Wood Construction and Design PDF

viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca
mhaviTalyvisVkmsMNg;sIuvil
karsagsg;nigKNnasMNg;eQI
(Wood Construction and Design)
rrr[sss
CMBUkTI1 esckIepImBIlkN RbePT nigcMNat;fak;eQI

1-esckIepIm (Introduction)
eQIKWCasMParsMNg;EtmYyKt;EdlduHlUtlas;enakgFmCati dUecHKuNPaBrbs;vaEtgEtERb
RbYleTAtamRbePTedImeQI (Specie of tree) Gayu KuNPaBdI lkNGakasFatu ehIynigkarEfTaM
eRkayeBlkab; . eQImankin nigmanBN/ eQIxHTn; eQIxHrwg eQIxHFn;)anenAkgTwk rIxHeTotFn;
)anenAkgdI .
eQImYycMnYnGaceRbIR)as;)anenAkNalval EdlRtUvf RtUvsMeNImCab;CaRbcaM .
enAelIBiPBelakeyIgenH eK)anrab;cMnYneQIeXIjman 3 mWunRbePT .
tamRbeTsenAGWurubeKEcgEckeQICaBIrRkum
- eQIswkRsYc
- eQIswkFmta
enARbeTsGaemriceKEcgEckeQICaBIrRkumEdr
- eQITn; (Softwood)
- eQIrWg (Hardwood)
enArd California nshrdGaemrik manedImeQIEdlmankMBs;eTAdl; 150Em:Rt nigmanGayu
RbmaN 2000qaM . enAkgcMeNamenaH manedImxHRtUv)aneKlugeFVICapvrfyn bpveTscr ehIyman
edImeQIxHmanbnat;pitCit 12Em:Rt .
sMNg;BIeQIEdlmancMNas;CageKenAkgBiPBelakKWRBHviharnvtmYyenA Nara RbeTsCb:un
Edl)anksageLIgenAstvtSn_TI 8/ RBHviharenHeQaHfa Horyu-Ji.
2-karkekIt nigTMrg;rbs;sac;eQI
sac;eQImanrUbmnKImI (C H O ) eBalKIekItpSMeLIgedaykabUnGIudUEsn nigGuksIuEsn . enA
eBlRtUvTwk vamanRbtikmkayeTACaKykUs kMritexSay C H O + H O C H O .
enAeBlEdleKGarkat;TTWgedIm eKBitCaeXIjfaedImeQIpMeLIgeday
- bNl bxwm (Heartwood)
- sac;eQI (Sapwood)
6
10
eroberogeday sux rsI
10
10
TMBr -1-
- sMbk (bark)
sMbk KWCaRsTab;karBarekasikakMBuglUtlas; .
sac;Rsay KWCasac;eQIxIenAkMBuglUtlas; .
sac;eQIcas; KWCasac;eQIenAeRkamsac;Rsay . sac;eQIcas;eRcInmanBNRbem:ACagsac;
Rsay CaTUeTAvamanBNsesk.
bNl bxwm KWCaEpkEdlenAkNaledIm .
sac;eQI
sMbk
rUbTI1 muxkat;edImeQI
bNl bxwm
CaTUeTA eKRtUvGareRCoksac;RsayecalsinmunnwgykeTAeFVIeRKOgsMNg; BIeRBaHsac;Rsay

enH gaybMpajedaypSwk bstVlitsIubMpaj .
3-lkNrUbrbs;eQI (Physical properties)
eQIKWCasMParEdlminesIsac; nigmanTisminesIKa (Nonhomogeneous and Anisotropic)
eBalKIPaBFn;rbs;vamankarERbRbYleTAtamTissrssac;eQI beNaysac; rWTTwgsac; . m:ag
eTot eQIKWCasMParEdlRsUbsMeNIrxl (Hygroscopic) eBalKWva manlkNbWtyksMeNIm
briyakas bpyeTAvijvaGachYtsMeNImecjBIxnvaenAeBlvaRtUvkMedA .
3>1-m:as;maD (Density / Unit weight)
eQITaMgGs;manm:as;maDmindUcKaeT eQIxHRsal xHFn; nigxHeTotFn;xaMg . CaTUeTAPaBFn;
rbs;eQIGacERbRbYleTAtamm:as;maDrbs;va KWmannyfaRbsinebIeQImanm:as;maDFM enaHPaBBn;
(Strength) rbs;vakkan;EtlEdr .
eQICasMPares<at (Porosity). eKBiniteXIjfa enAeBlEdleQImanpes<atkan;EtFM enaH
eQIkkan;EtRsal ehIyPaBFn;rbs;vakkan;EtexSay .
taragTI1 eRbobeFobm:s;maDeQI nigsMParsMNg;epSg
RbePT
m:as;maD [g/cm ]
< 0.50
- eQIRsalxaMg
0.50 ~ 0.65
- eQIRsal
3
TMBr -2-
0.70 ~ 1.00
- eQIFn;mFm
> 1.00
- eQIFn;m
2.40
- ebtug
2.70
- kBak;
7.85
- EdkEfb
cMNaM eQIFn;)annwgGasIut (Acid resistance) nig)as b:uEnvaCasMParminRKan;EtvayeqHb:ueNaHeT Et
vaEfmTaMgsMPareRbIsMrab;CafamBl cMehH eTotpg . dUecH edIm,IkarBarGKIPy eKRtUveRbIsMPar
mYycMnYnedIm,IkarBareQ ImanemeronmYysIBIGKIPy.
taragTI2 tMlm:as;maDeQIenARbeTskm<Ca
eQaHedImeQI
ebg
raMgPM
Fg
Rsl;
kekaH
ekagkag
bMeBjrac kMeBjrac
pwk
BeBl
dYgEcm
m:sak;
Rsm:
sMerag
sMerag
xVav
BBUl
suRkm
m:as;maD
[g/cm3]
0.80 ~ 0.85
0.90
0.78 ~ 0.99
0.55 ~ 0.62
0.68 ~ 0.83
1.05
0.58
1.58
0.82
0.63
0.64
0.87
0.35
0.58
0.67
1.00
0.90
TMBr -3-
0.99 ~ 1.14
suRkm
0.61 ~ 0.71
epk
0.51 ~ 0.67
exarRB
0.945 ~ 1.12
Ggaj;
0.75
elg
0.97
nagnYn
1.10
Rkjg
1.17
eQIexA
0.66 ~ 0.75
eQITal
0.66
eQITal
0.71 ~ 0.89
KKIr
0.40
CMBURB
0.53 ~ 0.64
esA
1.06
sac;
0.89
sMBr
0.58
qaMqa
1.10
busnaK
m:as;maDeQIenARbeTsGIurubxH xat g/cm
sa)uaMg (Sapin) : 0.43 ~ 0.64
Rsl; (Pin) : 0.49 ~ 0.86
Esn (Oak) : 0.65 ~ 0.93
m:as;maDeQIenARbeTsGaemric xat g/cm 0.32 ~ 1.04 tMlmFmyk 0.499 g/cm
bMEbkxat 1lb/in = 16kg/m , 1kg/m = 10 g/cm
3>2-rbwgrbs;eQI (Hardness)
rbIgKWCaPaBBn;rbs;eQITb;nwgkarliccUlndMuGgFaturwg Edk . rbwgenHkvaGaRsyeTAtam
RbePTeQIEdr .
eK)anBiniteXIjfa eQIEdlmanrgVg;lUtlas;RbcaMqaM (Annular ring) kan;EtekokKa enaHeQI
kkan;EtrWgEdr .
3
-3
TMBr -4-
karcMlgkMedA (Heat thermal conductivity)
karcMlgkMedArbs;eQIexSayCagebtug 10dg nigexSayCagEdk 250dg .
karlUtkMedA (Thermal expansion)
bMErbMrYlTMhM bRbEvgrbs;eQIenAeRkamGMeBInkMedA vamantMlexSayCagebtugnigEdk 3dg.

