BURKlLLIA 235

234 CHLOROCOCCALES
". Colonies subglobose and made up of 8-16, rarely 32, cells. Cells spherical,
C. /r!cuspida/um ~or.ge (1.9.36, P 21, pI I , f 14) are, according to Teiling (1957, pp 207-222), the respective subspherical or rarely ovoid, with thick cell membrane. Colonies 75-88 f.l in diameter.
specles of DucellzeTla Telhng, a genus belonging to the Xanthophyceae.
;t Cells 13-18 f.l long. Horns 7-17 f.l long. Details of chromatophore not known
Coelll!/rum chodati Hughes (1953, p 20-not seen in original), if not a Ducellicria, wi\1 have to be (Fig. 143).
renamed smce the same name has becn used by Duce\1ier (I.e.) earlier.
Reproduction by 8-32 autospores from each cell. Autospores 2' 7-4 f.l - in
XLVIII. Genus BURKlLLIA W. et G. S. West, 1907, p 228 diameter. .
HABITAT. In shallow pool overgrown with weeds, Mansang near Hsipaw,
Colonies made up of 8-16--32 or more cells which are loosely arranged. Cells Burma-J;muary (W. and G. S._West, l.e.).
spherical to pyriform with the cell membrane thickened in the form of a solid slightly DISTRIBUTION.Upper Burma.
bent horn, which is usually lamellate at the apex. Chloropla3t parietal, sometimes Playfair (1918) considered this alga as synonymous to Spondylomorumquatt!Tnarium,
stellate. . a member of the motile Volvocales. Since no motility has been demonstrated in this
Reproduction by 4-32 autospores which are liberated as autocolonies by the alga and since the reproduction is by autospores no subsequent author has supported
rupture of the parent cell membrane. Playfair.
Only two species are recorded j;O far, both from Burma.
KEY TO THE SPECIES 144. Burkillia dissolvens Skuja
H. Skuja, 1949, pp 68-69, pIll, f 11-27
1. Colonies smal1 (75-88 ,.. diam.) and of 8-16-32 somewhat conical celb with Fointed horns. Cell
membraneverythick. Cells 13-18,..in diameter .B. cornu/a (p 2~)
2. Colonies large (up to 200,.. in diam.) with a number of densely aggregated pyrifOIm to globular cel~ Colonies in dense aggregates and consisting of a large number of cells. Cells
with truncate to rounded horns. Cel1membrane moderately thick. Cel1s8-18-,.. broad, 13-33 ovoid to' pyriform when young and pyriform to globose when mature. One end of
,..long .., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - B. dissolvens\p 235)
~ell produced into a m14IlIl1ilIate process with its apex truncate to rounded: Cell
143: BurkiUia cornuta W. et G. S. West membrane thick, hyaline and homogeneous except. in the process where it is lamellate.
Chromatophore stellate and with a central pyrenoid. Nucleus situated in the TegiOI\..
W. and G. S. West, 1907, P 228, pI 12, fl9-21 ;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 199, f324 of the process. Colony tq> to 200 It in diameter. Cells 8-18 It broad and 13-33 It -
long (Fig. 144). _

Reproduction by 4-32 autospores formed within each cell, which is converted

into a sporangium. Autospores liberated by the rupture of the cell membrane.

..
Sporan"gia 14-41 It broad, 30-48 It long. Autospores 8-9 It broad, 12 It long.
"HABITAT. Free-floati!1g in a pond at Cantonment Gardens, Rangoon-Mav
..
(Skuja, t.e.).
.DISTRIBUTION.Lower Burma.
144
b C

DicIYas/rum Beck-Mannegetta, 1926, p 183, monospecilic :

D. mirabile Beck-Mannegetta, 1926, p 183, f 14
PeclodiclYon Taft, 1945 a, p 25, monospecilic :
P. cubicum Taft, 1945 a, p 25

;, PhyloT1l(Jru/aKofoid (1914) has been shown by Copeland (1937) as the compound polled grailYof an
~4cacia and it is, therefore, automatically excluded from algae.
;
" Coe/as/rclla Chodat (1921), which some authors (see, Prescott, 1951) consider along with Coelas/rum,
,\!hile others (see Korshikov, 1953) under Chlorelloideae, has been shown by Thompson (1956) to be a stage
~th"e life history of Schizochlam)'s A. Braun, a mem~er of the Tetrasporales. Hence, this genus is a]so.
tXc1uded here from the Chlorococcales. Two speCl(S of Coe/as/rella, C. s/rio/ala Chodat (1921) and
l.levu,osla/a Korshikov (1953) have been described so far.

FIGs. 143-144. 143, Burkillia Cornu/a W. ET G. S. Wur (REDRAWNFROM

W. ET G. S. WEST, 1907); 144, B. dissolvens SKUJA (AFTER SKUJA, 1949); a and f,
COLONlES,b-e and g, SINGLECELLS; d and.g, CONTAININGAUTOsPORES.
 CRUCIGENIA 237

which look like caps; very often joined in multiple colonies of 16 cells enclosed within
a mucilaginous envelope. Cells semi-circular in front view. Chloroplast single, parietal
and with a pyrenoid. Cells 4-9 fl broad, 6-15 fl long. Four-celled colony 15-25-
fl indiameter. Multiple colony up to 150 fl in diameter (Fig. 145).
HABITAT. Ponds and tanks, Dibrugarh and Sibsagar (Assam,) stray-May and
14. Family SCENEDESMACEAE Oltmanus, 1904, P 183 June, Bhadrak (Orissa), stray-December, Sambalpur (Orissa), common-August,
Linghipur, Puri (Orissa), rather common-April and Azhicode (Kerala), stray-
Members of this family are free-living, colonial (flat, pyramidal or irregular) February; swamp, Kausalya Ganga, stray-April; fishery bundh, Srikakulam (Andhra
and made up of 2-4-8-16-32 "or more cells; cells of variable shape (usually oblong, Pradesh), rare-December (!)
ellipsoid, ovoid, angular, rhomboidal, trapezoidal or acicular); chloroplast usually one, DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, India, and Japan.
sometimes more, and parietal, usually with a pyrenoid. Reproduction by the forma- There is some confusion regarding the authorship of the combination and the
tion of auto-colonies. exact spelling of the specific name of this alga. Brunnthaler (op.c.)gave the combination
Five genera recorded from the Indian region. as H. lauterbornei(Schmidle) 'Wille, which is probably an error. This has been
followed' by most _subsequent authors. The correct combination appears to be
KEY TO THE GENERA
H. lauterbornei(Schmidle) Brunnthaler (seealso,Fott, 1959). Both Wille (1909) and
I. Colonies usually in the form of fiat plates with the cells arranged in groups of four; cells angular ~o
Printz (1927) spelled the specific name lauterborni,whereas Smith (1920), Tiffany and
el)ipsoidal; chloroplast one or more Subfam. Cru&igenioitlell8 Britton (1952) and Korshikov (1953) spelled it as lauterbornei. Prescott (1951) and
a. "Cells without marginal spines - Fott (l.c.) spelled it lauterbornii. Brunnthaler (1915) gave lauterborniagainst the descrip-
I. Cells with broken remains of mother cell wall on the outer edge Hofmania (p 236)
2. Cells without broken remains of mother cell wall on the outer edge. Cruiigenia(p 237) - . tion arid lallterborneiagainst the fignre. It has not been possible for the author to
b. Cells with marginal spines Telras.trurn(p 242)
check the spelling 'in Schmid Ie's original description.
II. Colonies usually fiat, irregular or with cells arranged in two planes; cells oblong, ovoid, ellipsoid,
fusiform to acicular, rarely reniform; cliloroplaSt usually single Subfam. Scenedemwitlell8
a. Colonies usually of 2-4-8 (rarely 16-32) cells arranged in 1-2 rows with the longitudinal axes of Species oj Hofinania not. recordedfrom the Indi~n region
cells parallel Scenetle6mus(p 245)
b. Colonies usually of 4 cells with 2-cellsin one plane and the remaining 2 vertical to the fbrmer; H. appendiculala Chodat, 1900, p 9
cells lunate and touching at the 1>oles only Telrallanlos (p 290) ~ :, H. rolundata Teiling, 1942, p 66; f 8
H. regularis Korshikov (1953, P 372, f 359) is synonymous to Coronaslrum ellipsoideum Fott (see under
Subfamily CRUCIGENIOIDEAE .. Coronaslrum). . .

