Freqresp

11: Frequency Responses
Frequency Response Sine Wave Response Logarathmic axes Logs of Powers Straight Line
Approximations
Plot Magnitude Response Low and High Frequency

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation Plot Phase Response RCR Circuit Summary
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2013-3445)
Frequency Responses: 11 1 / 12
Frequency Response
Approximations
If x(t) is a sine wave, then y (t) will also be a sine wave but with a different amplitude and phase shift. X is an input phasor and Y is the output phasor.

Asymptotes
Frequency Response
Approximations
If x(t) is a sine wave, then y (t) will also be a sine wave but with a different amplitude and phase shift. X is an input phasor and Y is the output phasor. The gain of the circuit is
Y X

Asymptotes
1/jC
R+1/jC
1 jRC +1
Frequency Response
Approximations
Y X

Asymptotes
1/jC
R+1/jC
1 jRC +1
This is a complex function of so we plot separate graphs for:
Frequency Response
Approximations
Y X

Asymptotes
1/jC
R+1/jC
1 jRC +1

1 Y 1 Magnitude: X = |jRC +1| = 1+(RC )2
Frequency Response
Approximations
Y X

Asymptotes
1/jC
R+1/jC
1 jRC +1

1 Y 1 Magnitude: X = |jRC +1| = 1+(RC )2
0.5
0 0
RC
Magnitude Response
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2013-3445) Frequency Responses: 11 2 / 12
Frequency Response
Approximations
Y X

Asymptotes
1/jC
R+1/jC
1 jRC +1

1 Y 1 Magnitude: X = |jRC +1| = 1+(RC )2 Y Phase Shift: X
1
= (jRC + 1) = arctan
RC 1
0.5
0 0
RC
Magnitude Response
Frequency Response
Approximations
Y X

Asymptotes
1/jC
R+1/jC
1 jRC +1

1 Y 1 Magnitude: X = |jRC +1| = 1+(RC )2 Y Phase Shift: X
1
= (jRC + 1) = arctan
0 -0.2 -0.4
RC 1
0.5
0 0
RC
RC
Magnitude Response
Phase Response
Sine Wave Response

Approximations
RC = 10 ms
Y X
1 jRC +1
1 0.01j +1

Asymptotes
= 50
Y X
= 0.89 27 = 0.71 45 = 0.32 72
= 100 = 300
Y X Y X
Sine Wave Response

Approximations
RC = 10 ms
Y X
1 jRC +1
1 0.01j +1

Asymptotes
= 50
Y X
= 0.89 27 = 0.71 45 = 0.32 72

0 -20 Phase ()
= 100 = 300
1
Y X Y X
|Y/X|
0.5
-40 -60 -80
0 0
100
200 300 (rad/s)
400
500
100
200 300 (rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response

Approximations
RC = 10 ms
Y X
1 jRC +1
1 0.01j +1
-0.2 -0.4
X-Y
=50

Asymptotes
0.5 Real
= 50
Y X
= 0.89 27 = 0.71 45 = 0.32 72

0 -20 Phase ()
= 100 = 300
1
Y X Y X
|Y/X|
0.5
-40 -60 -80
0 0
100
200 300 (rad/s)
400
500
100
200 300 (rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response

Approximations
RC = 10 ms
Y X
1 jRC +1
1 0.01j +1
-0.2 -0.4
X-Y
=50

Asymptotes
0.5 Real
x=blue, y=red
= 50
Y X
= 0.89 27 = 0.71 45 = 0.32 72
w = 50 rad/s, Gain = 0.89, Phase = -27 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0 20 40 60 80 time (ms) 100 120 x y
= 100 = 300
1
Y X Y X
0 -20 Phase () 100 200 300 (rad/s) 400 500
|Y/X|
0.5
-40 -60 -80
0 0
100
200 300 (rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response

Approximations
RC = 10 ms
Y X
1 jRC +1
1 0.01j +1

Asymptotes
= 50
Y X
= 0.89 27 = 0.71 45 = 0.32 72

0 -20 Phase ()
= 100 = 300
1
Y X Y X
|Y/X|
0.5
-40 -60 -80
0 0
100
200 300 (rad/s)
400
500
100
200 300 (rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response

Approximations
RC = 10 ms
Y X
1 jRC +1
1 0.01j +1
-0.2 -0.4
Y
=100
X-Y

Asymptotes
0.5 Real
= 50
Y X
= 0.89 27 = 0.71 45 = 0.32 72

0 -20 Phase ()
= 100 = 300
1
Y X Y X
|Y/X|
0.5
-40 -60 -80
0 0
100
200 300 (rad/s)
400
500
100
200 300 (rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response