3>3-KuNsm,ti nigKuNvibtrbs;eQI (Advantages and Disadvantages of wood)
1- KuNsm,tirbs;eQIrYmmandUcxageRkam
- eQIGaceFVIsafI)an
- eQIGaceFVIedaym:asIun
- eQImanpleFobrvagPaBFn;eTAnwgTMgn;l
- eQInwgmineRcH
- eQImanesaPNPaB
2- KuNvibtirbs;eQIrYmmandUcxageRkam
- eQIGaceqH)an
- eQIGacBuk brlYy ehIyGacRtUv)anvayRbharedaystVlitdUcCakeNr>>>/ .
sMeNIm nigxl;eFVIeGayeQIqab;BukrlYy.
- eQIebomsMeNIm bTwk
- eQIGacTTYl\TiBlRKb;y:ag EdleFVIeGayminmanlMnwgmaD
- lkNrbs;eQImankarERbRbYlx<s; ehIyvamanbMErbMrYlPaBFn;kgmuxkat;pgEdr
3>4-sMeNIm (Moisture)
GaRsyedayeQICasMParEdlRsUbsMeNIrxl; (Hygroscopic) dUecHeQIEtgEtrgnUv\TiBl
rbs;sMeNImRKb;eBlevla . sMeNIm)aneFVIeGayeQIERbRbYlTMhMrbs;va eBalKWvarIkmaDenAeBlTTYl
sMeNIm nigpyeTAvijvarYmmaDenAeBlvast )at; bhYtsMeNImecjBIsac;eQI . b:uEn karERbRbYl
maDrbs;eQIenH EtgmankarxusKaeTAtamTisbeNaysac; (Longitudinal) TTwgsac (Radial)
nigtg;sg; (Tangential) .
TMBr -5-
rUbTI2 GkSbeNay/ TTwg nigtg;sg;kgeQI

TTWgsac;
rUbTI3 GkSeKalTaMg3rbs;eQI
EdleKarBtamTisedAnsac;
tg;sg;
beNaysac;
cMNaM eQIERbRbYlTMhMxaMgEteTAtamTisedATTwgsac; nigtg;sg;b:ueNaH . cMeBaHkarrIkrYmmaDtam
beNaysac;eQIswgEtmincaM)ac;Kitk)anEdr .
sac;eQIRsayERbRbYlTMhM bmaDxaMgCagsac;xwm .
karpas;brsMeNImrhseBk bkarhalsMgYtminRtwmRtUv naMbeNaleGaymansameRbH rWe)ar
(Split or Warping) .
eQIEdlrgkMlaMgbegag (Bending / Flexure) mansrsxHlUt nigsrsxHeTotrYj brYm.
eQIeFVIkarminsUv)anlenAeBlTTYlkMlaMgcit bEhk (Shear) .
cMeBaHeRKOgbgMEdlrgkMlaMgsgt;GacmanlkN2y:ag
- RbsinebIeRKOgbgMsMNg;Evg enaHnwgbNaleGayman)atuPUtkMeNag (Buckling)
eBalKWenAeBlkMlaMgkan;EtxaMgnwgeFVIeGayeRKOgbgMenaHTn;ekagbnicmgrhUtdl;)ak;Etmg .
- RbsinebIeRKOgbgxM I enAeBlkMlaMgsgtF; n h; sY enaHnwgbNaleGayEbkexcEtmg .
TMBr -6-
eK)anBiniteXIjfa PaBFn; (Strength) rbs;eQIfycuH 30% enAeBlEdlGRtasMeNImekIn

eLIgBI 15% eTA 30% . eQIFn;)annwgkarbuk bb:HTgic (Shock) eRbIeFVIRTnab;epSg/ eQIkat;bnuy
rMjr (Vibration) eRbIeFVICaeCIgm:asIun.
]TahrN_ cUrKNnarkGRtasMeNImtamsmtikmxageRkam
- TMgn;edIm P = 400g
- TMgn;eRkayeBlsMgYt P = 300g
brimaNTwkEdlenAkgsac;eQI P P = 400 300 = 100g
dUecH GRtasMeNImKW
n
Pn P0
100
100% =
100 = 33%
300
P0
3>4>1-lMnwgGRtasMeNIm (Equilibrium Moisture Content)

