mitropoliti a na nia jafar iZe

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Sida qarTli

qarTvelTa gaoseba

1& itcfdfkb
2& jct,b _ jhb tsyj]ueabc vtvrdblht [fk[b
3& jcsf lf mfhsdtksf ehsbthsj,f vjyqjkt,fvlt
4& ldfkt,bc cfhoveyjt,f lf vfsb ufjct,f
5& ldfkt,bc itvjcdkf mfhskbc vsbfytsib
6& ldfkt,bc ufjct,f mfhskbc vsbfytsib
7& jc-ldfksf ufycf[kt,f mfhskbc ,fhib
8& mfhsdtksf ufjct,f \+\ cfereytib
9& ufjct,bc htkbubehb vjvtynb
10& ufjct,eksf udfht,b
Se savali

pju]th bcvbc rbs[df% cfzbhjf se fhf othf mfhsdtksf ufjct,bc itcf[t, lf^ cfthsjl^
fhct,j,c se fhf fctsb ghj,ktvf( mfhsdtksf ufjct,bc cfrbs[b xdty 'fkpt vybidytkjdyfl
lf^ fvfcsfyfdt^ cfcohfajl uflfcfzhtk ghj,ktvfl vbudfxybf& hjujhw wyj,bkbf^ jct,c lf
mfhsdtkt,c [ibhfl fmds thsyfbhb udfht,b& c[dflfc[df res[bc mfhsek vjcf[ktj,fc fv
cfrbs[bc fhcib ufehrdtdkj,bc ufvj #jcehb@ udfhbc vfnfht,tkb flfvbfyb^ hjujhw otcb^
jcehb thjdyt,bc vmjytl vbfxybf& tc sfj,fsf vfybkpt jceh sdbsitvtwyt,fcfw rb e.fkb,t,lf
#jcehb@ udfhbc vfnfht,tk mfhsdtkc^ pju]th rb vbvt acbmjkjubeh itltucfw bodtdlf&
vfufkbsfl^ s,bkbcsfy f[kjc^ cjatk lbl kbkjib^ w[jdhj,ty #jcehb@ udfhbc
vfnfht,tkb mfhsdtkt,b% w[jdht,fidbkt,b^ sbubidbkt,b lf c[dfyb& bcbyb sfdbc lhjpt
cfvfxf,kjlfy uflfcf[kt,ekfy kbkjib& cfvfxf,kjib lfhxtybkb vfsb vjudfhtt,b jcehb
ufhtvjc mdti vjtmwyty& vst,blfy jct,bc mfhskib xfvjcf[kt,bc itvlujv bcbyb ufjclyty^
fvbnjvfw tc ghj,ktvf ~rthjl bc^ hjv vfs jct,fl vbbxytdty` ufvjodtekbf fqybiyek
cfrbs[ib vfsb vtpj,kt,bc ufewyj,btht,kj,bs& uekyfrkekb h& sbubidbkb othc%
#obyfgfhsf uflvjwtvbs^ lbl kbkjtksf ]bkfub lf vjluvf ovbylf mfhsekbf^ fctsbdt fphbf
lfvrdblht,ekb cfvfxf,kjc mfhsekb vjcf[ktj,bc yfobkib ~t&b& vfsib^ hjvtksfw
fqybiyekb #jcehb@ udfht,b fmds lf itbkt,f gfcgjhnib #jcbw@ eothbfs _ tgbcrjgjcb
fyfybf ]fafhbt`& vfhskfw^ hjv .dtkf ybiybs mfhsekb ,eyt,bcff^ flfcneht,c itvltub
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1

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jcb yfstcfdb&&& bcts rjvgfmneh^ vhfdfkhbw[jdfy cjatkc jcehbc yfcf[bw hjv fqfh itvjhxf(
gfce[b v[jkjl thsbf% lblb kbkj lf vbcb vjcf[ktj,f fhfcjltc .jabkf jcehb^ sjhtv
thsb jcehb j]f[bw hjv ufvjhtjlf^ vfiby cfmfhsdtkjc pju hfbjyib seylfw rfynbreynfl
vw[jdht,b jct,bc vcufdcfl^ bcbybw itvjbyf[fdlyty sfdbc sdbsv.j,flj,fcf lf ]bibc yfobkc
vfbyw&
,eyt,hbdbf^ b,flt,f rbs[df% vfbyw hjltvlt eylf b.jc lblb kbkjc vrdblhb vjcf[ktj,f
uf,fnjyt,ekb vwlfhb it[tlekt,bs vjyfskekb( xdty rfhufl udtcvbc^ hjv .jdtkbdt fvbc
ufcfhrdtdfl lbl kbkjtksf tsyjkjubbs lfbynthtct,ek bcnjhbrjcsf fdnjhbntnekb
lfcrdyt,bf cfzbhj^ fvbnjvfw vjsvbyt,bs dtkbs bvbc cf]fhjl ufvjw[flt,fcf lf fqbfht,fc^
hfw xdtysdbc w[flpt ew[fltcbf&
cf.ehflqt,jf thsb ufhtvjt,f _ 'dtkb uflvjwtvt,bc vb[tldbs^ sfj,blfy sfj,bc [cjdyfc
itvjhxf kbkjtksfsdbc ewbkj,tkb ztivfhbnt,f% #xdtyb obyfght,b uvbhb mfhsdtkt,b
b.dyty lf cfvfxf,kjc lhjibc mdti bwfdlyty cfvij,kjc@ ~h& sbubidbkb^ lblb kbkjc
ztivfhbnb cekb^ ufp& #vfvekb@^ =15^ |+++^ 90 o&`&
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sfdlf]tht,bs jct,c eojlt,lyty^ fvbnjvfw rbs[ekj,c fdnjhb _ #f,f vfi hf ufvfhskt,f
eylf vjdet,yjs bcts f,cehlekj,fvlt sfdlf]tht,ek flfvbfysf f[bht,fc^ hjvkt,bw
cbc[kbs^ cekbs-[jhwfvlt mfhsdtkt,c fhfmfhsdtkt,fl fw[flt,ty(@ ~bmdt^ ud& 4`&
vfhskfw^ ewjlbyfhj,f lf cbvfhskbc ufut,bc ecehdtkj,f ofhvjij,bs mfhsdtkc
fhfmfhsdtkfl fw[flt,c cfmfhsdtkjibdt! vflkj,f qvthsc^ hjv cfvfxf,kjc ptvjs
fqybiyekb vrdblhyb fh ufjct,ekfy^ vfuhfv vfsb sfyfvtnjvtt,bc yfobkb ufjclf^ c[df
fdnjht,b othty% #vhfdfkb mfhsdtkb^ hjvtkybw w[jdhj,lyty mcybc^ kbf[dbc^ vt]elfc^
zfht,elfc se tknehfc [tj,t,ib^ bcnjhbek cfvfxf,kjcf lf mcybc cfthbcsfdjib _
bkehbtt,b^ tk,fmbtt,b^ vfhbfvbtt,b^ itdfhlyftt,b^ ]bhrdfkbtt,b lf c[df vsblfy
vjojkbkb jcehb vjcf[ktj,bc bcts bpjkfwbfib vj[dlyty^ hjv yfobkj,hbd lfrfhutc
vij,kbehb tyf^ sdbsitvtwyt,f lf ,tdh]th xdty sdbsjy lfudblfcneht,bf^ hjv thsb 'vf
mfhsdtkfl botht,f^ [jkj vtjht _ jcfl@ ~tk& yflbhft^ y& ijibnfidbkb^ #rdbwb udfhpt
[nbc@ ufp& #f[& bdthbtkb@^ 26&|+& 1990 o&`&
eahj vtnbw^ xfyc thsb-jh #jcfl xfothbk@ mfhsdtkc vjeoflbyt,bf vfvfgfgtekb
thjdyt,bc fqlutyf^ vfuhfv vfc lbl obyffqvltuj,fc eotdty& fvbnjvfw^ ptvjs [ctyt,ekb
fdnjht,b trbs[t,bfy vcufdc vjobyffqvltutc% #fv[& v& ,thtkbt^ hjujh abmhj,s^ fcts [fk[c
efhb eylf tsmdfc sfdbcb yfvldbkb udfhbc fqlutyfpt se .dtkfathb vjcrjdc eylf
itdtrbs[js(@ ~bmdt^ ud& 3`&
esejl eylf bmytc ufsdfkbcobyt,ekb bc ufhtvjt,f^ hjv bcnjhbek cfvfxf,kjib
vw[jdht,b mfhsdtkt,b bekt,ekyb b.dyty jct,fl xfothbkb.dyty^ hjujhw \+\^ bct \\
cfereytib& \\ c-bc 20-30-bfyb okt,ib vcufdcb bekt,bc ufvjvodtdb gbhj,t,b rfhufl fmdc
uflvjwtvekb vtwybth-vrdktdfhc u& ,jzjhbtc^ hjvtkbw t&o& #cfv[hts jctsbc fdnjyjvbeh
jkmib@ vj.jkbkb 4 129 mfhsekb rjvkbc^ fye 23 460 mfhsdtkbc itcf[t, othlf% #jctsib
vj.jkbkb mfhsdtkt,b .jdtkv[hbd cfibykfl itdbohjt,ekyb fhbfy* bcbyb firfhf n.dtt,fl
uhyj,ty sfdc^ cfmfhsdtkjlfy cfvcf[ehbc cfmvtpt vbcek rfwc bcbyb sfdc tdkt,bfy lf
sfdbfys zbh-dfhfvc j[dhbsf lf rdytcbs itcxbdbfy% #hf udb.dtc xdtyvf 'vt,vf^ fvfs ~t&b& jct,bc`
[tkib hfl xfud.fhtc^ ufyf xdty mfhsdtkt,b fhf dfhsj( &&&cf,zjsf nthbnjhbfpt^ dujyt,^ fhw
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2

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ybflfupt jct,b firfhfl iehc bbt,ty mfhsdtkt,pt& fvfc cxflbfy bcbyb cf,zjsf
[tkbceakt,bc vstk cbuhtpt& vfuhfv firfhff^ gbhqbf mfhsdtkzfvbj,fc jct,b bxtylyty
ufyrekfrt,bc lhjc& ufyrekfrt,f jctsib bctsb ajhvbs vj[lf^ hjujhw fhcfl vjv[lfhf%
bcbyb^ yfwbjyfkbcnt,b^ ufyrekfrt,fc rb fh fofhvjt,lyty^ fhfvtl sfdbfys afhek
yfwbjyfkeh phf[dt,c f[jhwbtkt,lyty% firfhfl mfhsdtkt,c thtrt,jlyty^ itvltu
ufyrekfrt,eks thsb [tkb kjubybcf lf bvbc ufhlf^ hfw nfypt twdfs^ c[df fhfathb lffyt,tc
lf .dtkfyb ibidtk-nbndtkyb ufvjltdytc& ,jkjc^ vhfdfkyb cjvt[sfufyyb ~ufyrekfrt,ekb`
erfydt lff,heytc^ [jkj mfhsdtksfufyb rb _ sbsmvbc fhfdby& mfhsekb tyf bltdyt,jlf
mfhsek cjakt,ib& vboth-vjothf lf c[df^ ]th hecekfl cofhvjt,lf^ [jkj f[kf jcehfl^
mfhsekb rb ufyltdybkbf& cfvfhsfkb vblujvbsbf& .dtkfathib firfhf uflf[hf fhbc jct,bc
v[fhtc& sdfkib fvjqt,ekb rfwbcsdbc cfvfhsfkb fh fhct,j,c& 1929 okblfy cfmfhsdtkjib
cfmvbc ofhvjt,f^ xdtyt,bc vbwtvf lf ghjwtcb jcehfl itvjbqtc&&& mfhsdtk mfkt,pt sfhtib lf
fqdbhf[cybkj,f afhsj vfcinf,bs cofhvjt,lf& mfkt,c bnfwt,lyty lf fegfnbeht,lyty& se
dth vjbnfwt,lyty^ j]f[c uflftrblt,jlyty lf fbekt,lyty mfkbc vbwtvfc&&& flubk-vfvekbc
vakj,tkj,bc cfmvtib egbhfntcj,f jct,c tktdf ~tc bctsb vbptpbf^ hjvkbc ufvjw
mfhsdtkbc jcfl xfothf esejl itcfkt,tkbf - tgbcrjgjcb fyfybf ]fafhbt`^ uflfcf[flc
gbhdtk [fyt,ib vfhnj mfhsdtkt,c f[ltdbyt,lyty^ [jkj itvltu rb firfhfl mfhsdtk
ukt[t,c ndbhsfdlyty& crjkt,c e[cybfy jct,c^ mfhsdtkt,c rb bidbfsfl &&& ,tdhb
vfcofdkt,tkb bekt,ekb uf[lf^ crjkbcfsdbc sfdb lftyt,t,byf lf ofcekb.j& fvbc itvltu
crjkfw brtnt,jlf& vjcf[ktj,f crjkfc s[jekj,lf^ te,yt,jlyty% se ubylfs^ jceh
crjkfib fnfhts idbkt,b^ se fhf lf^ smdtysdbc crjkfc dth ufd[cybsj@ &&& jcehb tyf
cfdfklt,ekj cfufybf mfhsek crjkt,ib ~idbloktlt,ib`^ [jkj mfhsek tyfc jceh
crjkt,ib flubkb fhf fmdc&&& vjcfvcf[ehtt,fl^ vbkbwbblfy lfo.t,ekb^ cek jct,c bqt,ty&
cjv[t,c eahj fktdlyty flubkc^ dblht mfhsdtkt,c& .dtkf ptvjs[ctyt,ekbc afmnbehb
vfcfkf efvhfdbf jctsbc mfhsek cjakt,ib& vjcf[ktj,bc cnfnbcnbrehb wyj,t,b
fvjqt,ekbf cc& wfrbc cfjh& ufy.& ufvjwtvblfy cfm& cch flvbybcnhfwbekb lf.jaf^ 1930^
nabkbcb@ ~k& ahebt^ u& ,jzjhbbc w[jdht,f lf vjqdfotj,f #vyfsj,b@^ =9^ 1990 o^ ud&
136`&
u& ,jzjhbbc vbth vj.dfybkb afmnt,b c[df vfcfkt,bsfw lfcnehlt,f^ vfufkbsfl^ f&
sjsft othc% #fdnjyjvbehb jkmbc itmvybcsfyfdt cfv[hts jctsbc wfrb bqt,c ,tdh erfyjyj
uflfo.dtnbkt,fc& vfufkbsfl^ 1923 otkc cfv[hts jctsbc wfrvf vbbqj lflutybkt,f #jkmbc
afhukt,ib jcehbc^ hjujhw cf[tkvobaj tybc^ itvjqt,bc itcf[t,@& lflutybkt,fib
fqybiyekb b.j^ hjv #itvjqt,ek bmyfc sfylfsfyj,bsb vij,kbehb jcehb tyf .dtkf
cf[tkvobaj lf gfhnbek lfotct,ekt,fib cfv[hts jctsbc fdnjyjvbehb jkmbc ibuybs&
vtpj,tk htcge,kbrt,sfy ehsbthsj,bc tyfl lfnjdt,ek bmyfc hecekb tyf lf vjts[jdjc
htcge,kbrfc cfv[hts jctssfy [ctyt,ek hecek tyfpt ehsbthsj,bc ofhvjt,f@& fvhbufl^
cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbek yfobkib cfthsjl euekt,tk.jabk bmyf mfhsekb tyf& ,tdh fcts
afmnc #dth dfvxytdlbs@ ~f& sjsft^ jct,b mfhsek vbofpt^ ufp& #w[jdht,f@ 9&++& 1991 o&`&
cfvfxf,kjib fynbmfhsekb gjkbnbrf lf mfhsdtksf ite,hfkt,tkb [jwdf-;ktnf eahj
flhtw _ 1917-1920 okt,ibw vbvlbyfhtj,lf& vfufkbsfl^ ufptsb #fkbjyb@ othlf 1918 okbc
29 vfhnc cnfnbfib #w[bydfkbc nhfqtlbbc ufvj@% _ #uf,jkitdbrt,ekvf ]fhbcrfwt,vf
es[htc ukt[t,c% [jv /[tlfds^ vbofc fh ufktds^ ufco.dbnts sfdflfpyfehj,f lf ofbqts
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mfhsekb vjcf[ktj,bc cfcnbrb ltdybc itcf[t, othc ktdfy sjbt #mfhsdtk lf jc [fk[sf
ehsbthsj,bc bcnjhbblfy 1917-1920 okt,ib@ ~vfwyt^ bcnjhbbc cthbf =3^ 1990^ ud& 17-65`&
cfthsjl^ eylf bsmdfc^ hjv htdjkewbfvltw jcb vjcf[ktj,f^ hjvtkbw vfiby [bpyt,bc
cf[tkbs w[jdhj,lf iblf mfhskib^ mfhsdtk vjcf[ktj,fpt vtnb egbhfntcj,t,bsf lf
itqfdfst,bs cfhut,kj,lf cjwbfkeh cathjt,ib& #n.bs cfhut,kj,bc ghfmnbrf ufhrdtek
cf,f,c mvyblf mfhsdtksf lf jcsf lfgbhbcgbht,bcfsdbc^ vfufkbsfl^ cjatk fdktdib
vw[jdht, jct,c^ hjvkt,bw [bpybc eakt,t,bs b.dyty fqzehdbkb^ ittkjs eafcjs
tcfhut,kfs n.bs& f,jhbutyb mfhsdtkb ukt[t,b rb fv eakt,fc vjrkt,ekb b.dyty &&&
fqvfcrjvvf 1917 okbc pfa[ekib lfflubyf^ hjv n.bs cfhut,kj,bcfsdbc ~vfufkbsfl^ itibc
ufvjnfybcfsdbc` sbsjtek mfhsek rjvkc 5 vfytsb eylf uflft[flf^ jct,c rb^ hjujhw
[bpyt,c^ uflfcf[flb fh lffrbchtc&&& ~bmdt^ ud& 33`&
jct,c mfhsdtkt,sfy itlfht,bs lbl egbhfntcj,fc fybzt,lf hectsbc [tkbceakt,f \+\
cfereytib^ hfw obyfcofh b.j ufvbpyekb bvgthbbc bynthtct,blfy ufvjvlbyfht& iblf mfhskbc
cf,jkjjl jct,bs lfcf[kt,f hectsbc [tkbceakt,fv dth vjfcohj& vtabc vsfdhj,f lftv[j&
_ #vtabc vsfdhj,fv thsb fctsb ghjtmnbw itbveifdf^ mfhsdtkt,bc f.hf _ uflfcf[kt,bc
vbpybs* nbhbajybc dtkbc ufhitvj vbvlt,fht cjakt,blfy ufyphf[ekb b.j 40 000 mfhsdtkb
ukt[bc f.hf lf bm cfv[tlhj gjkbujybc vjo.j,f^ fvfc oby ecoht,lf vsfdhj,bc vbth
itlutybkb utuvf^ hjvtkbw bsdfkbcobyt,lf jcb [bpyt,bcfsdbc mfhsekb vbot,bc cfvelfvj
vakj,tkj,fib uflfwtvfc&
rfdrfcbbc mtlblfy vt]dhbc[tdfvlt ~vl& vt]elf` cfwbwbfyjcf lf cf]fdf[jib fsbfsfcj,bs
ltctnbyf vbof eafcjl eylf uflfcwtvjlf jct,c^ tc vfiby^ hjwf mfhsdtkb ukt[t,b
,fnjy.vj,bc uflfdfhlybc itvltu ]th rbltd ufvjcfc.bl aekc b[lblyty bv vbot,bcfc^
hjvtkptw tcf[kyty@ ~y& uhbufkfidbkb^ #bcnjhbbc upf]dfhtlbypt@^ ufp& #cja& w[&@ 4&+&1990
o&`&
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itpqeldfc jcb thjdyt,bc flfvbfysfy itlfht,bs^ hfw tlt,jlf rbltw cfaedkfl
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~bcnjhbbc ufv.fk,t,kt,sfy rfvfsc fphb fmdc( ufp& k&c& 18&+&1991 o&`&
lbf[^ mfhsdtkt,b ufjclyty& cf,tlybthjl^ [ibhfl ufjct,f bvbs ufvjb[fnt,f^ hjv
ufjct,ekc e.fkb,lt,f jcehb thjdyekb sdbsitvtwyt,f^ c[df v[hbd rb^ bc byfhxeyt,c
mfhsek otc-xdtekt,t,c^ mfhsek tyfc^ mfhsek nhflbwbt,c lf udfhcfw rb& vfu& fctsb
ufjct,ekbc mfhsekb ajhvbc vmjyt udfhb erdt fqfh vbbxytdf mfhsekfl& thjdyekb
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bcnjhbjuhfabf vbbxytdc^ hjv jct,bc obyfght,b wyj,bkyb b.dyty fkfyt,bcf lf bfct,bc ~fct,bc`
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osi xalxis Ca moyali beba

` oseb i - ori eTnoj guf is memkvidre xa lxi~

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9

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10

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11

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12

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rfdrfcbbc mtlbc xhlbkj athlj,t,blfy cfv[htsib@ ~cfv[hts jctsbc bcnjhbbc yfhrdtdt,b^ +^
1985^ ud& 65-66`&
vcufdcfl jcb bcnjhbrjct,bcf^ hjvtkybw df[einbc lfvjovt,bs fw[flt,ty^ hjv jctsbc
~fkfybbc` dtkt,pt ~lqtdfyltkb ,fk.fhtsbcf lf .fhfxfbc nthbnjhbt,pt` vj[lf cntgehb
njvt,bcf ~#gjkjdwb@` lf fkfyt,bc itho.vf^ hbc itltuflfw ofhvjmvybkvf yfhtdvf [fk[vf
vbbqj vjceksf tyf ~ud& 66`^ fctdt fw[flt,c df[einb^ hjv xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc vst,cf lf^
rthjl^ ldfktsib ltdybkb jct,bc lfvrdblht,bc itvlujv flubkj,hbdb mfhsdtkehb njvb _
ldfkt,b ufjclf^ hfw bvbs ufvjb[fnf^ hjv vfs vbbqtc vjceksf tyf^ [jkj sfdbcb lfbdbo.tc&

dva lebis sarw mu noeba da maTi ga ose ba

va xu Stis mixed vis

ldfktsb sthubc vfhw[ybd vlt,fht mdt.fyf b.j^ bm vjyujksf itvjctdbc ufvj xhlbkj
rfdrfcbbc ,fhblfy ~#dtkblfy@` cf[klt,bfy jct,b^ hjvtkybw bvjyt,ty vrdblh rfdrfcbtk
vw[jdht,kt,c% #&&&bojlyty [tdyb bubyb jdctsfl^ itvjcf[kt,bsf lf lfvjyt,bsf vfsbsf
vfsufydt@ ~ud& 633`^ #[jkj itvlujvfl afhyfjpbc ufvtat,bcf lfhxf afhyfjpc 'eherb lf
lefktsb^ lf c[df [tdyb bubyb lfisyty vtatsf jcsfcf^ lf bojlyty [tdyb bubyb jdctsfl^
itvjcf[kt,bsf lf lfvjyt,bsf vfsbsf vfsufydt@ ~ud& 633`&
ldfktsb lf vsbc jctsb ~vjyujkt,fvlt fhct,j,lf eahj dhwtkb ,fhbc jctsb` vrdtshfl
b.dyty thsvfytsbcfufy ufvb]yekyb gjkbnbrehb sdfkcfphbcbs^ thsb mfhsekb ~mfhsek
13

cf[tkvobajib itvfdfkb` nthbnjhbf b.j^ vtjht rb _ fhfmfhsekb& ldfktsb [tdt,fl

ufyb.jat,jlf^ mfhsekb [tdt,b b.j% rfchb^ phfvfuf^ ;qtkb^ yfhf^ phjub lf pf[f^
fhfmfhsekb ~gjkbnbrehb sdfkcfphbcbs` [tdt,b b.j% xbvb^ sfuehb^ mehsfekb^ dfkfubhb^
afbmjvb^ lbujhb lf ,fcbfyb& #fhfvtl lfektsbwf ufyb.jat,bc [td-[tdfl lf bojlt,bc [tdyb
tchts #rfchbc [tdfl^ phfvfufl^ ;qtktl^ yfhfl^ phjujl lf pf[fl^ [jkj hjvtkyb lfisty
vtatsf jdcsf^ cf[tkyb vfsyb fhbfy tctyb% xbvb^ sfufehb^ mehsfekb^ dfkfubhb^ afbmjvb^
lbujhb lf ,fcbfyb&&&@ ~ud& 633`&
hjlbc tojlf rfdrfcbbc [tdt,c tc cf[tkt,b( df[einbc vb[tldbs^ tc vj[lf ,fsj .ftybc ~t&b&
vjyujksf` lhjc& df[einbc vb[tldbs^ jcsf vsbc [tdt,ib itvjcdkbc itvltu vbvlbyfhtj,lf fv
vsbc vrdblhb vjcf[ktj,bcf ~t&b& ldfkt,bc` lf knjkdbk jcsf tsybrehb itho.vf&
itvjcekt,b ~jct,b` uf,fnjylyty^ [jkj vrdblhyb ~ldfkt,b` #eudfhjt,b@ uf[lyty& jct,bcf lf
ldfkt,bc fv thsbfy mdt.fyfc erdt jctsb tojlf&
se vjyujksf itvjctdfvlt xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc ,fhbc ~#dtkbc@` lbl yfobkc #jdctsb@
tojlt,jlf^ vjyujksf itvjctdbcfc fv #jdctsib ~#dtkib@` tcf[kt,f fhfjcehb vjcf[ktj,f lf
bcnjhbek #jdctsc@ tojlf xthmtptsb^ fye .f,fhlj^ cfvfubthjl^ jctsb tojlf erdt f[fk
mdt.fyfc _ rfdrfcbbc vsbfytsc^ ldfktsbc yfobkc& _ #&&&xbvb^ sfufehb^ mehsfekb^ dfkfubhb^
afbmjvb^ lblujhb lf ,fcbfyb^ lf cf[tkyb tctyb tojlyty^ fye lf,t,sfufy^ ufhyf evtntc
itvjceksf jcsfufy^ hjvtkyb itvlujvfl xbyubp .ttybcf vjcdkbcf^ ,fsj .ttyvfy vjchyf
jdctsb lf vjfj[hyf^ [jkj jdcyb itvjbdknjlyty rfdrfcbfsf ibyf lf bojlyty cf[tkbsf
vfsbsf [tj,fyb tctyb tchts^ dbsfhwf fxtyc udfhyb vfsyb^ hfvtse eofhxbyt,ektcyb udfhbs
fhbfy jdcyb lf udfhyb jdcsfyb tctyb fhbfy% ,fcbfyb^ ,fltkbt^ xthmtcbt^ sfufehb^ mehsfekb^
cblfvjyb lf zf[bkft& [jkj itvlujvfl vjj[ht,bcf jdctsbcf lf itvjcdkbcf vfsbcf
rfdrfcbfcf ibyf^ bojlyty% jdctsb xthmtpfl^ fye .f,fhljl lf rfdrfcbfcf ibyf v.jayb vfs
itvjceksfufy jdctsfl^ hfvtse fowf udfhbfysf vfs eojlt,ty jcfl^ [jkj c[dfsf eudfhjsf
_ rdfkfl ldfkfldt@ ~ud& 634`&
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~ufyc[dfdt,bs bcnjhbekb jctsbcfufy^ hjvtkbw xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc dtkpt lfcfdktsbs
vlt,fhtj,lf`^ vjcf[ktj,bc itvflutykj,bc sdfkcfphbcbs jhudfhbf _ 1& tc fhbc fv vbofo.fkpt itvjcekb jct,b^ hjvtkybw #udfhbfyt,b@ ~vfqfkb cjwbfkehb atyf` ufv[lfhf^ ~t&b&
byljtdhjgekb tybc vmjyt vjcf[ktj,f` lf 2& flubkj,hbdb vrdblhb mfhsdtkehb vjcf[ktj,f
_ ldfkt,b _ #eudfhjyb@ _ lf,fkb cjwbfkehb atyf& fct b.j fhf vfhnj ofhcekib^ fhfvtl
df[einbc lhjcfw rb% #fowf udfhbfysf vfs eojlt,ty jcfl^ [jkj c[df eudfhjsf rdfkfl
ldfkfldt@ ~ud& 634`^ vfifcflfvt^ df[einbc lhjc ]th rbltd fh b.j lfvsfdht,ekb
vjyujkj,bc lhjblfy lfo.t,ekb fcbvbkfwbf byljtdhjgtkt,bc ~jct,bc` vbth mfhsdtkehb
njvbcf ~ldfkt,bc`^ fye jct,b^ hjujhw thsbfyb tsybrehb thsudfhjdfyb vjcf[ktj,f^ ]th
rbltd fh b.j xfvj.fkb,t,ekb& itvltu rb fm jcehvf tyfv cf,jkjjl ufbvfh]df^ fye^ hjujhw
xfyc^ jhb c[dflfc[df ofhvjij,bc njvt,bc itho.vf lfvsfdhlf& df[einbc fphbs^ xhlbkj
rfdrfcbbc ,fhib vjyujkt,fvlt vw[jdht,b jct,bw fctsbdt yfhtdb vjcf[ktj,f b.j^ ljybc
dtkt,blfy xhlbkj rfdrfcbfib itvjcekb [fpfht,b ~buekbc[vt,f crdbst,b` itthbdyty fmfeh
vrdblh vjcf[ktj,fc ~rfdrfcbeh [fk[c^ b,thbek-rfdrfcbehb vjluvbc njvc^ #rfdrfcjcbc
yfstcfdc@` lf fv ehsbthsithtdbc itltufl ofhvjbmvyf ,fhbc jct,b& fv jct,bc sfdbcb vbofo.kblfy vjyujksf vbth ufyltdybcf lf ldfktsbc vst,ib itcdkbc itvltu ,fhbc jct,b ~crdbsrfdrfcbtkt,b` tho.vbfy mfhsdtkeh njvc ~ldfkt,c` lf .fkb,lt,f erdt f[fkb tsyj]ueab
jct,bc cf[tkbs ~jcehb tybc ufvfh]dt,bc itltufl`& tcff df[einbc sdfkcfphbcb^ vfifcflfvt^
#fobyltk jct,ib@ buekbc[vt,f xhlbkj rfdrfcbtkb jct,b^ hjvkt,bw b,thbek-rfdrfcbehb
14

njvbcf ~rfdrfcjcbc yfstcfdbcf lf ldfkt,bc` lf crdbst,bc ~#[fpfht,bc@` ehsbthsitho.vbc

itltufl ofhvjbmvyf&
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cfw[jdht,tkb flubkb itbwdfkf& vfy uflvjkf[f ldfktsbc mtlb lf mfhskbc vsbfytsib
lfcf[klf ~kbf[dbc cfsfdtt,ib`&
df[einbc fphbs^ [tdb lf shecj bcnjhbek ldfktsib itvfdfkb nthbnjhbt,bf^ #fhfvtl
[tdb^ &&& fhc ldfktsbcdt@ ~ud& 634`^ eylf dbuekbc[vjs^ hjv ldfkt,bc tyf ~hjvtkcfw df[einb
f[ctyt,c` bubdt b.j^ hfw vj[tdtsf tyf^ fye mfhsekb b.j ~lbfktmnb`&
hjujhw fv,j,ty^ jceh tyfib xfyc vtuhtkbpvbc ufhrdtekb rdfkb^ hfw vtuhtksf lf jcsf
fy vtpj,kj,fpt vbesbst,c^ fy bvfpt^ hjv #rfdrfcjcbfysf@ lf #ldfksf tyf vtuhektyjdfyb
tktvtynt,bc vfnfht,tkb@ b.j& vtpj,kt,bc itcf[t, eylf bsmdfc^ hjv sfyfvtlhjdt fa[fptsbc
xhlbkj vsbfytsbc ths yfobkc #fkfybf@ thmdf^ hfw tsfy[vt,f df[einbc sdfkcfphbcc
bcnjhbekb jctsbc vlujvfhtj,bc itcf[t,& bcnjhbekb jctsb cojhtl lfcfdktsbs
vlt,fhtj,lf lf vfc itvlujv xthmtp-.f,fhlj tojlf^ vfifcflfvt^ jceh-vtuhekb
ehsbthsj,t,b itcfkt,tkb b.j sfyfvtlhjdt fa[fptsib lf vbc vbvlt,fht xhlbkj
rfdrfcbfib^ tc bvfpt vbesbst,c^ hjv bcnjhbekb fa[fptsb sfdblfydt fhf fa[fpehb ~facef`
njvt,bs^ fhfvtl vtuhektyjdfyb njvt,bs b.j lfcf[kt,ekb&
df[einbc lhjbyltkb jctsbc cfv[htsb cfpqdfhb uflbjlf rfdrfcbbc mtlpt& #[jkj
fobyltkbcf fvbc jdctsbcf cfpqdfhbc fhc&&& cfv[hbs vpqdhbc rfdrfcb^ [tdbc .tkblfv
ofhvjcekb lfcfdktsfl^ hjvtk fhc ,hew-cf,tkfvlt^ lf ptrfhf^ rtltkf lf hfzf-lblujh,fcbfyc ijhbcyb rfdrfcyb@ ~ud& 634`&
vfifcflfvt^ vt-18 cfereybc 50-bfy okt,ib ~1742-1745 okt,ib^ hjwf df[einb fv ihjvfc
othlf ~bmdt^ ud& 07`^ jcsf ufycf[kt,bc 'bhbsflb cfpqdfhb fh cwbklt,jlf rfdrfcbbc mtlc^
sevwf rb ldfkt,b erdt uflvjwbkt,ekyb b.dyty fv mtlc lf kbf[dbc cfsfdtt,ib w[jdhj,lyty^
cfmvt bcff^ hjv df[einb ufyfc[dfdt,c jct,cf lf ldfkt,c& bcbyb vfc c[dflfc[df tsybrehb
ofhvjij,bc njvt,fl vbfxybf^ sevwf bvfcfw vhfdfkupbc fqybiyfdc^ hjv jct,bcf lf ldfkt,bc
ehsbthssfyfw[jdht,bc lhjc jct,b vfqfk cjwbfkeh atyfc itflutylyty^ [jkj ldfkt,b
lf,fk atyfl bmwtjlyty [jkvt^ fye jct,b ,fnjyj,lyty ldfkt,pt^ bvjhxbkt,lyty vfs lf
cf,jkjjl fjct,lyty rbltw& ldfksf ufjct,f^ vbcb fphbs^ \+++ cfereytib lfo.t,ekf lf
df[einbc lhjc ]th rbltd fh .jabkf lfvsfdht,ekb ~b[& ptvjs`& bv lhjbcfsdbc^ hjwf
df[einb fuhjdt,lf sfdbcb ihjvbc vfcfkt,c ~\|+++ c-bc + yf[tdfhib^ 1725 okblfy bc
vjcrjdibf`^ ldfkt,cf lf jct,c vrdtshfl fc[dfdt,lyty thsvfytsbcfufy \|+++ cfereytib^ xfyc^
jcsf lblb yfrflb itvjdblf mfhskbc vsbfytsib lf ldfkt,bc fcbvbkfwbbc ntvgb 'fkpt
lfxmfhlf& \|+++ c-bc ,jkjc ubekltyintlnb erdt jceh ufhtvjib vj[dtlhbkb mfhsdtkt,bc
ltyfwbjyfkbpfwbbc itcf[t, othlf& vfifcflfvt^ fv vjupfehbc lhjc fhf vfhnj ldfkt,b
ufjclyty^ fhfvtl erdt mfhskbc vsbfytsib vw[jdht,b mfhsdtkt,bc ~mfhsktkb vsbtkt,bc`
ufjct,bc ghjwtcb lfbo.j& bcnjhbek #vfqhfy-ldfktsib@ vw[jdht,s df[einb jct,c
eojlt,c lf fhf ldfkt,c& fm 1& fy ufjct,bc ghjwtcb lfchekt,ekbf^ 2& fylf flubkj,hbdb
vrdblhb vjcf[ktj,f ~ldfkt,b` mfhskbc vsbfytsib uflvjcekfy cfw[jdht,kfl lf vfsb
flubkb jct,c lfezthbfs ~vfqhfy-ldbytsbc nthbnjhbf fv;fvfl itlbc xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc bv
hfbjyib^ hjvtkibw fhbc lfcf[kt,ekb geymnb #yb;& pfhfvfu@^ vbc cbf[kjdtc vlt,fhtj,c
lfcf[kt,ekb geymnb #,ehjy@ lf #yb;& wtb@^ bmdtf vlbyfht fhljybc cfsfdtt,b^ tc nthbnjhbf
cfmfhsdtkjc cfvtajc itvflutykj,fib itlbjlf ~afhyfdfpblfy dblht \+\ c-vlt fm
vlt,fhtj,lyty geymnt,b rfchbc rfhb ~rfchb` lf phfvfuf`&

