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Dear Readers,
It gives us great pleasure and satisfaction to present to you the August issue of
your favourite and frontline magazine ‘Competition Science Vision’. It is generally
claimed by the toppers and high ranking successful candidates of all pre-medical
examinations that each issue of this magazine is highly useful, unique and unbeaten
in matter of its contents and way of presentation. Traditionally, we always try to
improve the extent and quality of the subject matter and make it more and more
examination-oriented keeping in view the changes introduced in the examination
pattern.
CSV meets fully your requirements in all the four subjects. It has been marked
as second to none in its field by its readers. It covers all pre-medical tests held
throughout the country at present.
Hardwork under proper guidance, constant practice and revision have been
widely claimed by successful candidates as the core elements of their success. In
matters of guidance CSV stands matchless in the worthy estimation of our wise
readers.
Read CSV regularly and intelligently. It gives you the power to master
your career and shape your destiny.
With best wishes for your all-round success.
Sincerely yours,
Mahendra Jain
(Editor)
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[‘Competition Science Vision’ arranged an exclusive interview with Miss Rashmi Singh who has the
credit of standing first on the list of successful candidates in U.P.-CPMT, 2009. In addition she has also
cleared AIPMT (CBSE) and BHU Pre-medical Test with high ranks. For her brilliant success, she deserves
all praise and our heartiest congratulations. This important interview is presented here in its original form.]
CSV—Congratulations on your Rashmi—To both Botany and
brilliant success. Zoology I have given more weightage
Rashmi—Thank you. because they together make 50% of
CSV—Before knowing your result our question paper. These are
what did you think about those who scorable subjects but Physics and
achieve top positions ? Chemistry gave rank in exam.
Rashmi—I used to think that CSV—Did you make complete
God has given some special feature study of all topics or of some selective
in them. But now I am convinced that topics ?
nothing is special in them. Rashmi—I studied all the topics.
CSV—Achieving top position has CSV—How did you give final
come as surprise to you or were you touches to your preparation ?
confident of achieving it ? — CSV is really very helpful
in PMT examinations. It helps to Rashmi—Last time I prepared
Rashmi—It was really surprising the topics but I used to forget what I
to me. I had never thought of becom- understand basic concepts. Its
science tips, multiple choice read.
ing topper. But after giving examina-
tion of U.P.-CPMT and calculating my questions and assertion-reason Bio-Data
marks, I was expecting my position in type questions are really wonder-
ful for these tests. Name—Rashmi Singh
top ten and not of a topper.
Father’s Name—Sri Bhishma
CSV—What do you think is the —Rashmi Singh Pitamah Singh
secret of your success ?
Mother’s Name—Smt. Chanda
Rashmi—My hard working, CSV—What planning did you Singh
teachers’ guidance, my brother family make for preparation ? Please tell Educational Qualifications—
members support as well belief in something in detail. H.S./Std. X—85·4% (Raj English
God. School, Varanasi), 2006.
Rashmi—First, I used to make
CSV—In how many attempts did Inter/Std. XII—87% (Raj English
list of work. I have to do in a day. I
you get this success ? School, Varanasi), 2008.
used to use my full effort to complete
Rashmi—This was my 2nd Special achievements—
attempt. those pieces of work. I planned to
read and solve problems of NCERT ● 1st rank in U.P.-CPMT, 2009.
CSV—What were the shortcom- ● AIPMT (CBSE) Main—AIR-110
ings in your preparation for earlier text book at least for 3 times. Apart
(OBC-18)
attempts ? How did you make up for from this I used to solve objective
● BHU Screening—AIR 26th (OBC-5)
them this time ? after reading text book.
Rashmi—In earlier attempts, I did CSV—How much time did you CSV—Did you prepare notes ?
not prepare well any subject, I just devote daily and regularly for Physics, Rashmi—Yes, In coaching my
gave the exam for knowing pattern teachers helped me to prepare notes.
Chemistry, Zoology and Botany ?
etc. This time I had joined coaching
and from the starting of session I Rashmi—For me it was not CSV—What was your attitude for
started preparing for competitive possible to read all the four subjects solving numerical questions ? What
exam. daily. But I used to read three subjects weightage did you give them ?
CSV—From where did you get atleast. I devoted 3 hours for Botany, Rashmi—2 or 3 hours before
the inspiration of choosing a medical 3 hours for Zoology, 3 hours for commencement of any exam I used
career ? Botany. If time remained then 1 or 2 to solve numerical questions randomly
Rashmi—I belong to rural area. I hours for Physics. of any chapter. Due to this step and
used to see that many poor people tricks of numerical striked immediately
were not getting proper treatment. CSV—Out of the above four in mind. I gave much importance to
So, for them I thought that I have to subjects, to which subject did you give them because they helped me in
be a doctor. more weightage and why ? becoming topper.
[‘Competition Science Vision’ arranged an exclusive interview with Miss Anjali Singh who has the
credit of standing first on the list of successful candidates in Uttarakhand PMT, 2009 in the very first
attempt. In addition, she has also cleared AFMC in the written examination. For this brilliant success she
deserves all praise and our heartiest congratulations. This important interview is presented here in its
original form.]
CSV—Congratulations on your sleep. Atleast 2 hours are required for
brilliant success. each subject and extra time is
Anjali—Thank you, sir. needed for solving MCQs.
CSV—Before knowing your result CSV—Out of the above four
what did you think about those who subjects, to which subject did you give
achieve top positions ? more weightage and why ?
Anjali—Same as now others Anjali—I payed more attention to
think of me. As brilliant and very hard- Physics and Botany. I gave maximum
working personalities. time to Biology as a whole as I think I
am a little weak in Biology (Botany
CSV—Achieving top position has
especially). I had a good command on
come as surprise to you or were you
Physics, but maintaining the same, it
confident of achieving it ?
—It is a very good magazine requires a lot of practice and a lot of
Anjali—As a surprise. But I was time.
and has influenced me much. It
confident of achieving a good rank in
contains good MCQs as well as
this PMT.
sound and brief material for
Bio-Data
CSV—What do you think is the revision. Interviews of toppers Name—Anjali Singh
secret of your success ? and high ranking candidates are Father’s Name—Mr. Desh Raj
Anjali—Continuous hardwork, very inspiring. Singh
long practice and faith & belief in God. Mother’s Name—Mrs. Vinay Singh
—Anjali Singh
CSV—In how many attempts did Educational Qualifications—
you get this success ? CSV—From when did you start H.S./Std. X—75% (St. Francis Sec.
Anjali—In Uttarakhand PMT, I the preparation for it ? School, Agra), 2003
had appeared 1st time but after 10 + 2 Anjali—I started my preparation Inter/Std. XII—77% (Holy Public
(2005), I had prepared for medical of medical entrance exam after School, Agra), 2005.
entrance exam for four years. intermediate. In XI and XII Std., I was Special achievements—
not so sincere and passed inter- ● 1st rank in state PMT
CSV—What were the shortcom-
mediate with both Maths and Bio. as ● I had been selected in AFMC
ings in your preparation for earlier
(written) also called for an inter-
attempts ? How did you make up for an average student.
view.
them this time ? CSV—What planning did you
Anjali—Earlier, I had not pre- make for preparation ? Please tell CSV—Did you make complete
pared some topics (Like Animal taxo- something in detail. study of all topics or of some selective
nomy, families of angiosperms etc.). Anjali—First I prepared my weak topics ?