lkNlMnwgnsMeNImenAkgeQInwgekItmaneLIgenAeBlEdlGRtasMeNImrbs;eQIe+naH suaM
(Adapt) )aneTAnwgsMeNImbriyakas .
TMnak;TMngrvaglMnwgGRtasMeNIm (EMC), PaBesIm nigsItuNPaB GacKNnaRbEhleday
TMnak;TnM gxageRkam
K Kh + 2 K K K h
1800 Kh
smIkar 1
+
M=
W 1 Kh 1 + K Kh + K K K h
2
Edl
CaPaBesIm KitCa [%/100] nig M CaPGRtasMeNIm KitCa [%]

sMrab;sItuNPaB T KitCa [ C]
W = 349 + 1.29T + 0.0135T2

K = 0.805 + 0.000736T - 0.00000273T2
K1 = 6.27 - 0.00938T - 0.000303T2
K2 = 1.91 + 0.0407T - 0.000293T2
sMrab;sItuNPaB T KitCa [ F]
0
W = 330 + 0.452T + 0.00415T2

K = 0.791 + 0.000463T - 0.000000844T2
K1 = 6.34 + 0.000775T - 0.0000935T2
K2 = 1.09 + 0.0284T - 0.0000904T2
cMNaM - eQIEdleTIbnwgkab;fI GacnwgmansMeNImBI 50% eTA 100% .

- FmtaeQIRtUvrIkmaD blUtRbEvgenAeBlRtUvkMedA b:uEnkarlUtsac;enHEbrCa)at;bg;eTAvij
edaysarenAeBlRtUvkMedA eFVIeGayhYtsMeNImEdlCaktaeFVIeGaysac;eQIrYj bRskmkvij . dUecH
hak;dUcCamankarTUTat;swgesIKarvag)atuPUtTaMg2xagelI .
eKGaceRbIRbdab;m:agvas;sMeNIm eQaHfa Hygrometer Air humidity indicator .
TMBr -7-
3>4>2-GRtasMeNIm (Moisture content)

GRtasMeNImrbs;eQI KWCabrimaNTwtKitCaPaKryEdlvacUleTAepSImRbehagEslulrbs;
sac;eQI . eyIgGaceFVIkarKNnarkGRtarbs;eQI)anedayykkMNat;eQIeTAeFVIkarsMgYtkgL (drier)
enAsItuNPaB 103 2 ( 15C ) kgryeBl 24em:ag .
eyIgfwgkMNat;eQIenaHmunnwgsMgYt nigeRkaysMgYttamrUbmn
Moist weigth Dry weigth
MC (%) =
100%
smIkar 2
Dry weigth
btamrUbmn
G G
U=
100%
smIkar 3
G
eday U CaGRtasMeNIm KitCa %
G CaTMgnrbs;eQIsitkgGRtasMeNIm
G CaTMgn;rbs;eQIeRkaysMgYtkgL ( 15C )
man2cMNat;fak;rbs;eQIEdlGaRsyeTAnwgGRtasMeNIm KWeQIbtg (Green) nigeQIst
(Dry) . eQIbtg (Green lumber) KWCaeQIEdleTIbkab;mkfI ehIyGRtasMeNImGacERbRbYlBI
30% eTA 200% . eQIst (Dry or seasoned lumber) KWCaeQIEdlmanGRtasMeNImminx<s;Cag
19% sMrab;eQIGar (Sawn lumber) nigminticCag 16% sMrab;eQIbitkav (Glued laminated timber
or Glulam) emIltaragTI4. eQIGacRtUv)ansMgYtedaydak;halxl; (Air drying) b edayLkMedA
(Kiln drying) . eRKOgbgMeQIPaKeRcInRtUv)aneRbIenAlkxNekA bst (Dry or seasoned
condition) EdlvaRtUv)ankarBarBIsMeNImhYskMNt; .
taragTI3 GRtasMeNIm
0
U
0
cMNat;fak;eQI
GRtasMeNIm (%)
eQIGar
eQIbitkav
19
< 16
eQIbtg
> 19
16
eQIst
eQIstKWRtUveGayGnusassMrab;sMNg;GKar BIeRBaHEtTMhMrbs;vamanPaBfitefr .
karsMgYtman2Ebb
- kardak;halxl;enAkNalval (Air drying / Air seasoning) GacCaeRcInf .
- karsMgtY edaybBal eQIeTAkg bnbx; l;keM dA (Hot air drying) RtwmEtrab;em:agb:eu NaH .
TMBr -8-
GRtasMeNImsMrab;eRKOgbgMsMNg;
- eRKOgdMbUlkMNt;sMeNImBI 13% eTA 17% .
- eRKOgsMNg;epSgeTotCaBiesseRKOgsgarwmBI 8% eTA 12% .
eQICasMParcMlgkMedAexSay manlkNGIusULg;xaMgEdr . eQIRsalEdlebomTwkGacman
TMgn;Fn;CageQIFn;Edlstl . enAelITIpSar GRtasMeNImrbs;eQIGacmankMritRbmaN 20% .
GRtasMeNImCaeKalrbs;eRKOgsMNg;KWRtUvmankMrit 12% eTA 15% .
GRtasMeNImrbs;eRKOgsMNg;BIeQIEtgERbYRbYleTAtam
- sItuNPaB nigsMeNImbriyakas
karERbYRbYlsMeNImenH Gacman\TiBleTAelI
- TMgn; (Weight)
- TMhM (Dimension / size)
- PaBKg;vgSyUrGEgVg (Durability)
- PaBFn;GnuBaati (Allowable Stress)
eQIenAeBlstesIm enaHbNaleGayqab;xUcedaykarduHpSit bstVlitsIubMpaj .
3>5-cMNat;fak;xatrbs;eQIGar (Size Classification of Sawn Wood )
taragTI4 bMErbMrYlcMNat;fak;TMhMsMrab;eRKOgbgMeQIGar
cMNat;fak;eQI
xat
eQITMhM (Dimension lumber)
kMras;Fmta BI 50mm eTA 100mm
TTwgFmta 50mm b:uEn 400mm
Fwm nigrt (Beam and stringer)
muxkat;ctuekaNEkg
kMras;Fmta 125mm
TTwgFmta > 50mm + kMras;Fmta
begal nigcnl; (Post and timber) muxkat;kaerRbEhl
kMras;Fmta 125mm
TTwgFmta 50mm + kMras;Fmta
bnHkMral (Decking)
kMras;Fmta BI 50mm eTA 100mm
muxTUlay)andak;edaypal;b:HCamYyeRKag
eRbICasnwkdMbUl bsnwkkMralkarRkal
TMBr -9-
eQITMhM (Dimension lumber) tYy:agRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;rnUt (Floor joists) bbgg;epagdMbUl