Approximations
RC = 10 ms
Y X
1 jRC +1
1 0.01j +1
-0.2 -0.4
Y
=100
X-Y

Asymptotes
0.5 Real
x=blue, y=red
= 50
Y X
= 0.89 27 = 0.71 45 = 0.32 72
= 100 = 300
1
Y X Y X
0 -20 Phase () 100 200 300 (rad/s) 400 500
|Y/X|
0.5
-40 -60 -80
0 0
100
200 300 (rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response

Approximations
RC = 10 ms
Y X
1 jRC +1
1 0.01j +1

Asymptotes
= 50
Y X
= 0.89 27 = 0.71 45 = 0.32 72

0 -20 Phase ()
= 100 = 300
1
Y X Y X
|Y/X|
0.5
-40 -60 -80
0 0
100
200 300 (rad/s)
400
500
100
200 300 (rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response

Approximations
RC = 10 ms
Y X
X Y
1 jRC +1
1 0.01j +1
-0.2 -0.4
X-Y
=300

Asymptotes
0.5 Real
= 50
Y X
= 0.89 27 = 0.71 45 = 0.32 72

0 -20 Phase ()
= 100 = 300
1
Y X Y X
|Y/X|
0.5
-40 -60 -80
0 0
100
200 300 (rad/s)
400
500
100
200 300 (rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response

Approximations
RC = 10 ms
Y X
X Y
1 jRC +1
1 0.01j +1
-0.2 -0.4
X-Y
=300

Asymptotes
0.5 Real
x=blue, y=red
= 50
Y X
= 0.89 27 = 0.71 45 = 0.32 72
= 100 = 300
1
Y X Y X
0 -20 Phase () 100 200 300 (rad/s) 400 500
|Y/X|
0.5
-40 -60 -80
0 0
100
200 300 (rad/s)
400
500
Sine Wave Response

Approximations
RC = 10 ms
Y X
X Y
1 jRC +1
1 0.01j +1
-0.2 -0.4
X-Y
=300

Asymptotes
0.5 Real
x=blue, y=red
= 50
Y X
= 0.89 27 = 0.71 45 = 0.32 72
= 100 = 300
1
Y X Y X
0 -20 Phase () 100 200 300 (rad/s) 400 500
|Y/X|
0.5
-40 -60 -80
0 0
100
200 300 (rad/s)
400
500
The output, y (t), lags the input, x(t), by up to 90 .

Logarathmic axes
Approximations
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase) because % differences are more signicant than absolute differences. E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less signicant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz even though both differences equal 5 Hz.

Asymptotes
Logarathmic axes
Approximations

Asymptotes
-0.2 -0.4 0.1 1 RC 10
Logarathmic axes
Approximations

Asymptotes
0 -10 -20 -30 0.1 1 RC 10
0 -0.2 -0.4 0.1 1 RC 10
Logarathmic axes
Approximations
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase) because % differences are more signicant than absolute differences. E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less signicant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz even though both differences equal 5 Hz. Logarithmic voltage ratios are specied in decibels (dB) = 20 log10 |V2 | . 1
|V |

Asymptotes
0 -10 -20 -30 0.1 1 RC 10
0 -0.2 -0.4 0.1 1 RC 10
Logarathmic axes
Approximations
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase) because % differences are more signicant than absolute differences. E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less signicant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz even though both differences equal 5 Hz. Logarithmic voltage ratios are specied in decibels (dB) = 20 log10 |V2 | . 1 Common ratios: 1 0 dB,
|V |

Asymptotes
0 -10 -20 -30 0.1 1 RC 10
0 -0.2 -0.4 0.1 1 RC 10
Logarathmic axes
Approximations
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase) because % differences are more signicant than absolute differences. E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less signicant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz even though both differences equal 5 Hz. Logarithmic voltage ratios are specied in decibels (dB) = 20 log10 |V2 | . 1 Common ratios: 1 0 dB, 10 20 dB, 0.1 20 dB,
|V |

Asymptotes
100 40 dB,
0 -10 -20 -30 0.1 1 RC 10
0 -0.2 -0.4 0.1 1 RC 10
Logarathmic axes
Approximations
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase) because % differences are more signicant than absolute differences. E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less signicant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz even though both differences equal 5 Hz. Logarithmic voltage ratios are specied in decibels (dB) = 20 log10 |V2 | . 1 Common ratios: 1 0 dB, 10 20 dB, 0.1 20 dB, 2 6 dB, 0.5 6 dB,
|V |