XLIX. Genus HOfMANIA Chodat, 1900, Ii 9 L. Genus CRUCIGENIA Morren, 1830, p 404.
~
Colony 4-celled with the cells cruciately arranged, frequently joined together Colony usuz.lly of quadrately arranged cells with a quadrangular open space in
in 16-celled colonies enclosed within a mucilaginous envelope. Cells oval, semi- the centre and often bound together by an inconspicuous gelatinous mass; frequently
circular or round with a single parietal to cup-shaped Chloroplast having a pyrenoid: joinc:d together to form multiple colonies of "l6-g2-64 qr more -cells. .Cells flattened,
Outer edge of cells with -the broken remains of the mother cell wall in the form of . spherical, ovoid, ellipsoiCl, triangular, trapezoidal or rhomboidal in front- view.
slightly b~nt honis or cap~. Chloroplasts 1-4, parietal or disc-shaped and usually with a pyrenoid. Pyrenoid
Reproduction by autocolonies from each cell. sometimes not evident.
Only one species recorded from the Indian region. Reproduction by autocolonies, all the four cells of a colony usually reproducing
simultaneously.
145. Hofmama lauterbornei (Schmidle) ? Brunnthaler' Seven species are recorded from the Indian region.
J. Brunnthaler,1915, p 175, f256; H. Printz, 1927, p 147, f 100 D-E KEY TO THE SPECIES
=SlaurogenialauurborneiSchmidle, 1896, p 192, J 1 .
=Crucigenia lauterbornei (Schmidle) Schmidle, 19CO, p 234; N. Wille, 1909, P 66; G. M. Smith, Cells apiculate ... . ... .. . .. ... ... .... ... .. .. .. . ... ... ; . .. ... ; C. apiculala(p 238)
1920, p 148-49, pi 37, f 4; O.A. Korshikov, 1953, pp 356-58, f 335
. Cells not apiculate
A. Colony with a large rectangular space at centre
Colonies 4-celled with a large square space at the centre. Cells in contact with Cells trapezoidal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C. Jeneslrala (p 238)
B. Colony with a small open space at centre
the adjacent ones at their apices by the broken remains of the old mother cell walts a. Colony longer than broad
Cells ovoid to ellipsoid... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. reclangularis (11 238)
236
r
2:38 CHLOROCOCCALES
CRUCIOENIA
239
Cells rhomboidal with outer side concave. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C. crucifera (p 240),
b. Colony as long as broad
Cells broadly ovoid to three-comered C. triangularis (p 240) ,-.
-.. -. "
..
Cells triangular with acute comers. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C. tetrapedia.(p 240)
' .. .::
Cens spherical to quadrate. . . .. . . .. . ., . . . . .. . . . . . . . .C. quadrata
(p 241)
I
I
!.. ..
... ,.
146. Crucigenia apic:u1ata (Lemm.) Schmidle
,
W. Schmidle, 1900, p 234; G. M. Smith, 1920, pp 146-47, pi 37, f I
..... ,:
.,..,
=Slaurogenia apiculata Lemmermann, 1898 b, p 151
= Telraslrum apiculatum (Lemm.) Brunillhaler, 1915, p 177, f258; H. Skuja,
=Crucigenia reniforme Swirenko, 1926, p 85
1949, p 67
;»
..' - ,.
Colonies 4-celled, quadrate, with a small rectangular space at the centre, or ".;"'."'&""hh"'j45 a
very often in multiple colonies of 16 or more cells. Cells elongate ovoid or three-
cornered with a short conical projection 'at the apex and frequ~t1y at the inner comer.
Cells 2' 5-7 P. broad, 4-10 p. long. Colonies 6-12' 5 P.broad, 9-18 p. long (Fig. 146). ,~
HABITAT. Pond, Windermere Park, Rangoon~April
Dibrugarh, Assam, stray-May, Cuttack, rather common-July
Mysore and Ochira (Ket;.ala,), stray-February;
rare-April (!). -
(Sl{uja, l.e.); ponds,
and August, Coorg,
swamp Kausalya Ganga, Puri (Orissa),
ak9. 146 b

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, India, and Burma.

Brunnthaler (op. c.) refers to Tetrastrum apiculalum as apiculalum (Lemm.) Schmidle, probably by
mistake (also see Ahlstr. et Tiffany, 1934, p 506) "

.
147. Cruoigenia fenestrata (Schmidle) Schmidle
. ,
W. Schmidle, 1900, p 234;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 174, f252; G. M. Smith, 1920, p 148, p137;
f2; G. W. Prescott, 1951, p 284, p165, f 5
=Staurogeniafenestrata Schmidle, 1897 a, p 107, f 1

Colonies rectangular with a large central space,4-celled or very often in irregUlarly>

arranged multiple colonies, Cells trapeziodal, 2-5 p. broad, .5-13 p. long. 4-celled
colonies 8--1.4p. in diameter (Fig. 147). ./;~~
~~ Qo
~~
::.:.:.'
HABITAT. Ponds, Bolangir (Orissa), rather 'commoil-Decemoer, Linghipur-~
Puri (Orissa), common-April; swamp, Kausaiya Ganga,. Puri (Orissa), rar~-' ~W
t
.
'(.~. ts.:'.
15i~
.

..April ( !)~ 151 b --r.f'" '-'t;J,ii

~~,.(.:,;:::.:,.
DisTRIBUTION. Europe, N. America" S. Africa, and, India. 152 ....

148. Crucigenia rectangularis CA. Braun) Gay . FIGs. 145-152. 145, Hofmania iauterbornei (SCHMIDLE) ? BRUNNTH (MUCILAGINOUS
ENVELOPE "NOTSHOWN- IN 145 b); 146, Crucigenia apiculata (LEMM.) SCHMIDLE; 147,
C.fenestrata (SCHMIDLE) SCHMIDLE; 148, C. rectangu/aris (A. BRAUN) GAY; 149, C. cruCifera
F. Gay, 1891, p 100 p115, f 151; W. B. Turner, 18,j}2,p 162, p121, f 17;J. Brunnthaler, 1915,
p171,f245 O:VOLLE)
W. ET G. S. COLLINS; ISO, C.
WEST; 152, C. quadrata
triangularis (CHODAT) SCHMIDLE; 151, C. tetrapedia (KIRCHN.)
MORREN.
=StaurogeniarectangularisA. Braun, 1855, p 70 x 1500).(150, FROM CHODAT; 152, FROM G. M. SMITH, 1920; 145 a, x 725, THE REST,

ColoJ?ies usually 4-celled with a small rectangular space' at the centre, often.
unIted together in multiple colonies. Cells elongate ovoid and in contact with 'Park, Rangoon-April (Skuja, 1949); ponds and tanks, Barrackpore, Calcutta and
adjacent ones at the poles and sides. Cells 3' 5-7 P.broad, 4-10 p.long. Four-celled ',§erampore (W. Bengal), rare to rather common, March-May and July-November,
colony 7-14 p. broad, 8--20 p. long (Fig. 148). ~Sainbalpur, Cuttack, and Linghipur (Orissa), rare to rather common, February,
HABITAT. N. E. India (Turner, I.e.); tanks, Ceylon (Crow, 1923); MuseuJXJ.'1 .7 ';(\.pril, July and August, Bhopal, stray-July, Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh),
Pond, Madras, March-April and July-October (Philipose, 1940); ponds, Windermere~jc ~traY-December, Azhicode and Ayiramthengu (Kerala), rare to common-February
.1); in the guts of anopheles larvae, Damodar Valley, Bihar (Kachroo, 1959).
 .,.
240 CHLOROCOCCALES
,{ CRUCIOENIA 241