15

vfqhfy-ldfktsbc ~vfqhfy _ edfk^ vbelujvtk flubkc ybiyfdc` vrdblh vjcf[ktj,fc^

w[flbf^ ldfkt,b ofhvjflutylyty^ vfuhfv df[einbc lhjc fm erdt jct,b cf[kj,ty& vfqhfyldfktsbc vrdblh vjcf[ktj,fc mfhsdtkt,c eojlt,lyty^ fvbnjvfw itbkt,f dsmdfs^ hjv
'dtkb mfhsdtkt,b ldfkt,c mfhsdtkt,fl vbbxytdlyty^ mfhsdtkb cfmfhsdtkjc .jdtkb
tsyjuhfabekb ]ueabc pjuflb cf[tkb b.j&
df[einbc fphb fctsbf% vfqhfy ldfktsbc vrdblh 'dtk vjcf[ktj,fc itflutylyty
mfhsdtkt,b^ itvlujv tc mfhsdtkt,b cfmfhsdtkjc ,fhib xfvjcf[kt,ekfy& [jkj vfqhfyldfktsib jct,b lfvrdblht,ekfy& bc #vfqhfy-ldbytsbc fqothfib@ othc _ #[jkj hfjltyyb
bcbyb lfdcothts fv flubkt,sf ibyf^ gbhdtkfl cf[kt,ekfy mfhsdtkyb ukt[yb^ itvlujvfl
vtgfnhjytsf vfssfufy ufhlvjcf[kt,ekfy jcyb lf mfhsdtkyb ,fhsf ibyf xfvjcekfy^
dbyfbsufy vnthsfufy ,fhcf ibyf rfwyb itvwbht,ekfy@ ~ud& 363-364`&
fmtlfy xfyc^ se hjujh ufxtybkf jcehb vjcf[ktj,f vfqhfy-ldfktsib& fm flht
vrdblhj,lyty mfhsdtkyb ukt[yb lf vfsb vtgfnhjytyb ~fk,fs^ vtvfvektyb _ vbobc
vakj,tkyb`& itvlujv mfhsdtkyb ukt[yb ,fhib xfvjcekfy^ [jkj vfs vtgfnhjytt,c^ xfyc^
sfdbfys vfvekt,ib uflvjecf[kt,bfs jct,b _ #&&& vtgfnhjytsf vfssfufy ufhlvjcf[kt,ekfy
jcyb@&&&^ tc #vtgfnhjytyb@ mfhsdtk ukt[t,sfy rfdibhib fhbfy vj[ctyt,ekyb^ vfsb
vtgfnhjytyb fhbfy&
vfhsfkbf^ flht^ bcnjhbekfl ldfktsb tojlt,jlf xhlbkj rfdrfcbfib vlt,fht mdt.fyfc
~#rfchbc [tj,f^ hjvtkb bojlt,bc fowf ldfktsfl@ ~644^ #fmdc cbuht ldfktsc ptrfhbc
rfdrfcblfv dblht xthmtpfvlt@ ~644`^ vfuhfv xhlbkj rfdrfcbblfy mfhskbc vsbfytsib
ldfkt,bc tsyj]ueabc uflvjcf[kt,bc itvlujv ldfkt,bs lfcf[kt,ekb mfhskbc vsbfytsbw
erdt ldfksf cfw[jdhbcfl vbbxytdf& xhlbkj rfdrfcbblfy uflvjcf[kt,bc itvltu ldfkt,b
lfcf[kt,ekfy lblb lf gfnfhf kbf[dbc^ ]t]jhfc lf c[df vbvlt,fht vlbyfhtsf [tj,t,bc
cfsfdtt,ib% #lblbc kbf[dbcf^ gfnfhfc kbf[dbcf^ mcybc [tdbcf lf relfhjc vjcf[ktybwf fhbfy
ldfkybdt@ ~ud& 648`&
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b.dyty& jct,b _ byljtdhjgek ~bhfyek` tyfsf ]ueac ufytresdyt,jlyty^ [jkj ldfkt,b _
b,thbek-rfdrfcbeh tyfsf ]ueac^ ldfkt,b _ rfdrfcbtkb f,jhbutyt,b b.dyty^ [jkj jct,b _
cntgt,blfy rfdrfcbfib vbcekyb^ vfuhfv fv jhb njvbc sfyfw[jdht,bc lhjc ldfkt,b
jclt,jlyty^ ufybwlblyty fcbvbkfwbfc^ hfcfw^ w[flbf^ sfdbcb cjwbfkehb cfaedtkb /mjylf&
ldfksf ufjct,f mfhskbc vsbfytsibw ufuhtkt,ekf^ fvfc vhfdfkupbc fqybiyfdc df[einb^
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ldfkt,c _ #&&& relfhjc vjcf[ktybwf fhbfy ldfkybdt@ ~648`* #fhfvtl ]t]jhbc vlbyfhtptl^
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fmtlfy xfyc^ hjv vbcsdbc #ldfkb@ lf #jcb@ cbyjybvt,fl mwtekf& vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ df[einb
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vfufkbsfl^ hjwf bc othc% #cdfytsb fhc vjcfdkbsf lf gbhen.dbsf^ dbsfhwf fqdothts
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16

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jct,b c[dflfc[df tsybrehb ofhvjij,bc njvt,b fhbfy^ bmyt, fv [tj,t,ib cojhtl jct,b
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uflvjcf[kt,ekyb^ tsybrehfl ldfkt,bdt fhbfy& xhlbkjtkb lf mfhskbc vsbfytsib
lfcf[kt,ekb ldfkt,b thsvfytsbc yfstcfdt,bw rb fhbfy& df[einb shecjc fqothfib othc% _
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17

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18

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19

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20

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xhlbkjs@ ~650`&
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hbjyb` ufvjlbc qt,cf lf ukjkfc #ijhbcib@^ sfy cojhtl fv hbjybc^ t&b& xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc
hbjyt,bc [tj,t,ib vw[jdht, njvc thmdf #[e,eht,b@ ~bcbyb vfhskfw qt,bc vbvlt,fht
htubjyib vw[jdht,kt,fl xfbsdkt,jlyty`^ hjvkt,ptw itcfkjf vbesbst,c fyfybf ibhfrfwb
( - , . 64). fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv xhlbkj
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bubdt cf[tkb thmdf^ hfw fvbthrfdrfcbbc vjgbhlfgbht v[fhtc ufvfdfk vlbyfhtt,c^ vfufkbsfl^
sthuc fhfudb thmdf^ 'bhbsflfl fhct,j,lf cfvb fhfudb% #[tdbc fhfudb@ _ kjvtrb^ sthub^ ifdb
fhfudb lf stshb fhfudb^ fctdt js[b fkfpfyb _ 1& gbhbmbsf fkfpfyb* 2& seitsbc fkfpfyb
~fylbc .jbcec ityfrflb`* 3& vwbht fkfpfyb ~bjhb^ df[einbs`* 4& lf sdbs vsfdfhb fkfpfyb&
fhct,j,lf cfvb hbjyb _ bvthtsbc hbjyb^ xhlbkjtsbc hbjyb ~ehe[b` lf vbcb ityfrflb
hbjybdt& fvbnjvfw^ itbkt,f lfdcdfs rbs[df^ [jv fh tojlt,jlf ldfktsib ufvfdfk vlbyfhtc
fhljyc fy vbc hjvtkbvt ityfrflc ]t]jhf( df[einb othc% #fhfvtl ]t]jhbc vlbyfhtptl^
cfv[hblfy xhlbkjtsfl lbyt,ekptl fhc lf,yt,b dtyf[jdfy-[bkbfyb@ ~ud& 767`& sevwf^
itbkt,f fm hfzbc ]t]jhf buekbc[vt,f&
ldfkt,bc mfhsektyjdyt,bc itcf[t, vsfsf cf[tkt,bc mfhsekj,fw vbesbst,c& vfufkbsfl^
ldfktsbc v.bydfhbc cf[tkbf #,hew-,ptk-ptrfhbcf@^ #,hew-cf,tkb@^ #vcufdcb cf,kbcf@
~648`& #[j[bc vsf@ ~#fvfy vjbuj cf[tkb sdbcb [j[dbs cdkbcfsdbc@` ~644`^ vsf #ptrfhf@^
#rfhcfdbs v.jab@ ~648`^ vsf #rtltkf@ .jabcfsdbc rtltkcfdbs@ ~648`^ #ke[eyb@ ~651`&
#,fcbfyb@ ~cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkjibw fhbc tc njgjybvb`& #.f.blehb@ ~ud& 642`^ #mehsfekb@^
#refhf@^ #mehsfsf@^ #xbvbsb@^ #sfufehb@^ #[tsft@ _ firfhfl mfhsektyjdfyb njgjybvt,bf^
vcufdcb lf,jkjt,t,bs ajhvbhlt,f rbltw 'bhbsflfl mfhsekb njgjybvbrf ~fv njgjybvt,bc
21

fhfjcehj,bc itcf[t, vbesbst,c - `^ tc

ldfkt,bc mfhsektyjdyt,bs se fb[cyt,f^ ldfkt,bc mfhsek bcnjhbfcsfy rfdibhc bcbw
vbesbst,c^ hjv ldfktsbc mdt.fyfib .dtkf vybidytkjdfyb yfityj,f sfvfh vtabc cf[tkc
erfdibhlt,f ~ud& 646`* df[einb ldfktsbc ajhgjcnt,bc fqothbcfc othc% #vtatsfufy
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fqothbcfc _ #fhc fm rfhb rklbcfufy lf mdbnrbhbs mvyekb^ lbl-rfvhjdfyb^ vlbyfhtcf ptlf^
vtatsfufy mvyekb^ hfsf fhf dbljlyty sdbybth vfscf jdcyb@ ~ud& 645`& jct,bc xhlbkjts
cntgt,ib w[jdht,bcfc ldfktsb lf rthjl^ rfchbc [tdb _ cfmfhsdtkjc rfhfl bsdkt,jlf^
hjvtkbw jcsf vjhfj,fc frjynhjkt,lf^ vfc mfhsdtkb vtatt,b fvfuht,lyty&

mizez i dv alebis Se mosv lisa

qarTlis mTia ne TSi

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ofhvjij,bc^ ew[j v[hblfy ~ljybcf lf lytghbc cntgt,blfy` vjcek [fk[fl bsdkt,bfy^ [jkj
ldfkt,b _ flubkj,hbdb^ rfdrfcbehb^ f,jhbutyb vjcf[ktj,f b.j& eahj vtnbw^ ldfkt,c
yfstcfehb rfdibhb /mjylfs mfhsdtk [fk[sfy bvbs^ hjv jhbdtyb b,thbek-rfdrfcbehb
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bvbc ufvj^ hjv ldfkt,b mfhsdtkt,bc vjyfstcfdt njvb b.j^ cfmfhsdtkjc afhukt,ib
vw[jdht,b ldfkt,b flhtdt itho.vbfy mfhsdtk [fk[c& tsybrehb sfdbcsfdflj,f fh
lferfhufdc ldfkt,bc bv yfobkc^ hjvtkbw w[jdhj,lf wtynhfkehb rfdrfcbjybc
vfqfkvsbfytsib& fvbnjvfw ldfktsb vfs cfw[jdht,tk vfqfkvsbfy pjkc tojlt,jlf&
gjkbnbrehb sdfkcfphbcbs bcbw cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajib itlbjlf% ldfktsb
#nthbnjhbekfl vjbwfdlf rfdrfcbjybc mtlbc wtynhfkeh yfobkc^ lfhbfkc [tj,fcf lf
vfvbcjybc uflfcfcdktkc ijhbc@ ~cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbf^ ktmcbrjyb^ 1979^ ud& 280`&
df[einb ldfktsbc cfv[htsbcf lf xhlbkjtsbc cfpqdht,c fct uflvjcwtvc% #fmdc cbuht
ldfktsc ptrfhbc rfdrfcbblfy dblht xthmtpfvlt@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ +|^ ud& 644`& #ptrfhbc
rfdrfcb@ fhbc bc vsf^ hjvtkibw fv;fvfl ufzhbkbf hjrbc udbhf,b^ [jkj #xthmtpc@ df[einb
eojlt,c fhf lfcfdktsbs^ fhfvtl xhlbkjtsbs vlt,fht nthbnjhbfc% #fhfvtl^ hjvtkyb
fqdothtybs _ xbvb^ sfufehb^ mehsfekb^ dfkfubhb _ afbmjvb lf ldfktsb^ fvfs .jdtksf
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cfpqdhfdlf #xthmtpb@&
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vjcf[ktj,f _ jcehb&
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lhjblfydt^ bc ybmjpbc cftgbcrjgjcjib itlbjlf& ldfktsbc bcnjhbekb ,tlb chekbfl

22

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ldfktsib^ cfmfhsdtkjc fv vbof-o.fkpt^ xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc dtkt,blfy itlbfy jcehb
cfv[tlhj hfpvt,b& jcehb vjcf[ktj,bc s[tkb atyf uf,fnjylf vhfdfkhbw[jdfy ldfkt,pt^
hjujhw tc fqybiyekb b.j obyf sfdib^ jct,bc itvjcdkbc itvltu rfdrfcbbc vsbfytsib #fowf
udfhbfysf vfs eojlt,ty jcfl^ [jkj c[dfsf eudfhjsf _ rdfkfl ldfkfldt@ ~bmdt^ ud& 634`&
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fhfvtl fobyltksf ;fvsf ldfkyb cf[tkbs jlty mhbcnbfytyb@&&& ~ud& 638`& #eo.bfy udfhyb lf
eofhxbyt,ektcyb udfhbsf fhbfy jdcyb@ ~ud& 639`& #&&& ofhxbyt,ekyb vfsyb fhbfy vf/vflbfyyb
lf lf,fkyb ukt[yb mhbcnbfytyb@ ~ud& 638` #&&&tyf fmds 'dtkb^ ldfkehb lf fo e,yj,ty jcehcf
cfreshfl&&&@ ~ud& 639` #fhfvtl ldfkyb evlf,ktcyb fhbfy udfhbsf@ ~ud& 640`&
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mdt.ybc evsfdhtcb vjcf[ktj,ff^ vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ jct,b uf,fnjylyty ldfkt,pt& .dtkf
lbludfhjdfyb j]f[b jcehbf^ [jkj mdt.ybc lf,fkb atyf _ flubkj,hbdb vrdblhb _ ldfkt,b^
bcbyb cfhoveyjt,bsfw ufyc[dfdlt,bfy& ldfkt,b erdt |+ cfereyblfy mhbcnbfyt,b b.dyty lf
jct,bc itvjcdkbc itvltufw byfhxeyt,lyty mhbcnbfyj,fc& vfs cfhoveyjt,fcsfy thsfl
lfrfhutc vij,kbehb tyfw lf lfbo.tc jcehb tybc itcofdkf& fm ehsbthsithtdf lf
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bcbyb utytnbrehfl ewdktkyb lfhxyty& vfs itbyfhxeytc sfdbfysb 'dtkb b,thbek-rfdrfcbehb
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cf[tkvobaj cfcnbrfl vnhj,lf thsvfytsc& vfs /mjylfs cfthsj cfpqdfhb& tc b.j rfdrfcbbc
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obyffqvltu lf bcbyb vbtv[hyty xhlbkj rfdrfcbfib jmhjc ehljc obyffqvltu itzhbk
bk[fyt,c& bk[fyt,bc vjyujkehb cf[tkvobaj jct,c e.eht,lf^ hjujhw thsuek vtjvfh

23

[fk[c^ hjvtkcfw ittkj rfdrfcbbc eqtknt[bkt,b ~fye bk[fysf cf[tkvobaj` lftwdf

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obyffqvltu ,hjkbcfc tt,lyty jmhjc ehljc vjyujkt,bc lf[vfht,fc& jhbdt itvs[dtdfib
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eylf xft.tyt,byfs^ fylf itvjt.dfyfs vfsb thsuekb c[df njvt,b& xfyc^ cojhtl fv gbhj,t,vf

24

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mfhskbc vsbfytsib& ldfktsblfy ufvjcekb ldfkt,b lfcf[kt,ekfy mfhskbc vsbfytsbc
nthbnjhbfpt ~lblb lf gfnfhf kbf[dbc^ fctdt mcybc [tj,bc cfsfdtt,ib`^ bcbyb hfzbc
nthbnjhbbc yfobkibw _ relhjib lfcf[klyty& df[einb othc% #[tj,fyb tctyb^ hjvtkyb
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iteafct,bfs^ hjujhw #ekecj,f@& cf.ehflqt,jf^ hjv bv lhjc mfhsdtk vjqdfott,c .dtkf tc
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25

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#jcsf pjubthsb ofhvfnt,t,b vfsb ,hjkbcfc vbobcvakj,tk fpyfeht,sfy gbhdtk hbuib
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itt,hjkyty vjv[leht,c lf #dbsfh vbczbhlf jdcsf^ wb[blfqvfy ufhlvjeidtc cf,kbs rfwb
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mfhskbc vsbfytsib bcbyb rdkfd vjyujksf yt,bs wlbkj,ty cfmfhsdtkjc vtatc fev[tlhjy
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26

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vfifcflfvt^ ubjhub ,ho.bydfkbc itvltu cfmfhsdtkjib jct,b erdt fqfh cf[kj,lyty& c[dff
cfmfhsdtkjib ldfksf w[jdht,bc cfrbs[b& fv lhjc ldfkt,b ]th rbltd fh b.dyty
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itcfkt,tkbf lfhxtybkb.j ldfkehb vjcf[ktj,f lf bm tw[jdhf c[df mfhsdtkb vsbtkt,bc
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nfkqf^ hfvfw ldfksf ufjct,bc ghjwtcb lffxmfhf& sevwf^ ldfktsb rdkfd cfmfhsdtkjc
cfvtajib itlbjlf ~b[& cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbbc yfhrdtdt,b^ +++^ ud& 701`&

sa qarTve los mTia neTSi da mk vidrebuli

dva lebis ga oseb a

ldfkt,bc ufjct,bc vtjht eahj 'kbthb tnfgb stvehbc kfimhj,bc itvltu lfbo.j& fv
lhjbcfsdbc^ sfyf[vfl df[einbcf^ ldfktsib eahj byntycbehfl flbfy^ tcf[kt,bfy lf
ldfkt,pt ,fnjylt,bfy jct,b& tc erdt jct,bc vtjht yfrflb b.j vjyujksf kfimhj,fsf
itvltu& fv lhjbcfsdbc ldfkt,b rdkfd jct,bcfufy ufyc[dfdt,ek [fk[fl vbbxytdf^ vfuhfv vfsb
gjkbnbrehb jhbtynfwbf fqfhff ghjmfhsekb& fvfc vbesbst,c bc^ hjv stvehbc ths-thsb
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itvjctdbc lhjc vfsb fctsb vjmvtlt,f qfkfnfl xfesdkbfs lf tc b.j vtabcf lf thbcsfdt,bc
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jmhjc ehljc wyj,bkb sj[sfvbi-[fyb 1382 otkc bhfyc ittcbf cojhtl ldfktsbc
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cfiefkt,f /mjylfs^ hfvtse^ sfyf[vfl df[einbcf^ ldfktsbc mdt.ybc cbuht _ #fhc [tdblfy
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27

#stvehktyuvf cfcnbrfl bbf iehb sfdhbptkt,pt^ hjvkt,bw sjqsfvbic lfyt,lyty@ ~cfm&

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vybidytkjdyfl vbbxytdlf&
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tc vjv[lfhf 1395 okbcfsdbc^ 1400 okbcfsdbc cfmfhsdtkjib stvehbc vjvltdyj itvjctdbc
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/mjylf& ufhlf jmhjc ehljcb^ stvehsfy vt,hjk cfmfhsdtkjc vtatc xhlbkj rfdrfcbblfy
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fv uflvjcfcdktkt,bc xfrtndfc lblb vybidytkj,f& 1398 otkc vtat #ubjhubv cfkfimhjl
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rfdrfcyb@^ t&b& xhlbkjts rfdrfcbbc njvb lf lfchf yf[bxtdfybcfrty@ ~bmdt^ ud& 690`&
1400 otkc ufpfa[ekpt stvehbc itvjctdbcfc cfmfhsdtkjc v[tlhj,fcsfy thsfl vtatv
sfy fh bf[kf #fuhtsdt xhlbkjts rfdrfcbbc c[dflfc[df njvt,b ~#chekfl rfdrfcyb@` lf
cfjvhfl ufvpflt,ekb ujuxbc n,bc vblfvjt,ib lfe[dlf vnthc@ ~bmdt^ ud& 694`&
fv lhjc rb^ hjwf #chekfl rfdrfcb@ mfhsdtk vtatc tluf v[fhib^ ldfktsb vtabc
obyffqvltu b.j f]fy.t,ekb& ldfksf v[hblfy tc qfkfnb vjekjlytkb b.j^ hfvtse fmfvlt
bcbyb velfv mfhsdtksf udthlbs bluyty& xfyc^ ]th bk[fyt,bcf lf itvltu stvehbc gjkbnbrfv
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hjujhw bsmdf^ vtatv vjqfkfnt ldfkt,b lfcf]f^ vfy bkfimhf ldfktsib& vfkt lfblj
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xfrtnfdlf cfvbvjcdkj upt,c@ ~bmdt^ ud& 702`& fmtlfy xfyc^ se hjujh b.j lfbynthtct,ekb
stvehktyub cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ekb upt,bs ~w[flbf^ cfthsfijhbcj vybidytkj,bc
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itb.dfyf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 695`& xfyc^ vcufdcfl bk[fyt,bcf^ ldfktsbc eqtknt[bkt,bc lfwdf
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jct,bc f[fkb yfrflbc itcdkf ldfktsib^ hbc itcf[t,fw othc df[einb& cfthsjl^ stvehvf
xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc [fk[t,bc ufydbsfht,bc itvlujvb upf chekbfl ittwdfkf& bcbyb
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cfmfhsdtkjc vhfdfkb pbfyb vbf.tyf^ #vfuhfv cfmfhsdtkjcfsdbc rbltd eahj cfpbfyj b.j
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vtatt,c [ibhfl ufvj/.fdlfs mtlabw[tkb njvt,b cfthsj vnhbc obyffqvltu ,hjkt,bc
lhjc& fm mhbcnbfyekb cfhoveyjt,bc yfwdkfl vf/vflbfyj,fv vjbrblf at[b lf fvbs^
afmnbehfl erdt \| cfereybc lfcfo.bcibdt^ itbmvyf cfmfhsdtkjc ufhitvj veckbvfyehb
28

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ldfkt,c& mfhskbc ldfkt,b ufjclyty bv lhjc^ hjwf xhlbkj-rfdrfcbbc dtkt,blfy se
vst,blfy fvbthrfdrfcbbcfrty lfbhyty fa[fpt,b^ xthmtpt,b^ jct,b^ dfbyf[t,b se
lfqtcnytkt,b^ hjujhw othc y& ,thtybidbkb& fctsb vlujvfhtj,bc lhjc^ xfyc^ mfhskbc
vsbfytsib itvjdblyty erdt ufjct,ekb ldfkt,b^ hjvkt,bw itthbdyty sfdbfys vjyfstcfdt
mfhsktk ldfkt,c lf fmfw jcehb tyf ufvfh]dt,ekb ufvjdblf& df[einb vfs ldfkt,c
eojlt,c ufhrdtek lhjvlt^ itvltu rb cfnjvj cf[tkt,c #ldfkcf@ lf #jcc@ cbyjybvt,fl
vbbxytdc lf thsvfytssfy fbubdt,c& tc bvfc ybiyfdc^ hjv df[einbc lhjbcfsdbc tc ldfkt,b erdt
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29

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lf vfhsfdlyty vjyujkt,b& fctsb lfec]tkj,bc lhjc mfhskbc vsbfytsib vjyujksf
vtj[t,bs lblb fhtekj,f lfbo.j& cojhtl fv lhjc^ #jcj,f@ vjyujksf sdfkib fvfqkt,lf
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xhlbkjtsblfy ufjct,ekb ldfkt,bc nfkqbc itvjcdkf& mfhsktk ldfkt,cfw jcfl
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cfmfhsdtkjib^ rthjl^ iblf mfhskbc vsbfytsib^ wtynhfkehb rfdrfcbjybc vsbfytsblfy

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#bcnjhbf@& jctsbc cfrbs[ib df[einb ufycfresht,bs rjvgtntynehb b.j^ hflufyfw bm
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v[hbd^ tc wyj,f cbf[ktc fh itbwfdc^ hflufyfw lblb kbf[dbc cfsfdtt,ib ~t&b& vfqhfy
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byajhvfwbfc fhf jct,bc cfmfhsdtkjib itvjcdkbc itcf[t,^ fhfvtl ldfksf jct,fl
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f[kf erdt jct,fl cf[tklt,ekb njvb ]th rbltd fh lfhekf iblf mfhskbcfrty lf
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\|++ cfereybc + yf[tdfhib jct,b fh vjcf[ktj,lyty ]fdfibw rb% #\|++ cfereybc gbhdtkb
yf[tdhbc thsb yfc.blj,bc cbutkblfy xfyc^ hjv jct,b cjatk ptvj ]fdfib fv lhjc ]th rbltd
fh vjcf[ktj,lyty ~ljrevtynt,b cfmfhsdtkjc cjwbfkehb bcnjhbblfy +^ y& ,thtybidbkbc
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30

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wdkbkt,f eylf vjv[lfhb.j \|++ cfereybc ++ yf[tdfhib fy \|+++ cfereybc lfcfo.bcib&
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vl& fhfudbc^ mcybc^ lblb lf gfnfhf kbf[dbc^ ]t]jhbc lf c[df@& fv cfereytt,ib^ .jdtk
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#vf[kj,tkfl xdtysf vsbeksf jcsf@ ijhbc ldfksf ~jcsf` fv w[jdht,fc uekbc[vj,c^
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fye bcnjhbekb ldfktsblfy lf vfqhfy-ldfktsblfy mfhskbc vlbyfhtsf cfsfdtib
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[ibhfl [lt,jlf itnfrt,t,b& ldfktsb itlbjlf cfmfhsdtkjc ~mfhskbc` cfvtajib lf
cfthbcsfdj nthbnjhbf ldfktscfw vjbwfdlf ~#yfhj-vfvbcjybc hfbjyc@`& ldfkt,b thbcsfdt,c
31

obyffqvltuj,fc eotdlyty^ ldfkt,b lf[vfht,bcfsdbc jct,c bodtdlyty^ hfvfw cf,jkjjl

uffjcf rbltw ldfktsb* #thsb vybidytkjdfyb vbptpsfufyb^ ufyvfgbhj,t,tkb ldfkt,bc
ofhvfnt,ekb obyffqvltuj,bcf thbcsfdt,bcflvb^ b.j itvjqotdf ldfkeh ufhtvjib
xhlbkjtsblfy tvbuhbht,ekb jct,bcf@ ~yfhrdtdt,b cfv[& jcts& bcnjh& ud& 95`&
.jdtk itvs[dtdfib^ rbltd ths[tk eylf bsmdfc^ hjv mfhskbc vlbyfhtsf cfsfdtt,cf lf
vsbfytsib df[einbc lhjc vjcf[kt jct,b tsybrehfl ldfkt,b b.dyty& df[einbc lhjc jct,bs
mfhskbc vsbfytsbc 'fkpt dbohj pjkb b.j lfrfdt,ekb& bcbyb mfhskbc vsbfytsbc 20-pt vtn
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xf,fhe[b^ if,bfyb^ ybrjhb^ iefw[dbhb^ pjyrfhb& vtmelbc [tj,fib cfvb jcehb cjatkbf^ [jkj
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sthubc [tj,fib se hecjc [tdb jcehb cjakt,bc ybiyt,bsff fqybiyekb& ufhlf fvbcf^ [tdib
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vbth lfrfdt,ekb cjakt,bc hbw[db 'fkpt vwbhtf& cfthsjl^ \|-\|+++ cfereytt,ib lblb
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sjaxbidbkb^ #mcybc [tj,bc vjcf[ktj,bc pjubthsb tsyjbcnjhbekb cfrbs[b@^ #vfwyt@
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1873 okbc fqothbc lhjc ~ud& 39`&

32

#\|+++ cfereybc gbhdtk vtcfvtlib cf,jkjjl xfvj.fkb,lyty jcehb f[fkityt,b mfhskbc

vsbfytsib ~vlbyfhtt,bc% ]t]jhbc^ lblb lf gfnfhf kbf[dbc^ mcybc^ fhfudbc cfsfdtt,b`@
~cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbbc yfhrdtdt,b^ n& +|^ ud& 429`&
#cfmfhsdtkjc vfqfkvsbfy pjkib sfdb vjb.fhf jcehvf vjcf[ktj,fv^ \|++-\|+++ cc-ib rb
fmtlfy lfbo.j jct,bc ufdhwtkt,f cfmfhsdtkjc vsbcobyf lf ,fhbc pjkib& fvhbufl^
[fyuhkbdb ghjwtcbc itltufl iblf mfhskbc xhl& ufyfgbhf nthbnjhbfpt lfvrdblhlf jcb
[fk[bc yfobkb& jct,bc 'bhbsflb yfobkb mfhskbc^ vtjht yfobkb rb bvthtsbc cfvtajib
itlbjlf& tc erfyfcrytkyb _ relfhjc jct,b _ lhjlflhj hfzbc thbcsfdt,bc^ sfdfl
othtskt,bc [tkmdtbsyb [lt,jlyty^ vfspt ,fnjyj,bc ghtntypbfc fw[flt,lyty mfhskbc
vtatt,bw& mfhskib uflvjcekb jct,b 'bhbsflfl mfhsdtkb atjlfkt,bc fhfudbcf lf mcybc
thbcsfdt,bc^ sfdfl vfxf,kt,bc cfvakj,tkjt,ib vj[dlyty^ jcsf vwbht ]ueat,b
ve[hfy,fnjyt,bc^ afdktybidbkt,bc^ afkfdfylbidbkt,bc^ [th[tekbtt,bcf lf c[dfsf
cfvakj,tkjt,ibw w[jdhj,lyty& \|+++ cfereybc 70-bfyb okt,bc lfcfo.bcbc fqothbs^
mfhsk-rf[tsbc cfvtajib lff[kjt,bs 6 fsfcb rjvkb jcb w[jdhj,lf@ ~m&c&t& njvb #cfm& cch
1981^ ud& 377`&
bvbthrfdrfcbtkb njvt,bc cfmfhsdtkjc cfpqdht,ib itvjcdkfc \|+-\|+++ cfereytt,ib
sfy cltdlf [fyuhkbdb ,hjkt,b mfhsdtk cf[tkvobajt,hbd ofhvjyfmvyt,bcf lf itvjcek
njvt,c ijhbc& vfufkbsfl^ fqvjcfdkts rf[tsib ~cfbyubkjib` lfqtcnyehb njvt,bc
itvjcdkbcfc ,hjkf lbl[fyc ufuhtklf lf cf,jkjjl mfhsdtksf lfvfhw[t,bs lfvsfdhlf^
hfcfw itltufl vj/.df mfhsdtkt,bc ufktrt,f&
xthmtpekb njvt,bc fa[fptsib itvjcdkfc vj/.df [fyuhkbdb jvt,b vsbtk itvjcek
njvt,cf lf mfhsdtkj,fc ijhbc& wyj,bkbf^ hjv xdtyb vsbtkb njvt,b^ sei-aifd-[tdceht,b^
hjujhb sfdlflt,bs t,hjlyty cojhtl fv cfereytt,ib cfmfhsdtkjcfrty lfdhbc vcehdtk
~xtxyeh-byueieh` njvt,c& vcufdcb cehfsbf iblf mfhskibw&
\|++-\|+++ cfereytt,ib ldfktsbc jctsfl cf[tklt,bcsfyfdt bf,t,f ehsbthsj,f lf
bo.t,f ldfktscf lf iblf mfhskib vsbtksf f]fy.t,t,b& tc b.j ,hjkf iblf mfhskbcfrty
lfhek vsbtk njvt,sfy& hjujhw fqbybiyf^ ldfktsb ]th cfmfhsdtkjc^ [jkj itvltu
mfhskbc cfvtajc yfobkc ofhvjflutylf& fqybiyek lhjc cojhtl ldfktsib lfbo.j lf
itvltu iblf mfhskibw ufuhtklf ,hjkf cfvtaj [tkbceakt,bc obyffqvltu&
1626 otkc^ hjwf ldfktsbc vw[jdht,kt,vf vfcbehfl efhb smdtc^ lfvjhxbkt,jlyty
mfhsek cfvtaj [tkbceakt,fc^ hfw uflfcf[flpt efhbc smvbs ufvjb[fnf^ ubjhub cffrftv
bkfimhf ldfktsib lf xff[ij tc f]fy.t,f&
\|+++ c-bc 20-bfyb okt,bc itvltu^ hfw df[nfyu |+-v lblb gjkbnbrehb vfhw[b ufybwflf
lf cfvtaj vbfnjdf^ iblf mfhskb mfjcvf vjbwdf& mfhskbc gjkbnbrehvf ohtt,vf itvjcek
vnthsfy ,hjkfc sfdb ffhbltc& #df[nfyubcf lf vbcb fvfkbc uflf[dtof hectsib bodtdlf
fmnbehb ,hjkblfy sfdbc fhblt,fcf lf 'ytk,tlj,fcsfy gfcbehb ithbut,bc ntyltywbt,c& fv
cfmvtib vtabc vbv,fdtkt,bw vfkt ufvjxylyty lf ,hjkbc cbytktt,c ufeh,jlyty@ ~cfm& bcn&
yfhr&^ n& +|^ ud& 424`^ ofhcek cfereytt,ib vt,hjkb mfhsekb gjkbnbrehb 'fkt,b f[kf
fgfsbfv vjbwdf lf vnthsfy ,hjkfc gfcbeh sfdbc ufhblt,fc fhxtdlyty ~bmdt`& fv cfereybc +
yf[tdfhib jcvfksf itvjzhfv lf uf,fnjyt,fv lf .bpbk,fij,fv rbltd eahj lffcecnf iblf
mfhskb& cojhtl fv lhjc bphlt,f xhlbkjtsblfy vjcekb jct,bc ~ldfkt,bc` hbw[db iblf
mfhskib& jc vjf[fkitytsf hbw[db ufycfresht,bs ufbpfhlf \|+++ c-bc 40-50-bfyb
okt,blfy@ ~bmdt^ ud& 432`&
hjujhw fqbybiyf^ jcvfkj,bc cfibytkt,f iblf mfhskib .bpbk,fij,fv itwdfkf& #ct[ybf
x[tbbc uflvjwtvbs mfhsdtkt,vf fvltyb dtqfh fbnfytc lf sfdflt,bc thsb yfobkb
33

.bpbk,fit,c ufyeluf% #erelvf mcybc thbcsfdb ifyit^ fvbkf[dfhb ubdb^ f,fibt df[einb^ cek
ptvj mfhskb &&&@ ~cfm& bcn& yfhr& +|^ ud& 448`& iblf mfhskib jcvfksf vt,hjkb hfpvt,b
itvjtcbdyty& vfkt qvthsvf o.fkj,bc sdfkbs vj[tlf cfmfhsdtkjc@ &&& 1744 okbc bdkbcblfy
mfhskbc cfvtaj nf[nb stbvehfpvf fqflubyf^ [jkj rf[tsib vbcb idbkb thtrkt ufvtalf@%
#b.j cb[fhekb mfhskcf lf rf[tsc cb[fhekb epjvj@ &&& ths cfereytpt vtnb lhj ufcekb.j
vfc fmts^ hfw mfhsk-rf[tsc ufvf/vflbfyt,ekb vtatt,b ufyfut,lyty& f[kf rb mhbcnbfy
[tkvobatsf vjdfktj,fc [fk[b lbl vybidytkj,fc fybzt,lf&&&@ ~bmdt^ ud& 603`&
ztivfhbnfl^ 1744 otkc mfhsk-rf[tsbc mhbcnbfyekb cf[tkvobajc fqlutyf b.j uff[kt,f
lf ufwjw[kt,f mfhsdtkj,bcf&
vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv .bpbk,fit,vf elbltcb pbfyb vbf.tytc #,j,jmfh mfhskc@^ hjujhw
v& le,ft eojlt,c lf vhfdfkb cfmvt vjcfudfht,tkb b.j^ mfhskbc vtatv egbhdtktc .jdkbcf
sfdbcb .ehflqt,f vbfg.hj vsbfytsblfy ,fhib xfvjcek jct,c& jct,b sehvt #wtvlyty ptvj
mfhskc@ _ #1745-1746 okt,ib mfhskbc vtatc fhfudbc jct,b ufyeluyty^ #lfeo.tc wtvf ptvj
mfhskcf@^ fh b[lblyty cfvtaj uflfcf[flt,c& stbvehfpvf fm ]th ufupfdyf seit,b vjehfd
]bvithbc vtsfehj,bs lf cfcnbrfl lfcf]f ehxt,b@ ~bmdt^ ud& 605`&
eahj hsekfl fqothc iblf mfhskib jcsf ufvj itmvybk dbsfht,fc gfgeyf jh,tkbfyb& bc
1745-1746 okt,bcsdbc othc% jct,vf #lfeo.tc wtvf ptvj mfhskcj@^ bc ]th rbltd stbvehfpbc
mhbcnbfyekb otcbs ufvtat,fvlt othc bvfdtc^ fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv jhbdt]th sbsmvbc thscf lf
bvfdt obyflflt,fc bvtjht,c^ sevwf gbhdtk itvs[dtdfib pjuflfl mfhskbc vsbfytsib
vw[jdht, jct,c uekbc[vj,c^ [jkj vtjht itvs[dtdfib _ fhfudbc jct,c&
vtvfnbfyt othc% #fv [fysf ibyf lfeo.tc wtvf jcs ptvj mfhskc^ fuhtsdt xfvjluf ]fhb
ktrbcf cjv[bs-cf,fhfsbfyjib@ ~gfgeyf jh,tkbfyb^ #fv,fdyb mfhskbcfyb@ 1981^ ud& 100`& fm
ptvj mfhskb tojlt,f bcnjhbek iblf mfhskc& bvbc itvltu^ hfw vtat mhbcnbfyekb otcbs
frehs[tc^ jct,b f[fk itntdfc bo.t,ty iblf mfhskib& tc jct,b cfthbcsfdjt,ib w[jdhj,lyty&
#erelvoty jcyb thbcsfdbcfyb lf lfeo.tc wtvf ptvj mfhskcf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 110`& jcsf
lfvfhw[t,bcfsdbc vtatc^ xfyc^ cfresfhb 'fkt,b fh /.jayblf& fvbnjvfw vfy lfbmbhfdf
lfqtcnfyib fyoe[twb lf c[df res[tsf ktrt,b& eobyfvqdhtc iblf mfhskbc sfdflt,vf lf
itt,hjkyty jct,c& vfuhfv ktrt,vf jcsfufy fqt,ekb yflfdkb bwjnfdtc lf bvthtsibw
itbzhyty _ cfothtskjib ~bmdt^ ud& 110`& ktrsfufy lfn.dtdt,ekb b,thbtkt,b vtatt,vf
stbvehfpvf lf rjycnfynbytv uffsfdbceaktc^ ktrt,c aekb uflfe[fltc ~bmdt^ ud& 112`&
vfkt cfvtaj [tkbceakt,f vb[dlf^ hjv mfhskib itvjcekb jct,bc itxtht,fc
lfmbhfdt,ekb ]fhbs dth itckt,lf _ cfzbhj b.j cfvtajc vstkb cfv[tlhj 'fkt,bs
it,hjkt,f& ufycfresht,bs fmnbehj,lyty fhfudbcf lf mcybc cfthbcsfdjt,ib itvjcekb
jct,b& #jhcfd cfthbcsfjcyb lbfq fdrfwj,lyty^ fhw ,tufhfc fktdlyty^ fhw vj[tkt iteidtc^
fvfsb of[ltyf byt,tc& vjcothf vfvfc obuyb vtat thtrktv lf lfb,fhf^ of,hfylf vtat
stbvehfp ]fhbsf mfhskbcfsf& vb,hfylf dfyfsc^ jhbcfd upbc v[ht,b iterhtc^ hjv vbvidtkb
fqfhfdbyf /.dfylfs& fb.fhf rf[s ,fnjyb fyfyehbs^ of,hfylf jctspt^ fhfudbc thbcsfdbc ]fhc
]bvith seis vjehfdb esfdf lf vtobyfdtyb vbbvqdfhf^ vtvfh]dtyt lf vtvfhw[tyt ufyfo.dyf
lf sdbsjy ,fnjyb erfy-erfy vb/.df^ vjtut,yty jcyb lf itbmvyf jvb^ dbsf [dlt,jlf lf cbv[yt
cbrtstcf vbccf^ ]bvith tuht b,hjlf lf ]fhcfw f,hjkt,lf& vb,hfylf ,fnjybw^ lfthbdyty
[vfklf[vfk lf uffmwbtc jcyb lf vb/.dyty^ it/.fhtc rjirt,ib lf itvjfluyty rfhc& ufyfkbthf
]fhb vtatv thtrktv^ fqesmdf vbcfwtvtkb^ e,hfyf bthbib^ hfcfw rjirc bthbib e.dtc^ vfibydt
ufnt[tc& jhvjwb rjirb fbqtc^ lfodtc^ shecb lffn.dtdtc lf .jdkbc upbs .fksfyb e.dtc^ hjv
hbc[df qvhsbcf lfcwtc@ ~bmdt^ ud& 113`&

