10

1.

= {...., 2, 1,0,1,2,...}

,, 0

2.

c
.
*
= {1,2,3,....}
* = {1, 2,...}

3.

= {0,1,2,...}

+ = +

. = .

+( + ) = ( + )+

.( . ) = ( . ) .

. ( + ) = . + .
.1=

+0=
+ (- ) = 0

1
= 1 , 0

 10

, , , :

= + = +
0 = . = .
. = 0 = 0 = 0

.


.


.


.

. 0 0 0

0 ,
1
.
1
1
0 . = . . . = . . = .

:
+ = +

= =

. = .

4.

 10

= =



= =

+ +
=
=

+
= = =
+

(+) 0

5.

1.4.2 ...
4 3. , 2

=

,=1

0 : 0 = 1 - =
6.

. = ( )

=
,0

7.

( )

-
, 0
=

. = +

2 2
+
( ) = + 2+2

= .

, . 0
=

( -) = 2 2 + 2
3
3
( +) = 3 + 3 2 +32 +3
( -) = 3 - 3 2 + 3 2 - 3
2 2 = ( + ) ( )
3 + 3 = ( +) ( 2 + 2 )
3 3 = ( ) ( 2 + + 2 )

)(

= -1 + -2+ -3 2 +....+ 2 -3 + -2 + -1

 10

8.

2 + 2 = ( + ) - 2

3 + 3 = ( + ) - 3 ( + )

2
2
2
1
++ ) ( - ) + ( - ) + ( - )
(
2

+ + = 0 : 3 + 3 + 3 = 3

3 + 3 + 3 - 3 =

3 + 3 + 3 = 3 : = = + + =0

1.

, , , c ,R
.

 10

Z
-2,7171..

N
0.

-5

+2,723

1.
2.

1
2

-1 + 2
3

5 3

1+

-2
-0,12

( ),
( ) ( ) ..
N Z Q R, Qc R, Q Qc = , Q Q c = R

2.

= [5.(3x 1) +2 (2x-3] 11(4x-1)

5(3x-1), 2(2x-3), -11(4x-1)

.
= 5. (3) +5 . (-1)+2. (2) +2 (-3) 11.(4) 11.(-1)
5 .(3), 2.(2) 11.(4)
:
=(5.3) 5+(2.2)+ (-6) (11. 4) +11=155+4 6-44+11=
(
)
=(15 +4 44 )+( -5 6 +11) = (19 44) +(-11+11)=
=( )=
=25+0= )= -25
:
:

 10

3.

1
= 2
+

+1
,
,
2,
+ +2

= =
1

= =
=
2
1 2
2

+ +
1
+ 1 + 2
= = = 2 = 2
+ 3
=

2
1
2 + 2+1 +
1

1
= 2 = 1 = 1 =3 + = 3 + = 3

+
1
+1 1
= = = + = 2 +2 = 2
4.

.
= ( 22.35 )-2 .( 34 . 23)2

(.) = .
= ( 22 )-2( 35 )-2 ( 34 )2(23)2

 10

() =.
= 2-4 3-10 38 26 =(2-4.26).(3-10.38)
. = +
= 2-4+6 3-10+8 = 22 . 3-2
1
- =

1 22
=2 2 = 2
3 3
2

2
=
3

5. = (1++) (1- ) (1+ 2+2+2)

= 1-(+)4

(1++) (1--) = [1+(+)] [1-(+)] =1-(+)2 1

[ (+) (-) = 2-2 ]
1+2+ 2+ 2 = 1+ (2+2 +2)=1+(+)2

[ 2+2 +2 = (+)2]
A1 2

=[1-( + )2] [1+(+ )2]= 1-(+ )4

[ ( + ) (- ) =2-2]

6.

3 + 3 + 3 = 3
( 2-1) + (+1)3= 0

++ =0
(-2) 3-

+
(1-2)3
(-2)3 + (1-2)3+ (+1)3 = 0

(-2) , (1-2), (+1) 0

-(2-1) 3

 10

-2 +1-2++1 = 2-2+2-2 = 0
(-2)3+(1-2)3+(+1)3
3(-2) (1-2)(+1)
:
x- 2 = 0 x = 2

3 ( x-2 ) (1 2 x ) ( x + 1 ) = 0 1 2 x = 0 2 x = 1 x = 1
2
x+1 = 0 x = -1
7.

( 3) (- 4) = 2( - 3) 2
.

1
2 2-4-3 + 12= 2-6
2 10
:
2 4-3+12-2+6 = 0 x 2 9 x + 1 8 = 0
= 2-4 = (-9)2-4.1.18 = 81 72 =9
9 +3
Z
=6
- ( 9 ) 9 9 3
2
x=
=
=
=
2
2 .1
2
9 3
]
=3
2

20
10 20
(-3)(-4) 2(-3) = 0 10

Z x-3 =0 x = 3
( x-3 ) [( x- 4 ) 2] = 0 ( x-3 ) ( x-6 )
] x-6 = 0 x = 6
20
10 .

 10

8. x R
x2 4
A= 2

x 2x

2-4 = ( 2)(+2)
2-2 = (-2)
A=

(x - 2)(x + 2)
x(x - 2)

(-2) 0
, :
x ( x-2 ) 0

x 0
= R { 0, 2}
x-2 0 x 2

A=

( x-2 ) ( x+2 ) = x+2

x
x ( x-2 )

1.

. 2(+3) = 3 +3 ..
. 2(. 3) = 33
. 2+(+3) = (3+2)+.
. (-)+(2) = 2..
1
. ( 2. ) =2 ..

 10

x x + x +2 +x
x
2
,
,
,
2. = 3 . 2,
+3 x
x

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3.
:
) (1,253.2,5-2)4.(86.44)2
)

0 , 2 5 3 .4 5
0 , 2 5 5 .4 3

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

10

 10

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.

) (1-) (1+) (1+2)(1+)4 =1-8
) (2+2+1) (2-2+1) (2+1)2 = (4-1)2

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5.

++ = 0 3 + 3 + 3 = 3

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

11

 10

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

6.

2
2)

(+1) (-2) = 3(-

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7.

x2 1
x 3 2x 2 + x

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

12

 10

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

8.

+ - 1
+
)
:
- + +

x 2 + x +1 x 2 x +1 x 2 + 1

+ 2
)
2
x +1
x 1
x 1
-

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

13

 10

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

9.
i.

2
x2 (2 x 3)
ii
x 2 1 +2

2 + 2 2 + 2
2
+ 2 2

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

14

 10

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

15