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S. America, W. Africa, India, Ceylon, Burma, Colonies 4-celled or joined in 16 or more-celled multiple colonies. Four-celled
Japan, and Siberia. colonies quadrate with a minute rectangular space at the centre. Cells flattened
.. and triangular with rounded ends. Outer sides of cells always concave. Cells
149. Crucigenia crucifera (Wolle) Collins '4'5~9'5 f' in diameter. Four-celled colonies 8-15 f' in diameter (Fig. 151).
F. S. Collins, 1909, p 170; G. M. Smith, 1920,pp 145-46, p136, f 6; G. W. Prescott, 1951,p 284. HABITAT. Museum Pond, Madras, rare to common-March and July-October
pI65,f4 -. (Philipose, 1940); in the guts of anopheles larvae, Damodar Valley, Bihar (Kachroo,
= Staurogenia crucifera Wolle, -1877, P 140, f 6
=S. cruciatum Wolle, 1887, p 171, p1157, f9-11 1959); ponds and tanks, Barrackpore (W. Bengal), rare~January, March, July, Novem-
=Crucigenia cruciata (Wolle) Schmid1e, 1900; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 174, f253 ber, and D~cc:mber, Cuttack, stray-May, rare--:.July and August, Nuapara, Cuttack,
stray-February, Hyderabad, stray-January, Ponnampet, Coorg, rather common-
Colonies 4-celled, rhomboidal with slightly concave sides and a small rectangular February, Azhicode (Kerala), rare-October and Ochira (Kerala), stray-
space at the centre, or often joined together in multiple colonies of 16 or more cells. February (!).
Cells elongate with the outer side concave and the inner side straight or slightly convex. DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, S. and W. Africa (incl. var. aPiculata
Cells 3'5-5'3 f' broad, 5-7- (10) f' long. Four-celled colonies-9-11-(22) f' broad, Fritsch and Rich), India, China, and Japan. .
14--16--(24) f'long (Fig. 149). Brunnthaler (1915) as well as Smith (1920) treated Lemmermannia emarginata
HABITAT. Ponds and tanks, Barrackpore (W. Bengal), rare-February, Balasore (Schroeder) Chodat (1900)=Tetrapedia emarginata Schroeder) as synonymous to this
(Orissa), rare-November, Sambalpur (Orissa), common-July, rare-December, species. Fritsch and Rich (1930, p 28, f 4 E-G) and Rich (1932, p 163) treated
Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), stray-December and Ochira (Kerala), stray- L. emarginata as a new variety of 9rucigenia tetrapedia with the name .apiculata Fritsch
February; swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri (Orissa), rare-April (!). and Rich.
DISTRIBUTION.N. America, Europe, India, and China.
152. Crucigenia quadrata Morren
150. Crucigenia triangularis (Chodat) Schmidle
M.q,F.A. Morren, 1830, p 415, p115, f 1-5;J. Brunntha1er, 1915, p 172, f 248
W. Schmid1e, 1900,-p 234 non P1ayfair~1917, p 832 =Pediastrum quadratum (Morren) Meneghini, 1840 p 212
=Staurogenia triangularis Chodat, 1900-, p 7, f 14-19 . =Staurogenia quadrata (Morr~n) Kuetzing, 1849, p 194
=Crucigenia triangularis Chodat, 1902, p 206, f 148;J. Brunntha1er, 1915, pp 172-73, f246
Colonies usualiy 4-celled, sometimes more-celled, more or less quadrate with a
Colonies usually 4-celled with a small open space at the centre, but sometimeS small rectangular space at the centre. Cells nearly spherical with rounded corners
joined in 16 or more-celled multiple colonies. Cells ovoid to triangular with rounded . !and 3-4 f' in diameter (Fig. 152).
corners. Chloroplast p~rietal and with a single pyrenoid. Cells 5-5' 5 f' in' diameter. < HABrrAT. Northern India (Turner, 1892); small pool near roadside, Kekirawa,
Four-celled colonies 10-13'2 f' in diameter (Fig. -150). . Ceylon-September _(Crow, 1923); River Cooum, Madras (Iyengar and Venkataraman,
HABITAT. Rock pool, Ceylon-September- (Crow, 1923); swamp, Kausalya. )951). ~

Ganga, Puri (Orissa), rar Lpril (!). - " DISTRIBUTION. Europe, N. America. rndia, -Ceylon, China, and- Japan.
-DISTRIBUTION. .?- N. America, S. and W. Africa, In~!a, Cey10n and-'. . Under this species, G. M. Smith (1920) included Crucigenia triangularis -Chodat
Siberia. . r _,.;...
and Tetrastrum multisetum var. punctatm Schmid Ie (= Tetras,trll!'lpunctatum (SclJrnidle)
G. M. Smith (1§2. G: W. Prescott (1951) and Korshikov (1953) considered Ahlstrom et Tiffany). In the pres~nt account, these two' ~a are excluded fr9m
this species synonymous to Crucigenia quadrala Morren. Brunnthaler (l.c.), though. Crucigenia quadrata. -
recognizing its proximity to C. quadrala, retained it as a separate species. Crow (l.c.)
recorded both the species but stated that C. triangularisshould probably be included in Species oj Crucigenia not recordedfrom the Indian region
C. quadrata. West and- Fritsch (1927) also stated that C. triangularis is probably
C. antarcticaWille, 1924, p 433 ~
synonymous to C. quadrata. However, Fritsc4.-aI~d Rich (1930) still retained the species.. C. australis (P1ayf.) P1ayfair, 1917, p 831
In the present accouI].t, the two species are treated as distinct. - .. ... =Pediastrum tetras var. australe Playfair, 1912, p 516, pi 56, f 2
C. divergens G. M. Smith, 1926, p 85, pl14, f 22-29
C. emarginata (W. et G. S. West) Schmid1e, 1900
151. Crucigenia tetrapedia (Kirchner) W. et G. S. West =Staurogenia emarginata W. et G; S. West, 1895, p 81, piS, f 25-26
C. excaoata Conrad, 1949, p 86, pi 2, f 4
W. and G. S. West, 1902 a, p 62,pll, f 11-12;J. Brunnthaler, 1915,p 174,f251; G. M. Smith. C. irregularis Wille, 1895; 1898, P 302
1920, pp 147-48, pi 37, f 2 = Willea irregularis (Wille) Schmid1e, 1900 b, c
=Staurogenia tetrapedia Kirchner, 1880,'p 144, p12, f 1 = Cohniella irregularis Lemmermann
=Lemmermannia tetrapedia (Kirchn.) Lemmermann, 1904, p 157 =Crucigeniarectangularisvar. irregularis (Wille) Brunntha1er, 1915, p 171
 TETRASTRUM 243
CHLOROCOCCALES
242
distinctly punctate. Chloroplast parietal arid with a single pyrenoid. Cells 8-12 fl
C. lunaris (Lemm.) Wi1Ie, 1909, p 66 in diameter. Colony up to 24 fl in diameter. Papillae 3-3' 5 fl long (Fig. 153).
=Crueigeniella lunaris Lemmermann, 1900
C. minima (Fitschen) Brunnthaler, 1915, P 174 HABITAT. Planktonic in fishery bundh, Chandrakona Road, Midnapore
=Staurogenia minima Fitschen (W. Bengal), stray-December; pond, Cuttack, rather common-August (!).
C. negleeta Fott et Ettl, 1959, P 231, f 4 DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America and India.
C. piriformis Beck-Mannegetta, 1926, P 183, f 15
C.pulehra W. et G. S. West, 1902 a, p 63, pll, f 1.3-15 G. M. Smith (1920), considered this alga the same as Crucigeniaquadrata'Morren.
C. pulloideum (Teiling) Brook, 1957 According to him, the pyrenoid and button-like projections are not always found.
= Tetrastrum pulloideum Teiling, 1942, p 66, pi I, f2
C. reniformis Griffiths, 1916, P 431, p134, f 14 However, since knob-like projections are not usually found in Crucigenia, Ahlstrom and
C. truneata G. M. Smith, 1920, p 146, pI 36, f 7-9
Tiffany'(l.c.) preferred to include it under Tetrastrum.
. Printz (1927) consi~ered Smith's C. truneata. as a Te!rastrum u~der the m~me. T. t!"'lneata (~mith)
Prmtz. Ahlstrom and Tiffany (ex Tiffany, 1934) treated It as a vanety ofCruClgenta apuulata,-vlz. var,
truncata (G. M. Smith) Ahlstrom et Tiffany. Crucigenia hastifera Arnoldi had been considered by Ahlstrom
154. Tetrastrwn staurogemaeforme (Schroeder) Lemm.
and Tiffany (1934) as partly Tetrastrum staurogeniaeformc and partly T. heteraeanthum. However,
Korshikov (1953) treated it as a distinct species of Tetrastrum lsee under Tetrastrum). E. Lemmermann, 1900 b, p 95;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 177, f259; G. M. Smith, 1920, p 149,
pi 37, £ 5-6
R. and F. Chodat (1925) recognized Willea irregularis (Wille) Schmidle and treated Cruciieni/J =Cohniella staurogeniaeforme Schroeder, 1897, p 373, pi 17, f 5
=Staurogenia schroederi Schmidle, 1900 c, p 156
irregularis Wille and C. antarctica Wille as its synonyms. =Crucigeniastaurogeniaeformis (Schroeder) Wille, 1909, p 66