Asymptotes
100 40 dB,
0 -10 -20 -30 0.1 1 RC 10
0 -0.2 -0.4 0.1 1 RC 10
Logarathmic axes
Approximations
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase) because % differences are more signicant than absolute differences. E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less signicant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz even though both differences equal 5 Hz. Logarithmic voltage ratios are specied in decibels (dB) = 20 log10 |V2 | . 1 Common ratios: 1 0 dB, 10 20 dB, 0.1 20 dB, 100 40 dB, 2 6 dB, 0.5 6 dB, 1 2 = 1.41 3 dB, = 0.707 3 dB.
2
0 -10 -20 -30 0.1 1 RC 10

Asymptotes
|V |
0 -0.2 -0.4 0.1 1 RC 10
Logarathmic axes
Approximations
We usually use logarithmic axes for frequency and gain (but not phase) because % differences are more signicant than absolute differences. E.g. 5 kHz versus 5.005 kHz is less signicant than 10 Hz versus 15 Hz even though both differences equal 5 Hz. Logarithmic voltage ratios are specied in decibels (dB) = 20 log10 |V2 | . 1 Common ratios: 1 0 dB, 10 20 dB, 0.1 20 dB, 100 40 dB, 2 6 dB, 0.5 6 dB, 1 2 = 1.41 3 dB, = 0.707 3 dB.
2
0 -10 -20 -30 0.1 1 RC 10

Asymptotes
|V |
0 -0.2 -0.4 0.1 1 RC 10
2 Note: P V 2 decibel power ratios: 10 log10 P P
Logs of Powers
Approximations
Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (j )

Asymptotes
Logs of Powers
Approximations
Suppose we plot the magnitude and phase of H = c (j ) Magnitude (log-log graph):
|H | = c r log |H | = log |c| + r log

Asymptotes
Logs of Powers
Approximations
|H | = c log |H | = log |c| + r log

10
100

Asymptotes
1 1
10 (rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Approximations

Asymptotes
|H | = c log |H | = log |c| + r log This is a straight line with a slope of r .

10
100
1 1
10 (rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Approximations

Asymptotes

10
100
1 1
10 (rad/s)
100
Phase (log-lin graph):
H = j r + c = r
(+ if c < 0)
Logs of Powers
Approximations

Asymptotes

10
100
1 1
10 (rad/s)
100
H = j r + c = r
(+ if c < 0)
1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 1
10 (rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Approximations

Asymptotes

10
100
1 1
10 (rad/s)
100
H = j r + c = r 2 (+ if c < 0) The phase is constant .
1 0.5
0 -0.5 -1 1
10 (rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Approximations

Asymptotes

10
100
0.2 2
1 1
10 (rad/s)
100
1 0.5
2 0.2 2
0 -0.5 -1 1
10 (rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Approximations

Asymptotes
|H | = c log |H | = log |c| + r log This is a straight line with a slope of r . c only affects the lines vertical position.
100
0.2 2
10
1 1
10 (rad/s)
100
1 0.5
2 0.2 2
0 -0.5 -1 1
10 (rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Approximations

Asymptotes
100
0.2 2 8 0
10
1 1
10 (rad/s)
100
1 0.5
2 0.2 2
0 -0.5 -1 1
8 0
10 (rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Approximations

Asymptotes
100
0.2 2 8 0 65 -1
10
1 1
10 (rad/s)
100
1 0.5
2 0.2 2
0 -0.5 -1 1
8 0 65 -1
10 (rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Approximations

Asymptotes
100
0.2 2 8 0 65 -1
10
1 1
10 (rad/s)
100
H = j r + c = r 2 (+ if c < 0) The phase is constant . If c > 0, phase = 90 magnitude slope.
1 0.5
2 0.2 2
0 -0.5 -1 1
8 0 65 -1
10 (rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Approximations

Asymptotes
If |H | is measured in decibels, a slope of r is called 6r dB/octave or 20r dB/decade.
100
0.2 2 8 0 65 -1
10
1 1
10 (rad/s)
100
H = j r + c = r 2 (+ if c < 0) The phase is constant . If c > 0, phase = 90 magnitude slope.
1 0.5
2 0.2 2
0 -0.5 -1 1
8 0 65 -1
10 (rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Approximations

Asymptotes
100
0.2 2 8 0 65 -1
10
-9 -1 1 1 10 (rad/s) 100
H = j r + c = r 2 (+ if c < 0) The phase is constant . If c > 0, phase = 90 magnitude slope. Negative c adds 180 to the phase.
1 0.5
2 0.2 2
-9 -1
0 -0.5 -1 1
8 0 65 -1
10 (rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Approximations

Asymptotes
100
0.2 2 8 0 65 -1
10
-9 -1 1 1 10 (rad/s) 100
Note: Phase angles are modulo 360 , i.e. 450 90 .
1 0.5
2 0.2 2
-9 -1
0 -0.5 -1 1
8 0 65 -1
10 (rad/s)
100
Logs of Powers
Approximations
H = c (j ) has a straight-line magnitude graph and a constant phase.