Also, I was lazy at the last time after a topics in all subjects and had a Anjali—I studied all the topics
lot of hardwork in the beginning. But command on them. I did a lot of completely in the starting and solved
this year from the very starting. I pre- practice by solving MCQs of all all MCQs but at the time of exams, I
pared these topics well and continued subjects. I gave a lot of attention to left few topics of low weightage (Like,
my studies until the last exam. Botany and Physics. At the time of Aging, Virus etc.)
CSV—From where did you get exams, instead of solving MCQs, I CSV—How did you give final
the inspiration of choosing a medical concentrated on the revision of topics, touches to your preparation ?
career ? thoroughly. Anjali—By solving more and
Anjali—It was a dream for me CSV—How much time did you more multiple choice questions and
since my childhood. But when my devote daily and regularly for Physics, revising my topics frequently.
cousins and friends were selected, it Chemistry, Zoology and Botany ? CSV—Did you prepare notes ?
became an aim for me, which I had to Anjali—My study hours were not Anjali—I had taken coaching. So
achieve anyway. In childhood I liked fixed. I studied all the time but when I I already had notes. I wrote all the
the clinic of paediatricians very much. felt exhausted. I liked to take rest or a formulae and important points in
Anjali—Only MBBS.
CSV—What books/magazines/
Rs. 65/-
D h
λ =
θ 2m E
6·62 × 10–34
=
2 × 1·676 × 10–27 × 2 × 1·6 × 10–19
C 54 V = 0·202 × 10–10 m
Voltage V °
= 0·2 A
Fig. : Davisson and Fig. : Variation of detector
Germer experiment current with voltage Electron Lens
It is a device used to focus an electron beam. It is
Calculation shows that electrons accelerated through a analogous to an optical lens but instead of using a
p. d. of about 100V should be associated with de-Broglie refracting material, such as glass, it uses a coil or coils to
waves having a wavelength of the order of 10–10 m. This is produce a magnetic field or an arrangement of electrodes
about the same as for X-rays and it was suggested that the
between which an electric field is created. Electron lenses
conditions required to reveal the wave nature of X-rays might
also lead to the detection of electron waves.
are used in electron microscopes.
Example 1. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength Example 3. What voltage must be applied to an
associated with a proton moving with a velocity equal electron microscope to produce electrons of wave-
1 °
to th of the velocity of light. length 0·5 A ?
20
Solution :
Solution :
Example 2. Show that the electrons accelerated Example 4. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength
through a potential difference of V volts will have a of an α -particle accelerated through a potential diffe-
12·27 ° rences of 4000 volt.
wave of wavelength A associated with them.
⎯V
√ Given Planck’s constant
h = 6·62 × 10–34 joule-sec.
Solution :
Mass of proton mp = 1·67 × 10 –27 kg
Electronic charge e = 1·6 × 10 –19 coulomb
Solution :
Solution :
Solution :
Solution :
V ⌠ V2
⎮ Pd V
Fig. : Isotherms of a gas
Then Wiso = ⎮
⌡ V1
Application of first law of thermodynamics to
isothermal process : The first law of thermodynamics RT
But, PV = RT or P =
states V
dQ = dU + dW where T is the constant temperature at which isothermal
The internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on expansion takes place.
temperature. In an isothermal process, temperature
remains constant. Therefore ⌠ V2
⎮ RT d V
dU = 0 ∴ Wiso = ⎮
⌡ V1 V
and dQ = dW
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, it does ⌠ V2
⎮ 1d V
= RT ⎮
mechanical work d W and absorbs an equivalent amount ⌡ V1 V
of heat d Q from the surroundings. Similarly, when an
ideal gas is compressed isothermally by doing a V2
or Wiso = RT [1oge V ]
mechanical work d W on it, it rejects an equivalent quantity V1
of heat d Q to the surroundings.
= RT [loge V 2 – loge V 1]
Q. Calculate the work done by an expanding gas.
Solution : V2 V2
or Wiso = RT loge = 2·3026 RT log10
V1 V1
P P
Above, a gas at pressure P exerts a force PA on the area
ea =
piston and moves it a short distance Δx. If the expansion of work
the gas is so small that the pressure does not change : done area
ea
= work done
Work done by the gas = Force × displacement V V
O O
= PAΔx
But, AΔx = ΔV, the increase in volume Let P 1 and P2 be the pressures corresponding to
So, Work done by gas = PΔV the volumes V1 and V2 respectively.
Solution : The work done W = PΔV (ii) Adiabatic relation between volume and
temperature : For a perfect gas
where P = Pressure
PV = RT
ΔV = Change in volume
RT
∴ W = 103 × 0·25 = 250 joule or P =
V
γ
The heat generated due to compression causes a But, PV = K
rise of temperature d T. This heat energy is equal to RT γ
∴ V = K
Cv d T, where Cv is gram molecular specific heat at V
or
RT
P γ
γ γ
= K
= – Cv ∫
T1
dT
P T2
γ γ γ = – Cv [ T ] = – Cv [T2 – T 1]
or P1 – · R T = K T1
γ γ K or Wadia = Cv [T1 – T 2]
or P1 – T = γ = K2 (say)
R
γ γ which is the expression for the work done for one mole of
∴ P1 – T = constant an ideal gas during adiabatic process.
An adiabatic is steeper than an isotherm : For an Now, Cp – C v = R
isothermal process, PV = constant where Cp is the molar specific heat at constant pressure
Differentiating, Pd V + V d P = 0 and R is the molar gas constant.
dP P Dividing both sides by C v , we get
or = –
dV V Cp Cv R
dP – =
But represents the slope of isotherm Cv Cv Cv
dV
R
or γ–1 =
∴ Slope of isotherm,
dP
dV ( ) iso
= –
P
V
Cv
R
γ or Cv =
For an adiabatic process, PV = constant γ–1
Differentiating,
γ–1 γ
R
P·γ V dV + V dP = 0 So, Wadia = (T1 – T 2)
γ–1
γ γ– 1
or V d P = – γ PV dV
which is another expression for the work done during
dP γ PVγ – 1 adiabatic process.
or = –
dV Vγ If we consider of one gram of ideal gas.
γP
= – r
V Then Wadia = (T – T 2)
–1 1
dP P
Hence, slope of adiabatic, = –γ
dV V where r is the principal gas constant, i.e., gas constant for
1 gram of gas.
= γ ( )
–
P
V
The work done by an ideal gas during adiabatic expansion
= γ ( )
dP
dV iso
, (or compression) is proportional to the fall (or rise) in the
temperature of the gas.
(From above)
But, γ > 1 Note :
● If the gas expands adiabatically, work is done by the
Therefore, the slope of adiabatic is greater than the
gas. So, Wadia is positive.
slope of isotherm
or an adiabatic is steeper than an isotherm. ∴ T1 > T2
Work done in an adiabatic process : From first law ● So, the gas cools during adiabatic expansion.
of thermodynamics. ● If the gas is compressed adiabatically, work is done
dQ = dU+dW on the gas. So, W adia is negative.
In an adiabatic process, no exchange of heat is ∴ T1 < T2
allowed between the system and the surroundings. So, the gas heats up during adiabatic compres-
∴ dQ = 0 sion.