LI. Genus TETRASTRUM Chodat, 1895 a, p 114

Colonies flat, 4-celled, with the cells arranged closely in a cruciate manner with
Colonies always 4-cell~d with the cells-arranged cruclately in a flat plate with or or without a !Jlinute space in the centre; often enclosed within a delicate mucilaginous
without a small open space at the centre; at times -embedded in ~ thin gelatinous envelope. Cells nearly triangular with 4-6 short delicate spines, which lie in the same
plane, from the outer surface. Chloroplasts 1-4, parietal, with or without pyrenoids.
envelope. Cells broadly triangular with rounded angles,. ovoid or semicircular;
usually with one or more setae, short spines or papillae from the outer free surface. Cells 3-6 fl in diameter. Colonies 7-15 fl in diameter. Spi~es 4-8 fl long (Fig. 154).
HABITAT. Planktonic in River Cooum, Madras (Iyengar and Venkataraman, -
Chloroplast single, laminate, with or without a pyrenoid, and div:iding into
1951)' swaml2, Cuttack, stray-November (!).
four prior to autocolony formation. Reproduction by the formation of autocoloni~
from each cell, all the four cells of a colony _usually reproducing simuitaneously. DlsTRmuTION: Europe, .N. America, W. Africa, and India.
According to Ahlstrom and Tiffany (1934), Playfair's T. elegans(p.p.) (seePlayfair,
Free-floating.
Tetrastrum is distinguished from Crutigmia by the presence of spines (except in 1917, pi 57, f 6) in which there is a single long spinC?from the outer edge of each cell,
~
~ should be included.in T. staurogeniaeforme,'the. remaining part being included in
one species) on ~e margins of cells and the colony being always 4-celled.
T. heteracanthum. They furthex: stated that there is a gradual reduction in the number
Four species are recorded from the Indian region.
of spines (see,their figs. 6-21) from a typical T. staurogeniaeforme to T. glabtum (Roll)
KEY TO THE -SPECIES .. Ahlstrom et Tiffany, wh1c4 is smooth walled, through T. elegans. However, Smith
_ .1. With short spines.or papillae - \ ~1950) and Korshikov (1953) retained the species T. elegans. In thi_s account also, -
a. Cells nearly triangular. with rounded angles, not closely arranged and with small knob-like T. elegansis tteated as a d!stinct species.
I papillae.. . . . . . ~. .'. . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ., . . . . . . :-.. . . .. T. punctaturn(p 242)
I b. Cells more or less triangular, closely and cruciately arranged; spines short and delicate. . . .., . .,..,
T. staurogeniaefQrfflC (p ,243)
..
Tetrastrwn lDultisetulD (Schmidle) Chodat
~
-2, With long spines or distinct setae inJ. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 177, f260
a. Cells spherical to ovoid with straight setae. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. T. multisetum(p 243) =StaurogeniamultisetaSchmidle, 1900 c, p 157, p16, £ 12
b. Cells with the outer face, slightly concave, and with one long and one short straight or
I
curved spine , , T. heteracanthum
(p 244)
" Colonie~ of 4 quadrately arranged cells. Cells spherical to ovoid. Outer
153. Tetrastrwn punctatum. (Schmidle) Ahlstrom et Tiffany pmrgin of cell with 5-6 long stout setae standing in different directions. Chloroplast
,single, parietal and with a pyrenoid. Cells 3-4 fl in diameter in young coloI].ies and
E. H. Ahlstrom and L. H. Tiffany, 1934, p 504; G.'W. Prescott, 1951, p 286; O. A: korshi~ov.-
1953, p 367, £ 350 ',5-6 fl in older ones (Fig. 155).
=Staurogeniamultiseta v'ar. punctataSchmidle, 1900 c, P 157, pi 65. f 13-14 HABITAT. Tank, Ceylpn-October (Crow, 1923).
...T,traltrum multisetum (Schmidle) Chodat var. punctatum (Schmidle) Brunnthaler, 1915,
p 177, £261 DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, and Ceylon.
According to Ahlstrom and Tiffany (1934), this alga is only a very variable
Cells more or less triangular with the outer side covered by a number (5-6 or ,~.. icractiniumpusillum Fres. and not a Tetrastrum. It is included here only tentatively.
more)' of short capitate papillae which are not all in the same plane. Cell membrane;'~
 SCENEDESMUS 245
244 CHLOROCOCCALES

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, Africa, India, Java, China, Japan, and

Australia.
The European alga has occasionally stout curved setae (see Brunnthaler,I.e.;
West and Fritsch, 1927), but the American alga (Smith, I.e.) has more delicate setae
which are more or less straight. The alga observed by the author had straight, some-
what delicate setae.

., Species of Tetrastrum not recordedfrom the, Indian region

154 b
T. alpinum (Schmidle) ~midle...1900 c, p 157, p165, f 24-25
=Crucigenia quadrala'var. oclogona Schmidle, 1895 a
T. elegans Playfair, 1917, p 832, pi 57, f 6 only
154 a T. glabrum (Roll) Ahlstrom et Tiffany, 1934, p 504, f22-24
= T. slaurogeniaeforme val'. glabrum Roll, 1928, p 165, f 8
= Crucigenia 'riangularis Playfair, 1917, p 832, pi 57, f 4, non (Chodat) Schmidle, 1900,
p 234
T. hastiftrum (Arnoldi) Korshikov,t953, p 367, f 348
=Crucigeniahaslifera Arnoldi, 1924, Zeitschr. Russ. Bol. Ges., 7(1922) .
. T. triacanthum Korshikov, 1953, p 365, f 345

According to Ahlstromjtnd Tiffany (I.e.) Tetrastrum tetracanthum ( G. S. West) Brunnthaler, 1915,

.p 178, f263 (= CTUliigeniatelracantha G. S. West,1907, p 137)is probably a form of Ptdiastrum simplex Meyen.-
Its variety khasianum Biswas (1934, p 19, p13, f3) is also considered by them as doubtful on account of the
,. .. small an!! indistinct figure" given by Biswas. T. rocklandiensis Griffiths (1927, pp 610-11, f 5) is also
',considered' by these authors as incompletely described. T. hettracanthum Schiller (1924, p 73, Text-f 2)
'I'
','
.is treated by them as a variety of T. heteracanthum (Norrlst.) Chodat, viz. val'. longispinum (Schiller) AM..
. strom et Tiffany..