Magnitude (log-log graph):

Asymptotes
100
0.2 2 8 0 65 -1
10
-9 -1 1 1 10 (rad/s) 100
Note: Phase angles are modulo 360 , i.e. 450 90 .
1 0.5
2 0.2 2
-9 -1
0 -0.5 -1 1
8 0 65 -1
10 (rad/s)
100
Straight Line Approximations

Approximations
Key idea: (aj + b)
aj for |a | b for |a |
|b| |b|

Asymptotes

Approximations
Key idea: (aj + b)

1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
|b| |b|

Asymptotes

0 |Gain| (dB) -10 -20 -30
0.1/RC
1/RC (rad/s)
10/RC

Approximations
Key idea: (aj + b)

1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
|b| |b|

Asymptotes
Low frequencies (
1 RC ):
H (j ) 1
0 |Gain| (dB) -10 -20 -30
0.1/RC
1/RC (rad/s)
10/RC

Approximations
Key idea: (aj + b)

1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
|b| |b|

Asymptotes
Low frequencies ( High frequencies (
1 RC ): H (j ) 1 1 1 RC ): H (j ) jRC
0 |Gain| (dB) -10 -20 -30
0.1/RC
1/RC (rad/s)
10/RC

Approximations
Key idea: (aj + b)

1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
|b| |b|

Asymptotes
1 RC ): H (j ) 1 1 1 RC ): H (j ) jRC
0 |Gain| (dB) -10 -20 -30
Approximate the magnitude response as two straight lines
0.1/RC
1/RC (rad/s)
10/RC

Approximations
Key idea: (aj + b)

1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
|b| |b|

Asymptotes
1 RC ): H (j ) 1 |H (j )| 1 1 RC ): H (j ) jRC
0 |Gain| (dB) -10 -20 -30
0.1/RC
1/RC (rad/s)
10/RC

Approximations
Key idea: (aj + b)

1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
|b| |b|

Asymptotes
1 RC ): H (j ) 1 |H (j )| 1 1 1 RC ): H (j ) jRC |H (j )|
0 |Gain| (dB) -10 -20 -30
1 1 RC
0.1/RC
1/RC (rad/s)
10/RC

Approximations
Key idea: (aj + b)

1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
|b| |b|

Asymptotes
0 |Gain| (dB) -10 -20 -30
1 1 RC
0.1/RC
1/RC (rad/s)
10/RC

Approximations
Key idea: (aj + b)

1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
|b| |b|

Asymptotes
0 |Gain| (dB) -10 -20 -30
1 1 RC
Approximate the magnitude response as two straight lines intersecting at the 1 corner frequency, c = RC .
0.1/RC
1/RC (rad/s)
10/RC

Approximations
Key idea: (aj + b)

1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
|b| |b|

Asymptotes
0 |Gain| (dB) -10 -20 -30
1 1 RC
Approximate the magnitude response as two straight lines intersecting at the 1 corner frequency, c = RC . At the corner frequency:
0.1/RC
1/RC (rad/s)
10/RC
(a) the gradient changes by 1 (= 6 dB/octave = 20 dB/decade).

Approximations
Key idea: (aj + b)

1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
|b| |b|

Asymptotes
0 |Gain| (dB) -10 -20 -30
1 1 RC
0.1/RC
1/RC (rad/s)
10/RC

1 1 (b) |H (jc )| = 1+ = 3 dB (worst-case error). = j 2

Approximations
Key idea: (aj + b)

1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
|b| |b|

Asymptotes
0 |Gain| (dB) -10 -20 -30
1 1 RC
0.1/RC
1/RC (rad/s)
10/RC

1 1 (b) |H (jc )| = 1+ = 3 dB (worst-case error). = j 2 b A linear factor (aj + b) has a corner frequency of c = a .
Plot Magnitude Response

Approximations
The gain of a linear circuit is always a rational polynomial in j and is called the transfer function of the circuit. For example:
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600

0 -20 -40 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000

Asymptotes

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0 -20 -40 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000