Solution :
Solution :
Example 9. A certain mass of air is expanded Example 10. A cylinder fitted with a piston
adiabatically at 0°°C so that its volume gets threefold. contains 0·2 mole of air at temperature 27°° C. The
How much does its temperature fall ? (γγ = 1·4) piston is pushed so slowly that the air within the
Solution : cylinder remains in thermal equilibrium with the
surroundings. Find the work done by the system if the
final volume is twice the initial volume.
Solution :
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. The first law of thermodynamics batically. Now which of the follo- 6. Calculate the work done to
is essentially a restatement of wing is true ? compress isothermally 1 g of
the law of— (A) Padia = Piso hydrogen gas at NTP to half of
(A) Conservation of momentum (B) Padia > Piso its initial volume. Gas constant
(C) Padia < Piso R = 8·31 J mol– 1 K– 1. Also find
(B) Conservation of charge the amount of heat evolved and
(C) Conservation of spin (D) Padia << Piso
the change in internal energy.
(D) Conservation of energy 4. A motor tyre pumped to a (A) – 786·3 J, 187·21 cal, 100 J
pressure of 3 atmosphere sud-
(B) 786·3 J, 187·21 cal, 1000 J
2. A certain gas at atmospheric denly bursts. What is the fall in
pressure is compressed adiabati- temperature due to adiabatic ex- (C) – 786·3 J, 187·21 cal, zero
cally so that its volume becomes pansion ? The temperature of air (D) 786·3 erg, 187·21 cal, 500
half of its original volume. before expansion is 27°C. erg
Calculate the resulting pressure
(Given γ = 1·4) 7. Ten moles of hydrogen at NTP
in dyne cm – 2. (Given : γ = 1·4)
(A) 219·2 K (B) 300 K are compressed adiabatically so
(A) 4·0 × 103 dyne cm – 2 (C) 75 K (D) 80·8 K that its temperature becomes
(B) 26·7 × 106 dyne cm – 2 400°C. How much work is done
5. A gram molecule of a gas at
on the gas ? Also calculate the
(C) 2·67 × 106 dyne cm – 2 127°C expands isothermally until
increase in the internal energy of
its volume is doubled. Find the
(D) 2·67 × 108 dyne cm – 2 the gas.
amount of work done and heat
(Given R = 8·4 J mol–1 K –1, γ = 1·4)
3. Two samples of a gas initially at absorbed.
(A) 2·301 × 1010 erg, 500 k cal (A) – 8·4 × 104 J, 8·4 × 104 J
same temperature and pressure
are compressed from a volume V (B) 2·301 × 1010 J, 547·9 cal (B) 8·4 × 104 J, – 8·4 × 104 J
V
to · One sample is compressed (C) 2·301 × 1010 erg, 547·9 cal (C) 8·4 × 104 J, 8·4 × 104 J
2
isothermally and the other adia- (D) 2·301 J, 600 cal (D) – 8·4 × 104, – 8·4 × 104 J
9. A certain volume of dry air at NTP (A) Adiabatic expansion 18. Four curves A, B, C and D are
is allowed to expand four times (B) Adiabatic compression drawn in the fig. for a given
of its orginal volume under adia- amount of gas. The curves which
(C) Isothermal expansion represent adiabatic and isother-
batic conditions. Calculate the
final pressure and temperature. (D) Isobaric expansion mal changes are—
(Given γ = 1·4) 14. The pressure and volume of a
(A) 10·91 dyne cm– 2, 0 K given mass of a gas at a given
temperature are P and V B C
(B) 10·91 cm of Hg, 156·8 K
respectively. Keeping tempera- D
(C) 10·91 Nm– 2, 273 K P
ture constant, the pressure is A
(D) 10·91 cm of Hg, 200°C
increased by 10% and then
10. A litre of hydrogen at 27°C and decreased by 10%. The volume
106 dyne cm– 2 pressure expands now will be—
isothermally until its volume is V
(A) Less than V
doubled. Find the final tempera- (A) C and D respectively
(B) More than V
ture, pressure and work done. (B) D and C respectively
(C) Equal to V
(Given γ = 1·4) (C) A and B respectively
(D) Less than V for diatomic and (D) B and A respectively
(A) 27°C, 5 × 1010 dyne cm–2,
more than V for monatomic
6·9 × 105 erg 19. Check the correct statement—
(B) 27°C, 5 × 10 5
dyne cm– 2, 15. 1 mole of oxygen is mixed with 1 (A) Heat is a path function, while
mole of argon. The external work internal energy is not
6·9 × 108 erg
done when the mixture is heated (B) Internal energy is a path
(C) – 45·6°C, 1·895 × 105 dyne
at constant pressure through 1°C function, while heat is not
cm– 2, 6·06 × 108 erg (C) Both heat and internal
is—
(D) – 40°C, 2 × 104 dyne cm– 2, energy are path functions
(A) R (B) 2 R
7 × 103 erg (D) Both heat and internal
(C) 3 (D) 4 R energy are not path func-
11. The equation of a certain gas
16. When a gas is isothermally tions
can be written as
expanded so that its volume 20. When a gas expands adiabati-
( )
T7 1/ 5
P2
= constant becomes twice, the rms velo-
city—
cally—
(A) No energy is required for
The specific heat at constant
(A) Becomes twice expansion
volume of the gas is—
(B) Energy is required and it
(in J/mol K) (B) Becomes 2 times
comes from the wall of the
(A) 0·5 R (B) 1·5 R (C) Remains same container of the gas
(C) 2 R (D) 2·5 R (D) Becomes 0·7 times (C) Internal energy of the gas is
12. Consider a hypothetical gas 17. Four processes are shown in fig. used in doing work
whose temperature increases to The one representing adiabatic (D) Law of conservation of
2 times when compressed compression is— energy does not hold
(D) A2 = A1 e t2
T ( )
t1 thin prism P′ of refractive index
1·72 for dispersion without devia-
less curved than that of
electron
t ( °C) t
ency of the simple harmonic
motion is ω. The coefficient of
(B) ( )
GMT
4π
1/3
(C)
V
(D)
V friction between the coin and the
platform is μ. The amplitude of
(C) ( )GT
4π2M
1/3
33. Two soap bubbles with radii r1 44. An aircraft is going at a speed of
g
and r2 ( r1 > r2) come in contact. (A) For an amplitude of 2 Mach 2. Its speed is nearly
Their common surface has a ω
……… km/hr.
radius of curvature r — (B) At the mean position
(A) 660 (B) 1080
r1 + r2 r1 r2 μg
(A) r = (B) r = (C) For an amplitude of (C) 1440 (D) 2380
2 r1 – r2 ω2
r1 r2 g 45. A uniform wire is bent in the form
(C) r = (D) r = r1r2 (D) For an amplitude of
r1 + r2 of a circle of radius r = 9·8 cm. It
μ ω2
is initially at rest and its diameter
34. The focal length of a convex lens
40. In the reaction OB is horizontal. It is swinging
having a magnifying power of
235 + 0n1 ⎯→ 54X142 + 36Kr89 about O in the vertical plane.