34

mfhskib itvjcekb vsbtkb jct,bc lfvfhw[t,f fh b.j fldbkb cfmvt^ fvbnjvfw jct,sfy
jvib ~cojhtl fct othc vtvfnbfyt #itbmvyf jvb@` xfthsdyty mfhskbcf lf rf[tsbc vtatt,b^
cf[tkvobajc vstkb 'fkt,b& itbkt,f bsmdfc^ jct,sfy jvib ufvfh]dt,f b.j gbhdtkb lblb
ofhvfnt,f #f[fkw[t,ekb@ vtatt,bcf& se hf lbl cfahs[tc emvyblf jct,bc itvjcdkf mfhskc^
tc xfyc vtvfnbfybc ufyw[flt,blfy& bc flfht,c thsvfytsc df[nfyu ujhufcfkbc jct,sfy
ufvfh]dt,bcfc lf vtat thtrktc vcufdc vjmvtlt,fc& #dbsf df[nfyu ujhufcfk s[esvtnbcf
okbcf v,hjkb jctsib lf lfv]f,yb ,ev,thfpbcf^ tuht vtat thtrkt ev[ytc bmwtjlf& fcfrbsf
se b.j vwbht^ hjvtkcfw cfmvtc lf fy 'ytkcf cf,hjkcf vjbyljvt,lf^ oby dtqfhfdby
fqelut,jlf &&& xfvj,hfylf ufvfh]dt,ekb fyfyehbc^ lfbzbhf^ dbyw dby ,t;fy thbcsfdbc
cbc[kib htekb.j &&& lfcs[fhf sdfkt,b lf wjk-idbkbs f/.fhf lf rf[tsib ufbcnevhf& hf tc
fv,fdb lf fhfudbc jcbc of[ltybc fv,fdb itbn.tc mcybc thbcsfdsf jcsf^ vjdblyty vfibydt dfyfsc
lf itvjt[dtoyty vtatc stbvehfpc^ lf .jdtkbc rtsbkbc cfaedtkcf lf vjcs[jdtc
lfyfifekbc afhdfyb lf vjcwtc chekb ,tufhf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 114`&
ptvjvj.dfybkb bktdf eakt,fc^ ufvjbsmdfc vjcfpht,f^ hjv mcybc cfthbcsfdjib jct,bc
xfvjcf[kt,f wytc mfhsdtkvf [tkvobatt,vf^ hfw bvbs ufvjb[fnf^ hjv fmfehb jct,b
itbo.fktc^ hjujhw vs[jdytkt,b& vfs eylf uflft[flfs uflfcf[flb& #&&&itvjt[dtotc vtatc &&&
vjcwtc chekb ,tufhf@^ [jkj fhfudbc cfthbcsfdjlfy jct,b afmnbehfl ufyltdybk bmyty^
hjujhw itvjcekb vnht,b ~fm shecjtkt,b fh buekbc[vt,f^ bcbyb^ hjujhw ldfkt,b^ fh
ufecf[kt,bfs`& hfw itt[t,f kbf[dbc [tj,fc^ fm flubkj,hbdb sfdflt,b^ xfyc^ sfdbfys vbot,pt
fcf[kt,lyty jct,c^ hjujhw veif[tkc lf vafhdtkj,lyty rbltw&
jct,sfy ufvfh]dt,fc elbltcb vybidytkj,f /mjylf mfhsekb cf[tkvobajcfsdbc& fvbc ufvj
wtynhfkehb rfdrfcbjybcf lf vbc uflfqvf vw[jdht,vf njvt,vf 'dtkt,ehfldt fqbfhtc
mfhsekb cf[tkvobaj&
fvbc itvltu wtynhfkehb rfdrfcbbc njvt,b cfmfhsdtkjib rb fh bzht,jlyty^ hjujhw
vnht,b^ fhfvtl gbhbmbs^ bcbyb mfhsek kfimfhc ethslt,jlyty cfmfhsdtkjc vnht,bc
obyffqvltu jvib% _ #lfb,fhtc vtatsf xdtysf^ xfvjdblyty fyfyehbc ]fhb xthmtpbc^ rfkve[bcf^
]bmbcf^ mbinbcf^ qkbqdbcf^ yjkbcf lf jcbcf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 219`& pju]th mfhsdtk vtatt,c
#&&&f[klyty jcyb lf xthmtpyb@ ~ud& 233`& #vjbodbdytc ]fht,b mfkfmcf s,bkbcbcfcf^ mfhsdtkyb
chekfl^ bvthyb^ xthmtpyb^ jcyb lf rfdrfpbcfyb@ ~ud& 165`&
jct,bc iblf mfhskpt itvjntdbc ito.dtnf b.j elbltcb ufvfh]dt,f mfhsekb
cf[tkvobajcb^ ufvfh]dt,fv ufhrdtekb [ybc vfybkpt uffsfdbceakf cf[tkvobaj mdt.ybc
ibuybs jvbcfufy& fvbc itvltu jcb vjf[fkitytyb vsblfy ,fhib xfvjlbjlyty fhf hjujhw
vt,hjkt,b lf lfvg.hj,kt,b^ fhfvtl hjujhw vihjvtkt,b^ hjvtksfw sfdbfysb ihjvbs
cehlfs f[fkb w[jdht,bc rtsbkfl vjo.j,f& fv v[hbd^ hjujhw wyj,bkbf^ cfmfhsdtkjc
vbofpt c[df vsbtkb njvt,b c[dfudfhfl tcf[kt,jlyty& vfufkbsfl^ ktrt,b fqvjcfdkts
rf[tsib xfcf[klyty fhf hjujhw vihjvtkt,b^ fhfvtl hjujhw lfvg.hj,kt,b^
tmcgkefnfnjht,b flubkj,hbdb mfhsdtkb ukt[t,bcf& fctdt xfcf[klyty fa[fptsib
xthmtpt,bw&
mfhskib sfdbfysb gjkbnbrbc itwdkbc itvltu jct,c^ hjujhw xfyc^ fqfh e.eht,lyty^
hjujhw vnht,c lf fcf[kt,lyty mfhsek cjakt,ib fy yfcjakfht,ib& mfhsdtksf hbw[db
mfhskbc vsbfytsib fv lhjbcfsdbc ufhrdtekfl eylf itvwbht,ekb.j^ hflufyfw jcvfksf
,fnjyj,bc okt,ib ~1723-1735` lf #.bpbk,fij,bc@ ~1735-1747` lhjc vnht,b cojhtl
mfhsdtk vjcf[ktj,fc t,hjlyty^ /rkfdlyty lf fn.dtdt,lyty^ [jkj c[df thjdyt,bc
vw[jdht,kt,sfy itsfy[vt,fc fhxtdlyty& vfufkbsfl^ .bpbk,fij,bc lhjc iblf mfhskbc
vsbfytsib ths-thsb jgthfwbbc lhjc^ #ufeidf vfh,btkb fdqfybcf lf hjwf hfv lfhxjvbkb.j^
35

lffn.dtdtc^ jctsc fmts cek f/.fhf lf vjf,fhf ubdb fvbkf[jhc& xfvjeqdf ubdb lf lff.tyf
a[tybcc& uf,heylf [fyb^ vbe[lf thsc fkfuc^ wjnf hfv cfmjytkb lfhxj,bkb.j^ vsbc jcyb
itvjhbut,ekyb b.dyty^ hf itbn.dtc qfkfnb^ iterhtc dbohj fkfub^ lfeibytc^ ufvjfmwbtc
.bpbk,fit,b^ lfzhtc [fyb^ vjrktc gfgef ve[hfy-,fnjybidbkb^ hjvtkb b.j yfcfqxb,fib^
fvjo.dbntc .bpbk,fiyb&&&@ ~bmdt^ ud& 48`&
fmtlfy xfyc^ hjv .bpbk,fit,b mfhsdtkt,c t,hdbfy lf fn.dtdt,ty^ [jkj jctsib fh
itlbfy^ #jctsc cek fmts f/.fhf@^ xfyc^ jct,sfy hfqfw gbhj,ff lflt,ekb^ #vsbc jcyb
itvjhbut,ekyb b.dytc@& vfuhfv^ xfyc^ gbhj,f fh itfchektc jct,vf& qfkfnbc ufut,bc itvltu
.bpbk,fit,b it,hjkt,bcfc lffvfhw[tc^ #hf itbn.tc qfkfnb &&& fvjo.dbntc .bpbk,fiyb@^
fmtlfy xfyc^ se mfhskbc vsbfytsib hf cthbjpek 'fkfl bmwf jcj,f jcvfksf lf .bpbk,fisf
,fnjyj,bc lhjc^ vfuhfv^ hjujhw fqybiyekb b.j^ thtrktv lf stbvehfpvf tc 'fkf lffcecntc
lf cf[t itewdfktc& jct,b rdkfd mfhsdtk vtatsf cfvcf[ehib xfluyty \|++ cfereytib^ fv
lhjc jct,b [ibhfl v[fhib tluyty mfhsdtkt,c vnthsfy ,hjkbc lhjc^ thtrkt-stbvehfpbc
lhjc nhflbwbf rdkfd ufyf[klf& hjujhw bsmdf^ mfhsdtk vtatsf ufvfh]dt,bc itvltu
itath[lf jcsf xfvjcf[kt,f fhfudcf lf mcfybc [tj,t,bc mdtvj v[fhtt,ib^ jct,b v[jkjl
vst,ib w[jdhj,lyty& thsb hecb xbyjdybrbc xfyfothib 1769 otkc yfsmdfvbf% #fhfudbcf lf
mcybc cfvakj,tkjt,b [fk[vhfdfkbf lf 'kbthb^ geh-yf.jabfyb lf /.fds sfdbfys
lfmdtvlt,fht,bc mdti hfvltybvt fsfcb jcb^ vw[jdht,yb rfdrfcbbc vst,ib&&&@ ~cfv[hts jctsbc
bcn& yfhr& ud& 125`& kbf[dbc [tj,fibw jct,b rdkfdbylt,ehfl vfqhfy-ldfktscf lf vbc
vf[kj,kfl [tj,bc ptvj otkibw w[jdhj,ty& jcsf xfvjcf[kt,f vfcbehb [lt,f v[jkjl \|++
cfereybc ,jkjc 70-bfy okt,bc itvltu& fv lhjc vfsb hfjltyj,f bphlt,f& xfyc^ fhfudbcf lf
mcybc cfthbcsfdjt,bc ufemvt,fv^ fctdt thtrktc^ hjujhw cfibyfj^ bct cfufhtj vlujvfhtj,bc
ufhsekt,fv^ rhbpbcvf^ hjvtkvfw vjbwdf thtrktc cf[tkvobaj vbcb vtaj,bc vboehekc^
[tkb iteo.j jct,bc iteath[t,tk vbuhfwbfc vsblfy ,fhbcfrty& flubkj,hbdb mfhsekb
[tkbceakt,f dtqfh frjynhjkt,lf^ 'fkf fh itcotdlf^ ufvrkfdt,jlf ,fhib xfvjcek
vsbtkt,c& #jct,b tythubekfl ufvjlbjlyty atjlfksf obyffqvltu@ ~bmdt^ ud& 119`& sfdflt,b^
hjvtksf j]f[bc otdht,cfw [jwfdlyty jct,b^ vtatc lf[vfht,fc cs[jdlyty& iblf mfhskib
rdkfd cbc[kbcqdhf ufxfqlf ~bmdt^ ud& 119`&
hjujhw fqbybiyf^ fmfvlt \|+++ cfereybc 70-bfy okt,ib jct,bc 'bhbsflb vfcf rdkfd
vsbfytsib w[jdhj,lf lf ,fhbcfrty fh b.j lfhekb^ vfuhfv iblf mfhskib vfsb hbw[db
ufphlbkb b.j& sevwf eylf bsmdfc bcbw^ hjv vbe[tlfdfl mfhskbc ,fhib jcsf hbw[dbc
hfvltyflvt ufphlbcf^ sdbs \+\ cfereybc 70-bfy okt,fvltw rb jct,bc 'bhbsflb vfcf vst,ib
w[jdhj,lf& vfsb ufvj.tyt,f cwfltc ,fnjybidbkt,vf hecsf obyffqvltu& vfs xfvjb.dfytc
jct,b vst,blfy ,fhib _ w[bydfkbc cfyf[t,ib lff,fyfrtc& hect,sfy it,hjkt,bc itvltu jct,vf
lffh,btc lf lfodtc w[bydfkb lf erfydt vst,ib lf,heylyty& hjujhw othc stbvehfp
,fuhfnbjyb^ #[jkj jltc vtat isfdblf bvthtsc^ sfyf isfb.dfyf vtabc 'bc bekjybc 'tb ktjy
lf itupfdyf hfzbs vsfsf kbf[dbcfsf^ hfsf vfy fqhfc jdcyb gbhbcgbh hecsf& tct fqdblf lf
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36

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37

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38

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qarTvelTa gaoseba X IX sauku ne Si

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39

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cb,byeht lf vfs fzfvf& fvfdt jct,c hdf cf[kb lfeodf^ cflfw 300 rjlb mthb lfbqegf@& hecb
vj[tktt,b fbekt,lyty vfs eafcjl ufvjt.dfyfs [fh-ehtvb^ w[tyt,b^ vbtwfs cehcfscfyjdfut^ gehb^ mthb^ ahbydtk-gbhen.db^ w[tyt,bcfsdbc sbdf lf c[df^ [jkj aekc fh
e[lblyty@ ~bmdt^ ud& 916`& 1804 okbcfsdbc #f]fy.t,f cohfafl ufafhsjdlf& vsbekt,c
vbtv[hyty uelfvf.hbc^ zfhskbc^ [fyljc [tj,fsf vw[jdht,yb^ fctdt aifd-[tdceht,b lf
shecjc [tj,bc jct,b@ ~ud& 917`&
fhw lblb kbf[dbc jct,b xfvjhxyty sfyfvjvtt,c^ dkflbrfdrfpblfy ufvjcek gjkrc lblb
kbf[dbc [tj,fib sfdc lftc[yty^ fv lhjc cfmfhsdtkjc cfv[tlhj upf f]fy.t,ekt,c tzbhfs^
kbf[dtkvf jct,vf lf[jwtc hecb ]fhbcrfwt,b ~250 rfwb`^ vjbnfwtc w[tyt,b lf fqzehdbkj,f
~cfv[hts jctsbc bcnjhbbc yfhrdtdt,b^ ud& 177`& vlujvfhtj,bc cbhsekbc ufvj kbf[dbc
[tj,fib sdbsjy vsfdfhvfhst,tkb wbwbfyjdb itbzhf& vfc vtlufhb obyffqvltuj,f ufeobtc
~bmdt`&
iblf mfhskbc ukt[sf f]fy.t,fib fmnbehfl vjyfobktj,lyty ,fnjybidbkt,b bhfrkbc
'tyb _ bekjyb^ afhyfdfpb lf fktmcfylht ~bmdt`&

40

hectsbc vsfdhj,f .jdtkb qjybs wlbkj,lf^ iblf mfhskib lfcf.hltyb uftxbyf^ ]th vfy
sfdbcb .ehflqt,f vbfg.hj mcybc thbcsfdt,c^ [jkj 30-bfyb okt,bc itvltu vfy ufsbif
mfhskbc mfhsek-jcehb vjcf[ktj,f lf jct,b lfcf.hltyfl ufbxbyf&
#hectsbc vsfdhj,f lf wbwbfyjdb lbl bvtlt,c mcybc thbcsfdt,pt fv.fht,lyty& hectsbc
vsfdhj,fv mcybc thbcsfdt,c lfe,heyf thtrkt ++-bc vbth xfvjhsvtekb mcybc [tj,f lf 4000
rjvkb .vf ukt[b& fctsb gjkbnbrbs hectsbc vsfdhj,fv mcybc thbcsfdt,b ufbthsuekf^
lfcf.hltyb ufbxbyf lf sfyfw ,fuhfnbjysf cfvtaj cf[kc lfegbhbcgbhf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 919`&
fv lhjc mfhsdtkb lf jcb f]fy.t,ekt,b thsfl t,hdbfy hectsbc ]fhc lf vfs vjv[ht
mcybc thbcsfdt,cfw& #hecsf ]fhvf gjpbwbt,b lfnjdf^ erfy lfb[btc mcybc thbcsfdbc
idbkt,vfw& f]fy.t,ekt,vf kjvbcf fbqtc& tc b.j vfsb lblb ufvfh]dt,f^ kjvbcfc fqt,bc
itvltu f]fy.t,f mcybc [tj,fcfw vjtlj^ fm ukt[t,b lfthbdyty sfdbfys vt,fnjytt,c@ ~bmdt^ ud&
919`& cojhtl fvbc itvltu itbzhf wbwbfyjdb kbf[dbc [tj,fib^ f]fy.t,ekvf jct,vf bfhfqb
lf/.fhtc ~bmdt`&
1804 okbc itvltu f]fy.t,bc ufyvtjht,bc sfdblfy fcfwbkt,kfl [tkbceakt,fv vhfdfk
qjybcbt,fc vbvfhsf& cfzbhj b.j jct,bcflvb ufycfresht,ekb .ehflqt,bc vbg.hj,f^ vfs
v[fhlfzthfc^ fylf ufytbnhfkt,fc hectsbc [tkbceakt,bcfsdbc lblb vybidytkj,f /mjylf
cfmfhsdtkjib mhjybrekb f]fy.t,t,bc lhjc& 1810-1813 okt,bc f]fy.t,t,bc lhjc 2 fsfcb
itbfhfqt,ekb ukt[b lfbhf w[bydfkbcfrty^ itt,hjkf bm lf,fyfrt,ek hecek ufhybpjyc&
vtabc ]fhb vfkt itntdfpt uflfdblf lf uflfodf jcehb cjakt,b^ f]fy.lf gfnfhf kbf[dbc
[tj,fw^ itnfrt,f fmfw vj[lf^ 1812 otkc hecekb hfpvt,b lbl kbf[dibw itbzhyty^ cflfw
ufybwfltc ofhevfnt,kj,f^ hfvfw lffabmhf hecb cfv[tlhj [tkbceakt,f^ f]fy.t,ekt,b
itntdfpt uflfdblyty lf rdkfd lfbhyty w[bydfkbcfrty^ vfuhfv hecvf ]fhvf bcbyb vjbuthbf^
f]fy.t,ekt,b vst,c lfe,heylyty ~jctsbc bcnjhbbc yfhrdtdt,b^ ud& 178`&
hjujhw fqbybiyf^ hect,c mcybc thbcsfdt,b sfdbc gjkbnbreh lfcf.hltyfl vbfxylf iblf
mfhskib^ vfs vfvekt,b lfe,heytc^ cojhtl vfs t,hjlyty mcybc [tj,bc jct,b& hectsbc
[tkbceakt,f wlbkj,lf thbcsfdt,bc lfwdfc^ vfuhfv itvltu gjpbwbf ufhrdtekobkfl
itbwdfkf&
1830 okbcfsdbc rdkfd fv,j[lyty mcybc cfthbcsfdjcf lf cfvfxf,kjib^ vfqhfy-ldfktsib
vw[jdht,b jct,b&
hect,bc [tkbceakt,fv uflfo.dbnf^ cfvelfvjl lftvjhxbkt,byf jct,b^ hfsf vfs fqfh
/mjyjlfs f]fy.t,fsf cehdbkb& #jcb ukt[t,bc #cf,jkjj@ lfvjhxbkt,f bsfdf utythfkvf
gfcrtdbxvf^ hjvtkvfw vsfdfhvfhst,kbc flubkb lfbzbhf& thsb tmcgtlbwbf ufybcfpqdhf
cfv[hts jct,bc obyffqvltu^ vtjht _ utythfk f,[fpjdbc eahjcj,bs _ xhlbkj jct,bc
~sfufehtkt,bc` obyffqvltu@ ~cfv[h& jctsbc bcn& yfhrd& ud& 180`&
1830 okbc 19 vfbcc w[bydfkblfy ufdblf utythfkb htytyrfvgab lf bvfdt lqtc ]fdfib
itdblf& lfbo.j itnfrt,fyb^ vsbtkt,b lfvfhw[lyty^ f.dfybk bmyf n.dtt,b^ yfobkb cfcnbrfl
lfbcf]f^ yfobkb wbv,bhib uflffcf[ktc ~bmdt^ ud& 181`&
hjujhw d[tlfds^ jct,c hectsbc [tkbceakt,fv jhbdt v[hblfy itenbf lf #cf,jkjjl@
~#fct ufvjbsmvjlf jabwbfkeh ljrevtynt,ib@ ~bmdt^ ud& 181` lfbvjhxbkf&
#cf,jkjj@ lfvjhxbkt,bc itvltu hectsbc [tkbceakt,f iteluf jcb ukt[t,bc ~jct,b
iblf mfhskib v[jkjl ukt[t,b fy lf,fkb atybc flfvbfyt,b b.dyty` flbybcnhfwbek
vjo.j,fc ~bmdt^ ud& 181`^ vfuhfv fh lfrvf.jabkt,ekf&
jcb vjcf[ktj,f #cf,jkjj lfvjhxbkt,bc@ itvltu wfhbpvbcfsdbc fqfh ofhvjflutylf
fyufhbiufcfotd gjkbnbreh 'fkfc& fvfdt lhjc rb^ cfmfhsdtkj f]fy.t,fsf wtw[kib b.j

41

uf[dtekb& mfhsdtkb thb vhbc[fyt thb b.j fvbthrfdrfcbbc ~cfmfhsdtkjc` vfcinf,bs& 1801
okblfy fv lhjvlt cfmfhsdtkjc .jdtkb res[t f]fy.t,fsf rthfc ofhvjflutylf&
wfhbpvb .jdtk qjytc [vfhj,lf mfhsdtkb [fk[bc lfvjhxbkt,bcfsdbc^ fmfvlt iblf
mfhskib mfhsdtkt,b lf jct,b thsfl b,hjlyty [tkbceakt,bc obyffqvltu& gfcrtdbxvf
vbpyfl lfbcf[f^ xfvjtijht,byf mfhsekb vjhfj,bcfsdbc jct,b lf fvbs lftcecnt,byf
fynbwfhbcnekb ufyo.j,bkt,f&
gfcrtdbxvf uflfo.dbnf^ vbtybzt,byfs jcb ukt[t,bcfsdbc cjwbfkehb ghbdbktubt,b lf fvbs
hecb [tkbceakt,bcfsdbc uftthsuekt,byf jcehb vjcf[ktj,f& gfcrtdbxbc gjkbnbrbc
o.fkj,bs jct,bc cf[bs wfhbpvvf thsuekb vjcf[ktj,f ufbxbyf iblf mfhskib&
wyj,bkbf lf lqtbcfsdbc vjbt,ekbf efvhfdb cf,esb se cbutkb^ hjvtkbw flfcneht,c^
hjv jcehb vjcf[ktj,f iblf mfhskbc hjujhw vsbfytsib^ bct ,fhib^ lfcf[kt,ekb b.j
mfhsdtkb vtvfvektt,bc vbot,pt&
fvbs gfcrtdbxvf jct,c cjwbfkehb ghbdbktubf vbfybzf mfhsdtk ukt[t,sfy itlfht,bs^
hjvkt,bw rdkfdbylt,ehfl vtvfvektsf vakj,tkj,fib lfhxyty^ vfy chekbfl lffcecnf
mfhsdtk sfdfl-fpyfehsf trjyjvbrehb vlujvfhtj,f&
eylf fqbybiyjc^ hjv fcts gjkbnbrfc wfhbpvb f[jhwbtkt,lf cfbyubkjibw ~fqvjcfdkts
rf[tsib`& fmfw [tkbceakt,fv efh.j mfhsdtksf eakt,t,b fmfeh vbof-o.fkpt lf
behblbekfl lfevnrbwf bc ktreh ~vsblfy xfvjcf[kt,ek` stvt,c ~s& gfgefidbkb^ #zfh,tkfmfyb@^ 1972^ ud& 166`&
fb^ hjujh cjwbfkeh egbhfntcj,fc fybzt,c gfcrtdbxb jct,c mfhsdtkt,sfy itlfht,bs
iblf mfhskib%
#gfcrtdbxb lf vbcb sfyfvphf[dtkt,b jct,bs lfcf[kt,ek nthbnjhbfc ufyb[bkfdlyty^
hjujhw vbot,c^ hjvkt,ptlfw vtvfvektt,c fhfdbsfhb eakt,f fh /mjylfs&
gfcrtdbxvf uflfo.dtnbkfl ufyfw[flf^ hjv jct,b fhfcjltc fh b.dyty fv vtvfvektsf
vakj,tkj,fib^ hjv fv erfyfcrytkt,vf sfdbfysb eakt,t,b jc ukt[t,pt ofvjf.tytc v[jkjl
hect,bc [tkbceakt,bc lfv.fht,bc itvltu cfmfhsdtkjib@ ~cfv[h& jctsbc bcnjhbbc yfhrd&
ud& 182`& gfcrtdbxfvlt ufwbkt,bs flht othlf df[einb^ se hjujh lfcf[klyty jct,b
mfhsdtksf vbobcvakj,tksf vfvekt,ib& _ #[jkj hfjltyyb jcyb lfdcothts fv flubkt,sf
ibyf^ gbhdtkfl cf[kt,ekfy mfhsdtkyb ukt[yb^ itvlujvfl vtgfnhjytsf vfssfufy
uflvjcf[kt,ekfy jcyb^ mfhsdtkyb ,fhsf ibyf xfvjcekfy@&&& ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ +|^ ud&
364`&
fm #vtgfnhjybc@ mdti buekbc[vt,f fhf jct,bc vtgfnhjytyb^ fhfvtl bv #flubkt,bc@
vtgfnhjytyb^ hjvkt,bw mfhsdtkb ukt[t,bcfufy lfbwfkf& #flubkt,bc vtgfnhjytt,c@^ fye
vtvfvektt,c vbobc lfveifdt,bcf lf flubkt,bc vjdkbc vbpybs sfdbfys vfvekib
xfvjecf[kt,bfs #jct,b@& gfcrtdbxfvlt lblb [ybs flht wyj,bkb b.j^ hjv vsbfytsbc vbofo.kbc vakj,tkyb mfhsdtkb vtvfvektt,b b.dyty^ [jkj jcb ukt[t,b fv #vtgfnhjytsf@
vbot,pt bc[lyty& ufhlf fvbcf^ vjqotekbf efvhfdb cf,esb^ cbutkb^ hjvtkbw flfcneht,c
mfhsdtksf vakj,tkj,fc& itvltu hectsbc [tkbceakt,f bekt,ekb uf[lf v[tldtkj,fib
vbtqj tc cf,est,b^ mfhsdtksf eakt,t,b jct,bs lfcf[kt,ek vbof-o.fkpt cwyj ujhbcf lf
s,bkbcbc cfcfvfhskjt,vf^ hfw efh.j gtnth,ehuvf&
gfcrtdbxvf fewbkt,kfl vbbxybf #lflutybkb.j^ hjv fhw ths mfhsdtk vtvfvektc
vfvekpt^ hjvtkbw cbyfvldbktib vsfdhj,bc vbth bfhfqbs vfsb lfzthbc lhjc fh bv.jat,f
vfs vakj,tkj,fib^ eakt,f fh /mjyltc vfvekpt@ ( ,
,
, ). ~bmdt^ ud& 182`&

42

cbyfvldbktib hfc ofhvjflutylf fctsb lflutybkt,f( afmnbehfl^ tc b.j vjojlt,f jcb

ukt[t,bcflvb^ f]fy.t,ekb.dyty mfhsdtk vtvfvektsf obyffqvltu& vfhskfw^ se rb ukt[t,b
fh cwyj,lyty vtvfvektsf eakt,fc lf ufftdt,lyty vfc^ [jkj itvltu fv vfvekc lfbzthlf^
[tkbceakt,f bfhfqbc 'fkbs fv #f]fy.t,fc@ xff[ij,lf^ mfhsdtk vtvfvektc fv lflutybkt,bc
sfyf[vfl^ eakt,f thsvtjlf fv vbofpt& itbkt,f vfvekb ths [tj,fib .jabkb.j^ [jkj
vtvfvektc cf[k-rfhb cek c[dfufy /mjyjlf^ jc ukt[t,c rb fv [tj,bc vfvekt,ib fh twyjs
vtvfvekbc eakt,f^ vfuhfv cfthsjl^ fhw it[t,jlyty vtvfvekbc cf[k-rfhc^ [tj,bc fqt,bcfc
hecbc ]fhbc vbth fv [tj,bc vfvekc vtvfvekt rfhufdlf& fk,fs^ cojhtl fct eylf ufdbujs
gfcrtdbxbc ptvjs vj.dfybkb ufyw[flt,f&
fcts lhjc dby hxt,jlf vjut,ekb( vjut,ekyb hxt,jlyty^ gbhdtk hbuib^ f]fy.t,ekb
jct,b^ hflufyfw vtvfvekt vjbijhtc^ fctdt [tkbceakt,f _ gjkbnbrehb vjobyffqvltut^
mfhsdtkb vtvfvekt^ trjyjvbehfl lfcecnlf&
xfyc^ cojhtl wfhbpvbc fctsb vblujvbc ufvj uf[ibhlf mfhsdtk vtvfvektsf
cfobyffqvltuj ufvjcdkt,b iblf mfhskib& jcb ukt[t,b vfcbehfl fqfh cwyj,lyty
vtvfvektsf eakt,t,c& hecb [tkbceakt,f lf sdbs gtnth,ehubc ctyfnb v[fhc ezthlf jc
ukt[t,c bvbs^ hjv mfhsdtk vtvfvektsf eakt,t,c fh cwyj,lf&
iblf mfhskbc vsbfytscf lf vsbcobytsib afmnbehfl lfbo.j cfvjmfkfmj jvb se fhf^
hfqfw vcufdcb vfbyw jc ukt[t,cf lf mfhsdtk vtvfvektsf ijhbc& fv jvbc tmj fstekb okt,bc
vfybkpt ufbcvjlf fhf vfhnj iblf mfhskib^ fhfvtl s,bkbccf lf gtnth,ehuibw&
hf gjpbwbf tzbhf^ dbcb v[fht tzbhf mfhsdtk ukt[c fv #jvib@( tc #jvb@ b.j fhf thjdyek
ybflfupt ofhvjij,bkb^ fhfvtl cjwbfkehpt^ fm thjdyt,fc vybidytkj,f fh tybzt,jlf^ vfuhfv
flvbybcnhfwbf vfc thjdyek cf[tc fktdlf& eylf ufdbsdfkbcobyjs^ hjv bv lhjc vstk
hectsbc bvgthbfib ,fnjy.vj,f fhct,j,lf lf .vfsf atyt,blfy velvbdb ueueyb ufbcvjlf
ufysfdbceakt,bcfsdbc&
cfmfhsdtkjib^
bctdt
hjujhw
bvgthbfib^
.vf-ukt[t,c
ufysfdbceakt,f cehlfs^ [jkj se tc ufsfdbceakt,f vbobs bmyt,jlf _ rbltd eahj ertstcb&
iblf mfhskib ufycfresht,ekb vlujvfhtj,f itbmvyf& se vstk bvgthbfib [tkbceakt,f
cfcnbrfl f[ij,lf ukt[sf .jdtk ufvjcdkfc^ fm ukt[t,c ~jqjyl jcehb thjdyt,bcfc`
vtvfvekbc vakj,tkj,bcfufy ufysfdbceakt,bc cfiefkt,f vbtwfs& jc ukt[fl .jayf
cfyfnhtkb fy cfcehdtkb uf[lf vbc vtpj,kfl vw[jdht,b mfhsdtkb ukt[bcfsdbc \+\
cfereybc 50-bfy okt,ib& jcb ukt[t,b afmnbehfl ,fnjy.vj,bcfufy uffsfdbceaktc&
hjujhw dsmdbs^ wfhbpvbc ,fnjyj,bc lhjc iblf mfhskib xfvj.fkb,lf
tsyjacbmjkjubehb vjdktyf _ #jcj,f@& jcb ukt[t,bc cjwbfkehvf egbhfntcj,fv^
ghbdbktubt,vf cfaedtkb lfelj tsyjacbmjkjubfib uflfphlbk cjwbfkeh acbmjkjubfc%
jcfl .jayf ertstcbf^ cjwbfkehfl vjvut,bfybf _ mfhsdtksf ufjct,fc fvbs v.fhb cfaedtkb
xft.fhf&
se ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s bv ufcfjwfh cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbreh egbhfntcj,t,c^ hjvtksfw
jct,c fybzt,lf hectsbc [tkbceakt,f vfsb #ufmhbcnbfyt,bcf@ lf mfhsdtk vtvfvektsfufy
#lfwdbc@ vbpybs^ yfskfl ufvjxylt,f cehfsb vsbtkb mfhsdtkb njvt,bc lf iblf
mfhsktkt,bc ufjct,bcf^ vfssdbc vbvpbldtkb ufv[lfhf #jcj,f@ ~lf fmtlfy jcehb tyf`&
sfyfvtlhjdt cfv[hts jct,bc tyfc hjv mfhsekb tybc 'kbthb ufdktyf fmdc^ tc itevxytdtkb fh
lfhxtybfs vrdktdfht,c^ #tyj,hbdb vjyfwtvt,bs d& f,ftdb sdkbc^ hjv xhlbkj jcehb tyf
erfyfcrytkb jhfcb okbc vb[tldbs eahj hecekb tybc ufdktyfc udbxdtyt,c^ [jkj cfv[hts
jcehb _ mfhsekb tybcf@ ~b& vtuhtkbt^ #cbdtktyb kbf[dbc [tj,fib@ 1984 o&^ ud& 11`& #pjub
fdnjhb cftzdjl vbbxytdc xhlbkjtkb lf cfv[htstkb jct,bc thsbfy ohvjvfdkj,fc^
vfufkbsfl^ df[einb ,fuhfnbjyb othlf% ldfkt,c #tyf fmds 'dtkb^ ldfkehb lf fo e,yj,ty
jcehcf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 70`& ldfkt,bc ufjct,f wyj,bkbf^ vfs vcufdcfl ufjclyty iblf mfhskib
43

xfvjcf[kt,bcf lf ,fhib lf,byfdt,bc itvltu^ vfsb #ptlfatyt,bc mdti@ vjmwtekb mfhsdtkt,bw

~u& ]fkf,ft^ lfcf[& yfih&* h& sjaxbidbkb^ #\+\ c& vjcf[ktj,bc fqothbc vfcfkt,b
cfmfhsdtkjc tsyjbcnjhbbcf lf cjwbfkehb .jabc itcf[t,@^ #vyfsj,b@^ 1987 = 12^ ud& 161*
h& sjaxbidbkb^ #mcybc [tj,bc vjcf[ktj,bc pjubthsb tsyjbcnjhbekb cfrbs[b ~\|+++-\\
cc`& #vfwyt@ bcnjhbbc cthbf^ 1987 = 4^ ud& 34-35^ 39* ubekltyintlnb^ lfc& yfihjvb lf c[df`&
xdty \+\ cfereytib mfhsktkb ukt[t,bc ufjct,bc ths-ths vbptpfl vbudfxybf 1851 okbc
lflutybkt,f hectsbc bvgthbbc ctyfnbcf^ hjvkbsfw vfy #&&&erfyjyjl wyj vfxf,kt,bc wlt,b
jct,bc lfcf.vtdt,kfl^ vfuhfv fqbfhf vbofpt vfxf,kt,bc vtvfvekehb eakt,t,b lf fv vbobs
cfhut,kj,bcfsdbc yt,f lfhsj jct,bcfufy vjcfdkbc v[jkjl thsb vtfstlb vbtqjs& c[df
[tj,fsf ukt[t,b .vt,fl hxt,jlyty@ ~m&c&t& njvb #cfm& cch@^ 1981^ ud& 338`&
hjujhw ctyfnbc lflutybkt,f exdtyt,c^ bcnjhbek cfvfxf,kjib^ hjvtkbw dhwkfl b.j
uflfzbvekb lf iblf mfhskbc vybidytkjdfy yfobkc ofhvjflutylf^ afmnbehfl ukt[t,b
lfb.j rfntujhbt,fl thjdyekb ybiybs% se ukt[b thjdyt,bs jcb b.j^ bc ,fnjy.vehb
eqkbcfufy sfdbceaklt,jlf& se ukt[b thjdyt,bs mfhsdtkb b.j^ rdkfdbylt,ehfl .vfl
hxt,jlf& tc b.j epfhvfpfhb vybidytkj,bc vjdktyf iblf mfhskbc ukt[j,bcfsdbc^ vfuhfv
hectsbc ctyfnb fvbnjvfw fh lfrvf.jabklf^ vfy afmnbehfl iblf mfhskbc ukt[j,f
trjyjvbrehb sdfkcfphbcbsfw jh rfntujhbfl lf.j% se ukt[b jcb thjdyt,bcf b.j^ vfc
eakt,f /mjylf^ tcfhut,kf vtvfvekbc vbobs lf fvbcfsdbc v[jkjl thsb vtfstlb eylf
uflft[flf vjcfdkbcf^ vfiby^ hjwf mfhsdtk ukt[c vtvfvekbcfsdbc^ hjvtkbw fvfdt lhjc vbcb
vt,fnjytw b.j^ rdkfd .vehb otcbs eylf t[flf uflfcf[flb vbobs cfhut,kj,bcfsdbc&
vfhskfw^ itekt,tkbf fctsb cjwbfkehb gbhj,t,bc ufvj mfhsdtk ukt[t,c fh /mjyjlfs
cehdbkb uflfcekb.dyty #jct,bc@ rfntujhbfib& jcb gbhflfl sfdbceafkb fy cf[tkvobaj
ukt[b uf[lf^ bc trjyjvbehfl otkufvfhsekb b.j^ hflufyfw vjcfdkbc v[jkjl vtfstlc
b[lblf^ [jkj mfhsdtkb ukt[b ,fnjy.vj,bc eqtkib it,vekb fhfsfdbceafkb ukt[b b.j&
vfifcflfvt^ 1851 otkc ctyfnvf cfvfxf,kjc jct,b .vj,bcfufy uffsfdbceakf& cfvfxf,kjib
dbcfw sfdbceakt,f cehlf^ jcfl eylf xfothbkb.j& gbhj,t,b bctsb b.j^ hjv mfhsdtkfl
.jayfc jcfl .jayf ]j,lf& jcj,f sfdbceakt,bcf lf trjyjvbehb cbkbthbc vjvnfyb b.j&
xfyc^ cojhtl fctsb b.j itltut,b ctyfnbc 50-bfy okt,ib lf gfcrtdbxbc 30-bfy okt,ib
uflfo.dtnbkt,t,bcf^ vfuhfv b.j se fhf ntyltywbehb vfsb vjmvtlt,f(
hjujhw dsmdbs^ gfcrtdbxvf cftzdjl ufvjfw[flf vfxf,kt,bcf lf mfhsdtk vtvfvektsf
eakt,t,b iblf mfhskbc vbot,pt vfiby^ hjwf mfhsdtk vtatsf lhjc tc^ etzdtkbf^ #lblb
kbf[dbc fepb flht itlbjlf mfhskbc cfthbcsfds-cfthbcsfdjib^ hjvkbc lfwtvbc itvltu bc
eiefkjl lftmdtvlt,fhf vtabc [tkbceakt,fc lf bvfhst,jlf vjehfdt,bc vbth& &&& sfdblfy
vfxf,kt,b b.dyty odhbkb atjlfk-vbobcvakj,tkt,b kbf[dbc [tj,fib ~vbc mdtvj otkib`& vfs
sfylfsfy uffafhsjdtc sfdbfysb cfvakj,tkj vtabc thsuekb cfvcf[ehbs ~\|+ cfereytib`&
itvlujv bcfhut,ktc wtynhfkehb [tkbceakt,bc cbcecnbs lf flubkj,hbdb odhbkb
vbofsvakj,tkt,bc vbvt trjyjvbrehb vlujvfhtj,bs^ ufvjbxbytc lblb fmnbehj,f sfdbfysb
cfvakj,tkjt,bc ufafhsjt,bcfc hjujhw ittybc^ bct f[fkb vbot,bc gbhlfgbhb vbnfwt,bc
upbs& \|++ cfereybc vtjht yf[tdfhib vfxf,kt,vf sdbsyt,ehfl lfbrfdtc lfwfhbtkt,ekb
cf[tkvobaj vbot,b ~cf[fcj` kbf[dbc [tj,fib lf vjcf[ktt,c fcf[kt,lyty bm& mfhskbc
yfwdfkvf ktdfyvf ~if/.ekb[fyvf` 1704 okbc cbutkbs lfevnrbwf ,ffleh vfxf,kbc idbkt,c
abhfycf lf ,jhnc vfvbc vbth vbcfresht,ekb vbot,b& vtat btctv ~fkb.ekb[fyvf` 1714 okbc
cbutkbs eo.fkj,f ,bfidbkt,c _ ktdfy^ lfdbs^ afhcflfy lf fk[fp vfxf,kt,c vsbc cjakt,b&
#bcbyb^ hjvtksfw bm xffcf[kt,s _ othlf bc _ smdty utvcf[ehjy bctsbdt gbhj,bs^ hjujhw