Asymptotes
Step 1: Factorize the polynomials

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0 -20 -40 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000

Asymptotes
Step 1: Factorize the polynomials Step 2: Sort corner freqs: 1, 4, 12, 50

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0 -20 -40 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000

Asymptotes
Step 1: Factorize the polynomials Step 2: Sort corner freqs: 1, 4, 12, 50 Step 3: For < 1 all linear factors equal their constant terms: 20 12 1 |H | 1 = 1 . 2 . 450

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0 -20 -40 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000

Asymptotes
Step 4: For 1 < < 4, the factor (j + 1) j so
|H |
20 12 450
= 1.2 0

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0 -20 -40 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000

Asymptotes
Step 4: For 1 < < 4, the factor (j + 1) j so 20 12 0 |H | = 1 . 2 = +1.58 dB. 450

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0 -20 -40 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000

Asymptotes
20 12 1 Step 5: For 4 < < 12, |H | = 4 . 8 . 50

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0 -20 -40 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000

Asymptotes
20 12 1 Step 5: For 4 < < 12, |H | = 4 . 8 . 50 20 0 Step 6: For 12 < < 50, |H | = 0 . 4 = 7.96 dB. 50

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0 -20 -40 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000

Asymptotes
20 12 1 Step 5: For 4 < < 12, |H | = 4 . 8 . 50 20 0 Step 6: For 12 < < 50, |H | = 0 . 4 = 7.96 dB. 50 20 1 . Step 7: For > 50, |H | = 20

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0 -20 -40 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000

Asymptotes
20 12 1 Step 5: For 4 < < 12, |H | = 4 . 8 . 50 20 0 Step 6: For 12 < < 50, |H | = 0 . 4 = 7.96 dB. 50 20 1 . Step 7: For > 50, |H | = 20
At each corner frequency, the graph is continuous but its gradient changes abruptly by +1 (numerator factor) or 1 (denominator factor).
Low and High Frequency Asymptotes

Approximations
You can nd the low and high frequency asymptotes without factorizing:
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

Asymptotes

Approximations
H (j ) =
0 -20 -40 0.1
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)
0.5

Asymptotes
-0.5 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000

Approximations
H (j ) =
0 -20 -40 0.1
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)
0.5

Asymptotes
-0.5 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
Low Frequency Asymptote:

Approximations
H (j ) =
0 -20 -40 0.1
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)
0.5

Asymptotes
-0.5 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
Low Frequency Asymptote: From factors: HLF (j ) = (1)(4)(50) = 1.2j

20j (12)

Approximations
H (j ) =
0 -20 -40 0.1
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)
0.5

Asymptotes
-0.5 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
Low Frequency Asymptote: From factors: HLF (j ) = (1)(4)(50) = 1.2j Lowest power of j on top and bottom: H (j )
20j (12) 720(j ) 600
= 1.2j

Approximations
H (j ) =
0 -20 -40 0.1
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)
0.5

Asymptotes
-0.5 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
Low Frequency Asymptote: From factors: HLF (j ) = (1)(4)(50) = 1.2j Lowest power of j on top and bottom: H (j ) High Frequency Asymptote:
20j (12) 720(j ) 600
= 1.2j

Approximations
H (j ) =
0 -20 -40 0.1
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)
0.5

Asymptotes
-0.5 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
Low Frequency Asymptote: From factors: HLF (j ) = (1)(4)(50) = 1.2j Lowest power of j on top and bottom: H (j ) High Frequency Asymptote: From factors: HHF (j ) = (j )(j )(j ) = 20 (j )
20j (j ) 1 20j (12) 720(j ) 600
= 1.2j

Approximations
H (j ) =
0 -20 -40 0.1
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)
0.5

Asymptotes
-0.5 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
Low Frequency Asymptote: From factors: HLF (j ) = (1)(4)(50) = 1.2j Lowest power of j on top and bottom: H (j ) High Frequency Asymptote: From factors: HHF (j ) = (j )(j )(j ) = 20 (j ) Highest power of j on top and bottom: H (j )
20j (j ) 1 60(j )2 3(j )3 20j (12) 720(j ) 600
= 1.2j
= 20 (j )1
Phase Approximation
Approximations
1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1

Asymptotes
Phase Approximation
Approximations
1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
Low frequencies (
1 RC ):

Asymptotes
H (j ) 1

Phase/
-0.2
-0.4 0.1/RC 1/RC (rad/s) 10/RC
Phase Approximation
Approximations
1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
Low frequencies (
1 RC ):