(Roof rafters) ehIyxat 50200mm, 50250mm nig 50300mm KWCajwkjab;bMputRtUv)an
eRbICaxatFwmkMral . sMrab;sMNg;GKarsak;enAEdlmaneRKagRsal eQITMhM (Dimension lumber) KW
CaTUeTARtUv)aneRbI . Fwm nigrt (Beam and Stringer) KWRtUv)aneRbICaFwmkMral (Floor beam) bFwmem
(Girder) nigCaeRKagelIrbs;TVa bbgc (Door or window headers). begal nigcnl; (Post and
timber) KWRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFVICassr bbegal .
rUbTI4 xatmuxkat;FmtabBit nigmuxkat;tubEtgrYc

3>6-PaBxUcrbs;eQI (Wood Defect)
RbePTPaBxUcnimYykgeQIKWmanPaBxUcFmCati (Natural defect) PaBxUcedaykareRCok
(Conversion defect) nigPaBxUcedaykarsMgYt (Seasoning defect) . ]TahrN_xH rbs;PaBxUc
FmCatimandUcCa Bk (Knots)/ karEbkecjbeNaysac; (Shakes)/ kareRbHEbk (Splits)/ nigkarBuk
brlYy (Decay). PaBxUcedaykareRCok ekIteLIgbNalmkBIRbtibtikarGar bkinminRtwmRtUvl
eBalKW karEbksac;ecj (Wane) . PaBxUcedaykarsMgYt lTpl)anmkBI\TiBlnkarstRsksac;
TMBr -10-
minesIKa eBalKWRbePTnimYynkare)ar (Warp) dUcCa ekagtam muxkat; (Cup) ekagtamkMBs;

(Bow) nigekagtambg; (Crook).
RbePTPaBxUcrbs;eQITaMg3xagelIBnl;bgajkgrUbTI5>1 nigTI5>2 ehIyRbePTPaBxUc
samBabMputkgeRKOgbgMeQIKWBnl;bgajkgrUbTI6>1 nigTI6>2 .
rUbTI5>1 PaBxUcedayFmCat nigPaBxUcedaykareRCok
rUbTI5>2 PaBxUcedaykarsMgYt
TMBr -11-
rUbTI6>1 RbePTPaBxUcsamBa
TMBr -12-
rUbTI6>2 RbePTPaBxUcsamBa
rUbTI7>1 kareRCok nigGaredImeQI
TMBr -13-
rUbTI7>2 karGartamTTWgsac; nigtamtg;sg;
rUbTI7>3 RbePTeRCok bGar

TMBr -14-
3>7-karRsksac;eQI (Shrinkage of Wood)

karRsksac;eQI bNalmkBItMlGRtasMeNImrbs;vafycuHkgkartMeLIgeRKOgbgM eFobnwg
lMnwgGRtasMeNImEdlGacmansMeNImy:agTabNas;BI 8 10% kgbrisankarBarxH . karRsksac;
beNaysac;eQIKWGacecal)an ehIymantMltUcxaMgCagkarRsksac;kat;TTWgsac;eQI . karRsk
sac;epSgKa bxusKaCaTUeTAeRcInmaneRKaHfak;CagkarRsksac;CaksNan rWesIKa . \TiBlkar
Rsksac;kgeQIGacRtUv)anbRgYmeGaytUc edayeRbIeQIst beQImanlMnwgGRtasMeNIm 15% rWtic
CagenH .
cMnYnkarRsksac;tammuxkat;TTWg bkMras;r)arrWeRKOgbgMeQIKWGacmankarERbRbYlx<s; b:uEn
eyIgkGacKNna):an;san)anedayeRbIsmIkarxageRkam yklMnaMtam ASTM D1990
1 (a bM ) / 100
d =d
smIkar 4
1 (a bM ) / 100
2
CakMras; bTTWgeRKOgbgMdMbUgkgGRtasMeNImdMbUl M KitCa mm

d CakMras; bTTWgeRKOgbgMcugeRkaykgGRtasMeNImcugeRkay M KitCa mm
M GRtasMeNImkgTMhM d KitCa %
M GRtasMeNImkgTMhM d KitCa %
tMlGtBaati a nig b mankgtaragTI5xageRkam . tMlsrubnkarRsksac;sMNg;eQIEdl
)anerobrab; belIkykmkenH CatMlbUksrubnkarRsksac;tamTTWgsac;r)ar beRKOgbgMeQI nimYy
kgkarerobrab; belIkykmkenHEdr tMlRsksac;tambeNayrWRsbtamsac;eQIKIGacecal)an .
taragTI5 ):ar:aEm:RtnkarRsksac;
TTwg (Width)
kMras; (Thickness)
RbePTeQI (Wood species)
Edl
d1
eQIRkhm/ edImsIudaRbhmPaK
xaglic/ edImsIudasPaKxageCIg
epSg
3.454
0.157
2.816
0.128
6.031
0.215
5.062
0.181
xageRkamenHKWCatMlmFmnkarRsksac;eQI (Shrinkage) enAeBlEdlkarERbYRbYlsMeNIm