44

c[df vfxf,kt,c tvcf[eht,bfy vfsb vsbtkt,b lf ldfkt,b@ ~cfv[h& jctsbc bcn& yfhr& +^ ud& 9698`&
fmtlfy chekbfl firfhff^ hjv fhf vfhnj mfhskbc vsbfytsbc thsb yfobkb^ fhfvtl
ldfkt,bs lfcf[kt,ekb nthbnjhbt,bw rfyjybthfl tresdyjlfs vfxf,kt,c^ vfsb
vakj,tkj,f lfvnrbwt,ekb b.j mfhsdtk vtatsf cbutkt,bs& tc vbot,b lfecf[kt,tkb b.j^
itvlujv vfxf,kt,vf bm xffcf[ktc 'bhbsflfl ufjct,ekb ldfkt,b^ vfuhfv fhw bcff
ufvjhbw[ekb^ hjv vfxf,kt,c lfwfhbtkt,ekb vsbc vfvekt,ib mfhsktkb ukt[t,bw
xftcf[kt,byfs& fv fphbc ufvjsmvbc eakt,fc bktdf bc^ hjv vjqotekb ljrevtynt,bc
sfyf[vfl^ vfxf,kt,b sfdbfys ukt[t,c ufhrdtek ghbdbktubt,c fybzt,lyty& vfhskfw^
wyj,bkbf^ hjv mfhsdtkb vbobcvakj,tkt,b f[fkb vbot,bc lfcf[kt,bcfc f[fkvjcf[ktt,c
ghbdbktubt,c fybzt,lyty ufhrdtekb [ybc vfybkpt^ hfsf bcbyb vbofpt lftvfuht,byfs& xfyc^
fctdt bmwtdbfy vfxf,kt,bw% #vfxf,kt,b wlbkj,lyty ittmvyfs cf.hltyb sfdbfys ukt[t,ib
pjubthsb vfsufybcfsdbc ufycfpqdhekb ghbdbktubt,bc vbybzt,bs@ ~bmdt^ ud& 109`& fctsb
cfsfh[fyj cbutkb vbewbf ktdfy vfxf,tkc vflbyf vtkfbcf^ vbcb 'vt,bcf lf ,bt,bcfsdbc \|+++
cfereytib&
hjujhw ptvjs vj.dfybkblfy xfyc^ gfcrtdbxcf lf^ cfthsjl^ hecek [tkbceakt,fc
fhfdbsfhb cfaedtkb fh /mjylfs lblb kbf[dbc [tj,f lf ldfkt,bs ~jct,bs` lfcf[kt,ekb
mfhskbc vsbfytsb fh twyj mfhsdtk vbobcvakj,tksf ~vfxf,kt,bc` vfvekt,fl&
bsmdf^ hjv vfxf,kt,b sfh[yj,fc^ fye sfdbceakt,fc fktdlyty ukt[t,c^ sfh[yt,b .vt,sfy
itlfht,bs ghbdbktubt,bc vmjytyb b.dyty& fmtlfyfw xfyc^ hjv cfvfxf,kjib vw[jdht,b ukt[t,b
fh b.dyty sfdbceakt,b lf bcbyb vfxf,kt,bc cfresht,fib itlbjlyty& tc itt[t,f^ w[flbf^
jct,cfw^ hjvkt,bw vfxf,kt,vf xffcf[ktc rbltw lfwfhbtkt,ek vfvekt,ib& hjujhw vtat
btctc ptvjs vj.dfybkb cbutkblfy xfyc^ jct,b lf ldfkt,b dfklt,ekyb b.dyty ufhrdtekb
gbhj,bs tvcf[ehfs vtvfvekbcfsdbc&
vfhskfw^ #jct,b^ hjvkt,bw lfcf[kt,ekyb b.dyty mfhsdtk vtvfvektsf vbot,pt^
uflfmwtekyb b.dyty .vf ukt[t,fl lf atjlfkehb vjhxbkt,bc vbvt ndbhsc totjlyty@ ~bmdt^
ud& 108`& fvfc flfcneht,c c[dflfc[df 'dtkb cbutkt,b ~bmdt^ ud& 108-109`&
vfifcflfvt^ vfxf,kt,bc vbot,pt lfcf[kt,ekb jct,b .vf ukt[t,b b.dyty^ fylf hfbvt cf.vj
gbhj,bs lfrfdibht,ekyb atjlfksfy^ fvbnjvfw ctyfnbc 1851 okbc uflfo.dtnbkt,f^
hjvtkvfw fh cwyj vfxf,kt,bc vfvekt,ib vw[jdht,b jct,bc .vj,f^ ecfvfhskj b.j&
wfhbpvbc [tkbceafksf vbth ofmtpt,ekb ukt[t,b efhc fw[flt,lyty .vj,fpt^ vfxf,kt,bw
hectsbc [tkbceakt,fc velfv evnrbwt,lyty^ hjv vfs cfereyjdfyb eakt,fyb /mjylfs vfspt&
1830 otkc vfxf,kt,vf cfxbdfhb sfdbfysb ukt[t,bc vbvfhs itbnfytc ujhbc cfcfvfhskjib&
vfs cfcfvfhskjc ofhelubytc mfhsdtk vtatsf vbth c[dflfc[df lhjc vbqt,ekb ljrevtynt,b
ukt[t,bc akj,bc eakt,bc itcf[t,& vfs ufyfw[fltc^ hjv cfvfcb okbc vfybkpt bcbyb vfs
akj,lyty^ cfmfhsdtkjc hectssfy itthst,bc lhjc vtabc [tkbceakt,fv wyj tc eakt,f&
sfdbc v[hbd^ ukt[vf-jct,vf fctdt ofhvjflubytc mfhsdtk vtatsfufy vbqt,ekb ljrevtynt,b^
hjvkt,bw flfcneht,lyty vtvfvektsfufy vfs lfvjerblt,kj,fc& jcvf ukt[t,vf ufyfw[fltc^
hjv bcbyb velfv w[jdhj,lyty sfdbceakfl lf sfdbcb yt,bs fhfclhjc fh b[lblyty fhfdbsfh
uflfcf[flc^ se rb fvfc fh fbekt,lyty ~bmdt^ ud& 186`&
1830 okblfy 1845 okfvlt cfcfvfhskjc uflfo.dtnbkt,f fh ufvjenfybf^ cfmvbc ufhxtdf
ufzbfyehlf& fvfcj,fib ukt[t,b vtvfvektt,c t,hjlyty^ [jkj bcbyb xbjlyty&
1845 okbc 12 ltrtv,thc ujhbc cfcfvfhskjv ufvjbnfyf uflfo.dtnbkt,f% ]fdbc^
ehcefhbc lf 'jvfubc [tj,t,ib vw[jdht,b jct,b lfhxyty sfdfl vfxf,kt,bc velvbd
vakj,tkj,fib ~bmdt^ ud& 186`&
45

cfcfvfhskjc fctsvf uflfo.dtnbkt,fv ukt[t,b fh lffrvf.jabkf& w[flbf^ fhw

[tkbceakt,f itehbult,jlf mfhsekb v[fhbc ufkbtht,fc^ fvbnjvfw vtabcyfwdfkvf
djhjywjdvf lfybiyf rjvbcbf fv cfrbs[bc ufvjhrdtdbcfsdbc& vfuhfv s,bkbcbc cfcfvfhskj
gfkfnfvfw lfflubyf% #jct,vf sfdbfysb sfdbceakt,f dthfahbs dth lffvnrbwtc@ ~bmdt^ ud&
186`& s,bkbcbc cfcfvfhskj gfkfnfv lffvnrbwf ujhbc cfcfvfhskjc lflutybkt,f&
hf itltub itbkt,f vj/.jkjlf cfcfvfhskjsf fcts lflutybkt,fc( ufkbthlt,jlf iblf
mfhskib mfhsekb tktvtynb^ ufkbthlt,jlf cfthsjl mfhsekb thjdyekb cekb^ hfw
cfaedkfl lftlt,jlf mfhsekb gjkbnbrehb 'fkbc ufkbtht,fc iblf mfhskib& .jdtkbdt
tc chekbfl lfeidt,tkb b.j wfhbpvbcfsdbc^ hjvtkbw cfmfhsdtkjc c[dflfc[df res[tt,ib
zfh-,tkfmfyblfy vtc[ts-fa[fptsfvlt b,hjlf cojhtl mfhsekb gjkbnbrehb cbkbthbc
vjcgj,bcfsdbc& cojhtl fv vbptpbc ufvj^ hfcfw cf,f,fl tlj dbsjvlf #cfvfhskbfyj,f@^
wfhbpvvf vfxf,kt,bc cfmvt uflfcwf ctyfnc^ hjvtkbw fsfcj,bs rbkjvtnhbs b.j lfijht,ekb
iblf mfhskblfy^ fldbkfl ittkj fhfhct,ekb fhct,ekfl vjtxdtyt,byf& ctyfnb^ w[flbf^
bvgthbbc bynthtct,c .dtkfpt vfqkf f.tyt,lf& ctyfnbcfsdbc tc cfmvt b.j fhf cfvjmfkfmj^
fhfvtl gjkbnbrehb cfmvt^ hfw vbc lflutybkt,fibw ufvjxylf& lflutybkt,fib yf[ctyt,bf fhf
#ukt[t,b@^ fhfvtl #jct,b@& #jct,b@ ctyfnbcfsdbc thjdyt,f b.j^ [jkj vfxf,kt,bc
sdfkcfphbcbs rb - .vt,b& bvgthbf fh lfeidt,lf^ hjv jct,b mfhsdtkt,bc vjhxbkt,fib
lfhxtybkb.dyty^ .jdtkb thjdyt,f sdbs bvgthbfc eylf lfvjhxbkt,jlf eiefkjl& ctyfnvf
uffemvf s,bkbcbc cfcfvfhskj gfkfnbc lflutybkt,f^ [jkj jct,b vfxf,kt,bc .vfl fh wyj
~bmdt^ ud& 186`&
hectsbc bvgthbf bv lhjbcfsdbc #cfvfhskt,hbd@ cf[tkvobajl fxdtyt,lf sfdbc sfdc^
[jkj djhjywjdb wyj,bkb b.j mfhsdtkt,bc #rtsbkbcv.jatkfl@& fvbnjvfw^ fv
erfyfcrytkvf ctyfnbc lflutybkt,f fhfcojhfl xfsdfkf ~bmdt^ ud& 187` lf cfzbhjl vbbxybf
eiefkj vjkfgfhfrt,t,b tofhvjt,byf vfxf,kt,sfy& djhjywjdc cehlf^ vfxf,kt,c efhb
tsmdfs jc ukt[t,pt^ hfsf bcbyb uflfcekb.dyty cf[tkvobaj ukt[t,bc rfntujhbfib^
cfyfwdkjl vfxf,kt,c ]bklj vbtwtvjlfs* vfxf,kt,b lfsfy[vlyty^ bvgthfnjhc djhjywjdvf
ofhelubyf itvltub obyflflt,f% 1& ]fdbc^ ehcefhbc^ 'jvfubc^ xtctksbc^ pheubc^ herbcf lf
rjirfc [tdt,ib vw[jdht, jct,pt eakt,fsf cfyfwdkjl vfxf,kt,c lftybiyfs cfvtvrdblhj
gtycbf^ otkboflib tmdcb fsfcb vfytsb dthw[kbs* 2& hflufyfw sfdfl vfxf,kt,c hxt,jlf
eakt,f lfcf[kt,ekb [tj,t,bc cfresht,bcf^ fvbnjvfw jct,b^ hjvkt,bw fv vbot,c
b.tyt,lyty^ dfklt,ekyb b.dyty^ vfssdbc uflftwfs vjcfdkbc vtfstlb&
bvgthfnjhvf 1852 okbc 8 bdybcc lfflj htpjkewbf #sfyf[vf dfh@& fqybiyek vfxf,tksf
vfvekt,ib fqvjxylf 1137 rjvkb ukt[b&
#gbhflb sfdbceakt,bc vbqt,bcf lf vfxf,kt,bc vfvekt,ib cfw[jdht,kfl lfhxtybc itvltu
jcb ukt[t,b fqvjxylyty sfdbct,eh vlujvfhtj,fib% bcbyb cf[tkvobaj ukt[t,fl b.dyty
xfhbw[ekyb^ vfuhfv fvfdt lhjc ufyfuhj,lyty fv atjlfkt,bcfsdbc atjlfkehb htynbc
uflf[lfc@ ~bmdt^ ud& 187`&
jcvf ukt[t,vf vjbgjdtc elbltcb ufvfh]dt,f _ bcbyb gbhflfl sfdbceafkyb uf[lyty 1852
otkc^ bv lhjc^ hjwf mfhsdtk ukt[c ,fnjy.vehb eqkbcfufy rfyjybth ufysfdbceakt,fcf lf
gbhfl sfdbceakt,fpt jwyt,fw rb fh ittkj&
jcb ukt[t,bc ufysfdbceakt,bcfsdbc cf[cht,b sdbs cf[tkvobajv ufbqj& sfdbceakt,bc
ufhlf^ jcvf ukt[t,vf mfhsdtk ukt[t,sfy itlfht,bs^ hjujhw bsmdf^ trjyjvbrehb
egbhfntcj,fw vjbgjdtc& bcbyb vbobs cfhut,kj,bcfsdbc vjcfdkbc v[jkjl vtfstlc b[lblyty^
vfiby^ hjwf mfhsdtkb ukt[b fhw sfdbceafkb b.j lf fhw fctsb eakt,f /mjylf&
46

vtfstlbc uflf[lf se fh cehlf jc ukt[c^ vfc^ hjujhw gbhflfl sfdbceafkc^ ittkj

lftnjdt,byf vtvfvekbc vbof lf c[dfufy uflfcekb.j^ bm^ cflfw ertstcb gbhj,t,b bmyt,jlf&
mfhsdtk ukt[c^ hjujhw .vfc^ w[flbf^ sfdbcb vt,fnjybc vbobc lfnjdt,bc eakt,f fh /mjylf&
jct,vf bcfhut,ktc sfdbfysb eakt,bs^ bcbyb itt[bpyty c[df vtvfvektt,c mdtvj mfhskbc
,fhib& w[flbf^ vst,ib w[jdht,fc ,fhib^ yf.jabth vbot,pt w[jdht,f c]j,lf&
jct,bc gbhflb sfdbceakt,f lf yf.jabth vbot,pt lfcf[kt,bc eakt,f mfhsdtk ukt[c
e,but,lf^ jcfl ufvjtw[flt,byf sfdbcb sfdb& vfhskfw^ hjujhw xfyc^ vsbtkb mfhsdtkt,b
jct,fl fw[flt,lyty sfdbfys sfdc lf^ hjujhw jct,b^ t[bpyt,jlyty ,fhtk vtvfvektsf vbot,c&
iblf mfhskib vrdtshfl bphlt,f #[bpfysf@ hbw[db& [jkj iblf mfhskblfy ufcekb
#[bpyt,b@ tcf[kt,bfy rf[tsib^ shbfktscf lf c[dfufy&
#\|+++ cfereybc vtjht yf[tdfhib ufycfresht,bs bphlt,f #yt,bs vjcek@^ fye #[bpfy@
ukt[sf hfjltyj,f& itvs[dtdbsb fhff^ hjv nthvbyb #[bpfyb@ fv lhjc vrdtshfl ufvj[fnek
cjwbfkeh ibyffhcc bqt,c& [bpfyb sfdbct,ehb cjwbfkeh-trjyjvbrehb vlujvfhtj,bc vmjyt
ukt[bc fqcfybiyfd nthvbyfl \|+++ cfereybc vtjht yf[tdfhib bmwf@ ~cfm& bcn& yfhr& n& +|^ ud&
555`&
[bpyt,c eojlt,lyty ukt[t,c^ hjvkt,bw thsb atjlfkblfy vblbjlyty lf tafht,jlyty
vtjhtc& xfyc^ vsbtkt,b lf vwbh vbot,pt vw[jdht,b hjujhw mfhsdtkt,b^ bct jct,b
t[bpyt,jlyty ,fhtk vtvfvektt,c& ,fnjy.vj,bc lhjc vt,fnjytc c[dfcsfy it[bpyek .vfpt
eakt,t,b uffxylf& jcehb vjcf[ktj,f cfthsjl efhc fw[flt,lf .veh vjhxbkt,fpt^ [jkj
\+\ cfereybc lfcfo.bcib vfc vtabc [tkbceakt,f vafhdtkj,lf^ fvbnjvfw itlfht,bs vtnb
sfdbceakt,f /mjylf lf vfssdbc [bpyj,f eahj yfrkt, cbhsektcsfy b.j lfrfdibht,ekb&
vfufkbsfl^ 1811 otkc cfmfhsdtkjc vsfdfhvfhst,tkvf utythfkvf njh,fcjdvf bvgthfnjhc
ofhelubyf vj[ctyt,f lf vjbs[jdf^ hjv sfufehbc [tj,bc vw[jdht,kt,b ~jct,b` vjtmwbfs
mhbcnbfyj,fpt vfsb hectssfy lff[kjt,bc vbpybs lf vtabc #rtsbkmdtitdhljvfl@
uflfmwtdbcfsdbc& fvbcfsdbc cfzbhj uf[lf^ uftsfdbceakt,byfs mcybc vfvek udthlbcbhbc
jct,b sfdfl thbcsfdbc lfmdtvlt,fht,bcfufy lf cfvfubthjl vfssdbc vbtwfs 10 000 vfytsb
dthw[kbs ~cfv[& jc& bcn& yfhr& ud& 171`&
fmtlfy xfyc^ se hf vbpybs fsfdbceakt,lyty jct,c mfhsdtkb sfdflbc lfmdtvlt,fht,bcfufy
wfhbpvbc vj[tktt,b \+\ cfereybc lfcfo.bcib& rbltd eahj vtnb sfdbceakt,f lf eakt,t,b
vbfybzf gfcrtdbxvf jct,c^ jct,b cfhut,kj,lyty fvbs lf vst,blfy ,fhtk vtvfvektt,c
t[bpyt,jlyty& vtvfvektt,bw lfbynthtct,ekyb b.dyty veif [tkbs _ #jcb ukt[t,b^
vw[jdht,yb lqtdfyltk mfhskbc hfbjyib^ w[jdhj,lyty sfdfl wbwbidbkt,bc vbot,pt&
vhfdfkb vfsufyyb uflvjcf[klyty vsbc cjakt,blfy ]th rbltd \+\ cfereybc 30-bfy okt,ib
sdbs sfdflt,bc vbodtdbs [bpfysf eakt,bs@ ~bmdt^ ud& 202`& [bpyt,c lblb eakt,fyb lf
egbhfntcj,fyb /mjylfs .vt,sfy itlfht,bs& tc eakt,f 'bhbsfl jc vjcf[ktj,fc tybzt,jlf&
xfyc^ mfhsdtkb vsbtkt,bw jct,fl fw[flt,lyty sfdc [bpyj,bc eakt,bc vjgjdt,bcfsdbc^ fvfc
vbesbst,c vfsb mfhsekb udfht,b lf mfhsekb tybc^ hjujhw ltlf tybc wjlyf& [bpfysf
hbw[db ufycfresht,bs bvbc itvltu eylf ufphlbkb.j^ hfw ctyfnvf 1852 otkc
,fnjy.vj,bcfufy uffsfdbceakf jcb ukt[t,b& c[dfsf ijhbc^ eylf fqbybiyjc^ hjv 1864 okbc
htajhvf ,fnjy.vj,bcfufy ufsfdbceakt,bc itcf[t, vfxf,kt,bc jct,c fh itt[j^ hflufyfw
bcbyb erdt sfdbceakt,b b.dyty% #1864 okbc htajhvf fh ufdhwtklf fuhtsdt sfdfl
vfxf,kt,bc cfvakj,tkjib vw[jdht, jct,pt^ hflufyfw bcbyb ]th rbltd 1852 otkc b.dyty
ufysfdbceakt,ekyb ,fnjy.vehb lfvjrblt,ekt,bcfufy@ ~bmdt^ ud& 196`& tc afmnbf^ hjvkbc
efh.jaf itekt,tkbf& cfmfhsdtkjib ,fnjy.vj,bc uflfdfhlyfvlt lblb [ybs flht

47

.vj,bcfufy ufsfdbceakt,ekb jct,b lf fv vbptpbc ufvj #ufjct,ekb@ mfhsdtkt,b [bpyt,bc

cf[bs tabyt,jlyty iblf mfhskbc ,fhcf lf fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc c[df hfbjyt,c&
#[bpybc rfntujhbbc vmjyt ukt[t,b htubjyib itlfht,bs vhfdkfl b.j% vfsb lblb yfobkb
sfdvj.hbkb b.j sfdfl afkfdfylbidbkt,bc vfvekt,ib ~cfafkfdfyljib`^ lqtdfyltkb
pyfehbc hfbjyib& tc flubkt,b lfcf[kt,ekyb b.dyty htubjybc wtynhfkehb hfbjyt,blfy
uflvjcekt,bs _ sfdfl vfxf,kt,bc lf fctdt mcybc thbcsfdbc cfvakj,tkjt,blfy@ ~bmdt^ ud&
172`&
[bpyt,c xdtekt,hbd ukt[sfy itlfht,bs bc egbhfntcj,f /mjylfs^ hjv bcbyb gbhflfl
sfdceafkyb b.dyty lf fuhtsdt eakt,f /mjylfs edflj cfhut,kj,fib /mjyjlfs vfvekbc
vbot,b& [bpyt,b^ hjujhw dsmdbs^ fm b.dyty jct,b fy #ufjct,ekb@ mfhsdtkt,b^ [jkj
xdtekt,hbdb ukt[t,b rb flubkj,hbdb .vt,b b.dyty& fv .vfcsfy ~t&b& mfhsdtksfy` itlfht,bs
[bpfyc ~t&b& jcc` bc egbhfntcj,f /mjylf^ hjv bc sfdbceafkb lf vbobc vakj,tkb b.j& fmtlfy
xfyc^ se hf vfubehb 'fkf /mjylf iblf mfhskbc ukt[bc sdfkib #jcj,fc@& #jcj,f@
sfdbceakt,fcf lf vbobc mjyt,fc ybiyfdlf^ ukt[bcfsdbc tc .dtkfathc vjbwfdlf&
#[bpyt,b c[df ukt[t,bcfufy ufyc[dfdlt,jlyty bvbs^ hjv uffxylfs gbhflb sfdbceakt,f lf
eakt,f vtvfvekbc vbot,bc edflj vj[vfht,bcf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 172`&
vtvfvektc^ hjvtkbw [bpfyc vbbqt,lf^ behblbekfl fh ittkj bc sfdbc .vfl
ufvjtw[flt,byf ~bmdt^ ud& 172`& [bpfycf lf vtvfvektc ijhbc eakt,f-vjdfktj,fyb vnrbwtl
b.j lflutybkb [tkbceakt,bc vbth& vfhsfkbf^ [bpfyb vtvfvekbc vbofpt w[jdhj,lf^ vfuhfv
sfdbcb cfrfhvblfvj yfrdtsbc uflfcf[flc fh b[lblf^ vbot,bc vj[vfht,bcfsdbc ufycfpqdhek
uflfcf[flc b[lblf& ittkj^ tcfhut,kf n.bsf lf cfho.fdb o.kbs ~bmdt^ ud& 173`& [bpyt,b^
sfdbc v[hbd^ ]ueat,fl b.jajlyty& gbhdtk ]ueaib 10 ltctnbyfvlt vbobc vmjyt [bpyt,b
itlbjlyty& vtvfvekbc vbobs cfhut,kj,bcfsdbc uflfcf[flb eylf t[flfs& uflfcf[flb
otkboflib b.j 15 vfytsblfy 130 vfytsfvlt^ vbobc afhsj,bc vb[tldbs ~bmdt^ ud& 173`&
vtvfvektt,b [bpyt,c lbl itqfdfst,c fktdlyty& vfufkbsfl^ vtvfvekbc vbofpt ,fqbc
ufityt,bc itvltu [esb fy vtnb ~12 okfvlt` ,fqb [bpfyc tresdyjlf^ sbsmvbc vcufdcfl b.j
dtyf[bc ufityt,bcfc&
#,fhbc cjakt,ib jc-[bpyt,bc hfjltyj,f velvbdfl bphlt,jlf^ bcbyb 'bhbsflfl
vtvfvekt afkfdfylbidbkt,bc^ fuhtsdt [th[tekbtt,bc^ ntnbidbkt,bc^ afdktybidbkt,bc
lf c[dfsf vbot,pt@ ~bmdt^ ud& 195`&
,fnjy.vj,bc uflfdfhlybc itvltu ,fnjyt,vf .vt,pt eakt,t,b lfrfhutc^ vfvekt,b rb
lfhxfs^ .jabkb .vf f[kf sfdbceafkb ukt[b uf[lf^ .jabkb ,fnjyt,b sfdbfysb trjyjvbrehb
vlujvfhtj,bc ityfhxeyt,bc vbpybs ufhrdtekb gbhj,t,bs vbot,c lfcfveifdt,kfl fktdlyty
.jabk .vt,c _ sfdbceafk ukt[t,c& fvfdt vfvekib w[jdhj,lyty jcb [bpyt,b^ hjvtkybw fv
ukt[sfy itlfht,bs eahj yfrkt, uflfcf[flc b[lblyty& eahj vtnbw^ jcehb ofhvjij,bc
[bpyt,c fqfh cehlfs hfbvt uflfcf[flb t[flfs vtvfvekbc vbobs cfhut,kj,bcfsdbc^ fylf
bs[jdlyty itqfdfst,c^ vtvfvektt,c rb cehlfs^ vfsfw bctsbdt uflfcf[flt,b t[flfs^ hjujhw
c[df ukt[t,c& fvfpt [bpyt,b fh sfy[vlt,jlyty&
#bvbc ufvj^ hjv [bpyt,b gbhflfl sfdbceafk ukt[t,fl bsdkt,jlyty^ 1864 okbc htajhvf
vfspt fh ufdhwtklf lf vtvfvektt,vf lfbo.tc vfsb eahj vrfwhb tmcgkefnfwbf&
cfukt[j htajhvbc itltu vhfdfkb vtvfvekt ittwflf^ uftcf[kt,byfs sfdbfysb vbot,blfy
jcb [bpyt,b^ vfuhfv vnrbwt ,hjkbc itltufl fv erfyfcrytkt,vf itktc lfhxtybkb.dyty
vtvfvektsf vbot,pt@ ~bmdt^ ud& 195`&
vtvfvektt,vf dth itcktc^ sfdbfysb vbot,blfy uftcf[kt,byfs jcb [bpyt,b^ #jcb ukt[t,bc
,hjkf^ bctdt hjujhw cfmfhsdtkjc c[df htubjyt,ib^ ufvjb[fnt,jlf hjujhw uflfcf[flbc
48

uflf[lbc sfdbc fhblt,bs^ fctdt vtvfvektsf cfobyffqvltuj cfxbdht,bs^ vfs obyffqvltu

itbfhfqt,ekb ufvjcdkt,bs& sfdbfys vjs[jdyt,c bcbyb b[bkfdlyty itrht,t,bcfc^ [jkj
itvltu othbkj,bsb ajhvbs eupfdyblyty jabwbfkeh [tkbceakt,fc^ sdbs ctyfncf lf
vtatc&&& eupfdyblyty sfdbfys hoveyt,ekt,c cfvfphj eahjcsfy^ ue,thyfnjhsfy lf rfdrfcbbc
vtabcyfwdfksfy@ ~bmdt^ ud& 198`&
[bpyt,c vtvfvektt,bcfsdbc fhf se uflfcf[flt,bc uflf[lf fqfh cehlfs^ fhfvtl
bs[jdlyty vbot,c^ n.tt,c^ cfjdht,c^ eahj vtnbw^ /rkfdlyty vtvfvektt,c^ eodfdlyty cf[krfhc^ ext[fdlyty n.tc^ eyt,fhsdjl cfhut,kj,lyty cfjdht,bs^ e[yfdlyty vbot,c ~bmdt^ ud&
198`&
.dtkf mfhsdtkb vtvfvekbc obyffqvltu ,hjkf b.j ufxfqt,ekb& [th[tekbtt,c^
vfxf,kt,c^ thbcsfdt,c cf[k-rfhb uflfeodtc ~ud& 198`^ fctdt fpfhfkt,lyty afkfdfylbidbkt,c
~ud& 198`^ sevwf fkbfy twflyty^ vfuhfv vtvfvektt,vf dth itcktc [bpyt,bc uflfcf[kt,f
sfdbfysb vfvekt,blfy% #rkfcj,hbdb ,hjkbc cbvodfdtc f[fcbfst,c sfdflb [th[tekbtt,bcf
lf ukt[t,bc cfmvt .jhybcib& vtvfvektt,b s[jdlyty vtabc [tkbceakt,fc^ uftcf[kt,byfs
ukt[t,b vfsb cfvakj,tkjt,blfy^ vfuhfv vnrbwt ,hjkbc itltufl ukt[t,b lfhxyty
[th[tekbtsf vbot,pt@ ~ud& 199`&
afmnbehfl [bpyt,c lfhxfs rbltw vtvfvektsf vbot,b& tc b.j wfhbpvbc afhekb yt,f^
hjvtkbw itevxytdtkb fh lfhxfs bv lhjbc vjqdfott,c& djhjywjd-lfirjdc ufycfresht,bs
vbemwtdbf .ehflqt,f jcb-[bpyt,bc lfwdbcfsdbc& vbc lhjc vj[lf 'fkpt vybidytkjdfyb
vjdktyf& jc [bpyt,c afmnbehfl uflfcwtc vtvfvektsf vbot,b& cfthsjl^ jc-[bpyt,c tzbhfs
.dtkfpt cfertstcj 10 ltctnbyfvlt vbot,b vtvfvektt,bcf^ afmnbehfl cojhtl tc vbot,b
uflftwfs eafcjl jct,c& bv lhjbcfsdbc yfskfl ufvjbrdtsf^ hjv wfhbpvbc [tkbceakt,fc
cehlf^ iblf mfhskb uflftwf jcb vjf[fkitytt,bcfsdbc^ hjujhw vnrdhbc lfcfdktsb^ bct
fqvjcfdktsb ~b[& htdfp uf,fidbkb^ #hfw ufvf[ctylf@`& eylf dbabmhjs^ hjv fv lhjbcfsdbc
bo.t,f mfhsdtksf ufjct,bc f[fkb tnfgb& [tkbceakt,bc vbth jct,bcfsdbc cjwbfkehb
ghbdbktubt,bc vbybzt,f .dtkfcfsdbc w[flb afmnb uf[lf& [tkbceakt,bc vbth mfhsekb
vbot,bc [bpyt,bcfsdbc lfrfyjyt,bs tc [bpyt,b erdt [bpfy.jabkt,b fye iblf mfhskbc
vrdblhyb [lt,jlyty& fvbs rb mfhsdtksf gjkbnbreh vlujvfhtj,fc iblf mfhskib
cfaedtkb ith.tdbf& djhjywjd-lfirjdbc ghjtmnbc ufy[jhwbtkt,bc itcfkt,kj,f +
vcjakbj jvbc lfo.t,fc vjecgbf ~b[& bmdt`& xfyc^ mfhsdtkt,b njdt,lyty cfvfxf,kjc^ mcybc
[tj,fc^ cfafkfdfyljc lf cfmfhsdtkjc c[df res[tt,ib tcf[kt,jlyty hjujhw jcb
thjdyt,bcfyb ~t&b& vbofpt eakt,bc vmjytyb`& #vhfdfkb jcb ukt[b uflfcf[klf lqtdfyltk
ujhbc^ leitsbc^ mfhtkbc^ [fiehbc^ rfcgbc^ ,jh]jvbc^ vw[tsbcf lf cfmfhsdtkjc c[df
hfbjyt,ib& bcbyb vtvfvektt,bcfufy fctdt fhtylbs bqt,lyty vbot,c^ vfsb yfobkb cf[tkvobaj
vbot,pt vjfo.tc^ c[dt,vf b.bltc cfresfhb vbobc yfrdtst,b@ ~cfv[& jctsbc bcn& yfhr& ud& 202`&
vfhskfw^ jct,bc hfjltyj,bc vrdtshb ufphlf itekt,tkb b.j v[jkjl vfsb ,eyt,hbdb
ufvhfdkt,bc upbs& vfs hbw[dc^ xfyc^ lblfl ittvfnf ufjct,ekb mfhsktkb ukt[t,bc
hfjltyj,f& cojhtl bcbyb #jcehb lfatyt,bc mdti jclt,jlyty@^ sfyf[vfl vtwybthbcf& sevwf^
xfyc^ fv #jct,vf@ mfhsekb tyf bwjlyty^ mfhsekb otc-xdtekt,t,bcf lf flfst,bc vfnfht,tkyb
b.dyty& bcbyb v[jkjl cjwbfkehfl b.dyty #jct,b@&
vfhskfw^ iblf mfhskb 'fkpt vzblhjl b.j lfcf[kt,ekb \|++-\|+++ cfereytt,ib^ fvbc
itcf[t, hecb tkxbw vbesbst,lf& fvbnjvfw itekt,tkbf bv dhwtk nthbnjhbfpt mfhsekb
vjcf[ktj,f bv ghjwtynbs vjcgj,bkb.j^ hjujhbw vfc uffxylf \\ cfereybc lfcfo.bcib&
wyj,bkbf^ hjv jcb vjcf[ktj,f w[jdhj,lf vfxf,kt,bc^ mcybc thbcsfdt,bc^
afkfdfylbidbkt,bc dhwkfl uflfzbvek vbot,pt^ fctdt sfdflt,bc% [th[tekbtt,bc^
49

lbfcfvbtt,bc^ fvbht]b,t,bc^ lfdbljdt,bc^ afdktybidbkt,bc^ sevfybidbkt,bc^ othtskt,bc*

fpyfeht,bc
sekfidbkt,bc^
vtltuybidbkt,bc^
vf[fntkt,bc^
pfhlbfidbkt,bc^
xthmtpbidbkt,bc^ ,fnbfidbkt,bc vbot,pt ~bmdt^ ud& 174`& w[flbf^ bm^ cflfw b.dyty mfhsdtkb
sfdflt,b lf fpyfeht,b^ b.dyty mfhsdtkb ukt[t,bw^ fv dhwtk vbot,pt^ w[flbf^ mfhsdtkb
ukt[t,b w[jdhj,lyty^ \\ cfereybc lfcfo.bcib rb fqvjxylf^ hjv fv dhwkfl uflfzbvek
vfvekt,ib mfhsdtkb ukt[t,b sbsmvbc fy fqfh w[jdhj,lyty^ fylf vwbht ghjwtync
itflutylyty& bcnjhbekfl fv dhwtk vbot,pt se rb mfhsdtkb vtvfvektt,b b.dyty^ mfhsdtkb
ukt[t,bw bmyt,jlyty lf se rb vtvfvektt,b lfhxyty^ ukt[t,b fct ths,fifl hjujh fvjo.lyty
lf mdt.fyf jcb ukt[t,bs lfcf[kt,ekb hjujh fqvjxylf( w[flbf^ mfhsdtkb ukt[t,b
ufjclyty& fm eylf ufdb[ctyjs d& f,ftdbc fphb% #vjcekvf fkfyt,vf^ hf smvf eylf^ vfs vbth
rfdrfcbfib lfrfdt,ek vbot,pt yf[tc fhf lfecf[kt,tkb elf,yj^ fhfvtl hfqfw 'dtkb
vjcf[ktj,f&&&@ ~d& f,ftdb^ jcehb tyf lf ajkrkjhb^ ud& 76^ hecek tyfpt`& fm buekbc[vt,f
wtynhfkehb rfdrfcbjybc vsbfytsb^ cflfw fkfyt,b lfcf[klyty^ [jkj hfw itt[t,f iblf
mfhskc^ wyj,bkbf^ fm ldfktsbc vst,blfy xfvjcf[klyty ufjct,ekb ldfkt,b^ [jkj vfsb
vtidtj,bs fv #jcehb lfatyt,bc mdti vjmwtekf@^ mfhsktkb ukt[t,bw ufjclyty^ w[flbf^
wfhbpvbc [tkbceakt,bc firfhf vwltkj,bs& wfhbpvb ufycfresht,bs b.j lfbynthtct,ekb
jct,bc cfrbs[bs& bcbyb vfc fhf vfhnj cfmfhsdtkjib vbfxylf sfdbc lfcf.hltyfl^ fhfvtl
xhlbkj rfdrfcbfibw jct,c ufycfresht,ekb ghbdbktubf vbtybzfs&
hjujhw .jdtkbdt ptvjs vj.dfybkblfy xfyc^ wfhbcnekb [tkbceakt,f ufycfresht,bs
vafhdtkj,lf jc vjcf[ktj,fc& tc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb b.j fhf vfhnj iblf mfhskbcf lf
cfmfhsdtkjib vw[jdht,b jct,bc vbvfhs^ fhfvtl xhlbkj rfdrfcbfib vw[jdht,b jct,bc
vbvfhsfw&
wyj,bkbf^ se hf lbl cbytktt,c offo.lf hectsbc bvgthbf xhlbkj rfdrfcbfib& vbc
obyffqvltu sbsmvbc .dtkf [fk[b bfhfqbs b,hjlf^ ufycfresht,ekb ufvjyfrkbcb b.j jcehb
vjcf[ktj,f@^ jct,bc 'bhbsflb vjcf[ktj,f hectsbc thsuekb hxt,jlf& jct,vf fhw itb[
vfycehc lfezbhtc v[fhb 1785-1786 okt,ib^ hjwf vfy sehmtsbc vbth ofmtpt,ekb^ hectsbc
cfobyffqvltujl ufyo.j,bkb xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc ptlf atyt,b lfhfpvf hectsbc obyffqvltu
cf,hjkdtkfl &&& tvbcht,b jct,sfy ufvjw[fllyty& jct,b fh f/.dyty xtxty obyfcofhvtn.dtkbc
vjqdht,c@& jcb ukt[j,f hectsbc [tkbceakt,bcfufy vjtkjlf idtkfc lf thsuekt,bc abwc
fh qfkfnj,lf@& ~vb[tbk ujybrfidbkb^ cfflubkvfvekj cfukt[j htajhvf sthubc jkmib^
1984 o&^ ud& 70-71`&
#jctsbc vihjvtkb vjcf[ktj,f^ hjujhw ptvjs fqbybiyf^ hectsbc lf[vfht,bs wlbkj,lf
,fhib xfvjcf[kt,fc lf itvltu atjlfksf itdbohjt,bcfufy sfdbc lfqotdfc& fvbnjv b.j^ hjv
jcb [fk[b hectssfy rfdibhbcfrty vbbcohfajlf lf .jdtksdbc thsuekb b.j vbwtvekb
abwbcf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 78`&
jct,b hectsbc [tkbceakt,bcfufy tbt,lyty vbot,bc vjgjdt,fc^ [jkj tc [tkbceakt,f
jct,bc cf[bs sfdbc lfcf.hltyc rfdrfcbfib& #jcb [fk[b hectsbc vafhdtkj,bcfrty
vbbcohfajlf& hectssfy lff[kjt,bcfrty jct,c^ gbhdtk hbuib^ cf[yfd-cfstcbcf lf cfsb,cfjdht,bc erblehtcb cbvwbht e,but,lf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 61`&
xhlbkj rfdrfcbtkb vf/vflbfyb [fk[t,bc sehmtsib uflfcf[kt,bc itltufl hectsbc
[tkbceakt,fc hxt,jlf vbobc epfhvfpfhb ajylb^ fm bv vbot,pt [tkbceakt,fc czbhlt,jlf
sfdbcb thsuekb vjcf[ktj,bc^ fye jct,bc lfvrdblht,f& #vfc fo.j,lf lfevjhxbkt,tkb
vsbtkt,bc bvgthbbc cfpqdht,blfy vjwbkt,f^ vfsb uflfcf[kt,bs [jv v[fhtib v.fhb cbvidblt
lfvrdblhlt,jlf& sfyfw epfhvfpfhb ajylb ufysfdbceaklt,jlf^ hfw fewbkt,tkb b.j f[fkb
50