Asymptotes
H (j ) 1 1 = 0

Phase/
-0.2
-0.4 0.1/RC 1/RC (rad/s) 10/RC
Phase Approximation
Approximations
1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
Low frequencies (
1 RC ):

Asymptotes
H (j ) 1 1 = 0
High frequencies (
1 RC ):
H (j )
1 jRC
0 Phase/
-0.2
-0.4 0.1/RC 1/RC (rad/s) 10/RC
Phase Approximation
Approximations
1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
Low frequencies (
1 RC ):

Asymptotes
H (j ) 1 1 = 0
High frequencies (
1 RC ):
H (j )
1 jRC
0 Phase/
j 1 = 2
-0.2
-0.4 0.1/RC 1/RC (rad/s) 10/RC
Phase Approximation
Approximations
1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
Low frequencies (
1 RC ):

Asymptotes
H (j ) 1 1 = 0
High frequencies (
1 RC ):
H (j )
1 jRC
0 Phase/
j 1 = 2
Approximate the phase response as three straight lines.
-0.2
-0.4 0.1/RC 1/RC (rad/s) 10/RC
Phase Approximation
Approximations
1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
Low frequencies (
1 RC ):

Asymptotes
H (j ) 1 1 = 0
High frequencies (
1 RC ):
H (j )
1 jRC
0 Phase/
j 1 = 2
Approximate the phase response as three straight lines. By chance, they intersect close to 1 . 0.1c and 10c where c = RC
-0.2
-0.4 0.1/RC 1/RC (rad/s) 10/RC
Phase Approximation
Approximations
1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
Low frequencies (
1 RC ):

Asymptotes
H (j ) 1 1 = 0
High frequencies (
1 RC ):
H (j )
1 jRC
0 Phase/
j 1 = 2
-0.2
-0.4 0.1/RC 1/RC (rad/s) 10/RC
Between 0.1c and 10c the phase changes by 2 over two decades. This gives a gradient = 4 radians/decade.
Phase Approximation
Approximations
1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
Low frequencies (
1 RC ):

Asymptotes
H (j ) 1 1 = 0
High frequencies (
1 RC ):
H (j )
1 jRC
0 Phase/
j 1 = 2
-0.2
-0.4 0.1/RC 1/RC (rad/s) 10/RC
(aj + b) in denominator gradient = 4 /decade at b . = 101 a
Phase Approximation
Approximations
1 Gain: H (j ) = jRC +1
Low frequencies (
1 RC ):

Asymptotes
H (j ) 1 1 = 0
High frequencies (
1 RC ):
H (j )
1 jRC
0 Phase/
j 1 = 2
-0.2
-0.4 0.1/RC 1/RC (rad/s) 10/RC
(aj + b) in denominator gradient = 4 /decade at b . = 101 a
b The sign of gradient is reversed for (a) numerator factors and (b) a < 0.
Plot Phase Response

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600

0.5

Asymptotes
-0.5 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
Plot Phase Response

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0.5
Step 1: Factorize the polynomials

Asymptotes
-0.5 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
Plot Phase Response

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0.5
Step 1: Factorize the polynomials Step 2: Gradient changes at 101 c . b Sign depends on num/den and sgn a :

Asymptotes
.1 , 10+ ; .4 , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120 ; 5 , 500+
-0.5 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
Plot Phase Response

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0.5

Asymptotes
.1 , 10+ ; .4 , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120 ; 5 , 500+

+ +
-0.5 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ .
1 Step 3: Put in ascending order and calculate gaps as log10 decades:
Plot Phase Response

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0.5

Asymptotes
.1 , 10+ ; .4 , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120 ; 5 , 500+

+ +
-0.5 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ . Step 4: Find phase of LF asymptote: 1.2j = + 2.
Plot Phase Response

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0.5

Asymptotes
.1 , 10+ ; .4 , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120 ; 5 , 500+

+ +
-0.5 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ . Step 4: Find phase of LF asymptote: 1.2j = + 2.
Plot Phase Response

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0.5

Asymptotes
.1 , 10+ ; .4 , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120 ; 5 , 500+

+ +
-0.5 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ . Step 4: Find phase of LF asymptote: 1.2j = + 2. Step 5: At = 0.1 gradient becomes 4 . is still 2 .
Plot Phase Response

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0.5

Asymptotes
.1 , 10+ ; .4 , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120 ; 5 , 500+

+ +
-0.5 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ . Step 4: Find phase of LF asymptote: 1.2j = + 2. Step 5: At = 0.1 gradient becomes 4 . is still 2 . Step 6: At = 0.4, = 2 0.6 4 = 0.35 . New gradient is 2 .
Plot Phase Response

