7.

2 Design of minaret:
Geometry:
The figure below shows the longitudinal section in the minaret and the cross section will be
shown when start calculate the self-weight of each section.

Figure 7.2.1
Longitudinal section in minaret

Minaret design

178

Analysis and Design:

We should calculate the base shear from the wind and the earthquake load respectively
And decide about the load combination which will be used in analysis and design procedure.

Calculation of the base shear from the wind load:

1- Calculate design wind pressure According to UBC97 Code. As following:
P = Ce Cq qs I w

A) Basic wind speed = 1.61x90 = 144 .9 mph From table A 1( Appendix )

q s = 0.0479 x 20 .8 = 0.996 1KN / m 2 From table A 1( Appendix )
B) For chimneys and solid tower :
C q = 0.8 for any direction. From table A 5( Appendix )
D) For chimneys and solid tower I w = 1 From table A 6( Appendix )
E) Choose Exposure C for Mutah University Zone from table A-2(Appendix).
Height above average level
of adjoining ground(m)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
4.57
6.09
7.62
9.14
12.19
18.29
24.38
30.48
36.58

Ce for EXPOSURE C

q(KN/m2)

1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.13
1.19
1.23
1.31
1.43
1.53
1.61
1.67

0.848
0.848
0.848
0.848
0.848
0.848
0.904
0.952
0.984
1.048
1.144
1.224
1.288
1.336

Table 7.2.1
Design wind pressure for exposure C

Minaret design

179

Wind Pressure Distribution

40
35
Height(m)

30
25
20
15
10
5

0.
84
8
0.
84
8
0.
84
8
0.
84
8
0.
84
8
0.
84
8
0.
90
4
0.
95
2
0.
98
4
1.
04
8
1.
14
4
1.
22
4
1.
28
8
1.
33
6

q(KN/m2)

Figure 7.2.2
Design wind pressure for exposure C

2- Distribute the wind pressure for range of height as following:

Height
Outer
Pressure
Distribution force
Range(m)
Diameter(m)
(KN/m2)
(KN/m')
0 - 2.1
4.8
0.848
4.1
2.1 - 17.5
4.6
1.144*
5.26
17.5 - 19
4.0
1.224
4.5
19 23.5
4.6
1.224
5.63
23.5 - 25
4.0
1.288
5.15
25 28.75
3.0
1.288
3.86
28.75 - 31
3.0
1.336
4
31 34.5
3.0
1.336
4
34.5 - 35.5
3.0
1.336
4
*Also use this for the elevated water tank (from 12 - 16) m
Table 7.2.2
Design wind pressure distribution over the range of height

3- Calculation of the Base shear:

V= 4.1 x (2.1 - 0) + 5.26 x (17.5 - 2.1) + 4.5 x (19 - 17.5) + 5.63 x (23.5 - 19)
+ 5.15 x (25 - 23.5) + 3.86 x (28.75 - 25) + 4 x (35.5 - 28.75)
=170.9KN

Minaret design

180

After calculating the earthquake base we should decide about the load combination which will be
used in analysis and design procedure, because according to UBC97 criteria, we should use the
greatest of wind or earthquake load.

Calculation of the base shear from earthquake load:

1- Calculate the weight of the structure:
The minaret will be will be divided to more than one section according to the varying
in the section area at each elevation as follow:
Assume the footing is at elevation -3 below the ground level.
Section No.1
Elevation from -3m to 2.1m
From the architectural drawing thickness of the stone facing = 10 cm.


2
2
W1 = Wconcrete + W stone = Dout
Din2 concrete concrete + Dout
Din2 stone stone
4
4

= 4.8 2 3.4 2 25 + 5 2 4.8 2 23 = 266.88 KN / m'
4
4

I=

64

4
Dout
Din4 =

64

4.8 4 3.4 4 = 19.5m 4

Figure 7.2.3
Section No.1

Minaret design

181

Section No.2
Elevation from 2.1m to 17.5m and from 19m to 23.5m
From the architectural drawing thickness of the stone facing = 10 cm.