xfvjcf[kt,ekt,bcfsdbc^ hfsf wfhbcnekb ht;bvbcfsdbc cfvelfvj lf v.fhb lfcf.hltyb

itmvybkb.j xhlbkj rfdrfcbfib@ ~bmdt^ ud& 158`&
vsbtkb jct,b vbot,bc lbl ervfhbcj,fc ufybwlblyty lf vfssdbc ,fhib xfcf[kt,f lblb
,tlybtht,f b.j& #jctsbc vjcf[ktj,bc hbw[dbc itafhlt,f vfs vbth lfrfdt,ek
nthbnjhbfcsfy w[fl.jac^ hjv jct,b vbobc erblehtc ervfhj,fc ufybwlblyty@ ~bmdt^ ud& 58`&
jct,c vbtwfs ,fhbc cfertstcj vbot,b& vsbtkt,b bm xfcf[kt,bc itvltu ufvhfdklyty lf
ufvlblhlyty& sfdbcb ufdktybc ufphlbc vbpybs [tkbceakt,fv cfzbhjl vbbxybf jct,bcf lf
vsbtkt,bc ufmhbcnbfyt,f& mhbcnbfyekb htkbubbc ufdhwtkt,f hectsbc [tkbceakt,bcfsdbc
b.j fhf cfhoveyjt,hbdb fmnb^ vbvfhsekb flfvbfysf cekt,bc uflfhxtybcfsdbc^ fhfvtl
gjkbnbrehb fmnb^ cf[tkvobajc ufkbtht,bcfrty vbvfhsekb _ #hectsbc vsfdhj,f xhlbkj
rfdrfcbfib sfdbcb ufdktybc ufdhwtkt,bc ths-ths gbhj,fl fm mhbcnbfyj,bc rdkfd fqlutyfc
sdkblf& fvbnjv [tkbceakt,f .jdtkv[hbd wlbkj,lf xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc [fk[sf
ufmhbcnbfyt,fc@ ~bmdt^ ud& 61`&
#jc atjlfkt,c ~fklfht,c` mhbcnbfyj,bc vbqt,bcsfyfdt hectsbc vsfdhj,bc vbsbst,bs
xbyt,b tktjlfs itcfathbcb ]fvfubht,bs& vtabc vsfdhj,f fvudfhfl wlbkj,lf jcb [fk[bc
ptlfatybc ofhvjvflutytksf hectsbc v[fhtpt uflvj,bht,fc& vihjvtkb vjcf[ktj,f rb
,eyt,hbdfl b.j hectsbcflvb rtsbkfl ufyo.j,bkb^ hfw 'bhbsflfl cfsb,-cfjdht,bs
lfbynthtct,bs b.j ufvjodtekb& vtabc vsfdhj,bc fmfehb ofhvjvflutykt,b vfs c[df
ghbdbktubt,sfy thsfl vbobc lbl yfrdtst,c /gbhlt,jlyty& cojhtl tc b.j vbptpb bvbcf^ hjv
vsbc vjcf[ktj,f ,fhbcfrty lfbhf& vsblfy ,fhib vfcbehfl xfvjcf[kt,bc itltufl xhlbkj
jctsbc vjcf[ktj,fv vrdtshfl ufbev]j,tcf w[jdht,bc gbhj,t,b^ ,fhib yj.bthb vbot,bcf lf
ertstcb ,eyt,hbdb gbhj,t,bc itltufl vjcf[ktj,fv lfrkt,bc yfwdkfl cohfab ntvgbs bo.j
vfnt,f& cfflubkvfvekj htajhvbc oby^ 1869 otkc^ xhlbkj jctsbc vjcf[ktj,bc hbw[db 66
fsfc cekfvlt ufbpfhlf^ 1890 o& rb 160 fsfcb cekb itflubyf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 65`& ,fhbc vbot,b^
hjvkt,ptlfw jct,b cf[klt,jlyty fy hectsbc vbth sehmtsib uflfcf[kt,ek vjcf[ktj,fc^
fylf flubkptdt lfhxtybkb vjcf[ktj,f ghtntypbfc fw[flt,lf vfspt^ hjujhw vfvfgfgtekpt& #.f,fhljtkb sfdflt,b xfvjcf[kt,ek jcsf vbth lfrfdt,ek dkflbrfdrfpbc
lf,kj,c sfdbc cfresht,fs sdkblyty lf vfcpt jct,bc lfcf[kt,fc cfresht,bc [tk.jafl
vbbxytdlyty@ ~bmdt^ ud& 66`& .f,fhljc vbot,pt jct,b flhtdt jwyt,j,lyty^ bm lfvrdblht,fc
hectsbc vtidtj,bs wlbkj,lyty _ #bcbyb abmhj,lyty^ hjv hectsbc .f,fhljib lfvrdbht,bs
vsbcobyf lf,kj,t,b cf[tkvobaj vbot,fl ufvjw[fllt,jlf lf^ se jct,b hectsbc
mdtitdhljvj,fib bmyt,jlyty^ [ctyt,ekb vbot,bs cfhut,kj,bc eakt,fc vbbqt,lyty@ ~bmdt^
ud& 61`&
jct,b xffcf[ktc vbot,pt^ hjvtksfw .f,fhljtkt,b sfdbcfl sdkblyty& tc vjvtynb
cfbynthtcjf bvbs^ hjv vcufdcfldt iblf mfhskib hectsbc [tkbceakt,f jc vjcf[ktj,fc
fcf[kt,lf vbot,pt^ hjvtkybw mfhsdtk vakj,tkt,c tresdyjlfs& w[flbf^ vtvfvektt,b
bs[jdlyty uflfcf[flc vbobs cfhut,kj,bcfsdbc^ vjf[fkitytt,c rb tc fh cehlfs^ hfw bodtdlf
ehsbthservf.jabkt,fc& vcufdcfldt b.j xhlbkj rfdrfcbfibw& hjujhw fqbybiyf^
#.f,fhljtkb sfdflt,b xfvjcf[kt,ek jcsf vbth lfrfdt,ek dkflbrfdrfpbc lf,kj,c sfdbc
cfresht,fl sdkblyty lf vfcpt jct,bc lfcf[kt,fc cfresht,bc [tk.jafl vbbxytdlyty& fvbc
ufvj^ f[kfl xfvjcf[kt,ekt,c sfdbfys [tkmdtbst,fl sdkblyty lf vfsufy uflfcf[flt,c
vjbs[jdlyty &&& jct,b lf byueit,b fv uflfcf[flbcfufy hecb cfv[tlhj [tkvqdfytkj,bc
lf[vfht,bs ufysfdbceaklyty \+\ cfereybc 30-bfyb okt,bc vboehekib& lf,kj, flubkt,ib
jct,b vbcb cfbvgthfnjhj elblt,ektcj,bc yt,bs lfcf[klyty lf fvbnjv fh fhbfy

51

dfklt,ekyb .f,fhljtk vakj,tkt,c vbobs cfhut,kj,bcfsdbc uflfcf[flb e[fljyj@ ~bmdt^

ud& 66`&
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lf,kj,t,ib tcf[kt,bfy^ hjujhw bvbth^ fctdt fvbthrfdrfcbfib&
\+\ cfereybc 30-bfy okt,ib hjujhw iblf mfhskib^ bct xhlbkj rfdrfcbfibw^ jct,c
hecekb [tkbceakt,f lbl ghbdbktubt,c fybzt,lf& cojhtl tc b.j vbptpb iblf mfhskbc
#ufjct,bcf@^ hjujhw tsyj-cjwbfkehb vjdktybc ufvfh]dt,bcf&
,fhib xfcf[kt,ek jct,c wfhbpvb t[vfht,jlf% #f[kflxfvjcf[kt,ekc vsblfy se sbsjjhjkf w[dfhb^ thsb hj[f^ bidbfsfl w[tyb xfvj.df^ hfvltybvt okbc itvltu 'ytkb vjcft,yb
b.j rjvkb^ hjvtkcfw 10-20 w[dfhb^ jhb hj[f^ eqtkb [fhb lf w[tyb fh /.jkjlf &&&
xfvjcf[kt,fv velvbdb ufzbhdt,bcfufy b[cyf hjujhw vsfib lfhxtybkb vjcf[ktj,f^ fctdt
,fhib lfcf[kt,ekt,bw &&& ,fhib xfvjcf[kt,bs vihjvtkb vjcf[ktj,f otkib ufbvfhsf@
~bmdt^ ud& 68-69`&
vsfdhj,f vbot,c .dtkfc rb fh fktdlf^ fhfvtl jct,c^ jct,b vlblhlt,jlyty& fm bcbw eylf
ufdb[ctyjs^ hjv mfhsdtkt,b vcufdcb cjwbfkehb vbptpt,bc ufvj ufvf/vflbfylyty
~ufsfshlyty^ ufktrlyty`^ ufcjv[lyty^ uffa[fplyty& mfhsdtksf ufjct,fib htkbubehb
vjvtynbw thbf ~xtvb ihjvbc lfothbc itvltu ufvjmdt.ylf hjkfy sjaxbidbkbc cnfnbf^
hjvtkibw fqybiyekbf bvbc itcf[t,fw^ hjv mfhsdtksf ufjct,bc ghjwtcb vt-20 cfereytibw
ufuhtklf lf vbvlbyfhtj,c fv;fvflfw& vtwybthb othc - #sdbs xdtyw fhfthsb itvs[dtdf
udmjylf iblf mfhskbc vsbfytsib udtyf[f ufjct,ekb fy ufjct,bc upfpt itvlufhb
mfhsdtkt,b& fctsb tsybrehb ghjwtct,bc thsflthsb vbptpb^ mfhsdtksf vwbht yfobkbc
vhfdfkhbw[jdfy jceh tsybreh ufhtvjib vj[dtlhff@ ~h& sjaxbidbkb^ kbnthfnehekb
cfmfhsdtkj^ 19 bfydfhb 1990 o& #bcnjhbbc ituyt,ekb uf.fk,t,f se&&&@ ud& 12`& vtwybthb bmdt
othc% #f[kf mfhsdtksf ufjct,bc afmnt,c eylf lfde,heylt bvbnjv^ hjv fctsb ghjwtct,b
iblf mfhskbc vsbfytsib vtn-yfrkt,fl lqtcfw vbvlbyfhtj,c& itbkt,f dbyvt itvjvtlfdjc^
vfuhfv afmnbf^ hjv xdtyb mdt.ybc nthbnjhbbc c[dflfc[df vjyfrdtsib [lt,jlf mfhsdtksf
tsybrehb sdsituyt,blfy vbmwtdf& fctsb ghjwtct,b ufycfresht,bs bv lhjblfy [lt,f^ hjwf
xdtyb sfdb xdty fh udtresdybc& ths-thsb fctsb vfufkbsbf mfhsdtksf ufjct,f@ ~bmdt`&
#xdty v[jkjl jhbjlt vfufkbsb vjdb.dfyts mfhsdtksf ufjct,bcf \+\-\\ c&c&-ib& fctsb
ghjwtct,b [jv eahj flhtw b.j& cojhtl fctsb ufjct,ekb mfhsdtkt,b fhbfy bc jct,b^
hjvtksf udfht,b _eh lf _t ceabmct,bs ,jkjdlt,f& bcnjhbbc erfy lf,heyt,f
itekt,tkbf&&& hjv fh itvjvtlfdjy^ rbltd ths ufjct,ek mfhsek udfhc lfdfcf[tkt, _
uthufekb ~uthufekjdb`&&&@ ~kbn& cfm& 26&+&1990 o& ud& 14`&
y& uhbufkfidbkb rb t[t,f \+\ cfereybc fv,t,c% #vtabc vsfdhj,fv thsb fctsb ghjtmnbw
itbveifdf mfhsdtkt,bc f.hf-uflfcf[kt,bc vbpybs% nbhbajybc dtkbc ufhitvj vbvlt,fht
cjakt,blfy ufyphf[ekb b.j 40000 mfhsdtkb ukt[bc f.hf lf bm cfv[tlhj gjkbujybc
vjo.j,f& fvfc oby ecoht,lf bvfdt vsfdhj,bc vbth itlutybkb utuvf^ hjvtkbw bsdfkbcobyt,lf
jcb [bpyt,bcfsdbc mfhsekb vbot,bc cfvelfvj vakj,tkj,fib uflfwtvfc& rfdrfcbbc mtlblfy
vt]dhbc[tdfvlt ~vl& vt]elf` cfwbwbfyjcf lf cf]fdf[jib^ fsbfsfcj,bs ltctnbyf vbof eafcjl
eylf uflfcwtvjlfs jct,c& tc vfiby^ hjwf mfhsdtkb ukt[t,b ,fnjy.vj,bc uflfdfhlybc
itvltu ]th rbltd ufvjcfc.bl aekc b[lblyty bv vbot,bcfc^ hjvtkptw tcf[kyty@ ~y&
uhbufkfidbkb^ #bcnjhbbc upf]dfhtlbypt@^ #cjakbc w[jdht,f@^ 1990 otkb 4 bfydfhb`&

52

gaoseb is religiuri momenti

wyj,bkbf^ hjv ief cfereytt,bc fqvjcfdktsbc mdt.yt,bc vjcf[ktj,f [ibhfl thjdyt,fcf

lf cfhoveyjt,fc thsvfytsbcfufy dth ufyfc[dfdt,lf lf cfhoveyjt,f ljvbybht,lf thjdyekb
resdybkt,bc ufycfpqdhbcfc& vfufkbsfl^ sehmtsbc bvgthbfib .dtkf vfhskvflblt,tkc^
vbe[tlfdfl vbcb thjdyekb resdybkt,bcf^ #,thyt,fl@ sdkblyty ~#,thyt,fl@ bsdkt,jlyty
sdbs hevbytkt,b^ ,ekufhtkt,b lf c[df vfhskvflblt,tkb tht,bw rb`^ #cjvt[b@ .dtkf
uhbujhbfyc tojlt,jlf^ #ahfyub@ _ rfsjkbrtc& mfhsdtksf acbmjkjubbs .jdtkb flfvbfyb^
hjvtkbw vf/vflbfyeh cfhoveyjt,fc vbbqt,lf^ #sfsfhb@ [lt,jlf& fct bmwyty uhbujhbfyb
mfhsdtkt,b #cjv[t,fl@^ [jkj rfsjkbrtyb _ #ahfyut,fl@&
vfifcflfvt^ cfhoveyjt,fc lblb vybidytkj,f tybzt,jlf flfvbfybc thjdyt,bc
ufycfpqdhbcfc&
ofhvfhsj,fw ufyedbsfht,tkb cfhoveyjt,ff& mhbcnbfy mfhsdtkt,c ptvjs fqybiyekb
acbmjkjubehb lfvjrblt,ekt,bc ufvj fhfmhbcnbfyb^ fye ufofhvfhst,ekb mfhsdtkb
ittkj wel mfhsdtkfl^ fylf fhf mfhsdtkfl vbtxybf^ vbs evtntc^ hjv udbfy ief cfereytt,ib
#mfhsdtkb@ v[jkjl vfhskvflblt,tkb mfhsdtkbc fqvybidytkfl bmwf ufhrdtekb
sdfkcfphbcbs& w[flbf^ fctsb sdfkcfphbcbc vfnfht,tkb b.dyty v[jkjl afhsj vfct,b
vjcf[ktj,bcf lf fhf yfcofdkb^ vjfphjdyt flfvbfyt,b&
ufydb[bkjs tc cfrbs[b ufjct,fcsfy lfrfdibht,bs& jc-fkfyt,c uffxylfs sfdbfysb
thjdyekb cfhoveyjt,f _ ofhvfhsj,f^ tc b.j sfdbct,ehb sf.dfybcwtvf ,eyt,bc 'fkt,bcf lf
jcehb ofhvfhsekb qdsft,t,bcf^ hjvtkbw itthst,ekb b.j mhbcnbfyek cf[titwdkbk
tktvtynt,sfy& thsb cbn.dbs^ tc b.j jcehb thjdyekb cfhoveyjt,f&
hjujhw dsmdbs^ vfhskvflblt,kj,f ths lhjc mfhsdtksf thjdyek cfhoveyjt,fl b.j
vbxytekb& #mfhsdtkb@ fvfdt lhjc vfhskvflblt,tkcfw ybiyfdlf ~fct b.j 'bhbsflfl \+\ cvlt cfmfhsdtkjib^ hectsbc [tkbceakt,bc lfv.fht,bc itvltu cfmfhsdtkjib vhfdfkb
fhfmfhsdtkb vfhskvflblt,tkb tcf[kt,jlf^ hfvfw^ w[flbf^ fctsb ofhvjlutyf itwdfkf`&
jcehb thjdyekb cfhoveyjt,f kbth ufyc[dfdlt,jlf vfhskvflblt,kj,bcfufy^ vfuhfv
fvfdt lhjc sfdbcb cbvfhnbdbcf lf e,hfkjt,bc ufvj rfdrfcbtkb vsbtkt,bc ths yfobkpt
ptufdktyf vje[ltybf&
stvehktyubc itvltu rfdrfcbtk njvt,ib vf/vflbfyj,f ufdhwtklf^ v[jkjl ldfkt,b^
wtynhfkehb rfdrfcbbc vst,ib vw[jdht,yb^ 'dtkt,ehfl byfhxeyt,lyty mhbcnbfyj,fc^ vfuhfv
ldfktsib jcsf lfvrdblht,bc itvltu ldfkt,vfw itbsdbctc jcehb cfhoveyjt,f^ fye jcehb
ofhvfhsj,f^ sevwf rb bc itfpfdtc mhbcnbfyekb tktvtynt,bs&
wyj,bkbf^ hjv df[einbc mfhskbc vsbfytsib lfvrdblht,ekb jct,b vbfxylf fhf
#fkfyt,fl@^ fhfvtl ldfkt,fl& ldfkt,bc vybidytkjdfyb yfobkb rdkfd wtynhfkehb
rfdrfcbjybc vst,ib w[jdhj,lf bv lhjbcfsdbc lf df[einbc lfrdbhdt,bs bcbyb yfstcfdeh
ehsbthsrfdibhibw b.dyty thsvfytssfy& xhlbkj rfdrfcbfib lfvrdblht,ekb jct,b ~yfhvfvbcjybc ufhlf` tsybrehb ofhvjvfdkj,bs fhfldfkehb ofhvjij,bcfyb b.dyty ~t&o&
fkfyehb`^ fvbnjvfw #pjub fdnjhb cftzdjl vbbxytdc xhlbkjtkb lf cfv[htkb jct,bc thsbfy
ofhvjvfdkj,fc@ ~b& vtuhtkbt^ #cbdtktyb kbf[dbc [tj,fib@^ 1984^ ud& 10`&
ldfkt,b #fkfyt,bc@ ~jct,bc` vjcdkfvlt rfdrfcbfib vw[jdht,b b,thbekb [fk[b b.j& vfs
ufjct,fib esejl lblb odkbkb itbnfyf vfs vbth mhbcnbfyj,bc lfrfhudfv lf jcehb
ofhvfhsekb cfhoveyjt,bc itsdbct,fv& ldfkt,bc vbth mhbcnbfyj,bc lfrfhudbcf lf
ufofhvfhst,bc itcf[t, vjudbs[hj,c df[einb ,fnjybidbkb&

53

ldfkt,b^ hjujhw wyj,bkbf^ udbfy ief cfereytt,ib xfvjcf[klyty mfhskbc vsbfytsib^

lfcf[klyty kbf[dbc^ mcybc^ ptvjotkcf lf relfhjib& w[flbf^ fm vfs lf[dlyty mfhsdtkb
vsbtkt,b& fv lhjbcfsdbc^ xfyc^ fmfeh mfhsdtksf ijhbcfw itcecnt,ekb b.j mhbcnbfyj,f& tc
ghjwtcb vfsib rbltd eahj ufeqhvfdt,bf ldfkt,bc ~jct,bc` vtpj,kj,fc& fvbc itcf[t, othc
uthvfytkb vjupfehb ubekltyintlnb% #rfdrfcbtk vsbtksf ijhbc^ ufycfresht,bs ktrt,cf
lf jct,ib fhbfy ,tdhb mfhsdtkt,b^ hjvtksfw htkbubfcsfy thsfl tyfw lfbdbo.tc@
~ubekltyintlnb^ #vjupfehj,f cfmfhsdtkjib@^ n& +^ ud& 185`&
t&b& pjuflb cehfsb fctsbf% \|+++ cfereybc lfcfo.bcib^ df[einbc lhjbcfsdbc^ ldfkt,ib
itcecnt,ekbf mhbcnbfyekb cfhoveyjt,f lf bcbyb jclt,bfy^ [jkj fvfdt cfereybc ,jkjc^
ubekltyintlnbc lhjc^ fv jceh ~t&b& ldfkeh` ufhtvjib vw[jdht,b mfhsdtkt,b rfhufdty
mhbcnbfyek cfhoveyjt,fc& bcbyb^ w[flbf^ htkbubbc ufhtit fh hxt,bfy^ fhfvtl bqt,ty vfhnbd
cfhoveyjt,fc^ t&b& jceh ofhvfhsj,fc&
ufjct,bc
ths-thsb
vbptpb
mfhsdtksf
vbth
thjdyekb
cfhoveyjt,bc
~vfhskvflblt,kehb mhbcnbfyj,bc` lfrfhudbcf^ jcehb cfhoveyjt,bc itsdbct,ff^ vfuhfv^
vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ cfhoveyjt,bc lfrfhudbc ufvj mfhsekb vjcf[ktj,bc jct,fl ufvjw[flt,f
vj[lf [tkbceakt,bcf lf hecb cfvqdltkjt,bc vbth \+\ cfereybc lfcfo.bcblfydt&
mfhsekb trktcbbc fdnjrtafkbbc ufemvt,fvlt mfhsdtkb cfvqdltkjt,f ufhrdtekb b.j
cfmvbc fhcib lf mhbcnbfyj,f lfcecnt,ek mfhsdtk vsbtkt,c ~sei-aifd-[tdceht,c^
vj[tdtt,c se mfhskbc vsbtkt,c` itcf,fvbcb vtsjlt,bs tg.hj,jlf&
fdnjrtafkbbc lfrfhudbc itvltu trktcbbc f[fkb^ fhfmfhsekb^ [tkvqdfytkj,f 'fkpt
cojh[fpj,hbdfl elut,jlf cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ek cfhoveyjt,hbd vlujvfhtj,fc& rthjl^
se rb fmfvlt mfhsdtkb uhbujhbfyt,bc ~buekbc[vt,f abkbgt .fbsvfpfidbkb lf c[dfyb`^
mfhsdtkb rfsjkbrt,bc ~dsmdfs cek[fy-cf,f`^ mfhsdtkb vf/vflbfyt,bc ~dsmdfs vtat ubjhub
\+`^ fhbcnjrhfnbekb yfobkb mfhsdtkfl fy #cfmfhsdtkjc idbkfl@ sdkblf sfdbc sfdc lf
fctdt bsdkt,jlyty rbltw cfvqdltkjsf vbthfw^ dbsfht,f itbwdfkf hecsf itvjcdkbc itvltu&
hecekvf [tkbceakt,fv .dtkf fhf vfhskvflblt,tkb mfhsdtkb vfsb cfhoveyjt,bc
itcf,fvbc tht,c vbfresdyf&
hecek [tkbceakt,fc sfy itvj/.df cfmvbc ofhvjt,bc ,behjrhfnbekb cbcntvf^ hjvtkbw
vjbs[jdlf vjcf[ktj,bcfufy c[dflfc[df fyrtnt,bcf lf cf,est,bc itdct,bc lhjc
lftcf[tkt,byfs sfdbfysb thjdyt,f&
vjcf[ktj,bc lf,fkb lf cfiefkj atyt,b thjdyt,fcf lf cfhoveyjt,fc thsvfytssfy
fbubdt,lf^ vfufkbsfl^ vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv mfhsdtkb uhbujhbfyt,b tybs^ flfs-otct,bs^
xdtekt,t,bs mfhsdtkt,b b.dyty^ [tkbceakt,fv c[dflfc[df cf,est,ib vfsb h]ekbs
#cjv[j,f@ thjdyt,bc uhfafib itbnfyf& h]ekbs cjv[t,b thjdyt,bs cjv[t,fl bmwyty^ vfs
ferhfktc mfhsektyjdfyb ufyfskt,bc vbqt,f lf cjv[ehtyjdfyb lfythutc& vfufkbsfl^
mfhsdtkb vf/vflbfyt,b thjdyt,bs fhfmfhsdtkt,fl fqhbw[tc& sevwf^ mfhsekb reknehekb
ohtt,bcfsdbc rfhufl b.j wyj,bkb fhfvfhnj vf/vflbfyt,bc yfvldbkb thjdyt,f^ fhfvtl
ofhxbyt,eksf vhfdfkb j]f[bc mfhsekb utytfkjubfw rb& hjujhw d[tlfds^ hecekb
[tkbceakt,f cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ek cfhoveyjt,hbd dbsfht,fc ufyb[bkfdlf fhf
lbathtywbht,ekfl^ fhfvtl cojh[fpjdyfl&
hjujhw dsmdbs^ hect,bc [tkbceakt,bc lfv.fht,bc lhjc cfmfhsdtkjc vsbfytsib
mhbcnbfyj,f itcecnt,ekb b.j lf vsbtkt,b mhbcnbfyek-ofhvfhsek otc-xdtekt,t,c
vbcltdlyty& fctdt b.j iblf mfhskibw^ fm ]th ldfkt,vf^ [jkj itvltu mfhsktkvf vsbtkt,vf
cfhoveyjt,f ~mhbcnbfyj,f` lfrfhutc^ hjujhw ubekltyintlnb lf df[einb othty&
cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc ufemvt,bc cf,f,bc ufvjt,ybc lhjc hecekb cfvqdltkjt,f mfhsdtk
54

cfvqdltkjt,fc vhfdfk cfhoveyjt,hbd wjldf-eotcj,fc vbfothlf& fcts cbnefwbfib

mfhsdtkb cfvqdltkjt,f velfv fw[flt,lf^ hjv vfy vbvt gbhj,t,ib itkj ittyfhxeyt,byf
mfhsdtkb thbcfsdbc mhbcnbfyj,f^ hjv .jdtkb mfhsdtkb fhbc vnrbwt vfhskvflblt,tkb& tc
vnrbwt,f hectsbc [tkbceakt,fv sfdbc cfcfhut,kjl ufvjb.tyf& se rb .dtkf mfhsdtkb
vnrbwt mhbcnbfybf^ vfifcflfvt^ ofhvfhst,b lf fhfmhbcnbfyt,b mfhsdtkt,b fh fhbfy&
vfhskfw^ vsbtkt,b vjeyfskfdt,b b.dyty lf fvbnjvfw hect,bc vbth fhfmhbcnbfyt,fl
vbbxytjlyty vjeyfskfdj,bc ufvj& fhfmhbcnbfyt,b hect,bcfsdbc fhfmfhsdtkt,b b.dyty& tc
'bhbsflfl mfhskbc bv mfhsdtk vjcf[ktj,fc itt[j^ hjvtkbw^ ubekltyintlnbc sfyf[vfl^
jceh ufhtvjib w[jdhj,lf lf fvbc ufvj mhbcnbfyj,f lfrfhuekb /mjylf&
fctsb b.j hecekb vblujvf vjeyfskfdb mfhsdtkt,bcflvb^ hjvtkybw^ w[flbf^ vhfdkfl
w[jdhj,lyty jcsf ~ldfksf` ijhbc^ hect,bcfsdbc bcbybw #jct,b@ b.dyty&
hjujhbf eyfskfdb mfhsdtkt,bc lfvjrblt,ekt,f sfdbcb thjdyt,bc vbvfhs( fv
mfhsdtkt,cfw cehs^ hjv #jct,fl@ bsdkt,jlyty& hfnjv(
hecekvf [tkbceakt,fv ufmhbcnbfyt,bcfsdbc ]bklj lffotcf lf tc ]bklj 'fkpt lblb
b.j& mhbcnbfyj,bc vbqt,bc gbhj,fl hecekb [tkbceakt,f jcehb thjdyt,bc ~lf fhf c[df
thjdyt,bc` ukt[t,c vt,fnjybcfufy ufysfdbceakt,fc lf vbobc vbwtvfc /gbhlt,jlf& tc bctsb
gbhj,f b.j^ hjv #jcj,fpt@^ fye [tkf[kf #ufmhbcnbfyt,f@^ #ufysfdbceakt,fcf@ lf vbofo.fkpt fhf se dbyvt efhc bn.jlf^ fhfvtl cfyfnhtkbw b.j&
vstkb mfhsekb ,fnjy.vj,bc otcb^ hjvtkbw itwdfkf hecekvf ,fnjy.vj,fv^ c[df hbupt
b.j vjo.j,bkb& se flht mfhsdtk ,fnjycf lf vbc .vfc ijhbc fhct,j,lf flfvbfyehb
ehsbthsj,f^ hfw ufygbhj,t,ekb b.j 'dtkb gfnhjy-.vj,bc uflvjyfist,bsf lf
fhf[tkcf.htkb cfufhtj dbsfht,bs^ hfw ,fnjyc fbekt,lf .vfcsfy f[kj ehsbthsj,f
/mjyjlf& hectsib .vf afmnbehfl vjybc vlujvfhtj,fib bv.jat,jlf^ fvbnjvfw cojhtl
,fnjy.vj,bc lhjbyltkb vrdktdfht,b ~vfu& fktmcfylht jh,tkbfyb` mfhsek ,fnjy.vj,fc
fhw rb vbbxytdlyty ,fnjy.vj,fl^ bvltyfl ufyc[dfdlt,jlf bc hecekb^ fye f[kflitvjqt,ekb
,fnjy.vj,bcfufy&
fcts gbhj,t,ib .dtkfc cehlf ufysfdbceakt,f^ dbyw eylf .jabkb.j bc^ jcb ~ldfkb` se
ubekltyintlnbc vbth fqothbkb jcsf ijhbc vw[jdht,b mhbcnbfyj,flfrfhuekb mfhsdtkb&
,fhtk mfhsktk ukt[c fh cehlf ufysfdbceakt,f( ufysfdbceakt,bs rb [tkbceakt,f
v[jkjl jcehb thjdyt,bc vmjyt ukt[t,c fsfdbceakt,lf ~tc fct vj[lf ctyfnbc htpjkewbbc
o.fkj,bs 1850-bfy okt,ib^ vfuhfv f[kf xdty dt[t,bs \+\ cfereybc lfcfo.bcc _ 10-bfy-30bfy okt,c`& ufsfdbceakt,bc gbhj,fl [tkbceakt,fv #jc@ ~fye vjeyfskfd` ukt[t,c gbhj,fl
lfelj ufmhbcnbfyt,f& vfifcflfvt^ se ufydbsfht,f ucehlf^ eylf .jabkb.fdb thjdyt,bs jcb
lf ufmhbcnbfyt,bc itvltu vbbqt,lb cfcehdtkc& hfw itt[t,f vbobc vbqt,fc^ ufmhbcnbfyt,ek
#jct,c@ vfhskfw fktdlyty eakt,fc ufhrdtekb afhsj,bc vbofpt^ hfw [lt,jlf vbcb
#cf[fpbyj ukt[t,bc rfntujhbfib@ uflf.dfybs& fcts ukt[c vsfdhj,f ufhrdtekb gbhj,bs
fktdlf vbofc& tc vbof afmnbehfl hxt,jlf fv ukt[bc vtvrdblhtt,c^ sevwf itbkt,jlf bc
vfs #rthj cfresht,fib@ fh .jabkb.j lf rdkfd cf[tkvobajcb .jabkb.j&
mfhsdtksf ufjct,bc cfmvtib vybidytkjdfyb vjyfobktj,f vbbqj vtabc hectsbc
[tkbceakt,bc vbth 1815 otkc fqlutybkvf t&o& #jctsbc cfcekbthj rjvbcbfv@^ fv rjvbcbbc
vjmvtlt,bc fht fhf vfhnj xhlbkj rfdrfcbfc vjbwfdlf^ cflfw jcsf 'bhbsflb vfcf b.j
sfdvj.hbkb^ fhfvtl jct,bs lfcf[kt,ek cfmfhsdtkjc ~s,bkbcbc ue,thybbc` vbot,cfw&
jct,bs ~ldfkt,bs` lfcf[kt,ekb fhlfybc [tj,bc yfh-vfvbcjybc vbof-o.fkb bcnjhbekfl
velfv cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajib itlbjlf 1858 okfvlt^ fv otkc vtabcyfwdfkvf
,fhbfnbycrbv xhlbkj rfdrfcbfib ofhvjt,ek cfv[tlhj kfimhj,t,sfy lfrfdibht,bs fhljybc
55

[tj,f ~yfhbc e,fyb` xfvjfijhf ue,thybfc& cfmfhsdtkjc tc res[t _ bcnjhbekb ldfktsb^

hjvtkbw ufjct,ekb ldfkt,bs b.j lfcf[kt,ekb^ xdtyc ufycf[bkdtk s,bkbcbc ue,thybfib
tresdyjlf lf #jctsbc cfcekbthj rjvbcbbc vjmvtlt,bc fhtfkib itlbjlf bctdt^ hjujhw
]fdbcf lf gfnfhf kbf[dbc e,yt,b jct,bs ~ldfkt,bs` lf vjeyfskfdb mfhsdtkt,bs
lfcf[kt,ekb nthbnjhbt,b&
jctsbc cfcekbthj rjvbcbbc [tkvqdfytkj,fv evjrktc lhjib #wfvtnb fsfcfvlt jcb
uffmhbcnbfyf@ ~m&c&t& n& 7^ ud& 593`^ vfbyw hjujh itbkt,jlf tc( fctsb rjkjcfkehb
hfjltyj,bc vsbtkt,bc ufmhbcnbfyt,f v[jkjl bv itvs[dtdfib bmyt,jlf itcfkt,tkb^ se tc
vjcf[ktj,f mhbcnbfyekb b.j^ vfuhfv vjeyfskfdt,b fv lhjc vjbyfskyty^ t&b& vjcf[ktj,f
ufmhbcnbfyt,bc cfyfwdkjl lbl ]bkjlc tkjlf& vfhskfw #mhbcnbfyj,bc vbqt,bc gbhj,fl
bub jc ukt[t,c vt,fnjybcfufy ufysfdbceakt,fcf lf cf[fpbyj ukt[t,bc rfntujhbfib
xfhbw[dfc /gbhlt,jlf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 593`&
fctsb mvtlt,f hjv #jctsbc cfcekbthj rjvbcbbc@ bybwbfnbdbs fh vjv[lfhf^ tc bmblfy xfyc^
hjv fv rjvbcbbc fqlutyfvlt lf rjvbcbbc ufemvt,bc itvltufw [tkbceakt,f ufmhbcnbfyt,bc
cfyfwdkjl jc vjcf[ktj,fc lbl ghbdbktubt,cf lf ]bkljt,c fktdlf& vfufkbsfl^ 1811
otkc vsfdfhvfhst,tkvf njh,fcjdvf jct,bc ufmhbcnbfyt,bc cfyfwdkjl bvgthfnjhbcfufy
mcybc [tj,bc udhlbc-'bhbc jct,bc sfdfl thbcsfdbcfufy ufysfdbceakt,f bs[jdf^ cfyfwdkjl
vbcsdbc 10&000 vfytsb eylf vbtwfs dthw[kbs ~cfv[hts jctsbc bcn& yfhrd& +^ ud& 171`&
fctdt bmwtjlf hectsbc vsfdhj,f xhlbkj rfdrfcbfibw^ fmfeht,c ufmhbcnbfyt,bc
cfyfwdkjl aekcf lf vbot,c fktdlyty&
#hectsbc vsfdhj,f xhlbkj rfdrfcbfib sfdbcb ufdktybc ufdhwtkt,bc ths-ths gbhj,fl
fm mhbcnbfyj,bc rdkfd fqlutyfc sdkblf& fvbnjv^ [tkbceakt,f .jdtkv[hbd wlbkj,lf
xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc [fk[sf ufmhbcnbfyt,fc ~v& ujybrfidbkb^ cfflubkvfvekj cfukt[j
htajhvf sthubc jkmib^ 1984^ ud& 61`&
fv [tkbceakt,bc lfv.fht,fvlt hectsb ths-ths gbhj,fl ufmhbcnbfyt,fc f.tyt,lf& #se
jct,b erfylfe[tlfdfl vjbs[jdlyty abwbc vbqt,fc^ tc fh vj[ltc vfyfv^ cfyfv vjcf[ktj,f fh
ufmhbcnbfylt,f@&&& jcsf ufmhbcnbfyt,bs hectsbc vsfdhj,f lfbynthtct,ekb b.j&&&@ ~bmdt^ ud&
62`&
[tkbceakt,bc lfv.fht,bc itvltu ufmhbcnbfyt,bcfsdbc .f,fhljtkt,cfw f]bkljt,lyty&
#ofcf[fkbct,kfl^ dbyw mhbcnbfyj,fc vbbqt,lf lf hectsbc v[fhtc lfcf[klt,jlf^ .bpkfhbc
itvjcfdkblfy fktdlyty% fpyfeht,c fsbfsfc^ e,hfkj flfvbfyt,c [es-[es vfytsc@ ~bmdt^ ud&
33`&
hecekb [tkbceakt,bc lfv.fht,bc itvltu cfmfhsdtkjc .jdtkb res[t f]fy.t,bc
wtw[kbc fkib b.j uf[dtekb^ iblf mfhskbc jct,bs lfcf[kt,ekb vfvekt,bc vybidytkjdfyb
yfobkb mfhsdtk eakbcoekt,c^ ,fnjybidbkt,c tresdyjlfs& bcbyb ufvtat,fc wlbkj,lyty^
cfcnbrfl t,hjlyty hecek [tkbceakt,fc lf [ibhfl lfcf.hltyc cojhtl jct,ib
/gjekj,lyty& fhf vfhnj iblf mfhskbc [tj,fsf jct,ib^ fhfvtl xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc jct,ibw
,fnjybidbkt,c ufdktyf /mjylfs^ vfufkbsfl^ #wbwbfyjdb ,fuhfnbjysf lbyfcnbbc
ofhvjvflutytksf hectsib 'fkbs uflfcf[kt,fc iteluf^ hfvfw mfhsdtk sfdflfpyfehsf
ervf.jabkt,f lf rdkfd hectsbc gjkbnbrbc cfobyffqvltuj ufyo.j,bkt,f ufvjbodbf&&&
sfuehbc vfvfcf[kbct,b hectsbc gjkbnbrbcflvb ervf.jabkt,fc fqfh vfkfdlyty& vfkt
wbwbfyjdvfw itbn.j sfufehtk sfdrfwsf rfdibhb mfhsdtk ,fnjybidbkt,sfy &&& 1803 okbc
pfa[ekib ,fnjybidbkt,b afhyfjpb lf bekjyb f[vtl lelfhjdbc lf[vfht,bs lbujhbc
[tj,fib xfdblyty@ ~bmdt^ ud& 72-73`&