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0.5

Asymptotes
.1 , 10+ ; .4 , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120 ; 5 , 500+

+ +
-0.5 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
.1 (.6) .4 (.48) 1.2 (.62) 5 (.3) 10 (.6) 40 (.48) 120 (.62) 500+ . Step 4: Find phase of LF asymptote: 1.2j = + 2. Step 5: At = 0.1 gradient becomes 4 . is still 2 . Step 6: At = 0.4, = 2 0.6 4 = 0.35 . New gradient is 2 . Step 7: At = 1.2, = 0.35 0.48 2 = 0.11 . New gradient is 4 .
Plot Phase Response

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0.5

Asymptotes
.1 , 10+ ; .4 , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120 ; 5 , 500+

+ +
-0.5 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
Steps 8-12: Repeat for each gradient change.
Plot Phase Response

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0.5

Asymptotes
.1 , 10+ ; .4 , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120 ; 5 , 500+

+ +
-0.5 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
Plot Phase Response

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0.5

Asymptotes
.1 , 10+ ; .4 , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120 ; 5 , 500+

+ +
-0.5 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
Plot Phase Response

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0.5

Asymptotes
.1 , 10+ ; .4 , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120 ; 5 , 500+

+ +
-0.5 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
Plot Phase Response

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0.5

Asymptotes
.1 , 10+ ; .4 , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120 ; 5 , 500+

+ +
-0.5 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
Steps 8-12: Repeat for each gradient change. Final gradient is always 0.
Plot Phase Response

Approximations
H (j ) =
60(j )2 +720(j ) 3(j )3 +165(j )2 +762(j )+600
20j (j +12) (j +1)(j +4)(j +50)

0.5

Asymptotes
.1 , 10+ ; .4 , 40+ ; 1.2+ , 120 ; 5 , 500+

+ +
-0.5 0.1 1 10 (rad/s) 100 1000
Steps 8-12: Repeat for each gradient change. Final gradient is always 0. At 0.1 and 10 times each corner frequency, the graph is continuous but its gradient changes abruptly by 4 rad/decade.
RCR Circuit
Approximations

Asymptotes
RCR Circuit
Approximations
X Y KCL @ Y: Y3 + 1 R R+ /jC = 0

Asymptotes
RCR Circuit
Approximations
X Y KCL @ Y: Y3 + 1 R R+ /jC = 0
Y X
jRC +1 4jRC +1

Asymptotes
0 0 -5 -10 0.1 1 RC 10
-0.1 -0.2 0.1 1 RC 10
RCR Circuit
Approximations
X Y KCL @ Y: Y3 + 1 R R+ /jC = 0 1 1 Corner freqs: 4RC , RC +
Y X
jRC +1 4jRC +1

Asymptotes
0 0 -5 -10 0.1 1 RC 10
-0.1 -0.2 0.1 1 RC 10
RCR Circuit
Approximations
Y X
jRC +1 4jRC +1
LF Asymptote: H (j ) = 1

Asymptotes
0 0 -5 -10 0.1 1 RC 10
-0.1 -0.2 0.1 1 RC 10
RCR Circuit
Approximations
Y X
jRC +1 4jRC +1

Asymptotes
0 0 -5 -10 0.1 1 RC 10
-0.1 -0.2 0.1 1 RC 10
Magnitude Response:
RCR Circuit
Approximations
Y X
jRC +1 4jRC +1

Asymptotes
0 0 -5 -10 0.1 1 RC 10
-0.1 -0.2 0.1 1 RC 10
Magnitude Response: 1 1 and +20 at = RC Gradient Changes: 20 dB/dec at = 4RC
RCR Circuit
Approximations
Y X
jRC +1 4jRC +1

Asymptotes
0 0 -5 -10 0.1 1 RC 10
-0.1 -0.2 0.1 1 RC 10
RCR Circuit
Approximations
Y X
jRC +1 4jRC +1

Asymptotes
0 0 -5 -10 0.1 1 RC 10
-0.1 -0.2 0.1 1 RC 10
H (j ) = 1, =
1 4RC
1 , = , 4jRC
1 RC
, 4jRC jRC =
1 4
RCR Circuit
Approximations
Y X
jRC +1 4jRC +1

Asymptotes
0 0 -5 -10 0.1 1 RC 10
-0.1 -0.2 0.1 1 RC 10
H (j ) = 1, =
1 4RC
1 , = , 4jRC
1 RC
, 4jRC jRC =
1 4
Phase Response:
RCR Circuit
Approximations
Y X
jRC +1 4jRC +1