2
2
W1 = Wconcrete + Wstone = Dout
Din2 concrete concrete + Dout
Din2
4
4

stone

concrete

= 4.6 2 3.4 2 25 + 4.8 2 4.6 2 23 = 222.46 KN / m'
4
4

I=

64

4
Dout
Din4 =

64

4.6 4 3.4 4 = 15.42m 4

Figure 7.2.4
Section No.2

Section No.3
Elevation from 17.5m to 19m and from 23.5m to 25m

2
W1 = Wconcrete = Dout
Din2 concrete concrete
4

= 4.0 2 3.4 2 25 = 87.18 KN / m'
4

I=

64

4
Dout
Din4 =

Minaret design

64

4 .0 4 3 .4 4 = 6 m 4

182

Figure 7.2.5
Section No.3

Section No.4
Elevation from 25m to 28.75m
There is no stone facing but there are stone wall a round the concrete section with more than one
diameter.
Use the average diameter of the stone wall and calculate the weight of the wall

2
W1 = Wconcrete + W stone = D out
Din2
4

concrete

2
concrete + D out
Din2
4

stone

concrete

= 3.0 2 2.4 2 25 + 4.6 2 4 2 23 = 156.83KN / m'
4
4

I=

64

4
Dout
Din4 =

64

3.0 4 2.4 4 = 2.35m 4

Figure 7.2.6
Section No.4

Minaret design

183

Section No.5
Elevation from 28.75m to 31m
There is an empty space in this elevation because there are four windows with height equal to
2.25m.
W1 = Wtotal Wempty space

2
Wtotal = Dout
Din2 concrete concrete = 3 2 2.4 2 25 = 63.62 KN / m'
4
4
1

1
Wempty space = rout Lout rin Lin concrete
2
2

Lout = rout = 1.5 15
= 0 .4 m
180

Lin = rin = 1.2 15
= 0.3m
180
1

1
Wempty space = 1.5 0.4 1.2 0.3 25 = 3KN / m'
2
2

W1 = Wtotal Wempty space = 63.62 4 3 = 51.62 KN / m'

I=

64

4
Dout
Din4 =

64

3.0 4 2.4 4 = 2.35m 4

Figure 7.2.7
Section No.5

Minaret design

184

Section No.6
Elevation from 31m to 34.5m

2
W1 = Wconcrete = Dout
Din2
4

concrete

concrete

= 3 2 2.4 2 25 = 63.62 KN / m'
4

I=

64

4
Dout
Din4 =

64

3.0 4 2.4 4 = 2.35m 4

Figure 7.2.8
Section No.6

Section No.7
Elevation from 34.5m to 35.5m

2
W1 = Wconcrete = Dout
Din2
4

concrete

concrete

= 3.0 2 1.8 2 25 = 113.1KN / m'
4

I=

64

4
Dout
Din4 =

64

3.0 4 1.8 4 = 3.46m 4

Figure 7.2.9
Section No.7

Minaret design

185

Total gravity loads:

W gravity = 260.82 (2.1 ( 3)) + 222.46 (17.5 2.1) + 222.46 (23.5 19 )
+ 87.18 (19 17.5) + 87.18 (25 23.5) + 156.83 (28.75 25)
+ 51.62 (31 28.75) + 63.62 (34.5 31)
+ 113.1 (35.5 34.5)
= 7058.7 KN

2- Quake force parameters:

a) From Jordan seismic hazard map, Karak is on the 2B zone and for this zone get
Seismic zone factor Z = 0.2 from table (A-3) (Appendix)
b) There is no available information about the soil, so use SD soil profile type from
table (A-4) (Appendix).
c) The important factor I = 1 from table (A-6) (Appendix).
e) Response modification factor R: for Cast-in-place concrete silos and chimneys
having walls continuous to the foundations R = 3.6 from table (A- 7) (Appendix).
f) Seismic coefficient Ca and Cv: based on the soil profile type and the seismic zone
factor Ca = 0.28 and Cv = 0.4 from table and table (A- 8) and (A-9) (Appendix).
g) Fundamental period T: for the non-building structure (self supporting structure) like
chimney, silo, minaret, we should use method 1 as an initial fundamental period
3/ 4
3/ 4
The initial fundamental period T = C t (hn ) = 0.0488 (35.5) = 0.71sec ond