(Moisture) 1% .
TMBr -15-
taragTI6 tMlmFmnkarRsksac;eQI eQIenARbeTsGWurubxH

eQITn; (Softwood)
eQIrwg (Hardwood)
TisedA (Direction)
0.20 ~ 0.30
0.30 ~ 0.40
tg;sg;
0.10 ~ 0.15
0.10 ~ 0.15
TTWgsac;eQI
0.01
0.01
beNaysac;eQI
4-lkNemkanicrbs;eQI (Mechanical properties)
4>1-karkMNt;PaBFn;rbs;eQI (Strength of Lumber)
edIm,IkMNt;rkPaBFn;rbs;eQIeyIgRtUvcaM)ac;sal;
- RbePTeQI (Species)
- PaBxUcrbs;sac;eQI (Defect)
- GRtasMeNImrbs;eQI (Moisture content)
- TisedArbs;kMlaMgtambeNay btamTTwgsac;eQI
edIm,IkMNt;rkPaBFn;rbs;RbePTeQInimYy eKRtUvkat;eQItamKMrUsg;da (Standard sample)
eGay)anelIsBI3dMu rYcykeTABiesaFn_enAkgmnIBiesaFn_sMParsMNg; . m:asIunEdleRbIsMrab;eFVIkar
BiesaFn_enH KW m:asIuneRb:s sgt; nigm:asIunTaj b Universal Machine eRbI)anTaMgsgt; nig
Taj. PaBFn;rbs;vaEdlcaM)ac;RtUvsal;enaHKW
- PaBFn;nwgkMlaMgsgt; (Compressive Strength)
- PaBFn;nwgkMlaMgTaj (Tensile Strength)
- PaBFn;nwgkMlaMgbegag bkac; (Bending Strength)
- PaBFn;nwgkMlaMgcit bEhk (Shear Strength)
- PaBFn;nwgkMlaMgsgt;RTuD (Perpendicular Compression to the grain Strength)
TMBr -16-
4>2-sg;da rWxatKMrU (Standard or unit sample)

PaBFn;nwgkMlaMgsgt; (Compressive Strength)
P
rUbTI8 KMrUsMrab;sgt;
PaBFn;nwgkMlaMgTaj (Tensile Strength)

P
rUbTI89 KMrUsMrab;Taj
P
PaBFn;nwgkMlaMgbegag bkac; (Bending Strength)
rUbTI810 KMrUsMrab;begag
TMBr -17-
PaBFn;nwgkMlaMgcit bEhk (Shear Strength)

P
rUbTI11 KMrUsMrab;cit bEhk

PaBFn;nwgkMlaMgsgt;RTuD (Perpendicular Compression to the grain Strength)
rUbTI12 KMrUsMrab;sgt;RTuD
taragxageRkamenH CatMlPaBFn;eQIenARbeTskm<CaEdl)anmkBIkareFVIBiesaFn_ .
TMBr -18-
TMBr -19-
TMBr -20-
TMBr -21-
TMBr -22-
TMBr -23-
4>3-lkNeGLasIc rWPaByWt (Elastic Properties)

mantMlefr12 9KwkraC KWRtUvkarbriyayBIcritlkNeGLasicrbs;eQI manm:UDul
eGLasIc3 (Three moduli of elasticity) E / m:UDulrWg3 (Three moduli of rigidity) G nigemKuN
Brsug6 (Six Poissons ratio) . m:UDuleGLasic nigemKuNBrsugmanTMnak;TMngdUcTMrg;xageRkam
=
,
i j i , j = L, R , T
smIkar 5
E
E
ij
ji
CaGkSbeNaysac;
R (Radial) CaGkSTTWgsac;o-T (Tangential) CaGkStg;sg; bCaGkSb:Hsac;
L (Longitudinal)
rUbTI13 m:UtrEhkeRbH nigkarkMNt;TisedA

TMnak;TMngTUeTArvagPaBFn; (Stress) nigsac;lUtrWrYj (Strain) sMrab;sMParbBarsac;mYy
(homogeneous orthotropic material) GacRtUv)anrkeXIjkgGtbT rWksarsIBIPaByItminesITis
(Anisotropic elasticity).
4>3>1-m:UDuleGLasIc rWm:UDulPaByWt (Modulus of Elasticity)
EdlehAfam:UDuleGLasic KWCakarERbRbYlRTg;RTayrbs;rUbFatu bsMParmYyeRkamGMeBIn
bnk rWkMlaMg .
manm:UDuleGLasIc3EdlRtUvkMNt;sBaaeday E , E , nig E erogKaKWm:UDuleGLasictam
beNay tamTTWg nigtamtg;sg;GkSeQI . m:UDulTaMgGs;enH CaFmtaRtUv)anmkBIkareFVIBiesaFn_
sgt; eTaHbICay:agNaTinnysMrab; E nig E KWminmanlkNFMTUlayeT . tMlmFmn E nig
E sMrab;KMrUBIreTAbIRbePTRtUv)anbgajkgtaragTI9 CaGun)atCamYy E , .
L
TMBr -24-
taragTI9 emKuNeGLasicsMrab;RbePTeQIepSg EdlmanGRtasMeNImRbEhl 12%

