREQUENCY OF THE COMPRESSOR. TUBE RESONANCES SHOULD BE AT LEAST +/-5 Hz FROM COMPR. VIBRATION FREQUENCY. DOMINANT COMPR. FREQUENCIES @ 50 Hz : 48 & 97.5 Hz : IMBALANCE (AVOID 43 TO 53 Hz AND 92 TO 105 Hz) 100 Hz : MOTOR TORQUE
OCT. 2006 D.RAVINDRA