12·5 X is— 92 U
Calculate its angular velocity ω
(A) 8 m (B) 2 cm + 0n1 + α-particle
when its diameter occupies the
(C) 12·5 cm (D) 8 cm The number of α-particles emit- position OB'—
35. A metal wire of length L, area of ted is—
cross-section A and Young (A) Four (B) Three
modulus Y behaves as a spring O G
(C) Two (D) One B
of spring constant k—
YA 2YA 41. A sphere of mass m is suspen-
(A) k = (B) k = ded from a string of length l from
L L G
YA YL the point O. The sphere rotates
(C) k = (D) k = in a circular path in a horizontal
2L A
plane. The string makes an angle
36. The critical angle will be maxi- B
α with the vertical. Find the time
mum when light travels from—
period of rotation— (A) 2 rad/s (B) 15 rad/s
(A) Glass to air
(B) Water to air h (C) 10 rad/s (D) 20 rad/s
(A) T = 2π
(C) Glass to water 3g
46. If the intensity of sound is
(D) Water to glass 1 h doubled, the sound level will
(B) T =
37. The escape velocity for a planet 2π g increease by nearly—
is v e. A particle starts from rest at h (A) A factor of 2
a large distance from the planet, (C) T = 2π (B) 2 db
g
reaches the planet only under
π h (C) 3 db
gravitational attraction, and (D) T =
2 g (D) 4 db
passes through a smooth tunnel
through its centre. Its speed at 42. The fermi energy for a subs- 47. A man swimming at a rate of 5
the centre of the planet will be— tance— km/h wants to cross a 120 m wide
(A) v e (B) 1·5 v e (A) Is directly proportional to T river in a direction perpendicular
(C) 1·5 ve (D) 2 ve (B) Is proportional to T to the stream. If the stream speed
(C) Is independent of T is 4 km/h, find the direction in
38. When an electron jumps from
the second allowed orbit to the (D) Varies as T 2 which the man swims, and the
first allowed orbit in hydrogen, its time he takes to cross the river—
(T is the temperature in kelvin)
angular momentum
by—
changes
43. A double-star is a system of two
stars moving around the centre
(A) cos–1 ( )
–
4
5
, 144s
HC ≡ CH > CH2 = CH2 > CH3–CH3 ● The substance which can act both as acid and base is said to
be ampholytic or amphoteric. For example : Liquid NH3, H2O,
Conversely the decreasing order of basicities of anions HF etc.
resulting from these hydrocarbons is as :
NH 3 + NH3 NH 4+ + NH2–
Acid Base Acid Base
: C2H5 > H2C —
— CH : > CH ≡ C :
H 2O + H 2O H3O+ + OH –
● The concentration of an acid solution is determined by how Acid Base Acid Base
many mole of acid is dissolved per litre and its strength is HF + HF H2F+ + F–
determined by how completely it ionizes. Acid Base Acid Base
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following subs- 4. Which of the following acids is 7. Which of the following acids is
tances is not amphoteric ? strongest ? least ionized in 0·1 M solution ?
(A) HCO3– (B) H2O (A) HF (B) HCl (A) HCN (B) HF
(C) NH3 (D) NH4+ (C) HBr (D) HI (C) H2SO3 (D) H2CO3
2. Which is the strongest acid 5. Which is the weakest Bronsted 8. Which is the weakest Bronsted
among the following ? base ? acid among the following ?
(A) Acetylene (B) Water (A) F– (B) Cl– (A) HF (B) H2O
(C) Ammonia (D) Ethylene – (C) NH3 (D) CH4
(C) Br (D) I –
3. Weak acids are— 9. For the reaction
6. Which of the following sub-
(A) Weaker than H2O
stances has the highest pH for Zn 2+ + X– ZnX +
(B) Stronger than H 3O+ 0·1 M solution ? The k eq is greatest when X – is—
(C) Stronger than H 2O (A) NaH2PO4 (B) Na 2HPO 4 (A) NO3– (B) I –
(D) Always amphoteric (C) Na 3PO4 (D) H3PO4 (C) ClO3 – (D) F–
HINDI EDITION Code No. 1129 Rs. 140/- HINDI EDITION Code No. 1119 Rs. 230/-
α-naphthol β-naphthol (ii) Aryl halides are first converted into their magne-
sium compound (Grignard reagent) in presence of
(ii) Dihydric phenols— ether, which soon changes to phenol by oxidation
OH and subsequent hydrolysis.
OH
Mg [O]
C6H5Br ⎯⎯→ C6H5MgBr ⎯→ C6H5OMgBr
OH Ether
H O
, OH , ⎯⎯→
2
C6H5OH + HOMgBr
Catechol Resorcinol Phenol
( o-dihydroxy benzene) ( m-dihydroxy benzene)
● Higher homologues from lower ones—This is
OH achieved by heating lower homologue with alcohol in
presence of anhydrous zinc chloride.
CH3
anhy. ZnCl
C6H5OH + CH3OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2
C6H4 + H 2O
OH Phenol OH
Hydroquinone or quinol o- and p-cresols
( p-dihydroxy benzene) ● Raschig process—
Cu/Fe
(iii) Trihydric phenols— C6H5H + HCl + O(Air) ⎯⎯→ C6H5Cl + H2O
OH OH OH 425°C
C6H5Cl + H2O (Steam) ⎯⎯→ C6H5OH + HCl
OH , OH , Phenol
OH ● From decarboxylation of salicylic acid with soda
Pyrogallol HO OH lime—
OH Phloroglucinol
Hydroxy quinol OH ONa OH
OH
°
0
20 °C COO H
OH (CH3CO)2O
Conc. H2SO 4 2-Acetoxy benzoic
N O2 acid (aspirin) analgesic
(50%) and steam volatile OH and antipyretic
OH
(b) Nitration of phenol with mixture of conc. HNO 3 CO O H C 6H 5 O H C O O C 6H 5
and H2SO4 gives a poor yield of 2, 4, 6-trinitro- POCl3
phenol (Picric acid). Poor yield is due to the Salicylic Phenol salicylate (Salol)
excessive oxidation side reaction. acid intestinal antiseptic
OH OH OH
CH 3OH COOCH3
HNO3-H2SO 4 NO2
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ NO2 Conc. H2SO4
Methyl salicylate (oil of
Phenol wintergreen)
NO2 Use in perfumery and
2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol flavouring agent in food,
(Picric acid) drinks and cosmetics.
Analgesic in rheumatic
OH OH and sciatica pains
HNO3-H2SO 4 NO2
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ NO2 ➠ Reimer-Tiemann reaction—(a) The treatment of
OH OH phenol with chloroform (CHCl 3) in presence of NaOH
Resorcinol NO2 at 340K followed by hydrolysis gives o-hydroxy ben-
Styphinic acid zaldehyde (salicylaldehyde) with small amount of p-
(c) The picric acid in good yield can be prepared by hydroxy benzaldehyde.
following reaction : OH OH OH
OH OH OH
CHCl /NaOH
3 CHO
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ +
Conc. H2SO 4 SO3 H 70°C/HCl
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ +
373 K Salicylaldehyde CHO
Phenol (Main) p-hydro-
SO3 H xybenzaldehyde
OH (Minor)
C6H5OH CH2 ⎡⎢ ⎤
⎯⎯→
⎢⎣ HO N—
— — OH+ ⎥
—
⎥ HSO 4
⎦
OH OH Phenol indophenol hydrogen sulphate
(Deep blue)
HCHO CH2 C H 2OH
⎯⎯→ H 2O
p, p′-dihydroxydiphenyl methane O
These products undergo slow polymerisation to give
C
a resin called Bakelite, a three dimensional polymer.
