PRINCIPLE OF REFRIGERATION

REFRIGERATION MAY BE DEFINED AS THE SCIENCE OF PRODUCING A TEMPERATURE (IN A PRODUCT OR SPACE) WHICH IS LOWER THAN THAT OF THE SURROUNDINGS. THIS INVOLVES THE REMOVAL OF HEAT (FROM THE PRODUCT OR SPACE) AND REJECTING IT TO A MEDIUM WHICH IS USUALLY AT A HIGHER TEMPERATURE. HOWEVER, IN NATURE, HEAT ALWAYS FLOWS FROM A HIGHER TEMPERATURE TO A LOWER TEMPERATURE.

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

PRINCIPLE OF REFRIGERATION . contd.

FROM THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS, IT FOLLOWS THAT : IT IS NOT POSSIBLE FOR HEAT TO FLOW FROM A COLDER BODY TO A WARMER BODY WITHOUT ANY WORK HAVING BEEN DONE TO ACCOMPLISH THIS FLOW.

ENERGY WILL NOT FLOW SPONTANEOUSLY FROM A LOW TEMPERATURE OBJECT TO A HIGHER TEMPERATURE OBJECT.
THIS IS THE SECOND FORM OR CLAUSIUS STATEMENT OF THE SECOND LAW.

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

PRINCIPLE OF REFRIGERATION . contd.

THE BOILING POINT OF A FLUID VARIES WITH THE PRESSURE. THE BOILING POINT CAN BE ALTERED BY CHANGING THE PRESSURE. BOILING POINT CAN BE LOWERED BY LOWERING THE PRESSURE, & VICE VERSA.

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

ANY REFRIGERATION SYSTEM INVOLVES THE FOLLOWING :

REMOVING OR ABSORBING HEAT (FROM THE PRODUCT OR SPACE) AT A LOWER TEMPERATURE. REJECTING IT (USUALLY TO WATER OR AIR) AT A HIGHER TEMP. THIS IS POSSIBLE ONLY BY EXPENDING ENERGY IN THE FORM OF EXTERNAL WORK OR HEAT (SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS) A WORKING MEDIUM OR REFRIGERANT, WHICH UNDERGOES SOME THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES IN A CYCLIC MANNER.
D.RAVINDRA

Oct 2006

CO-EFFT. OF PERFORMANCE & ENERGY EFFICIENCY

COP IS A MEASURE OF THE EFFICIENCY OF A REFRIGERATION CYCLE. COP = USEFUL EFFECT / ENERGY EXPENDED. COP OF VAPOUR COMPR. CYCLE IS USUALLY 3 to 4. COP OF VAPOUR ABSORPTION CYCLE : 0.7 1.6. CONVENTIONALLY, IT IS MORE COMMON TO USE THE TERM ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR COOLING APPLN. ENERGY EFFY. = USEFUL REFRIGERATION / ENERGY INPUT. THE TERM COP IS MORE COMMONLY USED FOR HEATING APPLICATION (HEAT PUMP).
Oct 2006 D.RAVINDRA

SOME DEFINITIONS

1 TON OF REFRIGERATION IS THE HEAT REQUIREDTO BE REMOVED FROM 1 TON OF WATER (AT 0 C) TO CONVERT IT TO ICE (AT 0 C) IN 24 HOURS. 1 TON OF REFRIGERATION = 2000 (lbs.) x 144 (BTU/lb) / 24 Hrs. = 12,000 BTU/HR. = 3,000 kcal/HR.
= 3.516 kW

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE

FOUR BASIC COMPONENTS : COMPRESSOR CONDENSER (HEAT EXCHANGER) EXPANSION DEVICE EVAPORATOR (HEAT EXCHANGER)
Oct 2006 D.RAVINDRA

VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE

THERMODYNAMICALLY, THE VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE CONSISTS OF 4 BASIC PROCESSES :

REVERSIBLE ADIABATIC (ISENTROPIC) COMPRESSION REVERSIBLE HEAT REJECTION AT CONSTANT PRESSURE (CONDENSATION). IRREVERSIBLE EXPANSION (THROTTLING). REVERSIBLE CONSTANT PRESSURE HEAT ABSORPTION (EVAPORATION OR BOILING) .