Minaret design

186

3- Quake force initial base shear:

Based on the initial fundamental period T = 0.75second
C I
0 .4 1
V = v W =
7058.7 = 1104.65 KN
3.6 0.71
RT

V min = (0.11C a I ) W = (0.11 0.28 1) 7058.7 = 217.4 KN

2.5C a I
2.5 0.28 1
V max =
W =
7058.7 = 1372.53KN
3 .6

R
Extra load Ft = 0.07 T V = 0.07 0.71 1104.65 = 54.9 KN
It should be less than 0.25 V = 0.25 x 1045.73 = 261.4KN
This base initial base shear (V) will be initially distributed
over the height as shown in figure below:
according to the following equation:

Figure 7.2.10
Lateral force distributed

4- Then calculate the exact fundamental period using the structural properties and
deformational characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly substantiated
analysis (method 2).

We prepare a computer program to calculate the exact fundamental period T that needs trail and
error. From the computer program we get T = 0.5 second.
And the table as in the next page.

Minaret design

187

Mass
No.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

Weight
(KN/m')
0.000
266.88
266.88
266.88
266.88
266.88
266.88
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
87.180
87.180
222.640
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
87.180
87.180
87.180
156.830
156.830
156.830
156.830
51.620
51.620
51.620
63.620
63.620
63.620
63.620
113.100
113.100

Wi(KN)
130.44
266.88
266.88
266.88
266.88
146.784
113.451
211.337
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
222.460
166.845
77.410
65.385
154.82
222.46
222.460
222.460
166.845
77.410
65.385
65.385
61.003
117.623
156.830
137.226
65.264
32.263
51.620
57.620
63.620
63.620
47.715
44.180
56.550
28.275

Accumulative
Wi(KN)
7051.786
6921.346
6654.466
6387.586
6120.706
5853.826
5707.042
5593.591
5382.254
5159.794
4937.334
4714.874
4492.414
4269.954
4047.494
3825.034
3602.574
3380.114
3157.654
2935.194
2712.734
2490.274
2323.429
2246.019
2180.634
2025.814
1803.354
1580.894
1358.434
1191.589
1114.179
1048.794
983.409
922.406
804.783
647.953
510.727
445.463
413.200
361.580
303.960
240.340
176.720
129.005
84.825
28.275

I(m )

Elevation(m)

Hi(m)

Wi*Hi

Fi(KN)

19.500
19.500
19.500
19.500
19.500
19.500
19.500
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420
15.420

-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
2.1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
17.5
18
19
20
21
22
23
23.5
24
25
25.5
26
27
28
28.75
29
30
31
32
33
34.000
34.500
35.000
35.500

0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
5.100
6.000
7.000
8.000
9.000
10.000
11.000
12.000
13.000
14.000
15.000
16.000
17.000
18.000
19.000
20.000
20.500
21.000
22.000
23.000
24.000
25.000
26.000
26.500
27.000
28.000
28.500
29.000
30.000
31.000
31.750
32.000
33.000
34.000
35.000
36.000
37.000
37.500
38.000
38.500

0.000
266.880
533.760
800.640
1067.520
733.920
578.600
1268.022
1557.220
1779.680
2002.140
2224.600
2447.060
2669.520
2891.980
3114.440
3336.900
3559.360
3781.820
4004.280
4226.740
3336.900
1586.905
1373.085
3406.040
5116.580
5339.040
5561.500
4337.970
2051.365
1765.395
1830.780
1738.586
3411.067
4704.900
4254.006
2072.132
1032.416
1703.460
1959.080
2226.700
2290.320
1765.455
1656.750
2148.900
1088.588