O
Phthalic anhydride
CH2
OH HO OH
CH2 CH2 OH
CH2 C
CH2
O
HO CH2
C
CH2
O
Phenolphthalein
➠ Liebermann’s reaction—When a crystal of phenol is Phthalein reaction is a diagnostic test for phenols.
added to a mixture of conc. H 2SO4 and sodium nitrite Phenolphthalein is used an important indicator in
and reaction mixture is warmed, a characteristic blue acid-base titrations.
or green colour is obtained. On dilution with water When treated with alkali, it undergoes an interesting
colour becomes red but again turns deep blue on colour change. It turns red first but on addition of
adding excess of caustic soda. The chemistry of this excess of alkali it turns colourless again. These
reaction is of diagnostic value— changes are shown as—
⎯→ OH… O —
— —
— O… HO
C Phenoquinone (Red)
(b) With potassium permanganate :
O
CH(OH)COOH
KMnO 4
C C6H5OH ⎯⎯⎯→ | + 2CO2
[O] CH(OH)·COOH
Phenol
O Mesotartaric
Colourless acid
(c) With a mixture of KClO3 and conc. HCl.
OH O
HO O
KClO Cl Cl
⎯⎯→ 3
HCl Cl Cl
C Phenol
O
– + Chloranil
O Na or Tetrachloroquinone
(d) With alkaline solution of potassium persulphate.
C
OH OH
O
K S O
NaOH ⎯⎯⎯→
2 2 8
Alkaline
+ – OH
NaO O Hydroquinone or quinol
➠ Gattermann’s aldehyde synthesis :
OH
C
– Anhy. AlCl
: OH + HCN + HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
3
Gas
– +
COONa OH OH
(Red colour) H 2O
⎯→ + NH3
NaOH CH —
— NH CHO
o-hydroxy benzaldehyde
+ – – +
NaO ONa Small quantity of p-hydroxy benzaldehyde is also for-
med.
Points to Remember
C
● Phenol is also known as carbolic acid. It is used as a disin-
fectant in carbolic soaps and lotions and as a preservative
OH in inks.
– +
COONa ● Bakelite is a phenol-formaldehyde thermosetting polymer
which is generally used as an insulator for electrical work.
Trisodium salt
(Colourless) ● 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenol (Picric acid) is used in dyeing silk and
wool and also used in preparation of explosives. It is effective
Similarly resorcinol and phthalic anhydride give fluo- in treatment of burns.
rescein, which dissolves in dilute alkali to produce ● Phenol finds extensive use in preparation of drugs like,
intense green fluorescence. salicylic acid, aspirin, salol, phenacetin etc.
● The reaction of phenol and phthalic anhydride leads to the
➠ Oxidation—(a) Phenols are much susceptible to formation of phenolphthalein which is used as an indicator
atmospheric oxidation than alcohols, but the nature of in volumetric analysis and as purgative in medicines.
573 K CH2—CH = C H2
⎯⎯→ Paracetamol
● Phenacetin (acetophenetidine) is ethyl ether of paracetamol.
Allylphenyl ether o-allylphenol
● Elbs-persulphate oxidation : C2 H5 O NHCOCH3
OH OH OH Phenacetin
K 2S2O8‚ KOH OH It is widely used as an analgesic and antipyretic, usually in
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ + combination with aspirin, caffeine and codeine.
● Acid strength of phenol (C6 H 5 OH) with respect to other
Phenol Catechol (Minor) compounds is in following decreasing order :
OH
Hydroquinone or quinol R—COOH > H 2CO3 > C6H5OH > H2O > R—OH
(Major)
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Phenol is acidic in nature and it 3. The fusion of sodium benzene 5. Salicylic acid is—
can react with— sulphonate with NaOH, followed (A) m-hydroxybenzoic acid
(A) Sodium bicarbonate by acid hydrolysis, gives— (B) p-hydroxybenzoic acid
(B) Potassium carbonate (A) Benzene (C) o-hydroxy benzoic acid
(C) Sodium hydroxide (B) Benzoic acid (D) All of these
(D) All of these (C) Phenol
6. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding
(D) Sodium salicylate
2. Which of the following com- is present in—
pounds does not contain a 4. Which does not react with phenol (A) Phenol
carboxylic group ? (C6H5OH) ? (B) p-nitrophenol
(A) Anisole (A) Sodium (C) o-nitrophenol
(B) Picric acid (B) Caustic soda (D) m-nitrophenol
(C) Carbolic acid (C) Caustic potash 7. Which of the following com-
(D) All of these (D) Washing soda pounds is the most acidic ?
51. Anisole is the reaction product of 57. When phenetole reacts with HI,
phenol and dimethyl sulphate. which is formed ?
This reaction is termed as— (A) C6H5OH and C2H5I
(A) Coupling (B) C2H5OH and C6H5OH
(B) Esterification (C) C2H5OH and iodobenzene
(a) (b) ↑
……………………………… (A) [A] 13. Which arrangement of electrons
FeCl 3 K 4 [Fe(CN) 6] lead to anti-ferromagnetism ?
t →
5 pm (A) ↑↑↑↑
Fe 4[Fe(CN)6], the blue colour will ↑ (B) ↑↓↑↓
be noticed in— (B) [A] (C) Both (A) and (B)
(A) (a) t → (D) None of these
(B) (b)
14. A particular reaction at 27°C for
(C) In both (A) and (B) ↑
which ΔH > 0 and ΔS > 0 is found
(D) Neither in (A) nor in (B) (C) [A]
to be nonspontaneous. The reac-
2. Volume of a mixture of 6·02 × 1023 tion may proceed spontaneously
t →
oxygen atoms and 3·01 × 10 23 if—
hydrogen molecules at STP is— ↑ (A) Temperature is decreased
(A) 28·0 litre (B) 33·6 litre (D) [A] (B) Temperature is kept constant
(C) 11·2 litre (D) 22·4 litre (C) Temperature is raised
t →
3. The molal freezing point constant (D) It is carried out in open
of water is 1·86 K molality– 1. If 8. If one mole of monoatomic gas vessel at 27°C
342 g of cane-sugar (C 12H22O11)
are dissolved in 1000 g of water,
( )γ=
5
3
is mixed with one mole 15. The correct order of relative sta-
bility of half filled and completely
the solution will freeze at—
(A) – 1·86°C (B) 1·86°C
of diatomic gas γ=( )
7
5
the filled shells is—
(A) p 3 < d 5 < d10 < p6
(C) – 3·92°C (D) 2·42°C value of γ for the mixture is—
(B) d 5 < p3 < d10 < p6
4. The speed of electron in the first (A) 1·40 (B) 1·50
(C) d 5 < p3 < d10 < p6
orbit of hydrogen atom in the (C) 1·53 (D) 3·07
(D) p3 < d10 < d 5 < p6
ground state is— 9. A certain weak acid has a disso-
[ c = velocity of light] 16. For the reaction A + B → C + D
ciation constant 1·0 × 10 – 4 . The
c c the variation of the concentration
(A) (B) equilibrium constant for its reac-
1·37 1370 of product is given by the curve—
c c tion with a strong base is—
(C) (D) Y
13·7 137 (A) 1·0 × 10– 4 (B) 1·0 × 10–10
↑ Z
Concentration
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Interstitial cells
produce testosterone
Tubule network
Compartment Lumen of
seminiferous
tubule
Sperm
Spermatid
Secondary spermatocyte
Primary spermatocyte
Spermatogonium
A tubule network connects Sertoli cells nourish and
seminiferous tubules in protect sperm during
compartments to their development
the epididymis.
Structure of Spermatozoon
● A typical spermatozoon consists of head, middle
piece and tail.