E /E E /E G /E G /E G /E
RbePTeQI (Species)
eQIrwg (Hardwoods)
0.080 0.125 0.109
0.077
edImeQIEGs /BNs (Ash, white)
0.015 0.046 0.054
0.037
0.005
eQIb:lsW (Balsa)
0.027 0.066 0.056
0.046
eQI):aEbssMbkedImRkUcqa (Basswood)
0.050 0.078 0.074
0.068
0.017
edImeQIbIc/ BNelOg (Birch, yellow)
0.086 0.197 0.147
0.097
edImeQorI/ BNexA (Cherry, black)
0.047 0.083 0.076
0.052
eQIkm,as/ PaKxagekIt (Cottonwood, eastern)
eQIGakarhSeQIxwm/GaRhVik (Mahogany, African) 0.050 0.011 0.088 0.059 0.021
eQIGakarhSeQIxwm/hundWr:as (Mahogany,
0.064 0.107 0.066
0.086
0.028
T
LR
LT
RT
Honduras)
edImemb:leFVIeRKOgsgarwm/ BNs (Maple, sugar)

edImemb:leFVIeRKOgsgarwm/ BNRkhm (Maple,
red)
eQIEsn/ BNRkhm (Oak, red)

eQIEsn/ BNs (Oak, white)
edImeQICrEpm (Sweet gum)
edImeQIval;Nti RbeTsRtCak;/ BNexA (Walnut,
black)
0.065
0.132
0.111
0.063
0.067
0.140
0.133
0.074
0.082
0.154
0.089
0.081
0.072
0.163
0.089
0.050
0.115
0.089
0.061
0.021
0.056
0.106
0.085
0.062
0.021
0.092
0.075
0.069
0.011
0.084
0.063
0.054
0.007
0.183
0.210
0.187
0.015
0.081
0.087
0.086
0.005
0.043
edImRbRkabBNelOg (Yellow-poplar)
eQITn; (Softwoods)
0.039
edImeQI):alsIueRb:s (Baldcypress)
edImsIuda/ BNsPaKxageCIg (Cedar, northern white) 0.081
edImsIuda/ BNRkhmPaKxaglic (Cedar, westerm 0.055
red)
TMBr -25-
edImsavdULas (Douglas-fir)
edImsav (Fir, subalpine )
edImeQIBisedImExJ/ PaKxaglic (Hemlock,
westerm)
edImRsl;/ PaKxaglic (Larch, westerm)

edImRsl; (Pine)
edImRsl; Loblolly
edImRsl; Lodgenpole
edImRsl;swkEvg (Longleaf)
edImRsl; Pond
edImRsl; Ponderosa
edImRsl;Rkhm (Red)
edImRsl;qUt (Slash)
edImRsl;BNs (Sugar)
edImRsl;BNsPaKxaglic (Western
wthite)
0.050
0.068
0.064
0.078
0.007
0.039
0.102
0.070
0.058
0.006
0.031
0.058
0.038
0.032
0.003
0.065
0.079
0.063
0.069
0.007
0.078
0.113
0.082
0.081
0.013
0.068
0.102
0.049
0.046
0.005
0.055
0.102
0.071
0.060
0.012
0.041
0.071
0.050
0.045
0.009
0.083
0.122
0.138
0.115
0.017
0.044
0.088
0.096
0.081
0.011
0.045
0.074
0.055
0.053
0.01
0.087
0.131
0.124
0.113
0.019
0.038
0.078
0.052
0.048
0.005
0.089 0.087 0.052

0.048
0.011
edImeQIRkhm (Redwood)
4>3>2-emKuNBrsug (Poissons Ratio)
enAeBlEdlvtmYyrgnUvbnktamGkS enaHkMhUcRTg;RTayEdlEkgnwgTisnbnkKWsmamaRt
eTAnwgkMhUcRTg;RTayEdlRsbtamTisedAnbnkEdr . PaKrynsac;lUt (Stain) tamTTWg nig
beNay KWRtUv)anehAfa emKuNBrsug . emKuNBrsugRtUv)ankMNt;sBaaeday , , , ,
, nig . tYGkSrTI1nGnu)ateRkamsMedAelITisedAnsMBaFkg (Stress) nigtYGkSrTI2sMedAelI
TisedAkMhUcRTg;RTayQr . ]TahrN_ KWemKuNBrsugsMrab;kMhUcRTg;RTaytamGkSTTWgsac;
bNalmkBIsMBaFkg (Stress) tamGkSbeNay . tMlmFmrbs;emKuNBrsugsMrab;KMrUBIrbIRbePT
RtUv)anpl;eGaykgtaragTI10 .
LR
RT
RL
LT
TL
TR
LR
TMBr -26-
taragTI910 emKuNBrsugsMrab;RbePTeQIepSg EdlmanGRtasMeNImRbEhl 12%
RbePTeQI (Species)
eQIrwg (Hardwoods)
0.371 0.440 0.684 0.360 0.059
edImeQIEGs /BNs (Ash, white)
0.229 0.488 0.665 0.231 0.018
eQIb:lsW (Balsa)
0.364 0.406 0.912 0.346 0.034
eQI):aEbssMbkedImRkUcqa (Basswood)
0.426 0.451 0.967 0.426 0.034
edImeQIbIc/ BNelOg (Birch, yellow)
0.392 0.428 0.695 0.282 0.086
edImeQorI/ BNexA (Cherry, black)
eQIkm,as/ PaKxagekIt (Cottonwood, eastern) 0.344 0.420 0.875 0.292 0.043
eQIGakarhSeQIxwm/GaRhVik (Mahogany,
0.297 0.641 0.604 0.264 0.033
LR
LT
RT
TR
RL
African)
eQIGakarhSeQIxwm/hundWr:as (Mahogany,
Honduras)
edImemb:leFVIeRKOgsgarwm/ BNs (Maple,

sugar)
edImemb:leFVIeRKOgsgarwm/ BNRkhm
(Maple, red)
eQIEsn/ BNRkhm (Oak, red)

eQIEsn/ BNs (Oak, white)
edImeQICrEpm (Sweet gum)
edImeQIval;NitRbeTsRtCak;/ BNexA
(Walnut, black)
0.051
0.009
0.022
0.024
0.048
0.018
0.032
0.314
0.533 0.600 0.326 0.033 0.034
0.424
0.476 0.774 0.349 0.065 0.037
0.434
0.509 0.762 0.354 0.063 0.044
0.350
0.448 0.560 0.292 0.064 0.033
0.369
0.428 0.618 0.300 0.074 0.036
0.325
0.403 0.682 0.309 0.044 0.023
0.495
0.632 0.718 0.378 0.052 0.035
0.318
edImRbRkabBNelOg (Yellow-poplar)
eQITn; (Softwoods)
0.338
edImeQI):alsIueRb:s (Baldcypress)
edImsIuda/ BNsPaKxageCIg (Cedar, northern 0.337
white)
TL
0.392 0.703 0.329 0.030 0.019
0.326 0.411 0.356
0.340 0.458 0.345
TMBr -27-
edImsIuda/ BNRkhmPaKxaglic (Cedar,