&enedtsmus

.
- anomalus and Cruci,l!enialruncata, respectively. .
FOI'-Tetras/rum anomalum G. M. Smith (1926) iind T. truncata (G. M. Smith) Printz (1927), see under
.._
TetrachlorellaKorshikov, 1953,cp 361, wi:h the three follo;ing species is aiso not recorded from
'. ; '.the Indian region. '
: T. alternans(G. M. Smith) Korshikov, 1953, pp 361-62, f 341

FII,s. 153--156. 153, Telraslru7!l punclalum" (SCHMIDLE)AHLSTR. E1'

= Crucigenia alternons G."M. Smith, 1926, p 185, pI 14, f 14-18
T. coronala (Korsh.) Korsh., 1953, pp 362-63, f 342
";;Tetrachlorella idternons f. coronata "Korsh.
. -.,';i
,
TIFF.; 154, T. slaurogeniaeforme (SCHROED.) LEMM.; 155, T. multisetum T. ornataKorshiko.v,1953,~ 303, f343 '.
(SCHMIDLE) CHODAT; 15Q, T. hettracanlhum (NORDST.) CHODAT.
(154.a, FROM SCHROEDER,. 1897 (AS Cohniella slaurogeniaeforme); .. .!
154 b, FROM G, M. SMITH, 1920; 155, FROMS.CHMIDLE'(ASSiaurogenia multisela
SCHMIDLE); REST, X 1500).,
Subfamily 'BCENEDESMOID~AE_

LIt Genus SCENEDESMUS Meyen, 1829, p 77t

156. Te~itru~hete~canthum (Nordstedt) Chodat
R. Chodat, 1895a, p llf;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, P 177. f262; G. M. Smith, 1926. p 187, pi 15, _ Colony a flat (rar!:ly curved) plate of usually 2'"-'1-8 (rarely 16-32) cells which
f 16-20' '

=Slaurogenia
heteracanlhaNordstedt,1882,p 5f, f A-B ,- . 'arealways in multiplf"~ of two. Cells acicular, ellipsoid, ovoid or cylindrical, arranged'
= Tetrastrum
elegansval'.dentalum
Playfair,1917,p 833,pi 57, f 7 . in one or two r~.vs and in lateral contact. Cell wall smooth or granulate, with or
Colonies 4-celled and flat with the cells quadrately arranged. Cells nea~ly WIthout la~{..al ridges, lateraf teeth or spines. Chloroplast single and parietal and
often filling the cell, and with a single pyrenoid.
heart-shaped (triangular with the outer face slightly concave, rarely convex) with a
Reproduction by auto-colonies from all or any of the cells,_the number of cells
long and short seta from the outer surface. Setae straight or curved. Chlorop1ast
In. the d~ughter colony not necessarily conforming to the number in the mother
parietal' an,d usually with a pyrenoid. Cells 3' 5-11' 5 p.in diameter. Long seta 'colony.
8-24 p. long. Short seta 1-9 p. !ong (Fig.: 156).
HABITAT. Ponds and lanks, Barrackpore (W. Bengal), stray-December,.
Dum Dum (W. Bengal), stray-October,-Cuttack, stray-March and August; swamp,
.
Thkrty-one species are recorded from the Indian region.

!.
.; KEY-TO THE SPECIES
Kausalya Ganga, Puri (Or,issa), rare-April; reservoir, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh), Cells dtc10sed within a mucilaginous envelope
stray-April (!). t' .~,
l
 SCENEDESMUS 247
CHLOROCOCCALES
246 , -' :Terminal ce\ls longer than internal cells and in firm lateral
" contact except at ends S. protuberans (p 276)
A. Spines from poles of terminal and internal ce\ls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., S. oahuensis(p 247) b. Spines at poles as well as median part of ce\ls
B. Spinesfrompolesof terminal ce\lsonly.. . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . ., . . . .. S. muu;allensis (p 247).I x. Cells in loose lateral contact; internal cells fusiform, terminal cells nearly
II. Ce\ls not enclosed within a mucilaginous envclope . rectangular. . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S. ros/ra/o-spinosus (p 278)
A. Ce\l wall smooth, without lateral ridges, granulations, teeth or spmes xx. Cells in firm lateral contact and all ce\ls of same shape : ,

I. Ce\ls acicular to broadly fusiform , S. abundans(p 278)

i. Ce\ls without polar nodules or thickenings c. Spines at poles of terminal ce\ls only
a. Colony a flat plate, 248) x. With perforations between cells
x. A\l ce\ls in a colony erect and spindle-shaped. ',' . . . . . .. S. obliquus(p 2.19) ..... t Perforations narrow and linear, ends of ce\ls slightly inflated. ....... ....

.
xx. Inner ce\ls of colony erect, outer ce\ls lunate. . . . . . . ., S. dimorphus(p ,
S. tropicus (p 279)
b. Colony a curved or twisted plate
x. Ce\ls acicular and ';Ierymuch curvecl- . . . . . . .'. . . ., S. acumina/us
(p
211) tPel'forations larger; ends of ce\ls markedly capitate .,............
S. perf ora/us (p 280)
xx. Ce\ls alternate with the terminal ce\ls not in the same plane

ii.
. as the interior cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . .. S. bernardii (p
Ce\ls with polar nodules or thickenings
Ce\l wall convex towards the outer side of colony and concave
. towards
S. centre. . . . 252)
incrassa/ulus(p .. ..
251) xx. Without perforations between ce\ls
tCe\ls ovoid-cylindrical
:Ce\ls naviculoid
:
A\l cells more or less of same length and in loose lateral
S. quadricauda(p 283) .
contact :..: .S. opoliensis.
Terminal ce\ls longer than median .ce\ls and cells in firm lateral
2. Cells oblong to ovoid with rounded ends contact. . . . . . . . . . . . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'.S. pro/uberans
i... Colony not curved .
a. Ce\lsin a linear or subalternatingseries.. .. . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . S. bijuga/us (p 252) '"
ii.
b. Ce\lsin a double linear series.. . ., ., . . . . . .,. . . . . . . . . . . ., S.platydiscus(p 256).
S. arcua/us(p
Colony a curved plate with the cellsusually in a double linear or subalternating
, series256)"' - Scenedesmus oahuensis (Lemm.) G. M. Smith
.
G. M. Smith, 1916, p428, pI 25, f I; R. Chodat, 1926, p 206, f 108
"

=S. quadricauda var. tahuensis Lemm., 1905, p 630, pI 8, f 4-5

3. Cells inflated in the middle and with button-shaped ends =S. quadricauda var. insignis W. and G. S. West in ~emmermann, 1900 diP 335
Cells curved' and arranged in a subalternating series with the termifiOllcells not
. in the same plane as the intemal cells S. indicus (p 258)'
~

Colonies 2-16 celled and enclosed within a striated mucilaginous envelope.

4. Cells prismatic..., ~ S. prismaticus
(p 259) ,Cells with two 4lateral finely granulate costae. Terminal cells with a long straight
B. Cell wall ridged or granulate or with terminal spines
t'<
1. Ce\ls with lateral longitudinal ridges
\or recurved spine with basal granulations from ~ach pole. Inner cells with a spine
Cell wall not 'covered by spines or granulations except at,poles ,:from alternate pole~. Cell membran~ finely porous (Fig. 157). .
"'.
"i. Polesof !;ellswithout teeth or spines.. . . . : . . . . . . . . .. ., ., . . .. S. acutiformis
(p 260) HABITAT. Tanks near T~ncomalie, 'Ceylon, September and October (Crow, "
_,' ir. Poles of c;ells with teeth or spines#
a. All cells with short teeth at poles
-,,'
S. brasiliensis(p 2~1), 1923); · ... . ,
b. Terminal cellswith spineiat poles, median ce\ls with or without such spines ''''
. x. . Cells oblong and in lateral contact along their ,S. ....
, full length .:. .. .......,
arma/us (p 261): ' DISTRIBUTION:Oahu, MaJahuia, Sandwich Isles, and Ceylon.
xx. Ce\ls naviculoid and in lateral contact along the median third only. . . . . . . . . ", '.' None pf the authors referred to give the measurements of the alga. -.
, . ~. S. c"rmalus (p 266)"
\, Scenedesmus muzzanensis Huber-Pestalozzi
2. Cells withouflaterallongitudinal ridges. but with granulations', teeth or spines ~~
i Spines or granulati~ns completely covering tlte cell wall .. ,,"
. Ce\l wa\l covered by small spines and without long horns"from poles... S. hys/rix (p 266)
, ii.. Cell wa\l only. partially covered by short spines '-
G. Huber-Pestalozzi, 1929, p 420, f 5-6