● Head is the anterior most part of the spermatozoon. It
is often conical but its shape varies considerably. The
anterior tip of the head is formed of acrosome which
enables the spermatozoon to penetrate through the
egg membrane.
● Acrosome contains hyaluronidase enzymes and
hydrolases, released when the sperm cell-membrane
fuses at several points with the acrosome during
acrosome reaction, dissolving the jelly around the
egg so that sperm can penetrate it.
Fig. : The stages of spermatogenesis ● The remaining portion of the head is occupied by the
● The secondary spermatocytes undergo 2nd matura- nucleus, whose posterior margin is depressed to
tion division which is simple mitotic division. As a accommodate the proximal centriole, which initiates
result, each secondary spermatocyte is divided into cell-division in the fertilized egg.
equal cells which are known as spermatids. ● Middle piece of the spermatozoon encloses distal
● Each spermatid consists only one set of homologous centriole and mitochondria, which carry oxidative
pairs and is, therefore, haploid. It undergoes meta- enzymes which provides energy for the propulsion of
morphosis to form the sperm. As a result of these two the spermatozoon.
consecutive divisions, four haploid spermatids are
formed from each spermatocyte. ● Tail or flagellum is the longest but most narrow part
of the spermatozoon and its movements propel the
Spermiogenesis or Spermatoleosis spermatozoon. It consists of an axial filament, a thin
● Spermiogenesis is the gradual differentiation of layer of cytoplasm and an outer sheath of plasma-
stationary rounded spermatid into an active motile lemma.
Immature ovum
(secondary oocyte)
Germinal
epithelium
Fluid-filled cavity
Rupturing of follicle
during ovulation
Fig. : Sectioned view showing primary secondary and graafian follicles in which oocytes form through meiosis.
● Oogenesis is the process of development and matu- ducts are known as oocytes. These are diploid cells
ration of ova from the primary germ cell produced by containing the same number of chromosomes as in
the division of cells of the germinal epithelium in the the parent body. The oocytes cease to divide and
ovary of female organism. The process includes three enter the growth phase.
steps or phases—Multiplication phase, Growth phase ● Growth phase of female gametes is much prolonged.
and Maturation phase. The growth in size of the oocyte is not only due to
● Multiplication phase is the first phase and similar to increase in the amount of its cytoplasm but mostly
that found in spermatogenesis. The cells of germinal due to accumulation of nutritive material. The most
epithelium divide and produce oogonia. These common form of food storage consists of granules of
undergo repeated mitotic divisions and the final pro- yolk. Yolk consists of proteins, phospholipids and
Stages Cells Nuclear and cell divisions Chromosomes neural fat. The follicle cells assist the growth of
in each cell
oocyte by secreting substances which are taken up
Oogonium 46
by the oocyte.
● In the primary oocyte, large amount of fat and proteins
become accumulated in the form of yolk and due to
its heavy weight, it is usually concentrated towards
Proliferation of
cells by mito- the lower portion of egg, forming the vegetal pole.
sis before birth
The portion of the cytoplasm containing the egg
Primary pronucleus remains separated from the yolk and
oocytes
in primary
46 occurs towards the upper side of egg forming the
follicles animal pole. During the growth phase, tremendous
After puberty, one primary
oocyte matures and is changes occur in the nucleus of the primary oocyte.
Enlarged ovulated about once a
primary
oocyte month until menopause.
46
Diploid Nuclear Changes
Meiosis I Haploid
● Simultaneously with the growth of oocyte, its nucleus
The secondary
Polar
Secondary oocyte oocyte is released at 23 enters into the prophase of meiosis. The homologous
in secondary and ovulation and does
body graafian follicles not complete meio- chromosomes pair but further steps are postponed
sis II unless it is ferti-
lized by a sperm. until the end of growth period.
Meiosis II
● The nucleus increases in size by the formation of
Polar body 23 nuclear sap. It is called the germinal vesicle. The
Polar bodies
Mature nucleoli are greatly increased to compensate the
ovum
disintegrate. large amount of RNA required for the increased
Fig. : The stages of oogenesis metabolism of growing oocyte.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. In spermiogenesis, the sperma- (B) Cells of Sertoli (C) Polar bodies
tozoa are produced from— (C) Lymph spaces (D) None of these
(A) Spermatids (D) Capillaries 4. Spermatogenesis requires the
(B) Primary spermatocytes presence of—
3. The minute cells which are sepa-
(C) Spermatogonia rated from the developing over (A) Fructose
(D) Secondary spermatocytes during their maturation phase, are (B) Progesterone
called— (C) Testosterone
2. Between the spermatogonia are
the— (A) Primary oogonia (D) Thyroxine
(A) Epithelial cells (B) Secondary oogonia (Continued on Page 765 )
Group Classes
Acrania or 1. Ascidiacea
Subphylum 2. Thaliacea
Protochordata Urochordata
(Lower chordata) 3. Larvacea
Subphylum 1. Leptocardii
Cephalochordata
Phylum
Chordata
Division 1. Ostracodermi
Agnatha
Group 2. Cyclostomata
Craniata Anamniota
3. Placodermi
or Euchordata
(Higher chordata) {
Subphylum
Vertebrata
Superclass
Pisces { 4. Chondrichthyes
5. Ostelchthyes
(Lower
vertebrata)
Division
Gnathostomata ⎧⎪6. Amphibia Amniota
Superclass ⎨⎪7. Reptilia
8. Aves (Higher
Tetrapoda ⎩9. Mammalia vertebrata)
4. Integument—Skin consists of epidermis of many 15. Endocrine system—All vertebrates have duct-
layers of cells and dermis of connective tissue. less endocrine glands that secrete hormones for
metabolic regulation.
5. Exoskeleton—Epidermis often produces an
exoskeleton of keratinized cells. It may consist of 16. Excretory system—Vertebrates have a pair of
scales, feather, hair. kidneys that require a high blood pressure for
6. Muscles—Three types of muscles–striped, un- working.
striped and cardiac are present. 17. Reproductive system—The sexes are sepa-
7. Coelom—There is a spacious true coelom that rate. They have gonoducts. Fertilization may
contains viscera loosely suspended in it by internal or external. Asexual reproduction is lack-
mesenteries. ing.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Vertebrates skin is covered by— 7. A common characteristic among (Continued from Page 702 )
(A) Scales all mammals is—
(B) Feathers (A) They are carnivorous
(C) Hairs (B) They have ventral nerve
cord
(D) All the above
(C) They do not moult
2. The vertebrates are the mem- (D) They have seven cervical
bers of— vertebrae
(A) Cephalochordata
8. Which of the following is not
(B) Agnatha found in the amphibian skin ?
(C) Gnathostomata (A) Epidermis
(D) Urochordata (B) Mucous glands
3. The study of fishes is called— (C) Scales
(A) Ichthyology (D) Chromatophores
(B) Herpatology 9. The presence of true placenta is
(C) Saurology characteristic feature of sub-
class—
(D) Ornithology
(A) Eutheria
4. Cartilaginous fishes do not (B) Metatheria
have— (C) Prototheria
(A) Gill slits (B) Operculum (D) All the above
(C) Scales (D) Pelvic fin
10. Which of the following era is
5. Urinary bladder is absent in— known as age of mammals ?
(A) Reptiles (B) Aves (A) Devonian
(C) Mammals (D) Amphibians (B) Carboniferous
(C) Mesozoic
6. Which of the following bird has
(D) Cenozoic
teeth in beak ?