0.000
3.702
7.403
11.105
14.806
10.179
8.189
17.996
22.100
25.257
28.414
31.571
34.728
37.885
41.043
44.200
47.357
50.514
53.671
56.828
59.985
47.357
22.521
19.487
48.366
72.643
75.771
78.928
61.564
29.113
25.054
25.982
24.674
48.409
66.771
60.372
29.407
14.652
24.175
27.803
31.601
32.504
25.055
23.512
30.497
15.449

Sum

110603.0

Table 7.2.3 (lateral force distribution)

Minaret design

188

Hi (m)
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
5.10
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
20.50
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
25.50
27.00
28.00
28.50
29.00
30.00
31.00
31.75
32.00
33.00
34.00
35.00
36.00
37.00
37.50
38.00
38.50

Fx (KN)
0.00
3.31
6.62
9.93
13.24
9.10
7.18
15.73
19.31
22.07
24.83
27.59
30.35
33.11
35.87
38.63
41.39
44.15
46.90
49.66
52.42
41.39
19.68
17.03
42.24
63.46
66.22
68.98
53.80
25.44
21.90
22.71
21.56
42.31
58.35
52.76
25.70
12.80
21.13
24.30
27.62
28.41
21.90
20.55
26.65
13.50

Accumulative Fx (KN)
1371.76
1371.76
1368.45
1361.83
1351.90
1338.66
1329.56
1322.38
1306.66
1287.34
1265.27
1240.44
1212.85
1182.50
1149.39
1113.52
1074.90
1033.51
989.36
942.46
892.80
840.37
798.99
779.31
762.28
720.03
656.57
590.36
521.38
467.58
442.13
420.24
397.53
375.97
333.66
275.31
222.55
196.85
184.05
162.92
138.62
111.00
82.60
60.70
40.15
13.50

Moment (KN.m)
30510.16
29138.40
27769.94
26408.11
25056.20
23717.54
23584.58
22394.44
21087.78
19800.44
18535.16
17294.72
16081.87
14899.37
13749.98
12636.46
11561.57
10528.06
9538.69
5896.23
7703.44
6863.06
6463.57
6073.92
5311.64
4591.61
3935.04
3344.68
2823.30
2589.52
2368.45
1948.21
1749.44
1561.46
1227.80
952.49
785.57
736.36
552.32
389.40
250.78
139.78
57.18
26.83
6.75
0.00

Deflection (mm)
0.00
0.11
0.28
0.53
0.83
1.19
1.22
1.61
2.11
2.67
3.29
3.96
4.68
5.45
6.26
7.11
8.00
8.91
9.86
10.83
11.83
12.85
13.36
13.89
15.00
16.11
17.23
18.36
19.51
20.08
20.66
21.83
22.42
23.02
24.26
25.51
26.46
26.77
28.05
29.34
30.63
31.19
33.22
33.87
34.51
35.16

Table 7.2.3 (cont.)

Minaret design

189

From the table in previous page the accumulative Fi = 1371.76KN

Compare to the wind load base shear = 170.9KN the quake force will be used in analysis and
design procedure.

Compute the safety factor against overturning:

Over turning moment = 30510.16KN.m
Restoring moment = restoring force x half the base width
Self weight of the minaret (total gravity load) = 7058.7KN
Assume footing dimension = 10 x 10 x 1
Weight of the soil surround by the minaret


2
W = Dout
Din2 18 3 = 4.8 2 3.4 2 18 3 = 486.88 KN
4
4
Self Weight of column = (0.62 x ) / 4 x 25 x 28.75 = 203.22KN
Total restoring weight =7058.7 + 10 x 10 x 1 x 25 + 468.88 + 203.22 = 10230.8KN
Restoring moment = 10230.8 x 5 = 51154KN.m
Re storing moment
51154
Factor of safety against overtruning =
=
= 1.7 > 1.5 ok .
overturning moment 30510.16

Check the allowable deflection:

From the above table the maximum deflection equal to 35.16mm
The allowable deflection equal to 0.0025 h = 0.0025 35.5 1000 = 88.75mm
So it is ok.