, Two rows of spines from pole to pole on median cells and onerow on terminal cells; ."~ Colonies 4-celied and enclosed within a thin striated mucilaginous en.velope.
Ipoleswith teeth~ :
iii. With short teeth or spinesfrompolesof cc\lsonly
:
,S. serratus (p 268)
#
tAdjacent celfs.in contact with each-other except at the poles. Poles of terminal cells
a. With 3 robust'spines from poles of all cells:.. . . . . . . . . . . ., S. spinula/us(p 268) !.witha long recurved sp~e. Poles of internal cells obtuse. All cells with a longitudinal
b. With one or more short teeth or sharp spin~ from the poles
x. Ce\lsoblongto eJlipsoid.. , .. .. .,t. ... s. den/icula/us
(p 26!1)'
' ldge which is not distinct in the median region. Cell membrane smooth, or, rarely,
xx. Cells more orless fusiform with broadly rostrate and retG:e ends............
lunctate. Older cells yellowish with dark contents. Cells 5'5-7'8 fl broad and:, ..
S.p";",!ensis (p 271)
~9-23 fllong (Fig. 158 a).
xxx. Ce\ls more or less naviculoid
iv. With longspinesfrom polesor !Iledia~parts of ce\l~ .
. S. smithii(p 272),
'
, HABITAT. Ponds and tanks, Durii Dum, rare-October, Kausalya Ganga, . .
a. Spinesfrompolesofterminalaswe\las ofmediance\ls :q-aY""'7November,Azhicode, rare-February; swamp, Kausalya Ganga, rare- ~

- x. Ce\ls ovoid to oblong - - . '

,pril( !). _ '"

tCells in loose lateral contact; terminal ce\ls with long and short-
spines from poles; internal ce\ls with only short spines. . . . .. '.. .(p. . , 272)
S. cauda/o-aculeola/u,s . .. ; DlSTRIBUTlOl'f.Europe; India.
The Indian alga "agrees. iri all respects with Huber-Pestalozzi's' species, except -.,..:::,......
tCells usWi\ly in contact along their fulllerigth and with long' or ~
short spines from terminal and internal cells S..longus (p .273), at the dimenSions of cells showed a wider range, viz., 8-12 f' in breadth and 18' 8-32 <..
xx. Cells naviculoid'
~ cells of same length and in lateral contact ~Iong only a
'",;,
"
cinlength with spines 20' 7-22 .5 fllon~.
" ' ..
"":$h\rd of theirlength ';... S.opoliensis (p
.. #8
 CHLOROCOCCALES
250
SCENEDESMUS 251

forma tortus G. M. Smith

;~
.:-\ {.';~ / ~ .,::::J
..@ " G. M. Smith, 1926, p 188, p116, f 5-8

8~8';;~~~~8'/'
1\;
159 b
159 c
Differs from the type in the central cells of the colony being at an a~gle to the
axes of the terminal cells instead of being parallel to them. Cells 2' 5-6' 5 P broad,
20-34'3 p long (Fig. 160 d).
HABITAT. Pond, Cuttack, stray-August; Moat, Cuttack, stray-April (!).
DISTRIBUTION.N. America, India.

161. Sc::enedesmus ac::uminatus (Lagerheim) Chodat

R. Chodat, 1902, p 211, f88; 1926, pp 144-45; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 163, f 209; G. M. Smith,
1916, pp 437-38, pi 25, f 3-5; 1920, p 152, pi 38, f 1-4 .
=Selenastrum acuminatum Lagerheim, 1883, p 71, p13, f 27-30; W. B. Turner, 1892, p 162, p120, .
f 30; non G. S. West, 1912 a, p 88
=Scenedesmus obliquus var. acuminatus Playfair, 1912, p 518, pi 56, f 8
=S.falcatus Chodat, 1894, p 625; 1926, p 146, f 36-~7; H. Skuja, 1949, p 66, pill, f 1
- -
.-, Colonies curved and of four to eight (usually four) fusiform cells w~th sharp
pointed ends. All the cells in a colony lunate, or the interior cells forming a flat plate'
and the other cells lunate and at an angle to the plane of the interior cells; rarely, all
Si, cells in the same plane. _ Cell wall smooth and without teeth or spines. Cells 2-7 p.
. broad, 12-48 p between apices (Fig. 161).
HABITAT. N. E. India (Turner,l.c.); tanks and lakes, Ceylon (Crow.. 1923,
I- Holsinger, 1955); pond, Mandalay, Burma.(Skuja, l.c.); pool, Companygunj, Khasiii,-
I 'Ii" '.' Assam (Biswas, 1934); swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri, rare-April; ponds, Cuttack,
.. . s~y-August" Nuapara, Cuttack, rare-February and Ochira (Kerala), stray,
February (!). _
DISTRIBUTION. Widespread, including Europe, N. America, Africa, India, Burma,
Ceylon, Singapore, Ja~a, ~iberia, Japan, and Australia.

162. Sc::enedesmusbernaJdii G: M. Smith

'... -
G. M. Sinith, 1916, pp436-37, pi 25, f 6, pi 32, f 196-208; 1920, p 152, pi 38, f 5-9
=S. obliquus forma magnus Bernard, 1908, p 182, f 420-21
_4, =S.ja'uanensisChodat,1926,pI57~f47 - _ _-
..~ - =8. acuininatus val'. bernardii (~mith) Dedussenko in O. .A. Korshikov, 1953, p 380, q68
':;~" FIGs. 159-162. 159, Scerudesmusobliquus(TURP.)KUETZ.;160 a-c, . -
S~orphus (TURP.) KUETZ,; d, F. tortusG. M. SMITH;161, S. a&uminatus
(LAGERH.) CHODAT; 162, S. bernar{/ii G. M. SMITH. Colonies of four to eight cells. Internal cells fusiform, lunate or sigmoid with acute
(161 a, FROM SKUJA, 1949 (AS S. falcatus CHODAT); 161 b, FROM ", .apicesand arranged alternately with their apices in contact with the apicd or median
.
TURNER, 1892 (AS Selenastrum acuminatum LAGERH.); REST, x 1500).
portions of adjacent cells. Terminal cells fusiform or luna~e, usually attached to the
,.i'apices of the inner cell and frequently at an angle to the plane of the colony. Cell ..
Ja!luary, Azhic~de, stray-February; River Sone, Dehri, rare-May; swamp,'... wall smooth and witl).out spines or teeth. Cells 3-6'3 p broad, 8:-35 p long (Fig. ,162). -
Kausalya Ganga, rare-April (!). . , HABITAT. Rock pool, Ceylon-September (Crow, 1923); in shallow pools in
,~ '];)ISTRIBUTJO~.~ Widespread, including Europe, .N. ~erica, S. Africa,Mada- the drying up River Daya, Linghipur, Puri, stray-November; Moat, Cuttack, ...1'
~.; "gascar, India, Burma, Java, China, and Jap~n. .' - .rare-January (!). .
A<;cording to Chodat ,(l.c.), the alga is four-cell(:d with cells 2 '1-3'4 f'obroad and DISTRmUTION. N. America, Europe, Ceylon, India, Java, and' China. -':Jj'~:

I Q'9-l0 fA lo~. ' The alga from Linghipur (3-4'5 p broad, 13;2-17 p long) agreed fairly well
I
:With the American alga (3-6 p broad, 8-17p long-see Smith, l.c.) whereas ~e alga
r--