56

fmtlfy xfyc^ hjv iblf mfhskbcf lf^ cfthsjl^ vsbfytsbc lfvjhxbkt,bcfsdbc cfzbhj b.j
jcehb ofhvjij,bc vjcf[ktj,bc ufvj.dfyf mfhsdtksf gjkbnbreh-reknehek-htkbubehb
ufdktybc cathjlfy lf fv vjcf[ktj,bc eiefkjl hecek trktcbfcsfy lfrfdibht,f&
hecekb [tkbceakt,f .jdtk qjytc [vfhj,lf fv res[tib mfhsekb mhbcnbfyj,bc
fqvja[dhbcf lf hecekb jhbtynfwbbc mhbcnbfyj,bc lfythudbcfsdbc& fmfvlt mhbcnbfyj,f bv
cf[bsfw rb^ hjujhbsfw bc fhct,j,lf jctsib^ b.j mfhsekb& xhlbkj rfdrfcbf lf vfs ijhbc
wtynhfkehbw^ mfhsekb trktcbbc fhf se ufdktybc^ fhfvtl behbclbmwbbc cathjibw
itlbjlf& fm vhfdkfl itylt,jlf nfht,b mfhsekb fhmbntmnehbs& obhdf-kjwdfw xhlbkj
rfdrfcbbc .dtkf mhbcnbfyek v[fhtib mfhsektyjdfyb b.j^ fvfc vbesbst,c mfhsekb
ofhotht,b nfht,cf^ ybdst,cf lf mdt,pt^ fuhtsdt xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc ufemvt,ek trktcbt,ib
fqvjxtybkb mfhsekb obuyt,b^ vfs ijhbc bcnjhbek ldfktsibw^ t&o& #pfhjvfubc
acfkveyb@& tc acfkveyb fm vfiby eylf ufvjt.tyt,byfs obhdf-kjwdbc lhjc^ hjwf ldfktsb
cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajib itlbjlf lf vfc fv lhjc fh tojlt,jlf #jctsb@& ldfkt,b^ d&
ufvhtrtkbc fphbs^ ]th rbltd |+ cfereytib ufmhbcnbfylyty^ vjyujkt,bc itvjctdfvlt
ldfkt,b cekbth-reknehekfl f,cjkenehfl mfhsekb trktcbbc jhufyekb otdht,b
b.dyty& bcbyb^ bctdt hjujhw cfmfhsdtkjc c[dflfc[df res[bc vw[jdht,yb^ b.tyt,lyty mfhsek
lfvothkj,fc^ mfhsekb reknehf vfsb reknehf b.j^ [jkj mfhsekb trktcbf _ vfsb ltlf
trktcbf& fvfc bcbw vbesbst,c^ hjv vhfdfkb ldfkb vjqdfot /.fdlf mfhsek trktcbfc
cfereytsf vfybkpt& itvs[dtdbsb fh fhbc^ hjv jceh tyfib^ xfyc^ ldfkt,bc ufdktybs
uflfcekbf cojhtl mfhsekb cftrktcbj nthvbyjkjubf^ tc ldfkt,bc mfhsek mhbcnbfyj,fpt
vbesbst,c^ vfufkbsfl^ jceh tyfpt evfqktc qdsft,fc #[ewfdb@ tojlt,f^ ktrehfl _
#[ewhb@ ~qvthsbf`^ ktrt,cf lf ldfkt,ib mfhsekb mhbcnbfyj,f stvehktyufvlt
ufdhwtkt,ekb b.j lf mfhsekb #[ewtcb@ #[ewehb@-lfyff uflfqt,ekb ~b[& lblt,ekbt^
reknehekb ehsbthsrfdibhb&&&@ ud& 78`& jcehb #rebhf@^ #,fhfcrf@^ #nfhfy]tkjc@^
#]bjhmjvf@^ #cfyb,f@^ #vbmfkuf,bhnf@^ #vfhbfv@ lf c[df mfhsekb cftrktcbj
nthvbyjkjubblfyff uflfqt,ekb _ ~itcf,fvbcfl rdbhf^ gfhfcrtdb^ vsfdfhfyutkjpb^
ubjhuj,f^ cfvt,f^ vbmtk-uf,hbtkb^ vfhbfvb` ~bmdt^ ud& 79`&
bvbc itvltu^ hfw fm xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc dtkt,blfy jc-#fkfyt,b@ lfcf[klyty^ itbwdfkf
vfsb cfhoveyjt,f& ldfkt,bc vnrbwt mhbcnbfyj,fpt bcbw vbesbst,c^ hjv vfs sdbs \|+++
cfereybc lfcfo.bcibw rb vskbfyfl fh /mjylfs lfrfhuekb mhbcnbfyj,f lf fsdbct,ekb
jcehb ofhvfhsj,f& df[einb othc ldfkt,bc itcf[t,% #cfhoveyjt,bs fhbfy 'dtkfl
mhbcnbfytyb lf cfvo.cjyb ybmjptkbcfyb lf eahjc ldfkyb& fhfvtl fobyltks ;fvsf lefkyb
cf[tkbs jlty mhbcnbfytyb^ hfvtse bvfh[dty lblvfh[dfcf [fnsf^ trktcbfsf lf cfvqdltkjsf
gfnbdc e.jaty lf sf.dfycwtvty lf c[dbcf chekbfl evwhjyb& fhf edbcs vqdltkyb^ lf
eyfskbcqt,jyb fhbfy^ sdbybth hjvtkyb mfhskcf lf hfzfc vjbyfsdkbfy& [jkj sfufehyb^
mehsfekyb^ dfkfubhb^ afbmjvb^ lbujhtkyb lf ,fcbfytkyb^ hjvtksf sfdyb lf ofhxbyt,ekyb
vfsyb fhbfy vf/vflbfyyb lf lf,fkyb ukt[yb mhbcnbfytyb^ ufhyf evtwfhyb jhbdt h]ekbcfyb^
hfvtse ufhxtdf vfsb fhc tct% hjvtkyb czfvty qjhcf fhbfy mhbcnbfytyb lf hjvtkyb czfvty
w[tycf^ tctyb fhbfy vf/vflbfyyb& ufhyf .jdtksfdt eo.bfy vcufdcyb rthgbcf^ hjvtkcf eojlt,ty
dfxbkfc^ hfvtse itcobhfdty tkbfc s[fcf &&& tyf fmds 'dtkb ldfkehb&&&@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^
n& +|& ud& 638-639`& df[einb othc^ hjv vbcb lhjbc jctsbc cfpjufljt,f jhb atybcfufy
itlut,f^ lf,fkb atyf thjdyekb ofhvjij,bs ldfkehbf lf bcbyb mhbcnbfyt,b fhbfy^ vfuhfv
#eyfskbcqt,jyb@^ [jkj vfqfkb atyf jcehbf^ bcbyb vf/vflbfyt,b fhbfy _ eofhxbyt,ektcyb
udfhbsf fhbfy jdcyb@ ~ud& 632`& #ofhxbyt,ekyb vfsyb fhbfy vf/vflbfyyb@ ~ud& 638`& #fowf
udfhbfysf vfs eojlt,ty jcfl^ [jkj eudfhjsf _ rdfkfl ldfkfldt@ ~ud& 634`* fmtlfy xfyc^
57

hjv jctsib mhbcnbfyj,f ewyj,b fh b.j^ b,thbek-rfdrfcbehb vjluvbc ldfkt,b mhbcnbfyt,fl

sdkblyty sfdbc sfdc^ sevwf eyfskbcqt,jybw b.dyty lf jcehb ofhvfhsj,fw itsdbct,ekb
fmds ~dfxfkbf@ lf c[df`^ [jkj vfqfkb atyf _ jc-#fkfyt,b@ fhbfy^ bcbyb vf/vflbfyt,fl
sdkbfy sfdbc sfdc^ sevwf jcehb ofhvfhsj,bc vfnfht,tkyb fhbfy ~#ufhyf .jdtksfdt bwbfy
vcufdcb rthgbcf^ hjvtkcf eojlt,ty dfxbkfc@` jctsbc cfpjufljt,fc fthsbfyt,c lf
cfhoveyjt,hbdfl /rhfdc jcehb ofhvfhsj,f& bc cfpjufljt,bc .dtkf atybc vbth vbqt,ekbf&
df[einbcfufy wyj,bkbf^ hjv mfhskbc vsbfytsib uflvjcf[klyty ldfkt,b lf fhf jc#fkfyt,b@& se bm^ bcnjhbek cfvij,kjib^ ldfktsib^ bcbyb fhfsfdbceafkyb^ cfpjufljt,bc
lf,fk atyfc ofhvjflutylyty^ mfhskbc vsbfytsib ufsfdbceaklyty fvudfhb cfpjufljt,hbdb
ehsbthsj,bcfufy& 'dtkb cfpjufljt,hbdb wyj,btht,bs jctsib sfdbceafk flfvbfyc #jcb@
tojlt,jlf^ [jkj fhfsfdbceafkc^ vlf,fkc _ #ldfkb@^ mfhskbc vsbfytsib fv mdt.yblfy
vjcekyb cfpjufljt,hbdfl sfdbceafkyb^ fye #jct,b@ uf[lyty& vfs jcehb tyfw bwjlyty^
sevwf rb cfhoveyjt,hbdfl fhf vf/vflbfyt,b b.dyty^ jctsib lfhxtybkb ofhxbyt,ekt,bc
vcufdcfl^ fhfvtl rdkfd mhbcnbfyekb vblhtrbkt,t,bc vmjyt eyfskbcqt,j ofhvfhst,b&
hectsbc [tkbceakt,bc ufyvnrbwt,bc itvltu xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc vf/vflbfyb [fk[t,bc
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]ueab& _ #bhbsflfl uflfcf[klyty flbqt-xthmtpt,b^ yjqftkt,b^ .f,fhljtkt,b^
.fhf,ekf.t,b lf jct,b@ ~v& ujybrfidbkb^ ud& 160`&
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ukt[t,bsf lf vjyf-.vt,bs& uflfcf[kt,bc vjsfdt jctsbc atjlfkb f,bcfkjdb b.j& vtjht
uflfcf[kt,f 1860 o& vj[lf^ fv]thfl lff[kjt,bs 300-500 rjvkb uflfcf[klf sehmtsib& fv
uflfcf[kt,bc sfdrfwb jctsbc wyj,bkb atjlfkb f/vtl wfkbrjdb b.j@ ~bmdt^ ud& 160^
itybidyfib`&
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cfmfhsdtkjlfyfw sehmtsib uflfcf[klf vjcf[ktj,bc thsb yfobkb ~fa[fptsblfy lf
vtc[tsblfy`^ iblf mfhskblfy jcehb vjcf[ktj,f sehmtsib fh uflfcf[kt,ekf& jctsib^ fye
xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc vsbfytsib^ ofhxbyt,ekt,b vf/vflbfyt,b b.dyty lf fvbnjvfw vfsb thsb
yfobkb sfdbcb [fk[bs sehmtsib uflfcf[klf vcufdcfl c[df vf/vflbfyb njvt,bcf^ [jkj iblf
mfhskib lfvrdblht,ekb jct,b sfdbfysb ofhvjij,bs ldfkt,b b.dyty^ fvbnjvfw w[flbf^
bcbyb sehmtsib fh uflfcf[klyty&
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feo.t,lf^ hjv vjyfsdkbc itvltu iblf mfhskbc jct,b e,heylt,jlyty #rthgsf.dfybcwtvfc@
~j& stlttdb^ gbhdtkb jcehb [tkyfotht,bc tyf^ 1985^ lfyfhsb^ ud& 73`&
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ghbdbktubt,bc cfyfwdkjl^ vfuhfv 20-bfy okt,ib bcbyb rdkfd 'dtk cfhoveyjt,fc _ jceh
ofhvfhsj,fc lfe,heylyty& w[flbf^ ldfkt,bc vjyfsdkf 'ytkb fh b.j^ hflufyfw bcbyb
sfdbfys sfdc mhbcnbfyt,fl sdkblyty^ sevwf vjeyfskfdyb b.dyty^ vfuhfv v[jkjl vjyfsdkf
cfrvfhbcb fh b.j^ mhbcnbfyj,bc itsdbct,f hsekb ghjwtcb b.j& cfmfhsdtkjib lfaeyt,ekb
hecekb trktcbbc vtsfeht,bcfsdbc #vjyfskekb@ jct,bc ~ldfkt,bc` [tkf[kf
#ufofhvfhst,f@ lblb vfhw[b b.j^ bcbyb tt,lyty f[fk upt,c&
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[tkbceakt,fv lblb 'fkf vjf[vfhf vfs ijhbc mhbcnbfyj,bc ufdhwtkt,fc& 1814 okbc 17
jmnjv,thc vfy lffvnrbwf itvltub ,hfyt,f% #cfmfhsdtkjib b.jc thsb tupfh[jcb lf cfvb
tgfhmbf _ mfhskbcf^ jctsbcf lf cbqyfqbcf& vjpljrbc jcehb rjvbcbbc vtsfehj,f lftrbchjc
58

stkfdbc fhmbtgbcrjgjcc& jcb vj[ewt,bc of[fkbct,bcfsdbc ufbwtc 1500 vfytsb@ ~cfv[hts&

jctsbc bcnjhbbc yfhrd& ud& 245`&
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tgfhmbf^ tgfhmbfsf hbw[db jhfvlt lfb.dfytc cfmfhsdtkjc ,fhib^ [jkj vsbcfsdbc itmvytc
f[fkb tgfhmbf lf vfc eojltc #jctsbc tgfhmbf@& vsfib fhf vfhnj jct,b^ fhfvtl mfhsdtkb
vsbtkt,b w[jdhj,lyty& hectsbc [tkbceakt,f vpfl b.j cfmfhsdtkjc vsbfytsbc .dtkf
vw[jdht,b jcfl ufvjtw[flt,byf& tc bmblfyfw ufvjxylf^ hjv fhf vfhnj cftrktcbj^ fhfvtl
flvbybcnhfwbekb sdfkcfphbcbsfw f[kfl itmvybk #jctsbc jrheuib@ vsbekt,b lf
vj[tdtt,bw itb.dfytc 1842 otkc& #jctsbc jrheubc itvflutykj,fib sfdlfgbhdtkfl itb.dfytc
fuhtsdt cfmfhsdtkjc cfv[tlhj upbc ufcodhbd vw[jdht,b vsbek-vj[tdtt,b lf fv jrheubc
wtynhfl vsbektsbc cjatkb mdtitsb fbhxbtc@ ~]& udfcfkbf^ mfhskib jcsf xfvjcf[kt,bc
cfrbs[bcfsdbc^ kbn& cfm& 1989 o& 29&+\`&
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vjyfskeksf rjkjcfkehb hbw[db vbesbst,c&
#erdt 1815 otkc vjyfskekb b.j 11445 jcb^ [jkj 1820 okbc gbhdtkb bdkbcbcfsdbc
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cfmfhsdtkjib b.j 39 897 ~g& ueueidbkb^ cfmfhsdtkjc cch vjcf[ktj,bc fqofhvjt,bc
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rdkfd e,heylt,jlyty ofhvfhsj,fc^ fvbc fqvja[dhbc vbpybs cfzbhjl vbexytdbfs jceh tyfpt
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.dtkf fhfmhbcnbfyc^ _ fye vsbtkc _ jcc eojlt,lyty^ sevwf mhbcnbfyj,f mfhsdtkt,cfw
lfrfhuekb /mjylfs&
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fh fhct,j,f* 2& cfvqdltkjt,bc vbth jcehb tybc ewjlbyfhj,f lf gbhbmbs jct,bc vbth
mfhsekbcf^ hjvtkptw cheklt,jlf cfqvhsj kbnehubf lf vfs ijhbc mhbcnbfyj,bc otct,bc
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mhbcnbfyj,f fqvjta[dhf vsbfytsib& vfhskfw^ vfkt \+\ cfereybc ,jkj fsoktekt,ib
mfhsdtk cfvqdltkjt,fc ferhfktc mfhskbc vsbfytsib cfvcf[ehb^ [jkj mfhsekb ovblf
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ltlf tyf fhf jcehb^ fhfvtl ldfkehb b.j ]th rbltd \|+++ cfereybc lfcfo.bcib^
59

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fvbcf^ df[einb othc^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjcsfy rjynfmnbc vmjyt ldfkt,vf sfdbfys cfvij,kjibdt
ldfkeh tyfcsfy thsfl bwjlyty mfhsekb tyfw^ #dbtssf vjsfdtsf lf mfhskcf lf hfzfc
vcdktksf eo.bfy mfhsekyb@&&& ~m&w& +|^ ud& 639`& vfifcflfvt^ ]th rbltd iblf mfhskib
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tyfc bcbyb itbsdbct,lyty mfhskib xfcf[kt,bc itvltu^ vfuhfv hecekb [tkbceakt,f .jdtkb
qjybcbt,bs t,hjlf fv vlujvfhtj,fc& mfhskib xfvjcf[kt,ek ldfkt,c vfs fh fqelubytc
ldfkehb tyf^ fhfvtl ufyevnrbwtc jcehb tybc wjlyf^ hjvtkbw vfssdbc ltlf tyf fh b.j^
ldfkt,c cfresfhb tyf /mjylfs lf tc b.j ldfkehb tyf& [tkbceakt,fv fhfdbsfhb .ehflqt,f
fh vbfg.hj ldfkeh tyfc^ [jkj mfhsek tyfc cfcnbrfl itt,hjkf& ldfkt,c jcehtyjdfyb
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[fk[b mfhsektyjdfyc fh efh.jalf lf cbfvjdyt,bs bqt,lf vfc^ fvbnjvfw ftrhfkfs itvltu
mfhsdtk vqdlkt,c mfhskbc vsbfytsib cfvcf[ehb& fblfdbs ,tubpjdb fv,j,c% #mhsfvbs fvbqtc
ljrevtynb #j ,kfujyflt;yjcnb@^ vbvb.dfytc cfmfhsdtkjc tupfh[jcsfy^ hjvtkcfw
ftrhfkf cfv[hts jctsib mfhsdtkbc vqdlkfl fy vfcofdkt,kfl ufupfdyf& tupfh[jcvf
cohfafl vfresh[f^ lfvkjwf^ xfvbo.dtc obuyt,ib aehwkt,b^ hf ofvtrbs[f ]dhbc othfpt^ hf
gfyfidblpt lf hf hjvtk lqtcfcofekpt &&& vmjylf ]fvfubhb^ lhfvbc aekc fh dbqt,lb^ tc
uflfcf[flb jct,vf fh bwjlyty& ]fdbc ptdbs vt db.fdb gbhdtkb jcb vqdlkfl lf rbltd b.j
itvltu jhb jcb^ sjhtv eoby cek mfhsdtkt,b b.dyty xdtyib fv cfvcf[ehib@ ~b& vtuhtkbt^
cbdtktt,b kbf[dbc [tj,fib^ 1984^ ud& 289`&
fmtlfy xfyc^ hjv vsf lf vbcb [fk[b^ hjvtkbw mfhsdtkb cfvqdltkjt,bc cfvo.cj b.j
fsfcoktekt,bc vfybkpt^ [tkbceakt,fv bekt,bc 'fkbs ofukb]f mfhsektyjdfy trktcbfc
lf bekt,bsb [th[t,bs vtsjlehfl uffjcf& fm bcbw eylf fqbybiyjc^ hjv ldfkt,b b,thbtkb
[fk[b b.j^ mfhsdtkt,sfy ufwbkt,bs eahjf f[kj vlufhb^ dblht jc-#fkfyt,sfy@& ldfkt,b
bekt,bs xfvjfijhtc mfhsek trktcbfc^ hjvtksfyfw vfc fsfcokjdfyb ehsbthsj,f
frfdibht,lf lf itb.dfytc [tkbceakt,bc vbth cf[tklf[tkjl itmvybk jcehtyjdfy
cftrktcbj cfv.fhjib& eylf bsmdfc^ hjv fv jcehtyjdfy #trktcbfib@ ldfkt,sfy thsfl
vhfdfkb mfhsdtkb vjtmwf ptvjsfqothbkb vbptpt,bc ufvj sdbs cfmfhsdtkjc tupfh[jcbc
eiefkj bybwbfnbdbsf lf [tkvqdfytkj,bs^ bvgthbbc cfcekbthj cfmvtt,bcf lf cf[fk[j
ufyfskt,bc vbybcnhbc ujkbwbybcf lf sdbs bvgthfnjhbc vafhdtkj,bs ~b[& b& stlttdbc
lfcf[& yfihjvb^ ud& 86-87`& b& bfqkepbtc mfhsekblfy jceh tyfpt fsfhuvybytc cftrktcbj
obuyt,b^ hfw itvltu uffdhwtktc& bc sfdbc sfdpt othlf% #cfmfhsdtkjc fpyfehb bjfyt
ubjhubc-'t bfqkepbt &&& ij,bk dfh jctscf& ofhvjij,f xtvb fhc ,eyt,bs jcsf fpyfehsfufy@
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cf[tkvobajcf ~thtrkt vtabc` lf mfhsekb trktcbbc ~yfskbcvwtvkbc vjyfcnthib` vbth b.j
fqphlbkb& bc b.j mfhsektyjdfyb gjtnb& itbkt,f^ bc sfdbc sfdc #jc-xthmtpsf@ vtabc
#fkqepjybc@ isfvjvfdkfl sdkblf& vfc vbeqdyf sfdbcb gjtvf ~bmdt^ ud& 7`&
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cf[tkojlt,ff& vsfhuvytkvf dth lfet,yf fv nthvbyt,c itcfathbcb jcehb cbn.dt,b^ dthw
its[pf lf fvbnjv mfhsekb cbn.dt,bdt xfnjdf@ ~ud& 41`&

60

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ittrhb,f mfhsekbcf lf jcehbc vwjlyt^ hfsf ittcojht,byf yfsfhuvyb cf[fht,f& #itvjrhb,yf
vey vw[jdht,yb .vfyb sfdbcyb eahjc eahjcyb rfwyb cvtyfl itvkt,ekyb lf c[dfybwf
[fk[yb@ ~ud& 82`% gbhj,bc sfyf[vfl^ vfs mfhsekbw eylf cwjlyjlfs& gbhdtkfl mfhsekfl
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lfyfreot,bcfsdbc vbcb ufvj.tyt,f fhfcojhbf&
eylf bsmdfc^ hjv fvfc sdbs mfhsdtkb [fk[bc thjdyekb sdbsituyt,bc efqhtcfl lf,fkb
ljyt eo.j,lf [tkc& sdbs [fk[b sfdbcbdt mdt.ybc c[df res[bc vw[jdht,c dth bsdbct,lf sfdbc
obfqib^ cfmfhsdtkjib #lf.fdb lf b,fnjytc@ gjkbnbrbc ufnfht,bcfsdbc rfhub gbhj,t,b
fhct,j,lf& mfhsdtkt,bc ufjct,fc sdbs mfhsdtkb [fk[bc lf,fkvf sdbsitvtwyt,fv iteo.j
[tkb& tc ufycfresht,bs bsmvbc ,fnjy.vj,bc ~mfhskbc vsbfytsib #jcsf ijhbc@ 1852 otkc`
itvltu mfhskbc ,fhib lf cfmfhsdtkjc c[dflfc[df res[tt,ib vsbtk [bpfysf vfcbehb
xfcf[kt,bc vtht&
mfhsdtkt,b tsyjuhfabek ybiyt,c [ibhfl fbubdt,lyty thjdyek ybiyt,sfy^ t&b& mfhskbc
vsbtkt,c jct,bc vcufdcb tsyjuhfabekb ybify-sdbct,fyb^ otc-xdtekt,t,b htkbubehb
ofhvfhsek-mhbcnbfyekb hbnefkt,b uffxylfs^ hfw ,fhtkb vjcf[ktj,bc sdfkib mfhsdtk
vsbtkt,c ofhvjfxtylf^ hjujhw - jcc^ fcts it[tlekt,fc cfaedkfl tlj bc^ hjv ,fhtkb
mfhsdtkt,b vsbtksf ufyc[dfdt,ek tsyjuhfabek ybiyt,c jceh thjdyek ybiyt,fl
vbbxytdlyty^ fye mfhsdtk vsbtkt,c jct,fl vbbxytdlyty lf fct eojlt,lyty rbltw vsblfy
,fhib xfvjcf[kt,ek thjdyt,bs jcc^ mfhsdtk vsbtkc^ vbs evtntc^ hjv ufyc[dfdt,ekb
ybiyt,bc ufhlf vfs jcehb tyfw uftut,jlfs fy bwjlyty^ sevwf rb mfhsekb tyf^ hjujhw ltlf
tyf bwjlyty&
tc fh fhbc ufvjyfrkbcb^ hflufyfw fhf se e,hfkj flfvbfyt,b^ fhfvtl fqvotht,bw rb
vjcf[ktj,fc cf.jdtksfj fqotht,bc lhjc flfvbfybc thjdyek resdybkt,fc ufycfpqdhfdlyty
cfhoveyjt,hbdb^ fylf tsyjuhfabekb ybiyt,bs& mfhsktkb vsbtkt,bc jct,fl xfothf
hectsbc wfhbpvbc cehdbkbw b.j%
#fhfyfrkt, vybidytkjdfybf bc ufhtvjt,f^ hjv wfhbpvbc hecbabrfnjhekb gjkbnbrf
cfufyut,jl bsdfkbcobyt,lf hectsbc ufyfgbhf v[fhtt,bc thjdyek-eakt,hbdb bynthtct,bc
itkf[dfc^ fsfyf,ht,lf tsyjuhfabek lf thjdyek ybiyt,c lf fv upbs wlbkj,lf
lftyfotdht,byf thsbfyb thjdyekb c[tekb^ oby fqlujvjlf xfuhekb [fk[t,bc sdbsituyt,bc
ufvjqdbt,fc^ .jdtkv[hbd ittath[t,byf thbc rjycjkblfwbf&&&@ _ ~d& ]bjidbkb^ cfm&
vjcf[ktj,f ud& 111`&
mfhsekb thb hectsbcfsdbc b.j gjkbnbrehb thb^ cjv[t,b rjvthwbekb thb^ fvbnjvfw
cjv[t,bc fh tibyjlfs^ mfhsdtkt,bcf tibyjlfs^ [jkj jct,c cfthsjl fh ufyb[bkfdlyty^
hjujhw thc^ fhfvtl hjujhw bfhfqc xhlbkj-rfdrfcbtkb vt,hjk [fk[t,bcf lf
mfhsdtkt,bc obyffqvltu ~gjkbnbrehb [fk[bc obyffqvltu`&
wfhbpvbc hecbabrfnjhekb gjkbnbrf .jdtkb qjybs wlbkj,lf lftyfotdht,byf
mfhsdtkb thbc thsbfyb c[tekb^ ittath[t,byf thjdyekb rjycjkblfwbf& fvbnjvfw^ 1886
otkc wfkrt thjdyt,t,fl fqyec[tc mfhsdtkt,b^ [tdceht,b^ bvthkt,b^ uehekt,b^ vtuhtkt,b^
cfvehpf.fyjtkt,b lf mfhsekb [fk[bc c[df tsyjuhfabekb ]ueat,b ~b[& d& ]bjidbkb^
lfcf[& yfih& ud& 111`&

61

se \+\ cfereytvlt ,fhtkb mfhsdtkt,b ,fhib lf vsbtkb mfhsdtkt,b vsfib w[jdhj,lyty

lf bcbyb bidbfsfl [dlt,jlyty thsvfytsc^ fv cfereytib c[dflfc[df res[bc vsbtkt,bc ,fhbc
c[dflfc[df res[tt,ib vbuhfwbfv lff[kjdf bcbyb^ vfuhfv gbhdtk tnfgpt vhfdfk ufeut,hj,fc
/mjylf flubkb& #jhbjlt cbn.df eylf dsmdfs sbfytsbc vfphbc cfj]f[j cbt,pt& fhfthsupbc
thoj-sbfytsib [tdcehtsblfy vbuhbht,ekb wjkmvhekb o.dbkb fhfrfyjybthflff vbxytekb^
itcf,fvbcfl _ vfsb idbkt,bw&&& [tdcehtsblfy thoj-sbfytsib uflvjcf[kt,ekyb ]dfhc fh
bothlyty mhbcnbfyek trktcbfib lf fhw ,fdidt,c yfskfdlyty& [tdcehekb otc-xdtekt,bc
vb[tldbs^ bcbyb rfyjybthb wjk-mvfhb lf rfyjybthb idbkt,bc vij,kt,b b.dyty& fqybiyekblfy
firfhfl xfyc^ vsbtksf mhbcnbfyekb vbuhfynt,b f[fk ufhtvjib^ ufhrdtek [fyc
byfhxeyt,lyty vsbcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tk pjubths .jabs ~fv itvs[dtdfib cjwbfkehhtkbubeh tktvtynt,c&&& vbuhfyn [tdceht,ib afmnbehfl fh ud[dlt,f mhbcnbfyekb
rfyjybpt,ekb cf[tkt,b&&&@ ~h& sjaxbidbkb^ \+\ cfereybc vjcf[ktj,bc fqothf
cfmfhsdtkjib^ vyfsj,b^ 1987^ =12^ ud& 161`&
eylf dsmdfs^ [tdcehsf vcufdcfl ,fhib xfvjcf[kt,ek mfhskbc vsbtkt,cf lf bv
mfhsektyjdfy ldfkt,c /mjylfs ,fhtkt,bcfufy ufyc[dfdt,ekb cjwbfkeh-htkbubehb
tktvtynt,b^ hfw [tdcehsf vcufdcfl ufew[jt,fc bodtdlf ,fhbc vw[jdht,sf ijhbc& hjujhw
[tdceht,bc ufyc[dfdt,ek cf.jafw[jdht,j lf cfhoveyjt,hbd tktvtynt,c et,yblyty
thjdyek cfaedtkc lf vfs fvbc ufvj fhfmfhsdtkt,fl ~#]dfhjcyt,fl@ fylf dfbyf[t,fl`
fw[flt,lyty^ fctdt ,fhib xfcf[kt,ek mfhskbc vsbtkt,c fhfmfhsdtkt,fl vbbxytdlyty
cjwbfkeh-htkbubehb tktvtynt,bc^ fye tsyjuhfabekb ybiyt,bc c[dfj,bc ufvj& vfs^ w[flbf^
jct,fl vbbxytdlyty^ hflufyfw vfs bwjlyty jcehb tyf lf jcehb otc-xdtdt,bc thsb yfobkb
/mjylfs itsdbct,ekb& fvfc [tkc bcbw eo.j,lf^ hjv vfs mhbcnbfyekb otct,b fh bwjlyty^
fylf jct,bc vcufdcfl vfs cfhoveyjt,fc ofhvjflutylf mhbcnbfyj,bc tktvtynt,sfy
ufthsbfyt,ekb ofhvfhsj,f&

qarTu li war momavloba

samxreT osuri gvareb isa

obyf sfdt,ib fqbybiyf^ hjv thsbfyb cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajc lfikbcf lf \+\

cfereytib cf[tkvobajt,hbj,bc lfrfhudbc itvltu mfhsdtkb thbcfufy ufew[jdlyty ]th
mfhskbc vsbfytsib vw[jdht,b ldfkt,b^ [jkj itvltu mfhskbc vsbekt,b ufjclyty& jceh
ufhtvjib vw[jdht,b ,fhtkb mfhsktkt,bc ufjct,fw lfbo.j& fvbc itcf[t, fhct,j,c
tsyjuhfasf lfrdbhdt,fyb^ hjvtkybw erdt vj.dfybkb udmjylf&
'dtkb mfhsekb cfbcnjhbj o.fhjt,b fh vjb[ctybt,ty #mfhskbc vsbekt,c@^ hjujhw
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tsyjuhfabekb ]ueab _ #mfhskbc vsbekt,b@ fh fhct,j,lf^ hflufyfw mfhskbc vsbfytsib
vw[jdht,b mfhsdtkt,b fh ufvjbhxtjlyty mfhsktkt,bcfufy tsybrehb sdfkcfphbcbs& tc
bvbs eylf fb[cyfc^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajc lfikfvlt mfhsdtkb [fk[bw thsbfyb b.j^
cf[tkvobajc lfikfv c[dflfc[df gjkbnbreh thstekt,fl thbc lf.jafw ufvjbodbf&
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62

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vskbfyj,fib itflutylf rbltw #mfhskbc vsbektsc@ ~mfhskbc vsbfytsc` _ othc d&
bsjybidbkb ~#fhfudbc [tj,f@ 1986 o&`&
dbsfht,f bwdkt,f \|+-\+\ cfereytt,ib& cfmfhsdtkjc c[dflfc[df res[tt,ib itbmvyf
c[dflfc[df mfhsekb gjkbnbrehb thstekt,b _ cfvtajt,b lf cfvsfdhjt,b& fv
thsvfytsbcfufy lfvjerblt,tk thstekt,ib fcoktekt,bc vfybkpt .fkb,lt,f res[ehb
tsyjacbmjkjubf^ hbc ufvjw afmnbeh lbathtywbfwbfc ufybwlbc thsbfyb mfhsdtkb [fk[b&
.fkb,lt,f rf[tkj,f^ mfhsktkj,f^ bvthkj,f^ uehekj,f lf fct itvltu& tsybrehb cf[t
itbwdfkf fa[fptsvf ~uffacedlf`^ fqvjcfdkts rf[tsvf ~cfbyubkjv`^ vtc[tsvf^ itbwdfkf
mfhskbc vsbfytsbc tsybrehb cf[tw& mfhskbc vsbfytsbc tsybrehb cf[bc itwdkf ufvjbodbf
xhlbkj rfdrfcbtkb njvt,bc itvjcdkfv lf lfvrdblht,fv& fm buekbc[vt,f ldfkt,b&
yfobkj,hbd itbwdfkf rf[tsbc vsbfytsbc tsybrehb cf[tw^ xhlbkjtsbc njvt,bc ufdktybs
hjujhw ldfkt,b^ bct lbljtkt,b ufybwlbfy tsybrehb cf[bc wdkbkt,fc& ldfkt,b jclt,bfy^
[jkj lbljtkt,b tho.vbfy rfdrfcbeh njvt,c bcnjhbek-reknehekb sdfkcfphbcbs&
fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv lbljtsb mfhsdtk gjkbnbrjct,cf lf bcnjhbrjct,c bcnjhbekb
sdfkcfphbcbs mfhsek v[fhtl vbfxylfs& cojhtl fvbsff ufvjodtekb bc^ hjv mfhsk-rf[tsbc
vjcf[ktj,bc fqothbc 1770 okbc cf,esib lbljtsbc itcf[t, yfsmdfvbf% #fhc lbljtsb^
ktrbcfufy ofhsvtekb fv fcc otkboflib@ ~mfhs& cfv[& 'tu&^ n& ++^ ud& 421`^ fm .ehflqt,f eylf
vbtmwtc bv rjyntmcnc^ hjvtkibw vjsfdct,ekbf tc obyflflt,f _ #fhc [tdcehtsb rthj
mhbcnbfytyb &&& fhc aifdb vfhskvflblt,tkyb &&& fhc seitsb vfhskvflblt,tkyb mhbcnbfytyb
&&& fhc lbljtsb ktrbcfufy ofhsvtekb fv fcc otkboflib &&& rf[tsbc vfhskvflblt,tkyb
mhbcnbfytyb &&& rf[tsbc cjvt[b &&& rf[tsbc sfsfhb&&&@ ~bmdt^ ud& 421`&
xfyc^ lbljtsb vbbxytdf yfobkfl rf[tsbcf^ vfuhfv ofhsvtekfl #ktrbc@ vbth fhw se lblb
[ybc oby& rjyntmcnblfy bcbw xfyc^ hjv bmfvlt tc v[fht mhbcnbfyek-vfhskvflblt,kehb fy
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ofhvjflutylf&
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bc^ hjv rf[tsbc vsbfytssfy f[kjc vw[jdht,b xhlbkj rfdrfcbtkb njvt,b ofhvjij,bs
mfhsdtkfl sdkbfy sfdc^ fh fhbc itvs[dtdbsb& tc fhbc fhtrdkf bv afmnbcf^ hjv reknehekbcnjhbekb sdfkcfphbcbs^ ief cfereytsf vfybkpt bcbyb vfhskfw mfhsdtkt,b b.dyty& fhf
vfhnj cfmfhsdtkjc vjcfpqdht lfqtcnyehb pjubthsb cfudfhtekj ~stvb` fqbfht,lf
mfhsdtkt,bcfufy sfdbfys ofhvjij,fc^ fhfvtl xtxyt,bcf lf byueit,bc pjubthsb stvbw& _
fhct,j,c #fuhtsdt byueit,bcf lf xtxyt,bc cf[fk[j smvekt,f pjubthsb cfudfhtekjc ~stvbc`
mfhsekb ofhvjij,bc itcf[t,@ ~t&t& rhegyjd^ byueitsbc bcnjhbbcfsdbc^ #dtcnybr lhtdytb
bcnjhbb@^ 1939^ =2^ ud& 84^ obuyblfy p& lblt,ekbt^ lfcf[& yfi& ud& 34`&
xtxyt,bcf lf byueit,bc cf[fk[j smvekt,t,b pjubthsb stvt,bc mfhsekb ofhvjij,bc
itcf[t, fhtrkfdc itlfht,bs ef[kjtc ofhcekc^ hjwf thsbfy cfmfhsdtkjib^ fylf rf[tsbc
cf[tkvobajc cfpqdht,bc ibuybs w[jdht,bcfc cfrvfjl uhtkb bcnjhbekb tgjmbc vfybkpt
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vfuhfv dbsfht,f bwdkt,f cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobajc lfikbc itvltu& rf[tsbc vsbfytsib
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flubkj,hbd mfhsekb stvbc tyfpt sfdbfys rdfkc njdt,ty ~vfu& seitsib`^ bnfwt,ty vstk