Minaret design

190

Design of minaret sections:

From the table 7.2.3 we got the moment at each elevation and we will check the stresses and
calculate the reinforcement required for each section as follow:

Note:

Allowable tensile strength of concrete (f t ) = 0.5 f c' = 0.5 25 = 2.5MPa

Allowable compressive strength of concrete (f c ) = 0.45 f c' = 0.45 25 = 11.25MPa

Allowable shear strength of concrete (V) 0.09 f c' = 0.09 25 = 0.45MPa

Elevation from -3m to 2.1m

Vertical reinforcement:
Maximum Moment (M) = 30510.16KN.m. at elevation -3 below the ground.
Weight above elevation -3 (W) = 7058.7KN.
Eccentricity (e) = M / W = 3540.48 / 7058.7 = 4.3m
W M c 7058.7 30510.16 2.4

= 891.6 3755.1
A
I
8
19.5
max = 4646.7 KN / m 2 = 4.65MPa < 0.45 f c' it is ok .

min = 2863.5KN / m 2 = 2.86 MPa " Tension stress"

The tensile stress is slightly greater than the allowable tensile strength of concrete
And the minimum reinforcement will be ok.
Area of steel /m = 0.0015 Ag = 0.0015 x (1000 x 700) = 1050 mm2
The steel will be arranged into two layers
Steel for one layer = 1050 / 2 = 525mm2
Choose 14
154
spacing =
1000 = 293.3mm
525
Provide 14@ 250mm

Horizontal reinforcement:
V 1371.76
Applied shear stress = =
= 171.47 KN / m 2 = 0.171MPa
A
8
This is smaller than the shear strength of concrete.
So minimum horizontal reinforcement will be provided
Area of steel /m = 0.002 Ag = 0.002 x (1000 x 700) = 1400 mm2
The steel will be arranged into two layers
Steel for one layer = 1400 / 2 = 700mm2
Choose 14
154
spacing =
1000 = 220mm
700
Provide 14@ 220mm

Minaret design

191

Elevation from 2.1m to 17.5 m

Maximum Moment (M) = 23584.58KN.m. at elevation 2.1m
Weight above elevation 2.1 (W) = 5728.52KN.
Eccentricity (e) = M / W = 23584.58 / 5728.52 = 4.1 m

W M c 5728.52 23584.58 2.3

= 759.75 3517.8
A
I
7.54
15.42

max = 4277.55KN / m 2 = 4.28MPa < 0.45 f c' it is ok .

min = 2758.1KN / m 2 = 2.76 MPa " Tension stress"
The tensile stress is slightly greater than the allowable tensile strength of concrete
And the minimum reinforcement will be ok.
Area of steel /m = 0.0015 Ag = 0.0015 x (1000 x 600) = 900 mm2
Choose 14
154
spacing =
1000 = 171.11mm
900
Provide 14@ 150mm at the center of the section

Horizontal reinforcement:
V 1329.65
Applied shear stress = =
= 176.3KN / m 2 = 0.176 MPa
A
7.54
This is smaller than the shear stress of concrete.
So minimum horizontal reinforcement will be provided
Area of steel /m = 0.002 Ag = 0.002 x (1000 x 600) = 1200 mm2
Choose 16
200
spacing =
1000 = 166.6mm
1200
Provide 16@ 160mm

Note:
Use these horizontal Reinforcements for all other sections.

Minaret design

192

Elevation from 19m to 23.5 m

Maximum Moment (M) = 5311.64KN.m. at elevation 19m
Weight above elevation (W) = 2176KN.
Eccentricity (e) = M / W = 5311.64 / 2176 = 2.44 m

W M c 2176 5311.64 2.3

= 288.6 792.27
A
I
7.54
15.42

max = 1080.9 KN / m 2 = 1.1MPa < 0.45 f c' it is ok .