SCENEDESMUS 253

252 CHLOROCOCCALES Hyderabad, stray-January; cement cisterns with decaying Ottelia, Cuttack, rather
common-July (!).
from Cuttack (3-5 f-Lbroad, 24-35 f-Llong) agreed well with the Javanese alga (4 f-L
DISTRIBUTION.Ubiquitous.
broad, 30--35 f-Llong, see Bernard, i.e.).
It is not clear why Lagerheim (i.e.) preferred the specific name bijuga, which has
The alga described by Biswas (1928-29; p 413, plIO, f 15; 1949, pt 1, pI 3, f35) been later adopted by G. M. Smith (1916) and all ot~er American authors.
from Malaya as S. obliquus and 4 f-Lbroad and 48 f-Llong appears to be only a larger form Fig. 15 b given by Bruhl and Biswas (1922) is more like that of S. areuatus or
of S. bernardii. S. Platydiseusthan that of a S. bijugatus. Th~ same applies to their figure (1926, pI
1 f 13) of the specimen from Loktak Lake and described as S. bijugatus val'. alternans
(Reinsch) Hansgirg.
163. Scenedesmusincrassatulus. Bohlhl
K.Bohlin,1897a,pp24-25, pi 1,£45-51;. W.and G.S. West, 1907, p229, pi 12,£26; J.
Brullnthaler, 1915, p 163, £210; G. M. Smith, 1916, p 440, p125, £ 9-10; G. I. Playfair, 1923. forma irregUlaris Willc
p 222; R.Chodat, 1926,PP 158-59, £49 .
N. Wille, 1903, p 94, f 4
Single celled or in colonies of 2-4 cells. Cells in a linear or subalternating series, =Scenedesmusbijuga var, irregularis(Wille) G. M. Smith, 1916, p 448, pi 28, f 59-62; incl: S.
bijugavar. alternansforma irregularisG. M. Smith, 192.6,p 189, pi 16, f 24-27
fusiform, curved with the outer side convex and the inrier side more or less straight
or slightly concave. Ends of cells stumpy and with apical nodules. Cells 5-10 I-' . Differsfrom S. 'bijugatusin .!he cells ~eing arranged in an irregular sub-alternating
broad, 12-28 I-' long (Fig. 163).
HABITAT". In springs_on the river -bank, Bhamo, Burma-February (W. and or som~timesin an almost double seri;s' Inner cells often in lateral.and basa'-contact.
iColony\4-- or 8.celled, the latter bemg more common. Cells <)'5-6 f-Lbroad, 6'5-
G. S. West, i.e.). . -, --- - ]S f-Llong (Fig. 164i, m).
DISTRIBUTION.Br~il, Paraguay, Norway, S. Africa, Burma, Japan, Siberia, . HABITAT.Museum Pond, Madras (~ S. bijugaval'. alternans-Philipose, ..J.940,
Norway, Hungary and Australia. pI 2, f 38); swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri; Orissa, stray-April( I).
, 'Tho m"""'''"''''' of tho ",u. giv'" by Bohlin (/.,.) ond moot ot1= aothon DISTRIBUTION. N. and S. America, India.
_are 5-8 f-LX 17-28 f-L,but Printz (1915 a) gave them as 5-10 I-' X 12-19 ,u-and Playfair
l- (I.,.) .. 54 p X \2-20 p. Ho"ob4gy' (\9600)reeo<d09· much ..alle' ono..viz..
::;
3-:..3.4f-L X 9-11.21-"
. var. bicellularis (Chodat) comb. novo ~

-Scenedesmusbicellularis Chodat, 1926, p 173, f65-67; T. Hortobagyi, 1957, p 15, f 237-40

164. Scenedesmus bijugatus (Turpm) Kuetzing
I
F. T. Kuetzing, 1833, p 607; W. and G. S. West, 1902, p 196; 1907, p229; c. Bernard, 19G8, Colo~es usually two-celled, rarely fou~-celled with the cells arranged in groups
p 183, £423;.1. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 167, £ 233; N. Carter, 1926, p 277; G. S. VenkataramaD; ;of two. Solitary 'dlipsoid-cyfurdrjcal cells also not uncommon. -Autospores fOI1J1ed
1957, p 909 -
=AchnanthesbijugaTurpin, 1828, P 310, p1l3, £4 - .-j ..,bythe single bipartition of the cell contents. Colonies pfteI). seen en~l~.sed wi~the
=A. quadrijugaTurpin, 1820, £ 6; 1828, P 310, p113, £ 5 . I'~ptured parent cell membrane.. A small ap"ical spIne may be seen oc.s:asionally from
.=ScenedesmusobtU.fUs Meyen, 1829, p 775; W. B. Turner, 1892, p 161; P. Bruhland K. BiswaJ,
. 1922, pI 3, f 15 a - . )he end of a cell of the colony. Cells 2 '6-Sc'3 f-Lbroad, 6-11 f-Llong (Fig. 164 d,n, 0).
=S. quadricaudavar. ecornis'Ral£s, 1848, p 190; J. Schaarsch~idt, 1886, p 249 . HABITAT. Nursery pond, Raipur (Madhya Pradesh), abundant-:--April, 1956
=S. variabilisde Wildem. var. ecornisde Wildeman, 1893, f 54
. =S. bjuga (Turpin) Lagerheim, 1893, p 158; G. M. Smith, 1920, p. 152, p137, f 18-20 it(leg. Shri. S. M. Banerjea); swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri, stray-April, 1951(!).
=S. ecornis (Ralfs) Chodat, 1926, p 170; S. C. Dixit, 1937,.p 18; H. Skuja, 1949, P 66, pliO, , DISTRIBUTION.Europe, India, and ? Burma. . . _.
f 53 ' -
.. . In the Raipur collection which was very rich in the alga, not even a single four-
Colonies flat or slightly curved, of 2-4-8 cells arranged in a single linear series. ~ed colony with regular linear arrangement of cells could be seen, which probably
Celli obloog-dlip"',d to ovoid with tho ",d, b,oadly rovndod. Cdh 3'5--7 P broad.
7-23 I-'long (Fig. 164 c, e, f). ..".
· ,0'Js that Chodat'wjlS right in treating it as separate from S. bijugaius (or S. eeomis
he names it). However, apart from the grouping of the cells in two eyen in four-
"::b..'
.eonttal'lndia (Turn"'. I."); in ,ueam. Viotorla Pa<k.Colombo(W. aod G. S. W...
IjA>"AT. Adh<rinf<to aquatic =80m. Af"gbaoi>tao(Scl>aa,,clunid4 I.,.);'
ed colonies and the slightly s,maller dimensions, this alga d~es' not appear'to cliffet
. terially from S. bijugatus. So, the author prefers- to cOnSidcr this' as a variety of-
~
.";-.::...
~

, :. bijugalus instead of according it specific'status as Chodat has done. ?

\902; ,priDS' and """""'. uppc< Bunoa (W. and G. S. W",t. 1907); fil" ~;r

_
"
Handa's (1927, p 263, pI 5, f 12) S. bijugatus.(Turp.) Kuetz. could also probably ..
b<d>, Bengal (Broh1 and Bbw.., /.,.); d,tch no'" "dgo of ri'" fiold. Sad'y" ~ . .
.referred to this variety. '
~ ,;,' ~

(Cart"', ,".);.,ain pool.Borivali.Bombay(Dixit./.,.); ",oal ond pond. low<' B""".i

I (Skuja. /.,.); p"",", (V <nkata=. I.,.); pond>'and tank>. D'brog,,~ ,..
r (Ao=!), ,,,,,y_May.. euttacl<, m,~Ju\Y' and Augu>4 Bhopal. ,,,,,yJuI1l'
 SCENEDESMUS 249
CHLOROCOCCALES
248
=Scenedesmusaculus Meyen, 1829,p 775; W. B. Turner, 1892, pp 161-62; P. Bruhl and
K. Biswas, 1922, p 9, pi 3, f 16
=S. oculus (Meyen) Chodat, 1926, p 126, f 18-19
=S. oculus var. obliquus Rabenhorst, 1868, p 64 .
\" =S. obliquusforma parous Bernard, 1908, p 181, f407-16, 414-16; 1909, p 76, f 160-61
~
'.II? Colonies usually of ~, sometjmes 2 or 8, erect cells arranged in a linear or sub.
~;f" linear series. Cells fusiform with acute or slightly rounded ends and usually with
" straight sides. Outer side of terminal cell concave or slightly convex. Cell waUl smooth
- ~. '. and without terminal teeth or spines. Cells (2-) '2'7-6'6(-9) '" broad, (5-) 6-23
(-2?) ",--long(Fig. 159). . .
~
HABITAT, N. E. India (Turner, I.e.); paddy fields, Heneratgodha, Ceylon
(W. and G. S. West, 1902); tank near Kekirawa, Ceylon (Crow, 1923); ditches of still
water, Sadiya (Assam), and in water exudations from cut ends of jute in Burdwan
(Bengal), -August-September (Carter, 1926); filter beds, Bengal (Bruhl and Biswas,
i.e.); pond, Bombay (Gonzahres and Joshi, 1946); in cultures of soil from Allahabad
. II'