63

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fv;fvfl mfhsekb ofhvjij,bcfl sdkbfy sfdbfys sfdc`&
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ldfkt,vfw bkfimhtc& #vfs erdt ;fvlf bo.tc vsbtksf ufylujvfl^ rfwsf a[jdtksf lf
lbljsf &&& vjeojlf vtatvfy fsf,fucf lf .jdtksf vsbeksf% ldfksf^ w[hfpvtksf^ vj[tdtsf^
[fltksf^ w[fdfntksf^ zfhsfktksf^ thojsbfytksf vbcwf bdfyt fsf,fucf lf ofhfdkbyf vfs
ptlf@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ ++^ ud& 111`&
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xfvjhxt,jlf iblf mfhskbc ,fhc&
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ehsbthsj,fsf ufydbsfht,bc v[hbd .dtkfpt lfobyfeht,ekb res[t* 2& cfmfhsdtkjc
vsbfytsb^ hjvtkbw ]th rbltd gbhdtk.jabk-stvehb fy flhtrkfcj,hbd obyfatjlfkehb
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64

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65

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66

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67

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abw[tkfehc ehtvb qjvb&&& cfvb yfjs[fkb qjvb&&&@ ~cfvfhskbc 'tukt,b^ +++ n& ud& 408`^ bmdtf
yf[ctyt,b udfht,b _ abw[tkbf lf abw[tkff& fmtlfy xfyc^ hjv tc udfhb fqvjcfdkeh-mfhsekb
ofhvjij,bc rb fhff^ fhfvtl flubkj,hbdbf& fhbc udfht,b _ #wmehbf@ ~t&b& wm-eh-bf` ~bmdt^ ud&
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#ekbs@ ofhvjt,ekb udfht,bw _ bct^ hjujhw fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib^ vfufkbsfl^
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#vfc[ekbf@ ~t&b& vfc[-ek-bf` ~ud& 440`^ #[e[ehyb@ ~[e[-eh-b^ ud& 440`* #abw[ekbf@ ~t&b&
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vfvekbf@^ #[e,ekbf@ ~ud& 479`& fct hjv^ #ehbs@ lf #ekbs@ lf,jkjt,ekb udfht,b
vhfdkflff lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib& [jkj^ hfw itt[t,f fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc^ fm
fv;fvflfw #ehb@-s bofhvjt,f vsbtksf udfht,bc lblb jltyj,f& v[jkjl hfvltybvtc
xfvjdsdkbs% ,bxbyuehb^ vutkbfehb^ rehlqtkfehb^ xfkfehb^ [jcyfehb^ [eyxfkfehb^
,fc[f]fehb^ hrbyfehb^ abw[tkfehb^ ujujzehb^ obrkfehb^ [fcjyfehb^ dtksfehb^
fkelfehb^ mtstkfehb ~u& stljhbt^ lfcf[& yfih& ud& 7-16`^ mbcnbehb^ uf,bljehb^ vfc[fehb^
wf,fehb^ ebkfehb^ vfvbfehb lf c[df vhfdfkb ~bmdt^ ud& 62-69`&
sfufehbc ofhvjij,fc itbkt,f vcufdct,f vjdet,yjs& aifdib sehvfyfekt,bc ahfnhbf
itlut,f c[dflfc[df udfht,bcfufy& vfs ijhbcff udfhb qeh,tkyb lf fvfsb ufyf.fhb udfhb _
#sfudfyb@ ~ud& 63`^ #sfudfyb@-cfufy itbkt,f cfvudfhjdfyb ceabmcbc #ehbc@ lfhsdbs vbdbqjs
udfhb _ #sfudfehb@^ sfudfehbcfufy rb _ sfufehb&
5& mehsfekb _ tc udfhb yfofhvjt,bf #ek@ ceabmcbc lfhsdbs^ bctdt^ hjujhw vhfdfkb
mfhsekb udfhb lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib ~b[& ptvjs`^ [jkj fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc
#ekbs@ lf,jkjt,ek hfvltybvt udfhc xfvjdsdkbs^ tctybf% #hrbyfekb@^ #fhf,ekb@^
#,ehlekb@^ ufv[bhfdfekb@^ #stshfekb@^ #zjhzbfekb@ ~b[& u& stljhft^ lfcf[& yfih& ud& 716`^ #sehvfyfekb@^ #]fuhfekb@^ #ojorehfekb@^ #,ehlbfekb@^ #xjh[fekb@^ #pehf,fekb@
lf c[df ~bmdt^ ud& 61-69`&
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vhfdfkb mfhsekb udfhb& vfuhfv cfabmht,tkbf^ hjv tc udfhb itlut,f ceabmcbcfufy _ #mehsf-ek@& #sf@ bctdt^ hjujhw #tkb@^ fhbc mfhsekb udfht,bc nbgbehb lf,jkjt,f& xdty
mdtvjs dbcfe,ht,s #sf@^ #sb@ lf c[df vcufdcb cfudfhjdyj ceabmct,bc itcf[t,&
6& cblfvjyb _ tc udfhb ,jkjdlt,f ceabmc _ #jybs@^ #jyb@ 'dtk mfhskib^ xfyc^ b.j
cf[twdkbkt,f #bfyb@-cf& edtktcb mfhsekb udfhb #,fuhfnbjyb@ #jybs@ ,jkjdlt,f^ bc
fuhtsdt cbvhfdktcfw fqybiyfdlf& #kfifhbjyb@ kfifhbc .vt,bc cfthsj cf[tkb b.j& #yb@^
#fyb@^ #bfyb@& [ibhfl #jyb vsbtksf udfht,bc vofhvjt,tkbf ~lf cfthsjl mfhsekb
udfht,bcf`& #jyb@-sff lf,jkjt,ekb mbcnbfeht,bc ahfnhbfib vhfdfk udfhsfufy thsb udfhb
68

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ajw[dthfyb^ wbuhjfyb^ xfmexyb^ ,flhbfyb lf f&i& hjujhw d[tlfds^ #jyb@ lf,jkjt,f
fhct,j,c #bfy@ _ #fyb@^ #yb@ lf,jkjt,fsf ijhbc& bjy ceabmcbc itcf[t, othc c& .fe[xbidbkb
~b[& mdtvjs`& vbcb fphbs^ bjy _ bubdtf^ hfw ts^ tk ceabmct,b^ bc mfhsekb udfhbc
xdtekt,hbdb vfofhvjt,tkbf&
7& zf[bkbt _ tc udfhbw mfhsekb cfthsj cfudfhjdyj ceabmcbs #t@ ,jkjdlt,f^ sevwf
itbkt,f^ tctw jhvfub mfhsekb ceabmcbs b.jc lf,jkjt,ekb #zf[-bkb-'t@ fy #zf[b-kbt@& bc^ xfyc^ bctdtf yfofhvjt,b^ hjujhw lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib cf[tkt,b _ #[e[e[kb@
~[e[e-kb`^ #mfmfkb@ ~mfmf-kb` ~mfhs& cfvfhs& 'tuk& +++ n& ud& 424`& .jdtk itvs[dtdfib^ fv
udfhbc mfhsekb ofhvjij,f etzdtkbf&
xdty ufycfresht,bs eylf ufydb[bkjs udfht,bc lf,jkjt,f #sb@& hjujhw wyj,bkbf^ #sb@
fv;fvfl vbxytekbf jceh udfhsf edtktc lf,jkjt,fl^ hjvkbc fqlutyfcfw wlbkj,ty&
vfuhfv eylf bsmdfc^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc vsbfytsib^ hjujhw fqvjcfdkts^ bct lfcfdkts
cfmfhsdtkjib udfhbc lf,jkjt,f #sb@ vbqt,ekb b.j lf vbqt,ekbf fv;fvflfw& ufhlf fvbcf^
vstk cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkjib ~vtc[tsib` hjujhw ofhcekib^ bct f[kfw ~vfu& mfhsdtk
rfsjkbrtsf ijhbc` udfhbc lf,jkjt,f #sb@ ,eyt,hbdbf^ xdty fqfhfathc dbn.dbs mfhskcf lf
ufycfresht,bs rb rf[tspt^ cflfw #sb@ _ lf,jkjt,f ,eyt,hbdbf& eylf bsmdfc^ hjv^ hjujhw
otcb^ #sb@ cfudfhjdyj lf,jkjt,bs [fk[b thsvfytsc vjb[ctybt,c ibyfehekb
fhfjabwbfkehb ehsbthsj,bcfc^ [jkj jabwbfkehb ehsbthsj,bcfc #sb@ #idbkbs@
bwdkt,f& #jsfhffysb@ _ jsfhfidbkbf^ [jkj #sfvfhffysb@ _ sfvfhfidbkb& .jdtk
itvs[dtdfib^ xdty xfvjdsdkbs fctsb lf,jkjt,bc vmjyt hfvltybvt udfhc cfmfhsdtkjc
c[dflfc[df res[tib lf dexdtyt,s^ hjv tc lf,jkjt,f mfhsek udfht,c /mjylf ofhcekibw^
hfptlfw othbkj,bsb o.fhjt,bw vbesbst,c&
#sb@-pt lf,jkjt,ekb udfht,b cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkjib vhfdkflff& v& sfvfhfidbkvf
lfothf 1703 lf 1705 okt,bc cf,est,bc itcf[t,^ hjv bm vhfdkfl vjb[ctybt,bfy mfhsdtkt,b
#sb@-pt lf,jkjt,ekb udfht,bs% #vbyljhfsb&&& mfsfvfsb^ ,thjsb* ,thjvtkfsb* vfk[fpfsb*
rt;thfsb* uekfcgfsb* ntnbfysb* ,fnjyfsb&&& [bpfyfsb* w[tkfsb* stkbfsb^ &&& gjhjdtkfsb*
vtx[efsb* abkbzfvbfsb* ujltkfsb* ujlthfsb* ststkfsb* [esmfksb &&& yf[dhtnfsb* mdfsb^
aeaekfsb* utlbfsb^ rtyzbfysb* [hbyobfysb*&&& r,bkfsb* rjzb,hjkfsb* cfhlfkfsb*
rfyltkfrbfysb* vfvfsb* geyrfsb* [f[bfyfsb* ztkfzfvbfsb* zjzefsb* tsthfsb* gehflfsb*
mjxjhfsb* qdbybfsb* xbnbhtrfsb* fvhtpbfysb* mjybffsb lf c[df@ ~v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl
cjv[bc vothkt,c^ 1904 o& ud& 232`&
\+\ cfereybc fqotht,ibw fmfehb udfht,b #sb@-s ,jkjdlt,f& h& sjaxbidbkb othc% #eylf
fqbybiyjc^ hjv cc-ib ~t&b& 1886 okbc vjcf[ktj,bc fqothbc cfj]f[j cbt,ib - tgbcrjgjcb
fyfybf ]fafhbt` f[fkwb[bc pjubthsb mfhsekb udfhb udfhcf[tksf vfofhvjt,tkb edtktcb
mfhsekb ceabmcbs ~ts^ fs` ud[dlt,f& vfufkbsfl% gtnhtsb^ uekb]fysb&&& fv ajhvfynbs
mfhsekb udfhcf[tkbc ofhvjt,f cfmfhsdtkjc pjubths res[tib lqtvltf itvjhxtybkb
jabwbfkehb _ 't lf idbkbc yfwdkfl [fk[eh cfvtn.dtkj tyfib fqybiyekb ceabmcb
b[vfht,f& cfvw[tib sfvfhfidbkbc yfwdkfl bn.dbfy sfvfhfsb^ [tdib fdcf]fybidbkbc yfwdkfl
_ fdcf]fytsb^ aifdib veinfidbkbc yfwdkfl _ veinfsb lf c[df@ ~h& sjaxbidbkb^ \+\ c&
vjcf[ktj,bc fqothf^ #vyfsj,b@ 1987^ =12^ ud& 163`&
vfifcflfvt^ mfhsk-vtc[tsib^ rf[tsib^ [tdib^ aifdcf lf c[df res[tt,ib mfhsekb udfht,b
#sb@ ceabmcbs bofhvjt,f& tc hjv edtktcb otcbf^ fvfpt vbesbst,c #n,tsbc cekbc vfnbfyt@&
tc vfnbfyt \++-\|++ cfereytt,bc vfybkpt bdct,jlf^ fm vhfdfkb udfhb ud[dlt,f #sb@
lf,jkjt,bs& vfufkbsfl% re]thsb^ cbrfkftsb^ bctdt^ hjujhw fvfdt ceabmcbs vhfdfkb
69

njgjybvb bofhvjt,f ~b[& o.fhjsvwjlytj,bsb 'bt,fyb 1985 okbcf^ 1988 o& hecek tyfpt^ ud&
309-311`& fvfdt vfnbfytc tresdybc vjcfpht,f% #bynthtcc vjrkt,ekb fhf fhbc fuhtsdt 'tukbc
hfvltybvt tyj,hbdb sfdbct,eht,f^ vfufkbsfl^ ujhufbc udfhbcf lf cf[tkbc fv ajhvbs
ofhvjlutyf% #ujhufpbts vf[fht,tkcf@^ #ujhufpbts rdbhbrtcf@^ fylf dfwfbc _ #dfwts
ybrjkjpbcf@^ mef,kbts@^ bf,tlfs@^ #hjcnjvts@ lf c[df vhfdfkb* 'tukbc yec[bc lblb
yfobkb fctf ofhvjlutybkb& vcufdcb vjdktyf itbvxytdf xdtyb lhjbc vj[tdtsf vtn.dtkt,fib@
~m& ifhfibt #vfzf[tkbc [tj,bc ltvjuhfabekb 'tukb@ vhfdfksfdb \+++ 1986 o& ud& 128`&
fmdtf udfht,b #dfhlfyts dfhlfy@^ #vtaesrhts bdfyt@ ~bmdt`& tc bdfyt hf udfhbf( w[flbf^ bc
fhbc vtaenrhtsb^ vfifcflfvt^ vbcb udfhbc lf,jkjt,f fhbc #sb@ bctdt^ hjujhw
ptvjsvj.dfybkb v& sfvfhfidbkbcf lf h& sjaxbidbkbc vbth lfcf[tkt,ekb udfht,bcf^
vfufkbsfl^ tsthfsb^ gtnhtsb& tsthfsb udfhbf^ vfuhfv serb dbyvtc /mdbf cf[tkb dfhlj lf
vbcb udfhbf tsthfsb^ vfiby fv dfhljc fct eojlt,ty _ #tsthfs dfhlj@& mfhsekbcfsdbc #sb@
bubdtf^ hfw #idbkb@ fy #t@ jabwbfkeh vtn.dtkt,fcf lf vbvjothfib&
m& ifhfibt fqybiyfdc^ hjv vj[tdtt,b fctdt vcufdcb lf,jkjt,bs fofhvjt,ty sfdbfys
udfht,c& fctdtf lqtdfyltk vtc[tsib& vfufkbsfl^ se eltkc cs[jds^ xfvjsdfkjc sfdbcb
cjakbc udfht,b ~ibyfehekb` _ bc xfvjsdkbc udfht,c ~#.ekb]fyfsb@^ #dtkb]fyfsb@^
rhe[bzfvfsb@^ #gtnhtsb@^ #gfheyfsb@ lf fct itvltu`^ t&b& bcbyb udfhc f,jkjt,ty #sb@
vfofhvjt,kbs lf fhf #ts@-bs&
c& .fe[xbidbkb othc% #ts ceabmcbfy udfhsf cf[tkt,c cgtwbfkehb ufvjrdktdf eqdyf
ghja& d& ljylefv& fv ufvjrdktdfib fsb udfhcf[tkbf% kbgfhbnts^ df[nfyuts^ leherts^
cemvfyts^ rjyjyts^ ybyjcts^ gfdktts^ ufubrts lf ifvbhfvts&&& r& rtrtkbt^ sfdbc v[hbd^
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ts-ceabmcbfyb cf[tkt,b itvltubf% #lf vbc vbth ithbc[lf qvthsb jh,tksf lf .jdtksf
njvsf lf vbvlujvsf vfssf^ cfvw[tsfhsf^ /thtssf^ rf[tssf&&&@^ [jkj dbsfh wytc^ hjvtk
cntafybfs dthfc fdyt,ltc &&& bs[jdtc cfphltkb vwbth cntafytksf vbcwtc&&&@ bm ts-ceabmcb
~cntafybfs _ cntafybts` bctdt fhbc ptlfcfhsekb [fcbfsbcf^ hjujhw df[nfyuts-ib^
kbgfhbnts-ib lf c[dfufy^ ybifylj,kbdbf^ hjv sdbs dfhbfynt,ibw fctf fut,ekb% /thtssf _
/thtksf* cntafybfs _ cntafybtksf^ cntafyovbyltksf& hjv #ts@ tcvjlfs^ hjujhw #tk@^
xfyc fctsb rjyntmcnblfy% #fvbc vjofvt fhc cf[kb ifhdfyitsb lf lfhe,fyltksf@^ cflfw thsb
cbn.dbc _ #ts@ ~ifhdfyitsb` elhbc vbcb gfhfktkehb cbn.dbc _ #tk@ ceabmcc
~lfhe,fyltksf`&&& pju itvs[dtdfib #ts@ ceabmcc ibyffhcj,hbdfl tyfstcfdt,f #bjy@ ceabmcb^
fct vfufkbsfl% ,fuhfnbjyb bctdt elhbc ~,thyekb ceabmcbc tybs hjv dbkfgfhfrjs`
#,fuhfnblc@^ hjujhw df[nfyutsb _ #df[nfyublc@^ t&b& #,fuhfnbjyb fhbc rfwb ,fuhfnbc
vjluvbcf&&& pju]th _bfy ceabmcb bvfcdt ufvj[fnfdc^ hfcfw ,thyekb #bl@ ceabmcb^ fct
vfufkbsfl^ tahtvjyb tojlt,f #tahtvbc vjluvbc flfvbfyc&&&@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ ++^ ud& 077078`&
#sb@ eylf b.jc vhfdkj,bsbc fqcfybiyfdb ceabmcb^ vfufkbsfl^ #jsfhffyb@ thsb flfvbfybc
udfhbf^ t&b& jsfhfidbkb^ vfuhfv #jsfhffysb@ jsfhfidbkt,bc ahfnhbbc otdhc eylf
ybiyfdltc& #jsfhfidbkt,bcf@ _ #jsfhffys mdhbdb@ _ jsfhfidbkt,bc mdhbdbf& #vtaenrhts
ujubf@ _ vtaenrhbidbkt,bc ahfnhbbc otdhb ujubf vtaenrhbfysbf lf vtaenrhbtysbf&
fctsb fphbc ufvjsmvbc eakt,fc bktdf cfmfhsdtkjc vsfib lfcfdktscf lf fqvjcfdktsib
itvjhxtybkb vcufdcb udfht,bc vfufkbst,b& vfu& c& vfrfkfsbf othc^ hjv vsbc hfzfib
#kj,]fybtt,b b.jabfy% [jinbfyb^ yfyerbfyb^ kfi[ttyb^ pdbflttyb^ ]jnttyb^ cdfyttyb^
]j]etyb lf c[df& uj,t]bidbkt,b% ifkbrbfyb^ thvbkttyb^ ybyttyb^ ltnetyb lf c[df&
ufdfitkbidbkt,b% mfjpttyb^ yfc[blttyb^ ujnjbfyb^ ufdbnbfyb^ meneyttyb^ jserttyb lf c[df&
70

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wyj,bkb lf vfiby rb ufbut,ty^ vfsib udfhc fh b[ctybt,ty lf [ibhfl fhw bwbfy fvf se bv gbhbc
udfhb^ fhfvtl xdtekt,hbdfl bn.dbfy% vb[f thvbkttysb^ vfverj ybyerbfysb lf c[df@ ~c&
vfrfkfsbf^ vsbc hfzf^ 1987^ ud& 50`&
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fqvybidytkb ceabmcbf udfhcf[tkbc ofhvjt,bcfc& vfufkbsfl^ kj,]fybtt,bc ufyf.jab udfhbf
pdbflttyb^ vfuhfv udfhbc vfnfht,tkb hjvtkbvt gbhb erdt fhbc #pdbflttysb@^ hjujhw
vj.dfybkb /.fdc vrdktdfhc^ #bdfy pdbflttys kj,]fybt@^ t&b& pdbflfidbkt,bc ahfnbbc otdhb
kj,]fybt bdfyt& fctdtf aifd-[tdcehtsibw _ vfufkbsfl^ cja& wf,fehsfc ahfnhbfc tojlt,f
#wf,fehsf@ ~b[& u& stljhft^ lfcf[& yfih& ud& 66`& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv ahfnhbf #wf,fehsf@-ib
itlbfy c[dflfc[df udfht,b _ vbuhbfyb^ ,trbfyb^ ujufyb^ fye ujuktkfyb^ hjvtkybw^ sfdbc
v[hbd^ rbltd ufyb.jabfy udfht,fl ,f[xjyb^ xbnjyb^ zfvbfyb^ bjhfvyb^ ,fkbfyb lf c[df& fmfw se
xdty dtt,s hjvtkbvt flfvbfyc^ eylf dbrbs[js^ vfufkbsfl^ wf,fehsf xbnjys ujubf&
fhct,j,c cja& ebkfehsf ahfnhbf^ hjvtkibw fuhtsdt c[dflfc[df udfht,b itlbfy ~ud& 67`&
fhct,j,c ahfnhbf #,j,qbfysf@& fm itlbfy udfht,b lfdbsbfyb^ ,j,qfyb^ cj[ehfyb^ [b,kfyb&
se xdty dtt,s flfvbfyc^ eylf dbrbs[js #,j,qbfy [b,kfys bdfyt@^ t&b& tc bdfyt fhbc ,j,qbfys
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71

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~u& ujybrfidbkb^ lfcf[& yfih& ud& 238^ itybidyf`& wfhufhfst,bc obyfgfhbf wfhufhb ~cfhufcb`^
ufuefst,bcf rb _ ufuj ~bmdt^ ud& 196`* wfhufcb _ wfhufcfsb* ufuj _ ufuefsb& fmtlfy xfyc^ hjv
tc udfht,b udfht,bc vfofhvjt,tkb mfhsekb ceabmct,bsff ofhvjt,ekb& tc xdty chekbfl fh
ufudfrdbhdt,c^ se ufdb[ctyt,s^ hjv jcb [fk[bc ofhvjmvyfib lblb vybidytkj,f /mjybf jh
tsybreh ]ueac _ xhlbkjbhfyekc thsb v[hbd lf rfdrfcbehc vtjht v[hbd ~cfv[h& jctsbc
bcn& yfhr& + n& 1985^ ud& 58`& eylf dbabmhjs^ hjv tc lfcf[tkt,ekb #rfdrfcbehb ]ueab@
'kbth f[kjc vlufhf mfhsdtkt,sfy^ vfhskfw fv #rfdrfcbeh ]ueac@ df[einb ldfkt,c
eojlt,c ~tsyjutytpbc vtjht tnfgpt^ gbhdtk tnfgpt #rfdrfcjcbc@ isfvjvfdkt,cf lf
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udfht,c^ fhfvtl #bfybw@& udfhcf[tkbc vfofhvjt,tkb ceabmcb bfyb fmds itvltu udfht,c%
cfkjybfyb ~lelfhjdb`^ ,fltkbfyb^ fkqepbfyb ~bmdt^ ud& 187^ 239`&
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vfvcehjdt,b&&&@ ~bmdt^ ud& 195`& #sfufehsf@ hfvltybvt udfhfl b.jajlf^ bctdt^ hjujhw
cfmfhsdtkjib dtifuehsf udfhib& #dtifuehsf udfhib itlbfy vf[bnfybw^ hjvkbc
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udfhofhvjmvybc fsfcokjdfyb mfhsekb cbcntvff&
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lf,jkjt,bc vmjyt udfht,sfy lfrfdibht,ekb fctsb njgjybvt,bf% mfdsfhffysrfhb _
mfdsehsrfhb ~d& bsjybidbkb^ lfcf[& yfih& ud7 79`& fm xfyc^ hjv #ehsb@ bubdtf^ hfw #ffysb@^
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bctsb udfht,b^ hjvkt,bw jct,bc iblf mfhskib xfvjcf[kt,fvlt fcoktekj,bs flht
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72

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ufycfresht,bs byntycbehb uf[lf \+\ c-bc vtjht yf[tdfhcf lf \\ cfereytib& u& ]fkf,ft
othc% #se mfhsdtksf lf ufmfhsdtkt,ek ldfksf ufjct,f obyf cfereytt,ib v[jkjl
vfqfkvsbfy [tj,t,c vjbwfdlf^ \\ cfereytib ghjwtcvf uflvjbyfwdkf lf,fkvsbfyb
ufhlfvfdfkb pjkbcfrty@ ~u& ]fkf,ft^ tsybrehb ghjwtct,b iblf mfhskib^ rht,ekb #iblf
mfhskb@ 1987^ ud& 17-18`&
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bcbyb sdbsv[bkdtkyb lf vjvcohtyb b.dyty bvbcf^ vfsb yfstcfdt,b^ vtpj,kt,b se ufyf.jat,b
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cfudfhtekjt,bc jct,fl lfothbc afmnb& vfs ufjct,fvlt^ w[flbf^ bubdt mfhsekb udfht,b
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jlbidbkfl^ ,tljidbkfl lf vtkftl& vtkfbc obyfgfhb lfcf[klf zehsib^ jlbidbkbcf _
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jlbidbkt,b& gfgfxtvbc uflvjwtvbs^ bcbyb pjlt[ib vjlbjlyty cfkjwfdfl@ ~h& sjaxbidbkb^
mcybc [tj,bc pjubthsb tsyjbcnjhbekb cfrbs[b@^ #vfwyt@ bcnjhbbc cthbf 1987^ =4^ ud& 35`&
fb^ vtjht cfudfhtekj lfrdbhdt,f [fh[tkt,bc^ ]f,feht,bcf lf aceneht,bc ufjct,bc
itcf[t,& vfsb thsb yfobkb mfhsdtkt,fl lfhxf&
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73

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74

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lf,jkjt,f #sb@ lfvf[fcbfst,tkb b.j vstkb cfmfhsdtkjcfsdbc^ hjujhw ptvjs b.j
ufy[bkekb^ fctdt b.j iblf mfhskbc vtpj,tk [tdibw& fm tojlt,f cfvfymfidbkt,c _ cfvfymtsb^
xjybfidbkt,c _ xjybtsb ~fvbnjvfw cfvfymfidbkt,bc wb[tc thmdf cfvfymts wb[t^ [jkj
xjybfidbkt,bc wb[tc _ xjybts wb[t` ~b[& d& bsjybidbkb^ [tdb^ 1984^ ud& 17`& #pfqts wb[t
~pfqtyb xjabrf-idbkt,bc udfhbc thsb yfobkbf&&& ueuets wb[t ~ueuetyb _ xjabrfidbkt,bc
udfhbc yfobkbf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 13`&
fvbnjvfw^ iblf mfhskib udfht,b hecek .fblfpt uflfrtst,bc itvltu b[vfht,jlf
jabwbfkehb cfzbhjt,bcfc^ [jkj ibyfehj,fib rdkfd #sb@ fy #fysb@ lf,jkjt,bc vmjyt
udfht,b b[vfht,jlf& fmfehb vjcf[ktj,bc #t&b& mfhsdtkt,bc` thsb yfobkbc jct,fl xfothbcfc
vfs rdkfd itvjhxfs sfdbfysb ibyfehekb udfht,b mfhsekb ceabmcbs #fysb@^ #sb@

75

lf,jkjt,bs& fv lf,jkjt,fsf ~t&b& #bsb@` fqlutyfc wlbkj,ty fv;fvfl hecekb ceabmct,bc

~#td@` yfwdkfl&
#td@ ceabmcb cfmfhsdtkjib jcsfufy sfdlfgbhdtkfl shecjc [tj,bc jct,bc udfht,c
lfthsj^ [jkj c[dfufy ~iblf mfhskib lf c[dfufy` vw[jdht,b jct,bc udfhb #idbkb@ ceabmcbs
,jkjdlt,jlf& #bcnjhbekfl vbvlbyfht tsybrehb ghjwtct,bc rdktdbc sdfkcfphbcbs
bynthtcvjrkt,ekb fh eylf b.jc pjubthsb c[df vfcfkbc vjnfyfw& 1886 o& cfj]f[j cbt,blfy
rdktdbc fv jh,bnfib tmwtdf bc^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjib vjcf[kt .dtkf jcbc udfhcf[tkb idbkb
ajhvfynbs b.j ufajhvt,ekb^ ufhlf shecjc [tj,bc jct,bcf& shecjtkb jct,bc
udfhcf[tkt,bc aet 'bhbsflfl #jd@ ~#td@` ceabmcc bhsfdlf& vfuhfv shecjc cfj]f[j cbt,b
c[df v[hbd bktdf vfcfkfc bcnjhbekfl vbvlbyfht tsybrehb ghjwtct,bc ufvjcfdktyfl& cja&
fkvfcbfyib ~,fpfkbfyib` vjcf[kt pfufidbkt,c^ vfhsfkbf^ thjdyt,f #jcb@ fmds vbothbkb^
vfuhfv vfsb #bfpbr ljvfiybb@ mfhsekbf& cc-bs jhtyjdfybf cja& rfhfnrfdbc vjcf[ktj,f
~mfhsekb lf jcehb`& bubdt itbkt,f bsmdfc cja& mtshbcbc vrdblht,ptw& cja& vybc
vw[jdht,kt,c rb #bfpbr ljvfiybb@-bc uhfafib mfhsekb fmds vbothbkb& hfw itt[t,f
jmhj.fyfc ~vjcf[ktj,lyty% uelbtdt,b^ ,b,bkjdt,b^ fh]byjdt,b^ ,blfujdt,b^ pfufkjdt,b^
rfrftdt,b`^ sfdlfgbhdtkfl fqvothc #yfhjlyjcn@-bc uhfafib #jctnbyb@ xfeothbf^ vfuhfv
itvltu uflfeikbf lf bvfdt [tkbs ptvjlfy lfeothbf #uhepbyb@& #bfpbr ljvfiybb@-c
uhfafib rb #uhepbycrbb b jctnbycrbb@ ~254-3-1816`& fctdt jhtyjdfybf cjakt,bc cbdhfsbc^
htcbc^ cfesbcbc^ ntatc^ wjwjklbc^ itdfhltybc vjcf[ktj,f& cja& sjkujsbc vrdblhs
~abnfhjdt,c lf sf.ftdt,c` #bfpbr ljvfiybb@-c uhfafib mfhsekb tothfs@ ~h& sjaxbidbkb^
\+\ c-bc vjcf[ktj,bc fqothbc vfcfkt,b&&& vyfsj,b 1987^ =12^ ud& 160-161`&
ptvjs vj.dfybkblfy rfhufl xfyc% fqvothb xbyjdybrb itlbc j]f[t,ib^ bc obyfcofh
lfhoveyt,ekbf^ hjv bv.jat,f jcsf ijhbc^ vfuhfv j]f[bc otdht,bc ufvjrbs[dbcfc
hoveylt,f^ hjv vfsb cfibyfj tyf fhbc mfhsekb^ hjv j]f[bc otdht,c mfhsdtkt,fl vbfxybfs
sfdbfysb sfdb^ fvbnjvfw^ sfdbcb [tkbsdt ikbc vbc vbthdt hfvltybvt oesbc oby ofhothbk
cbn.dfc #jctnbyb@ lf othc cbn.dfc #uhepbyb@ ~b[& ptvjs`& fqvothyb sfdbcb sdfkbsf lf
.ehbs hoveylt,bfy j]f[bc otdht,bc gbhflb lfrbs[dbs^ hjv sf.ftdt,b lf abnfhjdt,b
mfhsdtkt,b fhbfy lf fhf jct,b^ hjv uelbtdt,b^ ,b,bkjdt,b^ fh]byjdt,b^ ,blfujdt,b^
,fqftdt,b^ rfrftdt,b mfhsdtkt,b fhbfy ~b[& ptvjs`^ vfuhfv c[df fqvothb pfufidbkc thjdyt,f
jcc eothc^ sevwf vbcb lf j]f[bc otdht,bc tyf mfhsekbf ~b[& ptvjs` lf f&i& hf itbkt,f
bsmdfc( bc^ hjv fv fqvotht,pt eahj flht fqybiyekb cjakt,bcf lf vstkb mfhskbc
vsbfytsbc vjcf[ktj,f hecekvf [tkbceakt,fv thjdyt,bs jct,fl ufvjfw[flf& cojhtl fvbs
fhbc fqybiyekb fqvotht,bc lf,ytekj,f ufvjodtekb^ bcbyb lfhoveyt,ekyb fhbfy^ hjv vsbc
jceh cjakt,ib bv.jat,bfy^ j]f[t,ib itcdkbcfc rb cfgbhbcgbhjib hoveylt,bfy& fhf vfhnj
xbyjdybrt,b^ fhfvtl mfhskbc ,fhbc vjcf[ktj,fw rb lfhoveyt,ekb b.j^ hjv mfhskbc vsbc
vjcf[ktj,f thjdyt,bs jcehbf& fvbnjvfw vsblfy ,fhbcfrty vbuhfwbbc lfo.t,bc itvltu
mfhskbc .jdtk vsbtkc^ ,fhib xfvjcf[kt,ekc^ jcfl sdkblyty #&&&.ehflqt,f vbdfmwbjs
jcsf iblf mfhskbc ,fhib uflfcf[kt,bc itvs[dtdt,c& cfj]f[j cbt,b vbesbst,ty^ hjv jct,bc
iblf mfhskbc ,fhib xfvjcf[kt,f 'bhbsflfl vj[lf \+\ c-bc ief [fyt,blfy^ ufycfresht,bs
60-80-bfy okt,ib& firfhfl xfyc lfcf[tkt,ekb tsybrehb thstekb ]ueaehb uflfcf[kt,t,b
fqybiyekb vbvfhsekt,bs& cc-ib pecnb xdtyt,ff vjwtvekb bvbcf^ vsbc fvf se bv cjakblfy
,fhbc hjvtk cjatkib uflfcf[klyty jct,bc j]f[t,b&&& cf.ehflqt,jf^ hjv iblf mfhskbc
vsbcf lf ,fhbc cjakt,ib lfcf[kt,ekb jct,b evtntcfl [bpybc rfntujhbbs fhbfy
vj[ctyt,ekb& vbuhfwbekb ghjwtct,bcf lf tsybrehb bcnjhbbc rdktdbc sdfkcfphbcbs
cfbynthtcjf^ hjv 1866 okbcfsdbc lqtdfyltkb cfv[hts jctsbc fj-bc wtynhib w[bydfkcf lf
76

ths-ths hfbjyek wtynhib f[fkujhib ~lqtdfyltkb ktybyujhb` fh vjcf[ktj,lyty jcb

thjdyt,bcfyb@ ~bmdt^ ud& 160-161`&
vsfib vw[jdht, mfhsek vjcf[ktj,fcfw jct,fl vbbxytdlyty& tc xfyc ,tcnfdffys cjakbc
vfufkbsbs& hjujhw sdbs cf[tkojlt,f exdtyt,c^ tc cjatkb lfcf[kt,ekb b.j
,tcnfdfidbkt,bs& ,tcnfdffys cjatkb 'dtkb cjatkb b.j lf fhct,j,lf hecekb
[tkbceakt,bc lfv.fht,fvlt& vt-18 cfereybc 70-bfy okt,bc fqothbc vfcfkt,blfy xfyc^ hjv
,tcnfdfidbkt,bc cjatkib cek 4 rjvkb jcb w[jdhj,lf ~[tkyfothsf bycnbnenb^ a& ljr&
5421`^ sbsmvbc thsb cfereybc itvltu 1870 otkc ,tcnfdffys cjatkib hecekvf
flvbybcnhfwbfv trktcbf #uf[cyf@^ tc ybiyfdlf #jct,fl@ uflfyfsdkfc mfhsdtkb vsbtkt,bcf
~vfs vfhskfw jabwbfkehfl #yfskfdlyty@`^ tc ybiyfdc bvfc^ hjv cf,est,ib ,tcnfdfidbkt,b
,tcnftdt,fl uflfrtslyty^ [jkj thjdyt,f mfhsdtkb jcbs ittwdfkfs ~b[& trktcbbc itcf[t,
cfv[h& jctsbc bcn& yfhrd& ud& 181`& c[dfsf ijhbc^ 'dtkb ibyfehekb udfhb ,tcnfdfidbkt,bcf
b.j^ hjujhw sdbs cjakbc cf[tkblfyfw xfyc^ ,tcnfdffysb^ fmtlfy _ ,tcnfdfsb fy ,tcnfesb&
tc ajhvf mfhsekbf lf fhf jcehb&
mfhskbc ufjct,ekb vsbtkt,b ofhvjij,bs mfhsdtkt,b hjv b.dyty^ ufhlf fqothbc
vfcfkt,bcf^ exdtyt,c vfsb tsyjuhfabek-htkbubehb .jafw& fm buekbc[vt,f vfsb obyfght,bc
vbth ]dfh-[fnt,bc cfudfhtekj sf.dfybcwtvf cojhtl bctsbdt cf[bsf lf ajhvbs^ hjujhw
f[fcbfst,lfs vfs vtpj,tk aifd-[tdceht,c^ vj[tdtt,cf se c[df mfhsdtk vsbtkt,c&
vbe[tlfdfl fvbcf^ hjujhw xhlbkj jct,ib^ bct dfbyf[t,ib mhbcnbfyj,bc
evybidytkjdfytcb cbv,jkjc cf[tkb mfhsekb ofhvjij,bcf b.j& cfmfhsdtkjc vsbfytsib
mfhsdtk vsbtkt,c uffxylfs cfudfhtekj ]dfh-[fnt,b^ #[fnb ~]dfhb` vhfdfkbf [tdcehtsib&
vfuhfv vsfdfhb js[bf _ uelfybc ]dfhb^ vsfdfhfyutkjpbc ]dfhb^ [f[vfnbc ]dfhb^ kbmjrbc
]dfhb&&& se [fk[c hfbvt cfthsj ufcfzbhb vjflut,jlf^ vstkb stvb rjgfkfc fy bf[cfhbc
]dfhc ittdtlht,jlf ufycfwltkbcfufy lfcf[cytkfl& uelfybc ]dfhib #,hfyt,kj,ty@
qdsbcvij,kbcf lf ubjhubc [fnt,b&&&@ ~u& stljhft^ lfcf[& yfih& ud& 23`& #vstk aifdc thsb
cfthsj [fnb /.fdlf _ kfifhbc ]dfhb& udfht,cfw /.fdlfs cfthsj cfudfhtekj [fnt,b^
hjujhw [tdcehtsib& cfudfhtekj [fnj,fc cthj,f /mdbf& cthj,f uhtklt,jlf vstkb
pfa[ekbc ufyvfdkj,fib& fv [ybc ufyvfdkj,fib .dtkf udfhb wfkrt b[lblf sfdbc lqtj,fc&
udfhbc ofhvjvflutykt,b .dtkf v[hblfy b.hblyty sfdc& vj/-.fdlfs cfrkfdb^ mtbaj,lyty&
fvnrbwt,lyty yfstcfj,fc& sbsj udfhbc cthj,f sbsj rdbhfc uhtklt,jlf& thsb udfhb hjv
uffsfdt,lf cthj,fc^ vtjht lfbo.t,lf^ vtjhtc vjcltdlf vtcfvt@ ~bmdt^ ud& 72`& vfifcflfvt^
mfhsdtkb vsbtkt,bc .jdtk cfudfhtekjc uffxylf sfdbcb cfudfhtekj ]dfhb ~[fnb`^ hjvkbc
lqtj,fptw vstkb fv udfhbc vmjyt yfstcfj,f brhb,t,jlf lf fvnrbwt,lf sfdbc yfstcfj,fc&
itvs[dtdbsb fhff^ hjv mfhskbc vsbfytsibw cfudfhtekjt,c uffxylfs sfdbfysb cfudfhtekj
]dht,b& vfufkbsfl^ cjatk vjhujib fhct,ekb #vjhujc ]dfhb@ ]bjtdt,bc vafhdtkbf^
,b,bkehsf ]dfhb _ w[jdht,jdt,bcf ~c& vc[kt,b`^ #vbmtkuf,hbtkb@ _ ufukjtdt,bcf ~c&
rec]bsf`^ ,fuftdt,b sfdbcfl vbbxytdlyty #vsfdfhfyutkjpc@ lf c[df& #.dtkf cfudfhtekj
#efht,b@ [fcbfslt,jlf bctsbdt [fcbfsbs^ hjujhw cfthsj lf cjakbc 'efht,b jctscf
cbovbylbc fhct,j,f^ lqtcfcofekb okbc ufhrdtek lqtt,ib^ vc[dthgkfl w[dht,bc^ [fht,bc
vb.dfyf lf vjo.j,f .jdtkokbehb mtbat,bcf lqtcfcofekbc lqtt,ib@ ~cfv[h& jctsbc bcn&
yfhrd& ud& 162-163`& sbsmvbc fctdt b.j aifd-[tdcehtsibw _ #c[df [fnt,bw fhbfy _
cfudfhtekj^ cfstvj [fnt,b^ vfu&^ ptbcntxjc [fnb& tc fhbc v[jkjl fhf,ekt,bcf&&& [tdcehb
[fnj,fib dth ofdbljlf^ se cfrkfdb fh /.fdlf@ ~j& stljhft^ ud& 27`& #aifdbc [fnj,fib
lfrdhfw itbkt,f^ wtrdf-sfvfib^ mfk-df;sf uf[evht,fw&&& [fnj,f aifdib erdt mtbabc
vbptpfl bmwf&&&@ ~bmdt^ ud& 72`&
77

mfhskbc vsbfytsib #ud[dlt,f lqtcfcofekt,b^ hjvtkcfw vstkb [tj,f b[lbc^ vfufkbsfl^

