Cells & Plants Review

A quick refresher

What is Alive?
1. Movement 2. Respiration 3. Sensitivity 4. cells 5. growth 6. reproduction 7. excretion (waste) 8. nutrition (eating)

Cell Types: Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

Eukaryote
Membrane bound nucleus linear DNA membrane bound organelles replication: Meiosis

Prokaryote
Plasma membrane cytoplasm ribosomes unbound nucleus circular DNA NO membrane bound organelles replication: Binary ssion

chromosomes

Plants & Animals

Bacteria

Plant Cell
Organelles

Animal Cell
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome (little dots) Vesicle Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus (or "Golgi body") 7. Cytoskeleton 8. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 9. Mitochondrion 10.Vacuole 11.Cytoplasm 12.Lysosome 13.Centrosome 14.Cell membrane

Compare
Plant vs. Animal cells

Cell Cycle
Mitosis is part of the cell cycle

Interphase takes the longest of all the stages. Problems with DNA replication happen during interphase. Cytokinesis signals the end of the cell cycle. Cancers are a result of the disruption of the cell cycle. The cells dont stop replicating. (problem in interphase)

Mitosis: Purpose

Maintenance - replace damaged cells to repair tissues. Growth - new cells = larger tissues & systems.

Seeds
Dicot

Flowers
This is a monocot ower

Basic Plant
Dicot

Leaf parts
Know what each layer does.

Transpiration

Transpiration:

The process of water moved through the xylem of the plant. Xylem is a continuous tube from the roots to the leaves of the plant. Xylem acts like a straw to help deliver water and dissolved minerals.

Transpiration
1. Water is absorbed by the soil. 2. The root hairs draw the water into the xylem. 3. Water is drawn from the xylem in to the spongy and palisade cells of the leaf (inside) 4. The heat of the sun causes the water in the mesophyll to evaporate. 5. The water diffuses out of the leaf through the stomata in the lower epidermis of the leaf.

Transpiration

Factors that affect transpiration

Light - brighter = faster Temperature - warmer = faster Wind - windy = faster Humidity - humid = slower

Plant Life Cycle

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Pollination

transfer of (haploid) DNA via pollen to ovum.

Fertilization

sperm travel down pollen tube to ovum to allow combination of DNA to form a seed (diploid).

Seed dispersal

movement of seeds away from parent plants to avoid competition.

Germination

warmth and moisture star the chemical process that allow mitosis to take place. The seed must establish roots (water, minerals) and leaves must reach the surface to begin photosynthesis (energy).

Plant Behaviour

Tropism:

A tropism is a biological phenomenon, indicating growth or turning movement of a biological organism, usually a plant, in response to an environmental stimulus.

Tropisms

Positive: Moves towards the stimulus

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Negative: Moves away from the stimulus.

Phototropism

Thigmotropism