Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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CONTENTS
• meaning of soap
• soap preparation process
• meaning of detergent
• detergent preparation process
• cleansing action of soap and detergent
• compare and contrast the effectiveness of the
cleansing action of soap and detergent
• additives in detergent and their respective
functions
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MEANING OF SOAP
• General formula:
+ +
RCOOˉNa or RCOO ˉK
• Example:
Sodium palmitate, CH3(CH2)14COO-K+
Potassium stearate, CH3(CH2)16COO-K+
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SOAP PREPARATION PROCESS
• Soaps are prepared by the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils. This
process is known as saponification.
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aponification is the alkaline hydrolysis of ester using alkali solutions
Example:
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MEANING OF DETERGENT
R – OSO3-
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DETERGENT PREPARATION
PROCESS
Preparation of sodium alkyl sulphate:
• Step 1: Reaction with concentrated sulphuric acid
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Preparation of sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate
• Step 1 : Alkylation
• Step 2 : Sulphonation
• Step 3 : Neutralisation
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EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CLEANSING
ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT
Characteristic Soap Detergent
Cleansing ability Weaker Stronger
Rinsing ability difficult to rinse completely. Rinses easily and completely out of
Soap that is left behind damages clothes and other objects.
the material
Molecular structure It can only be determined by the It can be modified to suit the job of
structure of the fatty acid used to cleaning. For example, the formula of
produce soap a detergent can be specially made to
be able to clean dishes and other
utensils only
pH Alkaline Can be controlled to suit the type of
detergent required
Suspension Forms scum in hard water Does not form scum or any other
kinds of suspension in hard water
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ADDITIVES USED IN DETERGENT AND
THEIR RESPECTIVE FUNCTIONS
Additives Function
Biological enzymes Break down fat and protein molecules in food stains to
(amylase, lipase, protease)produce fatty acids, glycerol and amino acids that are soluble
in water, thus increase the cleansing power of a detergent
Whitening agents (sodium Remove stains, clothes become white and cleaner
perborate)
Builders (sodium Soften hard water by removing calcium ions, Ca2+ and
tripolyphosphate) magnesium ions, Mg2+, increase the pH value of water
Brighteners Make fabrics appear white and brighter
Drying agents (sodium Ensure that the detergent in powdered form is always in a dry
sulphate, sodium silicate) condition