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE ON P-H DIAGRAM

Pressure

Refrigerant rejects heat to atmosphere Condenser

Evaporator Refrigerant absorbs heat from load Enthalpy

Oct 2006 D.RAVINDRA

VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE ON T- S DIAGRAM

ENTROPY, dS = dQ / T , WHERE dQ IS THE HEAT ABSORBED IN A REVERSIBLE PROCESS, WHEN THE SYSTEM GOES FROM ONE STATE TO ANOTHER.
Oct 2006 D.RAVINDRA

THE P-H DIAGRAM

THE P-H DIAGRAM (ALSO CALLED MOLLIER CHART) IS FREQUENTLY USED TO ANALYZE REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS. EVERY REFRIGERANT HAS ITS OWN P-H DIAGRAM.
Oct 2006 D.RAVINDRA

ENTHALPY

ENTHALPY (BTU or J) IS THE MEASURE OF THE ENERGY CONTENT OF A SUBSTANCE. THE AMOUNT OF ENTHALPY OF A SUBSTANCE IS DETERMINED BY BOTH ITS TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE.

FOR WATER, ZERO ENTHALPY IS AT 0o C & 100 kPA. FOR REFRIGERANTS, -40o & 100 kPA FOR AIR, 25o C & 100 kPA SPECIFIC ENTHALPY IS ENTHALPY PER UNIT MASS, BTU/lb or J/kg.

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

IDEAL REFRIGERATION CYCLE

CRITICAL POINT

PC

CONDENSING PRESSURE 3 SUBCOOLED LIQUID

CONDENSOR

2'
SO S E PR R

LIFT

EXPANSION VALVE

CO

PE

VAPOUR

LIQUID EVAPORATOR

EVAPORATOR PRESSURE

LOSS
(FLASH GAS)

REFRIGERATING EFFECT
LIQUID + VAPOUR

SUPERHEATED VAPOUR

LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION

H0
Oct 2006

H4
D.RAVINDRA

H 1 H 2'

H2

IDEAL REFRIGERATION CYCLE . contd.

H4 - H1 H2 - H3 H2 - H2 H2 - H3 H2 - H1 H2 - H3

= = = = = =

REFRIGERATING EFFECT HEAT REJECTED AT CONDENSER SENSIBLE HEAT REJECTED LATENT HEAT REJECTED AT CONDENSER WORK DONE BY COMPRESSOR H2 - H1 + H1 - H4

TOTAL HEAT REJECTED = WORK DONE BY COMPRESSOR + HEAT PICKED UP AT EVAPORATOR

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

PRACTICAL REFRIGERATION CYCLE

IN PRACTICE, THE IDEAL REFRIGERATION CYCLE IS MODIFIED AS GIVEN BELOW : PRESSURE DROPS IN THE CONDENSER, EVAPORATOR, PIPING & COMPRESSOR VALVES.

SUPERHEATING OF THE REFRIGERANT VAPOUR DURING COMPRESSION IN THE COMPRESSOR.

SUBCOOLING OF CONDENSED REFRIGERANT (MAINLY IN THE CONDENSER) SUPERHEATING OF THE EVAPORATED REFRIGERANT (MAINLY IN THE EVAPORATOR).
Oct 2006 D.RAVINDRA

PRACTICAL REFRIGERATION CYCLE

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

EFFECT OF EVAPORATING PRESSURE

P C

CONDENSING

D'

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE, PSIG

P 2

EVAPORATING LOSS

B'

C'

P 1

EVAPORATING LOSS

SATURATED LIQUID

SATURATED VAPOUR

B
SPECIFIC ENTHALPY, BTU/HR

C'

h h d' d

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

EFFECT OF CONDENSING PRESSURE

P d2 CONDENSING P d1 A

A'

D'

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE, PSIG

P S

B
LOSS LOSS

B'

FLASH GAS h C SPECIFIC ENTHALPY, BTU/HR h d h d'

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

EFFECT OF SUBCOOLING
SUBCOOLING

P d2

D'