(A) Ostrich ANSWERS
(B) Kiwi
(C) Pelican
(D) Archaeopteryx ●●● ●●●
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Myoglobin is found in— 7. The contraction and relaxation
(A) Slow muscle fibres phases of a muscle constitute—
(B) Fast muscle fibres (A) Beat (B) Twitch
(C) Blood (C) Condition (D) Stimulus
(D) Lymph 8. The sprain is caused due to
2. Which of these plays a role in excessive pulling of—
muscle contraction ? (A) Muscles (B) Nerves
(A) K+ (B) Na + (C) Tendons (D) Ligaments
(C) Mg2+ (D) Ca 2+ 9. Sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a
3. In skeletal muscle, the T- major role during—
tubules— (A) Muscle contraction
(A) Secrete acetylcholine (B) Muscle excitement
(B) Give mechanical support
(C) Muscle relaxation
(C) Relay electrical signals
(D) All the above
(D) Store calcium
4. As compare to the slow muscle, 10. When a muscle bends one part
fast muscle has— upon other, it is called—
(A) More myoglobin (A) Extensor (B) Flexor
(B) More mitochondria (C) Abductor (D) Regulator
(C) More sarcoplasmic reticulum
(D) All the above ANSWERS
5. Which of the following is the con-
tractile protein of a muscle ?
(A) Tubulin ●●●
(B) Myosin (Continued from Page 687 )
(C) Tropomyosin
(D) All the above
6. In muscle, the contraction occurs
due to—
(A) Myosin
(B) Actin
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) None of these ●●●
34. Parathion, malathion and femi- 43. Parathion, Malathion and Femi-
trothion insecticides belong the trothion insecticides belong to
group of— the group of—
(A) Carbamates (A) Carbamates
(B) Pyretheroids (B) Pyretheroids
(C) Organophosphates (C) Organophosphates
(D) Triazines (D) Triazines
Just Released
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. An aquatic fern used as bioferti- (C) Manures (C) Supplies organic matter
lizer is— (D) All of the above (D) None of the above
(A) Azolla 4. A legume having symbiotic asso- 7. Leaves of Azolla possess the
(B) Marsilea ciation with Rhizobium and Aero- colonies of—
(C) Salvia rhizobium is— (A) Anabaena
(D) None of the above (A) Sebania rostrata
(B) Rhizobium
(B) Sebanea aculeata
2. Manure containing a mixture of (C) Both (A) and (B)
(C) Crotolaria juncea
cattle dung and crop residues is (D) Azotobacter
(D) None of the above
known as—
5. Fertilizers applied to crop plants 8. Biofertilizer present in the roots
(A) Green manure of legume plants is—
pollute—
(B) Farm yard manure (A) Chiefly water resources (A) Azospirillum
(C) Organic manure (B) Chiefly atmosphere (B) Anabaena
(D) None of the above (C) Soil resources (C) Rhizobium
3. Materials of biological origin that (D) Soil resources and water (D) All of the above
are applied commonly to main- resources
tain and improve soil fertility are 6. A green manure— ANSWERS
termed— (A) Protects soil against erosion
(A) Nitrogenous fertilizers and leaching
(B) Biofertilizers (B) Supplies additional nitrogen ●●●
Mycelium
● The mycelium generally is a weft of interlacing and
anastomosing hyphae. In a few genera, however, the
mycelial hyphae run parallel to one another and get
bundled together to form definite and conspicuous
thick cords called rhizomorphs.
● Most of the Basidiomycetes are heterothallic. It
means primary or homokaryotic mycelium in them is
of two distinct strains which are called plus (+) and A B C D E F
minus (–) strains.
Fig. (A–F) Basidiomycetes. Diagram illustrating the
● The well-developed filamentous mycelium consisting formation of clamp connections.
of a mass of branched, septate hyphae generally
spreads in a fan-shaped manner. Sexual Reproduction
● The mycelium of Basidiomycetes passes through ● Club fungi usually reproduce sexually. However,
three distinct stages—primary, secondary and tertiary development of sex organs, the male antheria and
before the fungus completes its life cycle. female ascogonia are universally absent throughout
the class.
Clamp Connection
● The rudimentary differences in sex, shown at the time
● The dikaryotic cell divides repeatedly by conjugate
of sexual fusion, are designated as plus (+) and
divisions to give rise to a secondary or dikaryotic minus (–) signs. These signs are called sexual
mycelium. During nuclear divisions of the dikaryotic strains. Either of these mycelia, if cultured artificially,
cell special structures called clamp connections are remains sterile. They form no fructifications.
formed.
● Fructifications are formed only if two mycelia of oppo-
Diplodisation (Dikaryotisation) site strains come in contact. The sexual process
being extremely simplified, consists of three funda-
The process by which the primary mycelium is converted mental processes such as karyogamy, sexual fusion
into secondary mycelium or dikaryotic mycelium is called or plasmogamy and meiosis.
diplodisation or dikaryotisation. It may take place by the
following methods— (i) Karyogamy
(i) By hyphal fusion—In this case, fusion occurs between ● The terminal binucleate or dikaryotic cells of the
the vegetative cells of two neighbouring hyphae. hyphae of the secondary mycelium develop into basi-
(ii) By the fusion a germinating basidiospore and a diploid dia.
cell of the basidium.
(iii) By the fusion between the two haploid cells of opposite
● The two nuclei in the dikaryotic cell fuse. This fusion
strains of the basidium. is called karyogamy. The resultant diploid fusion
(iv) By the fusion between germinating odium of one nucleus is called a synkaryon.
strains of the basidium. ● The young basidium containing the synkaryon is
(v) By conjugation of basidiospores—In this case two called probasidium which represents the transitory
basidiospores of opposite strains meet and conjugate. diplophase.
Epibasidium
Hypobasidium ● In corn smuts, the mycelium grows between the corn
kernel and secretes substances that cause the deve-
Hypobasidium
lopment of tumors on the ears of corn.
● The life cycle of rusts, which may be particularly com-
plex, often requires two different plant host species to
A
C complete the life cycle.
B
Basidiospores ● Black stem rust of wheat uses barberry leaf as an
Sporidia alternate host.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. In certain members of Basidio- 7. Conidiospores are formed— 6. During spermatogenesis, there
mycetes, the basidium bears four (A) When nutrients are in short are three phases in which the
spores exogenously, each supply process is completed. The correct
usually at the tip of a minute stalk (B) During sexual reproduction sequence of phases is—
known as— (A) Growth → Multiplication →
(C) By sporangia
(A) Sterigmata Maturation
(D) By sac, club and imperfect
(B) Basidiophore
fungi (B) Multiplication → Growth →
(C) Both (A) and (B)
Maturation
(D) Conidiophore 8. Which of the following group(s)
is/are comprised of club fungi ? (C) Maturation → Multiplication
2. ‘Loose smut’ of corn is caused
by— (A) Mushrooms → Growth
(A) Ustilago maydis (B) Puff balls (D) Multiplication → Maturation
(B) Ustilago avenae (C) Truffles → Growth
(C) Ustilago nuda (D) All of the above 7. Growth phase prepares oogonia
(D) All of the above
9. In which of the following the or spermatogonia for first—
3. Which division of fungi is com- dikaryotic stage is longer- (A) Mitotic division
monly known as club-fungi ? lasting ? (B) Meiotic division
(A) Zygomycetes
(A) Sac fungi (C) Binary fission
(B) Oomycetes
(B) Club fungi (D) Multiple fission
(C) Deuteromycetes
(C) Imperfect fungi
(D) Basidiomycetes 8. The sperm head is covered by a
(D) Zygospore fungi membrane—enclosed structure
4. Clamp connection is characteris-
10. The part of mushroom that is called—
tic of a certain group of—
visible above the ground is— (A) Head (B) Neck
(A) Algae and cyanobacteria
(A) Ascogonium (B) Ascocarp (C) Middle piece (D) Acrosome
(B) Fungi
(C) Zygospore (D) Basidiocarp
(C) Bryophytes 9. A pair of centrioles found in the
(D) None of the above ANSWERS sperm, are located in the region—
5. Puccinia graminis tritici causes— (A) Head (B) Neck
(A) Loose smut of oat (C) Middle piece (D) Tail
(B) Black stem rust of wheat ●●● 10. Which of the following is the
(C) Loose smut of barley (Continued from Page 737 ) genetic part of the sperm ?