westerm red)
edImsavdULas (Douglas-fir)
edImsav (Fir, subalpine )
edImeQIBisedImExJ/ PaKxaglic (Hemlock,
westerm)
edImRsl;/ PaKxaglic (Larch, westerm)

edImRsl; (Pine)
edImRsl; Loblolly
edImRsl; Lodgenpole
edImRsl;swkEvg (Longleaf)
edImRsl; Pond
edImRsl; Ponderosa
edImRsl;Rkhm (Red)
edImRsl;qUt (Slash)
edImRsl;BNs (Sugar)
edImRsl;BNsPaKxaglic (Western
wthite)
0.378
0.296 0.390 0.374
0.292
0.449 0.390 0.374 0.036 0.029
0.341
0.332 0.437 0.336
0.485
0.423 0.442 0.382
0.355
0.276 0.389 0.352
0.328
0.292 0.382 0.362
0.316
0.347 0.469 0.381
0.332
0.365 0.384 0.342
0.280
0.364 0.389 0.320
0.337
0.400 0.426 0.359
0.347
0.315 0.408 0.308
0.392
0.444 0.447 0.387
0.356
0.349 0.428 0.358
0.329
0.344 0.410 0.334
0.360 0.346 0.373 0.400

edImeQIRkhm (Redwood)
4>3>3-m:UDulrwg (Modulus of Rigidity)
m:UDulrWg rWehAfaCam:UDulkat; bgajR)ab;BIkarFn;nwgPaBdabnvtmYy EdlbNalBIsMBaF
kat; (Shear stress). m:UDulrwg3enH RtUv)ankMNt;sBaaeday G , G , nig G , KWCatMlyWtefr
enAkgbg; LR, LT nig RT erogKa. ]TahrN_ KWm:UDulrWgEdlGaRsyelIsac;lUtkat; (Shear strain)
kgbg; LR nigsMBaFkat; (Shear stress) kgbg; LT nig RT. tMlmFmrbs;m:UDul kat;
bm:UDulrwgsMrab;KMrUBIrbIRbePT)anbgajCaGnu)atCamYy E mankgtaragTI9 .
LR
LT
RT
TMBr -28-
5-cMNat;fak;rbs;eQI (Lumber Grading / Classification)

CaFmtaeQIGarrYc RtUv)ankat;ecjBIKl;eQIkgTisedARsb BIeRBaHvaekIteLIgmktam
FmCati . vamanlkNemkanic nigeRKOgbgMERbYlRbYleRcIn eTaHbIva)ankat;ecjBIKl;eQIEtmYyk
eday . cMNat;fak;eQIEdleKarBtamPaBFn; kareRbIR)as; nigPaBxUc GaRsyeTAnwgc,ab;cMNat;fak;
rbs;TIPak;garcMNat;fak; EdleGayeQaHfa Lumber Grading .
manRbePTBIrnRbBncMNat;fak;sMrab;eRKOgbgMeQI KWcMNat;fak;emIledayEPk (Visual
grading) nigcMNat;fak;emkanic (Mechanical grading) .
1- cMNat;fak;edayEPk
cMNat;fak;edayEPk KWCaRbBncMNat;fak;FmtabMput nigcas;bMput/ EdlBak;BTnwgeQIRtYt
BinitedayEPk tambTBiesaFn_ nigGkbBaak;cMNat;fak; eyagtamc,ab;cMNat;fak;rbs;TIPak;gar
cMNat;fak;)anbegIteLIg nigkarbiTEtmcMNat;fak; .
2- cMNat;fakemkanic
cMNat;fak;emkanic KWRbBncMNat;KannisanbnmYyEdlBwgelITMnak;TMngrvgPaBrwg (Stiffness)
nigPaBdab (Deflection) rbs;eQI . EtmcMNat;fak;elIm:asIunBiesaFn_PaBFn; (Machine-stress-rate,
MSR) rbs;eQI rYmbBalTaMgtMlrbs;taragPaBFn;nwgkMlaMgbegag bkac; (Bending stress) nig
m:UDuleGLasicbegagsuT (Pure bending modulus of elasticity). rIkm:asIunvaytMleQI
(Machine-evaluate lumber, MEL) BwgBak;elIeebobcMNat;fak;fImYy EdleRbIviFIRtYtBinitedaykaM
rsI X edIm,Ivas;m:as;maDbEnmBIelIkarRtYtBinitedaEPk . bMErbMrYlrbs;ma:sIun MEL KWticCabMErbMrYl
rbs;m:asIun MSR.
5>1-cMNat;fak;PaBFn; (Strength Grade)
cMNat;fakPaBFn;rbs;eQInimYy KWRtUv)anraydUcxageRkamtamlMdab;lMeday .
1- RbeTskm<Ca man4cMNat;fak;
- RbNit (Luxury)
- elx1 (No. 1)
- elx2 (No. 2)
- elx3 (No. 3)
2- RbeTsGaemric man10cMNat;fak;
- CaeRKOgbgMRkas (Dense Select Structural)
TMBr -29-
- CaeRKOgbgM (Select Structural)