#rjvb 'efh@^ #]thb 'efh@^ #hbub 'efh@ lf c[df@ ~cfv[h& jctsbc &&& ud& 162`& ~#efh@ bubdtf^
hfw ]dfhb ~[fnb`&
aifd-[tdcehtsibw^ vfufkbsfl^ #kfifhbc ]dfhbc aifdkt,bc cfthsj cfkjwfdfl^
,fnjyfl^ vwdtkfl^ vtatl bsdkt,jlf@ ~u& stljhft^ ud& 72`& fctdt vstkb [tdcehtsbc cfthsj
cfkjwfdb uelfybc ]dfhb b.j& wfkrt [tdt,cf lf cjakt,c sfdbfysb ]dht,b ~[fnt,b` /mjylfs&
fctdt b.j mfhskbc vsbfytsibw ~t&b& #cfv[hts jctsib@`& #cfudfhtekj reknt,sfy thsfl fm
b.j cfcjakj 'efht,b^ hjvkt,cfw tsf.dfyt,jlf vjwtvek cjatkib vw[jdht,b .dtkf udfhb&
vfc itbkt,f vbdfresdyjs rdfbcfb 'efhb ~vl& ]t]jhfc [tj,f`^ [bcnb 'efh ~cja& her^ vl&
lblb kbf[db` lf c[df& mfhsek-jcehb vjcf[ktj,bc vmjyt cjakt,ib jct,b mfhsek
lqtcfcofekt,c b[lblyty^ vfufkbsfl^ #qdsbcvij,kj,f@^ #ujvfhsj,f@^ #rfhfctnj,f@^
#cfvt,f@ lf c[df& cfv[hts jctsib b.j vhfdfkb cf[fk[j lqtcfcofekb^ hjvtksfw hfvltybvt
cjatkb thsfl b[lblf% #lfe]bsf@ ~cjakt,bc tlbcf^ ,bnfsf^ cf,f^ pue,bh`^ #vrfkuf,bh@
~rj,tsb^ xfcfdfkb^ ktcjhb^ rthdtkb lf f&i&` ~cfv[h& jctsbc &&& ud& 162`&
fm #vrfkuf,bh@ c[df fhfathbf^ se fhf #vbmtkuf,hbtkb@ _ jcehb tybc .fblfpt vjo.j,bkb&
vfifcflfvt^ #vbmtkuf,hbtkj,bc@ lqtcfcofekc thsfl b[lblf fqybiyekb cjakbc
vjcf[ktj,f bctdt^ hjujhw mfhsdtkt,bs lfcf[kt,ek cjakt,ib jct,b b[lblyty vcufdc
lqtcfcofekt,c^ jqjyl cf[tkt,bc lfvf[by]t,bc ufhtit&
cfthsjl^ ptvjs fqothbkb bvfc vbesbst,c^ hjv vfhsfkb b.j df[einb^ hjwf cfv[htstk
jct,c eojlt,lf ufjct,ek ldfkt,c& ldfkt,b vrdblhb b,thbekb njvb b.j^ fctdt vfhsfkb
fhbfy tsyjuhfat,b^ hjwf vsbtkb mfhsdtkt,bc ufjct,fpt othty& ptvjs vj.dfybkb bktdf
eakt,fc vbmtkuf,hbtkbc cfkjwfdbc sf.dfybcvwtvtkb ufukjtdt,b .jabk mfhsdtk mhbcnbfy
ufukjidbkt,fl vbdbxybjs^ vjhubc ]dhbc sf.dfybcvwtvtkb ]bjtdt,b _ ]bjidbkt,fl^
,b,bkehsf ]dhbc sf.dfybcvwtvtkb w[jdht,jdt,b _ w[jdht,fidbkt,fl^ vsfdfhfyutkjpbc
sf.dfybcvwtvtkb ,fuftdt,b _ ,fubfidbkt,fl^ sjvftdt,b _ sjvfidbkt,fl& ldfkt,bc ufjct,bc
itvltu vfsb bcnjhbekb cfvij,kj xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc flvbybcnhfwbek htubjyib vjtmwf^
bmblfy ufjct,ekb ldfkt,bc yfobkb xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc ,fhibw xfcf[klf^ fvbnjvfw ]dhbc
sf.dfybcwtvf bmfw bwjlyty& sevwf^ cfmfhsdtkjlfy fm flhtdt b.j lfythubkb ]dhbc reknb
~byueitsibw`^ vfuhfv cfudfhtekj ]dht,b v[jkjl cfmfhsdtkjib /mjylfs&
ptvjs yf[ctyt,b b.j ,b,bkehsf ]dhbc sf.dfybcvwtvtkb w[jdht,fidbkt,b^ thsb
it[tldbs^ ,b,bkehsf obyfgfhb yfvldbkb jcehb ofhvjij,bcf b.j^ hjujhw fvfc exdtyt,c
#tukb thbcsfdsf@^ vfuhfv cbyfvldbktib rb tc fct fh fhbc^ hfvtse #,b,bkehb@ fqybiyek
itvs[dtdfib thsb flfvbfybc udfhbf^ vfuhfv #,b,bkehb@ c[df itvs[dtdfib cflfehj,bc
vfxdtyt,tkbf lf bc c[dflfc[df ofhvjvfdkj,bc j]f[t,bc udfhflfw itbkt,f mwtekb.j& cfmvt
bcff^ hjv #,j,fktsb@ ~fye xfyc #,b,bktsb@` thmdf #mdt.fyfc@ fye [tdc& fv mdt.ybc^ fye [tdbc
.jdtkb vrdblhb udfhb ,b,bkehb^ fye #,b,bketkb@ b.j&
#tukb thbcsfdsfib@ vjs[hj,bkbf fctsb fv,fdb% ldfktsib vjdblf thsb ew[jtkb
vsfdfhb^ hjvtkbw sfdbcb mdt.yblfy ufftdtc& bc te,yt,f ldfkt,c^ vt xtvc cfvsfdhj qbhct,fpt
efhc dfw[flt,& se uyt,fds^ vjvtwbs f[fkb udfhcf[tkb bv mdt.ybc cf[tkojlt,bc vb[tldbs^
hjvtkbw smdty ucehsj& ldfkt,vf vbcwtc vfc mdt.fyf ,j,fktsfb lf eojltc ,b,bkehb fv
mdt.ybc cf[tkbc vb[tldbs& ew[jtkb fv,j,c% #fhf udthmdfc vtat^ fhfvtl mdt.fyfcf vfc^ hjvtk
vjvwts^ cf[tkb vbcb udthmdfc xdty& vfiby vbcwtc mdt.fyfb ,j,fktsf lf eojltc ,b,bkehyb@
~mfhs& cfvfhs& 'tuk& ++^ 1965^ ud& 102`& ldfkt,b fv,j,ty vjceksf itcf[t,% #lfqfse cf[tkdcltdbs ,b,bkehfl^ fhfvtl cf[tkb tct dth lf/afhfdc udfh-yfstcfj,fcf vfscf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 102`&
vfifcflfvt^ #,b,bkehb@ udfh-yfstcfj,bc vfxdtyt,tkb rb fh fhbc^ fhfvtl cflfehj,bcf&
78

vfifcflfvt^ ,b,bkehb cflfehj,bc vfybiyt,tkb udfhcf[tkb b.j& #&&&;fvehib jcehb

vjcf[ktj,f vjcekb b.j& flht bm mfhsdtkt,b vrdblhj,lyty^ hjvkt,bw lf,kj,bcfrty
uflfcf[klyty^ thsb fctsb udfhb ;fvehtkb^ lqtc mcybc [tj,bc vsbcobytsib vrdblhj,c@ ~h&
sjaxbidbkb^ mcybc [tj,bc &&& ud& 31`&
vfifcflfvt^ hjujhw ptvjsvj.dfybkblfy xfyc^ ,b,bkehb itcf,fvbc [tj,fib
lfvrdblht,eksf cflfehj,bc vfybiyt,tk udfhcf[tkflfw itbkt,jlf mwtekb.j lhjsf
dbsfht,fib&
ptvjs vj.dfybkb c[df fv,bc vfybiyt,tkbwff& #tukb thbcsfdsf@ exdtyt,c^ hjv ldfktsbc
njgjybvbrf jct,bc bm lfvrdblht,fvlt mfhsekb b.j&
iblf mfhskbc vjcf[ktj,bc thsb yfobkbc tsybrehb sdbsitvtwyt,bc wdkbkt,f hjv
vj[lf vfsb udfhcf[tkt,bc afmnbehb wdkbkt,bc ufhtit^ tc .jdtkv[hbd ufwyj,btht,ekb
afmnbf& vfufkbsfl^ pjubths fdnjhc sf.fbidbkb^ ,fhfsfidbkb^ sfh[ybidbkb^ cffrft lf
c[df vhfdfkb vbfxybf ufmfhsdtkt,ek jcfl& fvbs rbltd ths[tk lfcnehlt,f bc^ hjv udfhsf
vfnfht,kt,bc tsybrehb sdbsitvtwyt,bc wdkbkt,f yfvldbkfl vj[lf^ t&b& flfvbfyc sfdbcb
obyfght,bc udfhb lfhxf ~fm vybidytkj,f fhf fmdc cfudfhjdyj ceabmct,bc wdkbkt,fc`^ vfuhfv
sdbs vbcb tsybrehb sdbsitvtwyt,f itbwdfkf& #&&&mfhsekb udfht,bc vmjyt efvhfdb gbhjdyt,f
ufmfhsdtkt,ek jcfl w[fllt,f lf sfyfw bnemct,f% #obyfgfhsf tybcf^ thjdyt,bc lfrfhudf
'fkpt cfvfhw[dbyj cfmvtf@ ~b[& u& vfvbsbc cnfnbf jceh ;ehyfkib _ #ablb@^ 1989^ =3`& dby
lffvnrbwf^ hjv ,fhfsfidbkb^ sfh[ybidbkb^ sf.fbidbkb^ cffrft lf c[df vhfdfkb
ofhvjij,bs jcehb udfht,bf^ itvltu #ufmfhsdtkt,ekb@( fy itbkt,f rb cfthsjl
fhfhct,ekbc lfvnrbwt,f( ~,& ]jh,tyft^ #f[fkufphlf rjveybcnb@^ 10&\&1989`& fhct,j,c
#&&&vstkb o.t,f mfhsekb udfht,bc sbsmjclf jcehb ofhvjij,bc xdtyt,bc ofhevfnt,tkb wlf@
~,& udfcfkbf^ lfcf[& yfihjvb`&
fm eylf bsmdfc^ hjv sf.fbidbkt,b^ sfh[ybidbkt,b^ ,fhfsfidbkt,b^ cffrftt,b lf vfsb
obyfght,bc 'bh-udfht,b ]th rbltd vfiby vjb[ctybt,bfy mfhsek mhjybrt,cf lf othbkj,bs
o.fhjt,ib^ hjwf fh b.j ajhvbht,ekb jcehb vjcf[ktj,f bv cf[bs^ hjvtkbw vfc fv;fvfl
uffxybf ~rthjl^ ldfktsib jc-#fkfyt,bc@ lfvrdblht,fvlt`& wyj,bkbf lf tc fqbfht,ekbf
ufvjxtybkb jcb vtwybtht,bc vbth^ hjv jcehvf vjcf[ktj,fv lqtdfyltkb thjdyekb cf[t
vbbqj v[jkjl wtynhfkeh rfdrfcbfib vfsb obyfght,bc lfvrdblht,bcf lf flubkj,hbdb
rfdrfcbtkb [fk[bc ehsbthsithtdbc itvltu^ tc rb vj[lf v[jkjl \++-\+| cfereytt,ib
vjyqjksf ehljt,bcf lf stvehktyubc itvjzhbc itvltu& fmtlfy chekbfl w[flbf _ ufjclyty
cojhtl wtynhfkeh rfdrfcbfib lfvrdblht,ekb [fk[t,b& vfifcflfvt^ [fk[b^ hjvtkbw
w[jdhj,lf wtynhfkeh rfdrfcbfib^ sfdbcb vybidytkjdfyb reknehbsf lf cfudfhtekjt,bs^
jct,fl bmwf& #xhlbkjtsblfy cfv[htsbcfrty jct,bc vjhfj,f uffkbthf fuhtsdt ]th
cfv[hts hectsbcf lf itvltu lfcfdktsbcf lf xhlbkjts rfdrfcbbc flubkj,hbdb njvt,bc
tmcgfycbfv lf etzdtkfl cfuekbc[vjf bc fphb^ hjv jct,bc rfdrfcbfib lfvrdblht,bc itvltu
rfdrfcbtk [fk[t,c ijhbc tt,yt,fs sfdbcb bcnjhbekb flubkb lf bcbyb fm f[fk rfdrfcbeh
nbgfl xfvj.fkb,lyty&&& y& vfhb lf itvltu eahj cfaedkbfyfl d& f,ftdb fvnrbwt,c^ hjv jct,c^
hjvtkybw vjcekb bhfyekb njvbc e,hfkj ufuhtkt,f fh fhbfy^ lfv[dtlhb vw[jdht,yb fhw
ufe;ktnbfs lf fhw sdbsjy ufo.dtnbkfy^ fhfvtl it[fvt,bfy^ vj[lf fcbvbkfwbf lf fvbc
itltufl ofhvjbidf f[kfyltkb jcehb nbgb@ ~b& vtuhtkbt^ cbdtktyb kbf[dbc [tj,fib^ 1984
o& ud& 7`& tc bvfc ybiyfdc^ hjv xfvj.fkb,lf f[fkb [fk[b& tc f[fkb [fk[b^ t&b& sfyfvtlhjdt
jct,b^ xfvj.fkb,lf jhb c[dflfc[df [fk[bc ehsbthsithtdbc itltufl^ rthjl^ #hjvtkbqfw
vjcekb bhfyekb njvb@ lf rfdrfcbtkb #lfv[dlehyb vw[jdht,yb@ thsvfytsib thtdbfy^
#t[fvt,bfy@^ [lt,f vjceksf tybc vbth flubkj,hbdb fcbvbkfwbf& .fkb,lt,f f[fkb [fk[b^ tc
79

f[fkb [fk[b sfdbcb ,eyt,bs #f[fk rfdrfcbeh nbgfl .fkb,lt,f@^ vfuhfv vfbyw hjlbc xylt,f
bcnjhbbc fcgfhtppt tc f[fkb [fk[b^ t&b& #f[kfyltkb jcehb nbgb@( _ cf.jdtksfjl
wyj,bkbf^ hjv tc vj[lf stvehktyubc kfimhj,fsf itvltu& fmfvlt [jv erdt fhct,j,lyty
sfh[ybidbkt,bc^ sf.fbidbkt,bc^ cffrftt,bc cfudfhtekjt,b lf vfsb 'bh-udfht,b( lbf[^ tc
cfudfhtekjt,b fv #f[fkb nbgbc@ xfvj.fkb,t,fvlt fhct,j,lf& vfifcflfvt^ se rb fv;fvfl
hjvtkbvt sf.fbidbkb se #c[df efvhfdb@ jcehfl fw[flt,c sfdbc udfhc^ eylf dbwjlts^ hjv
vj[lf fv cfudfhtekjsf vfnfht,kt,bc ufjct,f^ fye vfsb itho.vf #f[fk jceh nbgib@ lf fhf
gbhbmbs&
d& f,ftdb fcrdybc% #jcehib xdty cfmvt udfmdc rfdrfcbehbc fhf vfhnj ufdktyt,sfy^ fhfvtl
ce,cnhfnsfy&&& jct,bc tsyj-kbyudbcnehb reknehbc xfvj.fkb,t,fib rfdrfcbehb tktvtynb
vjyfobktj,lf fhf hjujhw v[jkjl ufhtufyb^ ew[jehb afmnjhb^ fhfvtl hjujhw ibyfufyb^
jhufyekb afmnjhbw@ ~bmdt^ ud& 7`&
#]th y& vfhb lf itvltu d& f,ftdb fdbsfht,ty lt,ekt,fc% byljtdhjgtk cjv[t,c lf bhfytk
jct,c f,jhbutyb rfdrfcbtkt,bcfufy bvltyb hfv itecbc[k[jhwt,bfs^ hjv vtjhtsfufy
gbhdtksf vjo.dtnf erdt fqfh itbkt,f _ cjv[t,bcf lf jct,bc tyfcf lf .jafib rfdrfcbehb
ce,cnhfnb fhf v[jkjl lfyfatyt,b^ fhfvtl ibyfufyfl itho.vekb vjdktyff@&&& y& vfhbcf lf d&
f,ftdbc lfcrdyt,bs jceh tsybreh cf[tkt,cfw rb _ bhjy^ lbujh^ sefk^ fhfathb fmds cfthsj
bhfysfy lf ofhvjflutyty flubkj,hbd ~rfdrfcbeh` 'dtk tsybreh cf[tkt,c@ ~bmdt^ ud& 43`&
vfifcflfvt^ sfyfvtlhjdt jcb [fk[b xfvj.fkb,lf jhb f,cjkenehfl ufyc[dfdt,ekb
tsybrehb thstekbc^ jhb c[dflfc[df ofhvjij,bc [fk[bc ehsbthsithtdbc itltufl _
df[einb fh efh.jac xhlbkj rfdrfcbfib lfvrdblht,ekb jct,bc vcufdc ofhvjij,fc^ vfuhfv
iblf mfhskbc vsbfytsib lfvrdblht,ekb jct,b^ vbcb fphbs^ jhb c[dflfc[df [fk[bc
ehsbthsithtdbc itltufl rb fh fhbfy ofhvjmvybkb^ fhfvtl ofhvjflutyty ldfkt,c^
hjvkt,bw ufjclyty lf xfvjcf[klyty iblf mfhskbc vsbfytsib& .jdtk itvs[dtdfib^ fv [fk[c
flubkj,hbd-mfhsek-rfdrfcbehb ybify-sdbct,f uffxybf& vfhskfw^ fm^ iblf mfhskib^
ldfkt,b^ erdt ufjct,bc upfpt vlufhyb^ xfvjcf[kt,ekfy hfvltybvt nfkqfl& gbhdtkfl
xfvjcf[klyty^ hjujhw jceh gjkbnbreh jh,bnfib vjmwtekb 'fkf^ \++-\+| cfereytt,ib^
itvltu ubjhub ,ho.bydfkbc lhjc bcbyb rdkfd erfy^ bcnjhbek ldfktsib lfe,heyt,bfs&
#&&&lblb kbf[dbc vstkb [tj,f eahj 'dtk atyfib mfhsekbf^ itvltu sfylfsfy xylt,f fm
jcehb vjcf[ktj,f@ ~bmdt^ ud& 270`& ldfksf lf ufjct,ek ldfksf gbhdtk itvjzhfc kbf[dbc
[tj,fib erdfkjl fh xfedkbf _ #&&&vstkc kbf[dbc fepib edtktc ofhotht,cf lf ef[ktcc
ijhbc lblb [fhdtpbf& |+++-\++ cfereytt,bc bcnjhbekb yfut,j,fyb ths,fifl lf
thslhjekfl lfyuhtekfl udtxdtyt,f^ evsfdhtcfl \+|-\| cfereytt,ib&&& itvltu
ufycfresht,bs cf.ehflqt,j 'tukb fqfhw rb xfyc \|++ cfereytvlt lf erdt fhf cfreknj^
fhfvtl cfw[jdht,tkb lf sfdlfwdbsb cbvfuhtt,b but,f* ofhotht,bw 'bhbsflfl f[fkb
mfhsekb fcjt,bs ud[dlt,f@ ~bmdt^ ud& 12`& vsbtk ufjct,ek^ t&b& ufofhvfhst,ek ldfkt,c^
w[flbf^ cfreknj yfut,j,fyb fqfh czbhlt,jlfs^ sevwf reknehek rfdibhc mfhsdtk
[fk[sfy 'dtkt,ehfl fuhtkt,lyty& bcbyb reknehek-bcnjhbekfl mfhsdtkt,b b.dyty&
fvbnjvfw^ jcehb yfhst,b vfs mfhsek lfht]fybfybc uvbht,fl vbbxybtc lf fctdt eojltc^
f[cjdlfs lf gfnbdc cwtvlyty df[nfyu ujhufcfkc^ sfvfhc^ thtrktc^ #kbf[dbc [tj,bc jct,bc
wjw[fk cbdtktt,c ~t&o& #;bdfbf cnfhbyf@` eahj vtnfl^ dblht xhlbkj jct,bc ajkrkjhc^
fn.dbf mfhsekb ptgbhcbn.dbtht,bc rdfkb& sbsmvbc .jdtk cjatkib ufbujyt,s smvekt,t,c
lfht]fyst,bc ~yfhst,bc` lf lfht]fybfyt,bc ~mfhsekb upbs`^ fvbhfybcf lf c[dfsf itcf[t,^
fuhtsdt^ hjujhw flhtdt fqdybiyts^ bcnjhbekb gbht,bc _ df[nfyu ujhufcfkbc^ sfvfh
vtabc^ thtrktcf lf c[dfsf itcf[t,@ ~bmdt^ ud& 271`&
80

c[dfsf ijhbc^ ]th rbltd uthvfytkvf vtwybth-vjupfehvf ubekltyintlnvf othbkj,bsb

cf[bs lfflfcnehf^ hjv lqtdfyltkb ]fdbc hfbjyib^ lblb kbf[dbc ptvj otkpt^ vhfdfkb
mfhsekb cjatkb fhct,j,lf& \|++ c-bc ,jkjc bcbyb jceh ufhtvjib vj[dtlhbkfy& vfsb
ufjct,bc tgbuhfabrekb cehfsb ]th rbltdff itvjhxtybkb fv hfbjyib& cfakfdbc mdt,blfy
xfyc^ hjv se vfvf-gfgf fnfht,c mfhsek udfhc \+\ cfereybc gbhdtk yf[tdfhib^ idbkvf jceh
.fblfpt vjfo.j sfdbcb udfhb& fv vfufkbst,bc vj.dfyfvlt eylf bsmdfc^ hjv vfvf-gfgfv se
rfhufl bwjlf mfhsekb tyf^ \\ c-bc lfcfo.bcib idbkt,bcfsdbc tc tyf ew[j tyfl fhbc
mwtekb& vfsb vij,kbehb tyf erdt jcehb tyff _ #&&&flubkj,hbd jcsf eahjcb sfj,bc lblb
evhfdktcj,f jhtyjdfybf^ bcbyb vij,kbehb jcehb tybc ufhlf mfhsek tyfptw vtn.dtkt,ty@
~b& vtuhtkbt^ lfcf[& yfih& ud& 230`& se \\ cfereybc gbhdtk yf[tdfhib rdkfd bwjlyty
mfhsekb tyf^ hjujhb vlujvfhtj,f eylf .jabkb.j ubekltyintlnbc lhjc^ \|++ cfereybc
,jkjc( reknehek-bcnjhbekb sdfkcfphbcbs^ mfhsdtkj,fc thjdyekb cf[t \+\
cfereytib itewdkbf& vfu& cja& ueasfib ]bjtdt,b lf lf sbubtdt,b w[jdhj,ty^ vfsb
obyfght,bc cfakfdbc mdt,c rb fothbfs ]bjidbkb^ sbubidbkb& .ehflqt,f eylf vbtmwtc
cfakfdbc mdbc tyfcfw^ se rb cfereybc lfcfo.bcib fqybiyek lf .dtkf c[df vbwdfkt,eksf
cfakfdt,c 'fkpt ufvfhsekb lf xdtekt,hbdb mfhsekb tybs fmds ufrtst,ekb tgbnfabt,b^
cfereybc ,jkjcfsdbc cfakfdt,bc ofhotht,bc mfhsekb tyf vlfht [lt,f^ [jkj itvltu
cfthsjl bcgj,f mfhsektyjdfyb ofhotht,b& fqybiyek cjatk ueasfib fhbc xdtekt,hbdb
mfhsekbs ufrtst,ekb nfnj ,b,kbfc 't ]bjidbkbc^ nfnj rbrjc-'t ]bjidbkbc^ cjcbrj
]bjidbkbc vteqkbc^ mfkfvfyfc \+\ c& tgbnfabt,b^ fhbc sbubidbkt,bc vidtybthb mfhsekbs
lfothbkb tgbnfabt,b^ thsb mfhsekb ktmcbf^ ufcbidbkt,bcf ~f[kf ufcbtdt,b` lf
abkbidbkt,bc ~f[kf gbkbtdt,b` _ mfhsekb tgbnfabt,b ~bmdt^ ud& 234-235`& #]bjtdt,bc pjub
j]f[b ,bzbrfidbkfl b[ctybt,f& vfifcflfvt^ vfs obyfgfhc ,bzbrf hmvtdbf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 236`&
cfthsjl^ fm hjujhw otcb^ vqdlkt,fl mfhsdtkt,b vcf[ehj,lyty ~vfiby fh b.dyty jcb
vqdlkt,b^ itvltu tupfh[jcvf frehs[f hfvltybvt`& thsb ]bjidbkb fm vqdltkb .jabkf lf
vfc cbjyibw evcf[ehbf _ #fv flubkpt 'dtkb cf.lfhb b.j&&& vbcb erfyfcrytkb vqdltkb
.jabkf vjhujtkb _ ]bdfidbkb^ fye ]bjtdb^ hjvtkbw itvltu s,bkbcbc cbjyib
vcf[ehj,lfj@ ~bmdt^ ud& 237`&
cja& ]fhibf mjsjkfidbkt,bc tgbnfabt,bf lf fhf mjsjkjdt,bcf lf mjsjkbst,bcf^
hjujhw f[kf botht,bfy tc udfht,b ~ud& 238`& cja& ybybfib se rb 1894 otkc cfakfdbc mdfpt
fothbf udfhb mfhcfybidbkb^ erdt hfvltybvt okbc itvltu fothbf mfhcfyjdb ~bmdt^ ud& 239`& se
rb cja& vc[kt,ib 1880 okbc tgbnfabfpt vidtybthb mfhsekbs vjb[ctyt,f #w[jdht,fidbkb@^
hfvltybvt okbc itvltu _ erdt #w[jdht,ftdb@ othbf ~ud& 242`&
cfbynthtcjf wyj,f wf,ftdt,bc itcf[t,& #dfcbk wf,ftdbc vtnhbrek fvjyfothib xf,ftdb
othbf& dfcbkc dtrbs[t,b^ xf,ftdb lf wf,ftdb ufyf thsb lf bubdtf( vbcb gfce[bf% fct b.j^
xf,fidbkc udbojlt,lyty^ vfuhfv futh 50 otkboflbf^ wf,ftdc ~wf,fsb` udtf[bfyj^ ~ilh&
xjxbsb _ xjxbtdb^ wjwbsb _ wjwbtdb`@ ~bmdt^ ud& 246`& ]fdfibf tgbnfabf mfhsekbs^
lfothbkb 1870 otkc #,fsj cfyf.jidbkbcf@^ erdt hfvltybvt okbc itvltu rb #cfyf.jtdb@
ofeothbfs f[fk cfakfdbc mdfpt& vjqotek 1860^ 1890^ 1876 cfakfdbc mdt,pt .dtkufy
cfyf.jidbkbf ofhothbkb _ #&&&flhbyltk ofhotht,ib f[kfyltkb udfhb cfyf.jtdb
cfyf.jidbkfl b[ctybt,f^ pjubthsb ufvjyfrkbcbc ufhlf ~vfu& b[& ptvjs 1873 o& thtrkt
cfyf.jtdbc cfakfdbc mdbc ofhothf* t&b& sfyfvlt,j,bc gbht,c eahj flht lfeo.bfs udfht,bc
ufhecekt,f ~bmdt^ ud& 249`&
mjmjtdt,b rb fh tothf 'dtk cfakfdt,pt^ fhfvtl mjmjidbkb ~ud& 249`&

81

#ths-ths ofhothfib ~1903 o&` b[ctybt,f #&&&,f,fidbkbc fcekb^ ktmcf stltidbkbc

vteqkt@ ~ud& 250`& bmdtf w[jdht,fidbkbc cfakfdbc mdf lf fhf w[jdht,jdbcf ~ud& 250`&
]fdfibf sfylbkffys e,fyb& sfylbkffys^ fye mfhsekb tybc ,eyt,bc itcf,fvbcfl
sfylbkfsb^ jceh sfylbktsfl mwtekf ~ud& 250`& cojhtl ptvjsfqybiyekbc ~t&b& fv hfbjyib
'dtkb mfhsekb vjcf[ktj,bc fhct,j,bc` ufvj #cfv[hts jctsbc^ ufycfresht,bs ]fdbc
hfbjybc vw[jdht,sf ptgbhcbn.dbtht,fib d[tlfds mfhsekbc vcufdc smvekt,t,cf lf
ktutylt,c@ ~ud& 251`&
cja& [totib 1890 okfvlt .dtkf cfakfdbc mdfc #sb,bkfidbkb@ tothf lf fhf #sb,bkjdb@
~ud& 254-255`& fm 'dtkmfhsekb udfht,b fhf vfhnj #idbkb@ ceabmcbs ,jkjdlt,f^ fhfvtl 'tsbw& fhbc 1912 okbc ofhothf _ #mdfpft@& sbsmvbc v[jkjl vtjwt cfereyblfy bo.t,f
mfhsektyjdfyb tgbnfabt,bc udthlbs jcehtyjdfybc ufvj.tyt,fw ud& 255`& b[ctybt,f ]th
#[fht,fidbkb@^ vtht #[fht,fjd@ ~ud& 256`& b[ctybt,f fhf afhfcnftdb^ fhfvtl afhfcnfidbkb
1884 o& ~ud& 257`^ #sb,bkfidbkb@ lf fhf #sb,bkjdb@^ ufsbrjidbkb lf fhf ufsbrjtdb^
mjmfidbkb lf fhf #mjmftdb@^ #ltlfidbkb@^ #sb,bkfidbkb@ ~1861 o&` ~ud& 262-263`& f[kfw rb
vj[ewt,b sfdbfys udfhc fofhvjt,ty mfhsekb ceabmcbc lfhsdbs& #rhjptkb lhbi ktdfybc-'t
sb,bkfidbkb ~vj[ewt,b fct fofhvjt,ty sfdbfys udfht,c` udfhoveyt,c^ hjv 111 okbcff@ ~ud&
265`& #udfxdtytc gbhj,bc jhb [tkothbkb^ 1908 okbc 12 vfhbj,bcsdtc lfeothbfs mfhsekfl%
hfpltyf sb,bkfidbkb lf vbif afhfcnfidbkb itsfy[vt,ekfy ths cflfdj cfrbs[ib@ ~ud& 268`&
fhf #dfkbtdb@ b[ctybt,f 'dtk cf,esib^ fhfvtl dfkbidbkb ~ud& 269`&
cja& dffytkb cfcjakj cf,zjib itlbc cjatkb #,fqbfys rfhb@ _ itvjrkt,bs #,fqbfsf@^
f[kf ,fubfsf^ ofhothfib vjb[ctybt,f fhf #,fubftdb@^ fhfvtl ,fqfidbkb ~ud& 273`&
gbhdtkb vqdltkb tlbcib jmhjgbhbt .jabkf@ ~ud& 291`^ bmdt lf,flt,ekf vbcb df;b^
#hjvtkbw itvltu fktmcfylht tgbcrjgjcflff wyj,bkb@ ~ud& 291`& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv vw[tsbc
hfbjybc cja& vbcfmwbtkbc cf,zjib vw[jdht,b jmhjgbhbtt,b jct,fl fw[flt,ty sfdbfys sfdc
mfhskbc vsbfytsblfy ,fhib uflfcf[kt,bc ufvj& fhct,j,c vfcfkf^ hjv 'dtkfl b[vfht,jlf
fhf .jhjtdb^ fhfvtl #.fhjidbkb@ ~ud& 297`^ fhf ,fubpjdb^ fhfvtl #,tubpfidbkb@ ~ud& 301`&
ufhlf fvbcf^ vhfdfkb ktutylf^ smvekt,f^ otc-xdtekt,f^ ]dfh-[fnt,bc^ trktcbt,bc cf[tkt,b
se cfudfhtekj sf.dfybcwtvf vbesbst,c fmfehb vjcf[ktj,bc mfhsek ofhvjvfdkj,fc ~t&b&
flubkj,hbd mfhsdtkj,fc itthbdyty xhlbkjtsblfy uflvjcf[kt,ekb ldfkt,b^ hjvtksf
fcbvbkfwbf-ithtdbs xfvj.fkb,lf fqybiyekb hfbjybc vjcf[ktj,f&
vfuhfv fhct,j,c rbltd eahj 'dtkb mfhsekb othbkj,bsb vjyfwtvt,b^ hjvtksf fyfkbpb
vbesbst,c pjubthsb jcehb udfhbc mfhsek ofhvjvfdkj,fc& vfufkbsfl^ [fht,fidbkt,c ~fye
lqtdfyltkb [fht,jdt,bc obyfght,c` mfhsekb cfvfhskbc 'tukt,b ]th rbltd \|+++
cfereytib vjb[ctybt,lf hjujhw vqdltkt,c& [fht,fidbkb^ hjvtkcfw mdtvjs vj.dfybkb
ljrevtynb itt[t,f^ etzdtkfl mfhsdtkbf^ jcb hjv .jabkb.j^ fvbc itcf[t, vbesbst,lf vbcb
vjvxbdfyb tgbcrjgjcb& 1793 okbc 16 st,thdfkc vhjdtkb tgbcrjgjcb xbdbc df[nfyu
,fnjybidbksfy bvbc itcf[t,^ hjv #[fht,fidbkbc ubjhubc vqdltkb f,bcb cjatkb vbdf,fht
cfyf[tdhjs^ hfw tijdf^ iefpt eylf uft.j@ ~mfhs& cfvfhs& 'tukt,b^ |+++^ ud& 196`^ vfuhfv fh
ufe.dbf lf ibylbcib uflfcekf&
fctdt bsmvbc vfhqbidbkt,bc ~f[kfyltkb vfhubtdt,bc` itcf[t,fw& bcbyb rbltd eahj flht^
\|++ cfereyblfydt vjb[ctybt,bfy othbkj,bs cf,est,ib ~mfhs& cfvfhs& 'tukt,b^ |++ _ ud&
690-691`^ vfhqbidbkt,bc ths injc ]fdf[tssfyfw fmdc rfdibhb& bcbyb sevfybidbkt,bc .vt,b
.jabkfy ~mfhs& cfvfhs& 'tu& |+++^ 1985 o& ud& 90`&
iblf mfhskib fhf vfhnj .vf ukt[t,b ~[bpyt,b` ufjct,ekfy^ fhfvtl sfdflt,bcf lf
fpyfeht,bc yfobkbw rb^ vfufkbsfl^ f[kfyltkb ,jhnbtdt,bc obyfgfhb ,jhnbidbkt,b
82

vfxf,kt,bc ths-ths injc ofhvjflutylyty& #vfxf,kt,bc udfhb sfdfleh cf[tkt,fl lfb.j^

pffkbidbkt,fl^ ubjhubidbkt,fl^ htdfpbidbkt,fl^ ,jhnbidbkt,fl@ ~m&c&t& 6^ ud& 509`^
jcj,ty htdfpjdt,bw ~htdfpbidbkt,b`&
f[kfyltkb lbfrjyjdt,bc obyfght,b^ lbfrjyfidbkt,b b[ctybt,bfy \|++ cfereybc ,jkjcf
lf \|+++ c& lfcfo.bcblfy _ #ujhtkvf dfzfhvf lbfrjyfidbkvf cnfv,jkib ufhlfwdkbkb cbvjy
vtabc ytinb cfmfhsdtkjib ofvjfcdtyf& fv cfvcf[ehbcfsdbc bub j]f[bfyfl ufffpfntc lf
]dhbc vjyfcnthc itcobhtc@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ ++ ud& 537 _ obuyblfy _ #bcnjhbekb
o.fhjsvwjlytj,bsb ufvjrdktdt,b@ 1988^ ud& 28`&
vcufdcb vfufkbst,b bct vhfdkfl fhbc^ hjv itcf,fvbcb rdktdf-'bt,bc itvltu vfs ufvjwtvfc
fk,fs njvt,b lfczbhlt,f&
fctsb othbkj,bsb vjyfwtvt,bc ufhlf fhbc njgjybvehb vfcfkt,bw^ hjvkbc
cfiefkt,bsfw itbkt,f pjubthsb udfhbc bcnjhbbc lflutyf^ vfufkbsfl^ stlttdt,bc
~stlbfidbkt,bc` thsb injcb& df[einb cfluthbc [tj,fib fcf[kt,c cjatk stlbfys-e,fyc ~c&
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1990 otkb

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