(D) Covered smut of oat (A) Head (B) Neck
5. During oogenesis, each haploid
6. Anticancer substance ‘calvacin’ cell produces— (C) Middle piece (D) Tail
is obtained from— (A) Four functional eggs
(A) Club fungi ANSWERS
(B) Two functional eggs
(B) Red algae (C) One functional egg and two
(C) Myxophycean cell polar bodies
(D) None of the above (D) Four functional polar bodies ●●●
22. Inflorescence having a flattened (B) Electron transport 40. Which of the following is a
axis, sessile flowers and a whorl (C) O2-evolution saprophytic angiosperm ?
of involucral bracts is— (D) Rubisco activity (A) Neottia (B) Agaricus
(A) Corymb (B) Head (C) Cuscuta (D) Eucalyptus
31. Trisomy is a type of—
(C) Raceme (D) Umbel (A) Euploidy (B) Polyploidy 41. Autopolyploidy arised by increase
23. For the purpose of gene therapy in the number of chromosome
(C) Hyperploidy (D) Hypoploidy
a retrovirus should be equipped sets of the same species is
32. Balance between CO2 and O2 is called—
with—
maintained by— (A) Intraspecific polyploidy
(A) Recombinant RNA
(A) Photosynthesis (B) Interspecific polyploidy
(B) t RNA
(B) C4-pathway (C) Both (A) and (B)
(C) m RNA
(C) Transpiration (D) Explant
(D) r RNA
(D) Photorespiration 42. Which of the following is a true
24. Non transfer of pollen from hemp ?
33. The potential energy of water is
anther to stigma of the same (A) Cannabis sativa
referred to as—
flower due to mechanical barrier (B) Boehmeria nivea
is— (A) Protoplasmic streaming
(B) Thermodynamics (C) Girardinia heterophylla
(A) Heterostyly (D) Agave sisalana
(C) Water relation
(B) Herkogamy
(D) Water potential 43. Quadrifoliate leaves are found
(C) Dichogamy in—
(D) Cleistogamy 34. From photosystem-I ‘high en-
ergy’ electrons pass to NADP (A) Paris quadrifoliata
25. Regulation of gene activity in where they combine with hydro- (B) Bombax ceiba
prokaryotes usually occurs at the gen ions to form— (C) Hardwickia
level of— (A) NAD (B) ADP (D) All of the above
(A) Translation (C) NADPH2 (D) FAD 44. The meristematic layer between
(B) Transcription bark and the wood in a woody
35. The noncyclic electron pathway
(C) Both (A) and (B) stem is called—
generates—
(D) None of the above (A) Cork cambium
(A) No ATP
26. Genotypically the pollen grains (B) ATP only (B) Zone of cell division
produced by an anther belong (C) NADPH only (C) Vascular cambium
to— (D) None of the above
(D) Both ATP and NADPH
(A) One type
(B) Many types 36. The first person to associate 45. Tribulus fruit is dispersed by
specific gene with a specific means of—
(C) Two types
chromosome is/was— (A) Water (B) Animals
(D) All of the above
(A) Morgan (B) Swaminathan (C) Wind (D) Explosion
27. Cross-pollination within a species (C) Correns (D) Maheswari
is called— 46. In bryophytes, absorbing and
37. The baloonlike outgrowth of attaching organs are—
(A) Explant
parenchyma into the lumen of the
(B) Xenogamy (A) Columella
vessels is known as—
(C) Allopolyploidy (B) Rhizoids
(A) Tunica (B) Tyloses
(D) Autopolyploidy (C) Histogen (D) Phellogen (C) Root hairs
(D) Whole thallus
28. At constant temperature, the rate 38. Drosera catches insects by
of transpiration will be higher means of— 47. The vertical temperature gradient
at— (A) Pitcher over earth’s surface is called—
(A) 1 km below sea level (B) Adhesive disc (A) Phenology
(B) 1 km above sea level (C) Bladder (B) Littoral zone
(C) 2 km above sea level (D) Tentacles secreting shining (C) Sigmoid curve
(D) Sea level liquid (D) Lapse rate
●●●
Q. What is a solenoid ?
Comment on the magnetic field
around a solenoid ?
Q. What is meant by band- ☞
width ?
☞
Q. A transistor is a tempera-
ture sensitive device. Why ?
☞
Botany
●●●
Q. What do you mean by pure Q. How are monosaccharides
culture ? formed from polysaccharides ? (Continued from Page 777 )
☞ ☞
●●●
RESULT
No. of questions attempted..........................................
No. of correct answers.................................................
No. of wrong answers...................................................
Marks obtained.............................................................
ANSWER FORM
Q. No. A B C D Q. No. A B C D
1. 11.
2. 12.
3. 13.
4. 14.
5. 15.
6. 16.
7. 17.
8. 18.
9. 19.
10. 20.
6. Israel has common borders 3. Ascorbic acid is essential for (C) Eastern Kolkata
with— the formation of bones and Railway
(A) Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and teeth. (D) South East Bilaspur
Egypt 4. Citric acid is a good substi- Central
(B) Lebanon, Syria, Turkey and tution for ascorbic acid in our Railway
Jordan nutrition
16. Huangpu River flows through
(C) Cyprus, Turkey, Jordan and Which of the statements given which one of the following cities ?
Egypt above are correct ?
(A) Beijing
(D) Turkey, Syria Iraq and (A) 1 and 2 only (B) Ho Chi Minh City
Yemen (B) 1, 2 and 3 only (C) Shanghai
7. What is the correct sequence of (C) 3 and 4 only (D) Manila
the rivers Godavari, Mahanadi, (D) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
Narmada and Tapti in the des- 17. Consider the following state-
cending order of their lengths ? 12. Which one of the following ments—
(A) Godavari – Mahanadi – subjects is under the Union list in 1. Dengue is a protozoan
Narmada – Tapti the Seventh Schedule of the disease transmitted by mos-
(B) Godavari – Narmada – Constitution of India ? quitoes
Mahanadi – Tapti (A) Regulation of labour and 2. Retro-orbital pain is not a
(C) Narmada – Godavari – Tapti safety in mines and oil fields symptom of Dengue.
– Mahanadi (B) Agriculture 3. Skin rash and bleeding from
(D) Narmada – Tapti – Godavari (C) Fisheries nose and gums are some of
– Mahanadi (D) Public Health symptoms of Dengue.