- elx1 nigRbesIr (No. 1 and Better)
- elx1 (No. 1)
- elx2 (No. 2)
- elx3 (No. 3)
- emCBaaMg (Stud)
- sMNg; (Construction)
- sg;da (Standard)
- GtRbeyaCn_ re)aHrbreRbIR)as; (Utility)
3- RbeTsGWurub man18cMNat;fak; 9 sMrab;eQITn; (C14 dl; C50) nig6sMrab;eQIrwg (D30
dl; D70)
- C14, C15, C18, C20, C22, C24, C27, C30, C35, C40, C45 nig C50
- D30, D35, D40, D50, D60, nig D70
4- RbeTssuyEGt nighVaMgLg; man6cMNat;fak; KWelx I dl; VI
5- RbeTsrUsIS man5cMNat;fak; KWelx I dl; V
taragTI11 cMNat;fak;FmtasMrab;eQIBiesaFn_edaym:asIun
F
F
F
eQaHcMNat;fak;
[MPa]
[MPa]
[MPa]
E
[GPa]
1350f 1.3E
9.3
5.2
11.0
9.0
1450f 1.3E
10.3
5.5
11.2
9.0
1650f 1.5E
11.4
7.0
11.7
10.3
1800f 1.6E
12.4
8.1
12.1
11.0
1950f 1.7E
13.4
9.5
12.4
11.7
2100f 1.8E
14.5
10.9
12.9
12.4
2250f 1.9E
15.5
12.1
13.3
13.1
2400f 2.0 E
16.5
13.3
13.6
13.8
2550f 2.1E
17.6
14.4
14.0
14.5
(Grade name)
MSR
TMBr -30-
2700f 2.2E
18.6
14.8
14.4
15.2
2850f 2.3E
19.7
15.9
14.8
15.9
M 10
9.7
5.5
11.0
8.3
M 11
10.7
5.9
11.5
10.3
M 14
12.4
6.9
12.4
11.7
M 19
13.8
9.0
12.6
11.0
M 21
15.9
9.7
13.4
13.1
M 23
16.5
13.1
13.6
12.4
M 24
18.6
12.4
14.5
13.1
MEL
CaPaBFn;begagRsbsac;eQI
F CaPaBFn;TajRsbsac;eQI
F CaaBFn;sgt;Rsbsac;eQI
E Cam:UDuleGLasic
Fb
t
TMBr -31-

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viTasanCatiBhubeckeTskm<Ca

CMBUkTI1 esckIepImBIlkN RbePT nigcMNat;fak;eQI

eroberogeday sux rsI

CaTUeTA eKRtUvGareRCoksac;RsayecalsinmunnwgykeTAeFVIeRKOgsMNg; BIeRBaHsac;Rsay

eroberogeday sux rsI

eroberogeday sux rsI

karcMlgkMedA (Heat thermal conductivity)

karcMlgkMedArbs;eQIexSayCagebtug 10dg nigexSayCagEdk 250dg .

karlUtkMedA (Thermal expansion)

bMErbMrYlTMhM bRbEvgrbs;eQIenAeRkamGMeBInkMedA vamantMlexSayCagebtugnigEdk 3dg.

eroberogeday sux rsI

rUbTI2 GkSbeNay/ TTwg nigtg;sg;kgeQI

eroberogeday sux rsI

eK)anBiniteXIjfa PaBFn; (Strength) rbs;eQIfycuH 30% enAeBlEdlGRtasMeNImekIn

3>4>1-lMnwgGRtasMeNIm (Equilibrium Moisture Content)

CaPaBesIm KitCa [%/100] nig M CaPGRtasMeNIm KitCa [%]

W = 349 + 1.29T + 0.0135T2

W = 330 + 0.452T + 0.00415T2

cMNaM - eQIEdleTIbnwgkab;fI GacnwgmansMeNImBI 50% eTA 100% .

3>4>2-GRtasMeNIm (Moisture content)

eroberogeday sux rsI

eQITMhM (Dimension lumber) tYy:agRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;rnUt (Floor joists) bbgg;epagdMbUl

rUbTI4 xatmuxkat;FmtabBit nigmuxkat;tubEtgrYc

minesIKa eBalKWRbePTnimYynkare)ar (Warp) dUcCa ekagtam muxkat; (Cup) ekagtamkMBs;

rUbTI5>1 PaBxUcedayFmCat nigPaBxUcedaykareRCok

eroberogeday sux rsI

rUbTI7>1 kareRCok nigGaredImeQI

eroberogeday sux rsI

rUbTI7>2 karGartamTTWgsac; nigtamtg;sg;

rUbTI7>3 RbePTeRCok bGar

3>7-karRsksac;eQI (Shrinkage of Wood)

CakMras; bTTWgeRKOgbgMdMbUgkgGRtasMeNImdMbUl M KitCa mm

xageRkamenHKWCatMlmFmnkarRsksac;eQI (Shrinkage) enAeBlEdlkarERbYRbYlsMeNIm

eroberogeday sux rsI

taragTI6 tMlmFmnkarRsksac;eQI eQIenARbeTsGWurubxH

eroberogeday sux rsI

4>2-sg;da rWxatKMrU (Standard or unit sample)

PaBFn;nwgkMlaMgTaj (Tensile Strength)

PaBFn;nwgkMlaMgbegag bkac; (Bending Strength)

eroberogeday sux rsI

PaBFn;nwgkMlaMgcit bEhk (Shear Strength)

rUbTI11 KMrUsMrab;cit bEhk

eroberogeday sux rsI

eroberogeday sux rsI

eroberogeday sux rsI

eroberogeday sux rsI

eroberogeday sux rsI

eroberogeday sux rsI

4>3-lkNeGLasIc rWPaByWt (Elastic Properties)

rUbTI13 m:UtrEhkeRbH nigkarkMNt;TisedA

eroberogeday sux rsI

taragTI9 emKuNeGLasicsMrab;RbePTeQIepSg EdlmanGRtasMeNImRbEhl 12%

edImemb:leFVIeRKOgsgarwm/ BNs (Maple, sugar)

eQIEsn/ BNRkhm (Oak, red)

eroberogeday sux rsI

edImRsl;/ PaKxaglic (Larch, westerm)

0.089 0.087 0.052

eroberogeday sux rsI

taragTI910 emKuNBrsugsMrab;RbePTeQIepSg EdlmanGRtasMeNImRbEhl 12%

edImemb:leFVIeRKOgsgarwm/ BNs (Maple,

eQIEsn/ BNRkhm (Oak, red)

eroberogeday sux rsI

0.533 0.600 0.326 0.033 0.034