A'

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE, PSIG

SUBCOOLED

P S

B'

LOSS LOSS

LIQUID + VAPOUR REF. EFFECT REF. EFFECT SUPER HEATED

h d'

h d

h C SPECIFIC ENTHALPY, BTU/HR

h d

SUBCOOLING HELPS TO REDUCE % FLASH GAS. SUBCOOLING IMPROVES SYSTEM CAPACITY BY % PER oF. SUB COOLING TAKES PLACE IN THE CONDENSER
Oct 2006 D.RAVINDRA

OTHER METHODS OF REFRIGERATION

VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION

AIR CYCLE REFRIGERATION

STEAM JET REFRIGERATION

THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATION.

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

VAPOUR ABSORPTION MACHINES

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION :

THE COMPR. IS REPLACED BY AN ABSORBER, GENERATOR, PUMP, HEAT EXCHANGER & A PRESSURE-REDUCING VALVE. A SECONDARY FLUID IS USED TO ABSORB THE REFRIGERANT GAS, WHICH LEAVES THE EVAPORATOR AT LOW TEMP. & PRESSURE.

HEAT IS APPLIED TO DISTILL THE REFRIGERANT AT HIGH TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE (IN THE GENERATOR).

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

VAPOUR ABSORPTION MACHINES

COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE IS LOW (ABOUT 0.7 FOR

SINGLE EFFECT MACHINES).

USEFUL WHEN WASTE HEAT IS AVAILABLE ENERGY IS SUPPLIED AS HEAT ( THROUGH HOT WATER OR STEAM). IN AMMONIA-WATER SYSTEMS, AMMONIA IS THE REFRIGERANT & WATER IS THE SECONDARY FLUID, CALLED THE ABSORBENT. IN LITHIUM BROMIDE WATER SYSTEMS, WATER IS THE REFRIGERANT & LITHIUM BROMIDE IS THE ABSORBENT.

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION . Contd.

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION . Contd.

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION . Contd.

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION . Contd.

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION . Contd.

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

AIR CYCLE REFRIGERATION

USED PRIMARILY IN AIRCRAFT AIRCONDITIONING. USES A NON-CONDENSABLE REFRIGERANT, VIZ. AIR, WHICH REMAINS AS A GAS THROUGHOUT THE CYCLE. THOUGH COP IS LOW (ABOUT 0.45), AIR CYCLE SYSTEMS TEND TO BECOME COMPETITIVE AT TEMPS OF -30 o C & BELOW. APPLICATIONS : AIRCRAFT AIRCONDITIONING, REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSES, RAPID FOOD FREEZING, MEDICAL LABS, PHARMA APPLICATION, ENVIRONMENTAL CHAMBER NON-TOXIC & SAFE NO ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION NO RISK OF CONTAMINATION EASE OF MAINTENANCE

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

AIR CYCLE REFRIGERATION . contd.

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

STEAM-JET REFRIGERATION

LIMITED TO AIRCONDITIONING & APPLICATIONS ABOVE 0 oC. VIABLE WHERE STEAM & COOLING WATER ARE READILY AVAILABLE. USES WATER AS THE REFRIGERANT.

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA

STEAM-JET REFRIGERATION

HIGH VELOCITY STEAM JETS PROVIDE A HIGH VACUUM IN THE EVAPORATOR, WHICH CAUSES WATER TO BOIL AT LOW TEMP. THE FLASHED VAPOUR IS COMPRESSED BY THE STEAM UP TO THE CONDENSER PRESSURE LEVEL.
Oct 2006 D.RAVINDRA

THERMOELECTRIC REFRIGERATION

THERMOELECTRIC COOLING IS BASED ON PELTIER EFFECT, BY WHICH DC CURRENT APPLIED ACROSS TWO DISSIMILAR MATERIALS CAUSES A TEMP. DIFFERENTIAL. USED IN ELECTRONICS COOLING APPLICATIONS, SMALL PICNIC COOLERS
Oct 2006 D.RAVINDRA

THE END

Oct 2006

D.RAVINDRA