Asymptotes
0 0 -5 -10 0.1 1 RC 10
-0.1 -0.2 0.1 1 RC 10
H (j ) = 1, =
1 4RC
1 , = , 4jRC
1 RC
, 4jRC jRC =
1 4
Phase Response: LF asymptote: = 1 = 0
RCR Circuit
Approximations
Y X
jRC +1 4jRC +1

Asymptotes
0 0 -5 -10 0.1 1 RC 10
-0.1 -0.2 0.1 1 RC 10
H (j ) = 1, =
1 4RC
1 , = , 4jRC
1 RC
, 4jRC jRC =
1 4
0.025 0.1 2.5 10 , RC , RC , RC . Gradient changes of 4 /decade at: = RC
RCR Circuit
Approximations
Y X
jRC +1 4jRC +1

Asymptotes
0 0 -5 -10 0.1 1 RC 10
-0.1 -0.2 0.1 1 RC 10
H (j ) = 1, =
1 4RC
1 , = , 4jRC
1 RC
, 4jRC jRC =
1 4
0.025 0.1 2.5 10 , RC , RC , RC . Gradient changes of 4 /decade at: = RC 0.1 0.1 ,=0 At = RC 4 log10 0.025 = 0.15
Summary
Approximations
Frequency response: magnitude and phase of Only applies to sine waves Use log axes for frequency and gain Decibels = 20 log10
V2 V1
Y X
as a function of

Asymptotes
= 10 log10
P2 P1 b a
Linear factor (aj + b) gives corner frequency at = Magnitude plot gradient: 20 dB/decade @ = b Phase gradient: rad/decade @ = 4 10a 10b and 4 rad/decade @ = a
b a
LF/HF asymptotes: lowest/highest powers of j in numerator and denominator polynomials See Irwin & Nelms Chapt 12.

Freqresp

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Freqresp

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

11: Frequency Responses

Plot Magnitude Response Low and High Frequency

Phase Approximation Plot Phase Response RCR Circuit Summary

11: Frequency Responses

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2013-3445)

Plot Magnitude Response Low and High Frequency

Phase Approximation Plot Phase Response RCR Circuit Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2013-3445)

Plot Magnitude Response Low and High Frequency

Phase Approximation Plot Phase Response RCR Circuit Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2013-3445)

Plot Magnitude Response Low and High Frequency

Phase Approximation Plot Phase Response RCR Circuit Summary

This is a complex function of so we plot separate graphs for:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2013-3445)

Plot Magnitude Response Low and High Frequency

Phase Approximation Plot Phase Response RCR Circuit Summary

This is a complex function of so we plot separate graphs for:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2013-3445)

Plot Magnitude Response Low and High Frequency

Phase Approximation Plot Phase Response RCR Circuit Summary

This is a complex function of so we plot separate graphs for:

Plot Magnitude Response Low and High Frequency

Phase Approximation Plot Phase Response RCR Circuit Summary

This is a complex function of so we plot separate graphs for:

Plot Magnitude Response Low and High Frequency

Phase Approximation Plot Phase Response RCR Circuit Summary

This is a complex function of so we plot separate graphs for:

Sine Wave Response

Plot Magnitude Response Low and High Frequency

Phase Approximation Plot Phase Response RCR Circuit Summary

= 0.89 27 = 0.71 45 = 0.32 72

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2013-3445)

Sine Wave Response

Plot Magnitude Response Low and High Frequency

Phase Approximation Plot Phase Response RCR Circuit Summary

= 0.89 27 = 0.71 45 = 0.32 72

-40 -60 -80

200 300 (rad/s)

200 300 (rad/s)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2013-3445)

Sine Wave Response

Plot Magnitude Response Low and High Frequency

Phase Approximation Plot Phase Response RCR Circuit Summary

= 0.89 27 = 0.71 45 = 0.32 72

-40 -60 -80

200 300 (rad/s)

200 300 (rad/s)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2013-3445)

Sine Wave Response

Plot Magnitude Response Low and High Frequency

Phase Approximation Plot Phase Response RCR Circuit Summary

= 0.89 27 = 0.71 45 = 0.32 72

0 -20 Phase () 100 200 300 (rad/s) 400 500

-40 -60 -80

200 300 (rad/s)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2013-3445)

Sine Wave Response

Plot Magnitude Response Low and High Frequency

Phase Approximation Plot Phase Response RCR Circuit Summary

= 0.89 27 = 0.71 45 = 0.32 72

-40 -60 -80

200 300 (rad/s)