min = 503.67 KN / m 2 = 0.504MPa " Tension stress"
There is a Tension stress and it is less than the allowable tensile strength of concrete
So minimum reinforcement will be provided.
Area of steel /m = 0.0015 Ag = 0.0015 x (1000 x 600) = 900 mm2
Choose 14
154
spacing =
1000 = 171.11mm
900
Provide 14@ 150mm at the center of the section

Elevation from 17.5m to 19 m

Maximum Moment (M) = 6463.57KN.m. at elevation 17.5m
Weight above elevation 17.5 (W) = 2328.72KN.
Eccentricity (e) = M / W = 6463.57 / 2328.72 = 2.8 m

W M c 2328.72 6463.57 2

= 665.35 2154.52
A
I
3 .5
6

max = 2819.87 KN / m 2 = 2.82MPa < 0.45 f c' it is ok .

min = 1489.2 KN / m 2 = 1.49MPa " Tension stress"
There is a Tension stress and it is less than the allowable tensile strength of concrete
So minimum reinforcement will be provided.
Area of steel /m = 0.0015 Ag = 0.0015 x (1000 x 300) = 450 mm2
Choose 12
113
spacing =
1000 = 251.3mm
450
Provide 12@ 250mm at the center of the section

Minaret design

193

Elevation from 23.5m to 25.5 m

Maximum Moment (M) = 2589.52KN.m. at elevation 23.5m
Weight above elevation 23.5 (W) = 1174.98KN.
Eccentricity (e) = M / W = 2589.52 / 1174.98 = 2.2 m

W M c 1174.98 2589.52 2
= 335.7 863.2

A
I
3 .5
6

max = 1198.87 KN / m 2 = 1.2MPa < 0.45 f c' it is ok .

min = 527.47 KN / m 2 = 0.53MPa " Tension stress"
Provide 12@ 250mm at the center of the section

Note:
For the vertical reinforcement: It is obvious that tension stress is small and the concrete
can take it, so minimum reinforcement of 0.0015Ag will be provided for all sections.

Reinforcement Details:
Section
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Dimension
Outer
inner
Diameter (m) Diameter (m)
4.8
3.4
4.6
3.4
4.0
3.4
3.0
2.4
3.0
2.4
3.0
2.4
3.0
1.8

Vertical
Reinforcement

Horizontal
Reinforcement

2 layer14@250mm 2layer14@ 220mm

1layer 14@150mm
16@ 160mm
1layer 12@250mm
16@ 160mm
1layer 12@250mm
16@ 160mm
1layer 12@250mm
16@ 160mm
1layer 12@250mm
16@ 160mm
1layer 14@150mm
16@ 160mm

Table 7.2.4
Minaret sections Reinforcement details

Minaret design

194

This is a sample of the Reinforcement of the section (section No.1)

Figure 7.2.11
Reinforcement of section No.1

Minaret design

195

7.3 Design of footing for minaret

The footing maybe subjected to moment from all direction, so the footing will be designed to
resist this moment by choosing square footing
We assumed the footing dimension to be 10m x 10m x 1m

Loads:
The normal force = 10230.8KN
Bending moment = 30510.16 KN.m
Check stress:
M 30510.16
e=
=
= 2.98m
P
10230.8
L 10
=
= 1.67 m
6 6
Because e > L/ 6, so tension stress will be occurred
P Mc 10230.8 30510.16 5
=
=

A
I
100
833.33
Figure 7.3.1
Pressure distribution

1 = 285.7 KN / m 2
2 = 80.75 KN / m 2
When e > L/6, the length of the triangular distribution decreases to 1.5L _ 3e and the maximum
pressure rises to:
2P
2 10230.8
q max =
=
= 337.65 KN / m 2 < 400 KN / m 2 Ok .
1.5 B ( L 2e) 1.5 10 (10 2 2.98)
As in figure 7.2.10
Put because we still have negative stress under the footing of the minaret and we should find any
way to reduce it to zero or +ve value and we have two ways as follow:
1- Increase the size (Dimensions) of the footing: and this way isnt economic
2- Use the pile foundation instead of the single footing and this is economic way and the design
of the pile foundation for the Minaret as shown in Appendix B

Minaret design

196