(Mitra, 1951, p 359); ponds and t;mks, Barrackpore, stray-FeblJlary and

December, Serampore~ stray-july"Cuttack, rare-August, Nuapara (Cuttack),
" stray-February and Madras, stray-April; cement cisterns, Cuttack, rare-May (!).
DISTRIBUTION.Ubiquitous.
In the absence of a fi~re, it is. not possible to place the S. obiiquus re«orded by

'-
,'-
. Biswas (1934) from Assam, shice he refers to spines 4-8 '" long from the cells. The
S. acutus (Meyen) Chodat recorded from Burma by Skuja (1949, plIO, f 46:-50) with
the cells, .}..5-l1 '" broad and 18-20 '" long, could, in the author's opinion, be most
probably ~'forni of S. arcuatusvar. capitatus G.:..M. Smith. --

. ~ <!J
160. Scenedesmus dimorphus (Turpin) Kuetzing
I,i
F. T. Kuetzing, 1833, p 608; A. H. HassaIl, 1845, p,393, pI 92, f 13; G. M. Smith, 1916, pp
'" 431-36, pi 32, f 185-89, pi 33, f 190-95; 1920, pp 151-52, pi 37, f 15-17; R. Chodat, 1926,
p 128, f 20
=Achnanthes dimarpha Turpin, 1820, f2; 1828, p 313
=Scenedesmus oculus var. dimorphus Rabenhorst, 1868, p 64, f 34 i
, FIGs. 157-158. 157,'Scenedesmus oahuensis(LEMM.)G. M. SMITH; =S. obliquusvar. iJimorphusHansgirg, 1886, p 116 .
158 a, S. muzzanensis .HUBER-PESTALOZZI;158 b-c".? S', muzzanensis' =S. obliquus(Turpin) Kuetz. in P. Bruhl et K. Biswas, 1922, pp 9-10, pi 3, f, 17; M. R. Hl.nda;
HUBER-PEST. . ., 1!)27,p263, pi 6, f 10 a-b -'
(157,. FROM LEMMERMANN,1905 (AS Scenedesmus quadricauda =S. ocuminatus(Lager!1.) Chodatin C. Bernard, 1908,p 183,f422; P. BI1lhl et K. Biswas, 1926
VAR. oahuensis LEMM.);
, 158 a. x 1500;...:..
158 b-c, x 1000). p 266, pi I, II; K. Biswas, 1949, Pt I, p 71, pi 3, f 3,!-ii-c

, A few 8-celled co!onies which app~~red !o beloQg.. to ~e same spe.ci~{Fig.
15..8b, c) were also observed in the above localities. In these,. the colonies were flat
or curved with the median cells usually larger than the ~uter cells. In favourable....
colonies without cell contents, the ridges were seen to extend from pole to p<?leand
the cell membrane was punct4te, and but for the absence of spines from internal cdls
the alga resembled a S. oahuensis very much.' The cells were 6' 2-8 . 8 '" broad ~d
17'6-26'4p
-(. long,
- with spines 14-22 '" long.
dolo~ies ~8 celled with the cells arrange.d in a linear or subaltern~ting series
(eight-celled colonies always in sub alternating series). Differ from S. obliquns in the
outer cells of the colony being more or less lunate and the apices of the cells being
"
attenuated: Cells 2-8", broad, 14-35", long (Fig. 160 a...:c).
HABITAT. Filter beds, Bengal (Bruhl and Biswas, 1922); Loktak Lake,
Manipur (Bruhl anq Biswas, 1926); Royal Lakes, RangoJ>n.. (Handa, i.e.);
., Mu;eumPond, Madras (Philipose, 1940); Riv~r Cooum, Madras (Iyengar and.

159. SceDedesmus ~bHquus J(Turpin) Kuetzing "

Venkataraman, 1951); ponds and tanks, Barrackpore, rare-January-May,
October, Bhopal, common-July, Balasore and Phulbani, stray-December,. Cuttack,
July and... \.
....
'1'. -t. Kuet~~ 1833, p 609;J. Brunnthaler, 1915,p 163: f208; G. M. Smith, 1916, pp 428-34-. rare to comm.on-Januaty, March, July and August, Jabalpur, rare-April, Hyderabad, ,

p125, f7, pi 29, f 63-68; 1920, p 151, pi 37, f 12-14- stray-January) Madras, stray-M~rch, Tanjore, stray-December, Mercara,. stray-'
;=Acfmanlhes
obliqua
'.
Turpin,
..
1820,f 9; 1828,p.312, pI 13/f 9 "'~
'
. .
. t~:"""'''"
.~ -.,.,
254 CHLOROCOCCAtES
SCENEDESMUS
255
var. ftexuosus Lemmennann ..r 1)

E. Lemmermann, 1898, P 191, pi 5, f I;J. Snow, 1903, p 375, pi I, f4;J. Brunnthaler, 1915 .
p 167,f235; G. M. Smith, 1926,EP 189-90,pI17,fl-4 '
=Scenedesmusbijuga var.jkxuosus (Lemm.) Collins, 1909, p 168

Co[onies 8-16-32 celled with the cells arranged in an irregular spiral. Cells
3'5-8 fJobroad, 8-17'5 .
fJolong. (Fig. 164 k, I).
HABITAT.Among decaying Otteliaalismoidesin acement cistern at Cuttack, 163
very common-July (!). 164 a
DISTRIBUTION. Europe, N. and S. America, and I~dia.
In the author's material, only eight-celled colonies were observed. In the
American material, Smith (l.c.) found 16-celkd colonies predominating, though 8-
and 32-celled colonieswere also present. am 00J0 e
d
m c
var. graevemtzii (Bernard) comb. novo
=Steiniella graevenitzii Bernard, 1908, pp U!9-90"pl14, f 463-66

~
=Scenedesmus bijuga var. altemans (Reinsch) Borge in G. M. Smith, 1920, pi 38, f 10 only
=S. ovalternus Chodat, 1926, p 164, f 51
=S. ovalternus var. graevenitzii (Bernard) Chodat, 1926, p 165
=.:;. Ilraevenitzii (Bernard) Margalef, 1956

g h
Colonies four to eight felled. Cells fusiform, ellipsoid, oblong-ellipsoid to ovoid-with . I.
obtuse poles and"arranged in an alternating series with adjacent cells in contac~ only
along a short portion of their length. Colonies frequently aggregated in syncoenob~ .. -':'r
by the broken remains of parent cell walls as in Dimorphococcus. Celk4'5-7'9
and 10-16'7 # long (Fig. 164 a, b).

stray-February, ~950; tank, Hooghly (W. Bengal), stray-November,

Cauvery, Tanjore (Madras), stray-December, 1954 (!).
'.
HABITAT. Planktonic~'in Research Station Tank, ;Barrackpore (W. Bengal),
# broad'

1950; Rivci
~~
.~ _ ..
k .
:... :0..: ....
.':. ... "o-
.-
.::: °0'- ..:
1

.DISTRIBUTION.Europe, Java, India, N.. America.

Because of the aggregation' of colonies in syneoenobia Chodat (1926)' treated -
' ,

:this alga as a new variety of his S. ovalternus,which is probably synonymous to Achnantlru

n

quairaljerna TUl'pm (1820, f 8; 1828, p' 310, pi 13, f 7) and to A:' octalterna~urpm
(1820,112; 1828, P 312, pi t3, f8). In the author's opinion, the ~ggregation of the
o
colonl2l~!~gI¥obia~eed not .necessarily be a constant. featiu:e ~n-this alga, but ~y i'

.
be oqI.J!ftehi~Qrary phase at the tune of autocolony formation. WIthOUt the connecting
th1e~~'iemains of the parent cell wall Bernard's alg a can be hardl y distin gws' hed
from Chodat's S. ovalternus. The alga observed by the author was not associated,in,
FIGs. 16~165. .163, Scenelksmus incr:assatulusBOHLIN; 164 c, e, r,- S. bijugatus (TURP.)
. KUETZ., a-b, VAR. graevenitzii (BERNARD) COMB. NOV.; d, n, and 0, VAR. bicellularis
(CHODAT) COMB.NOV.; g, VAR; altemans (REINSCH) HANSG.; h andj, f parllUs (G. M. SMITH)
COMB.
(G. M. NOV.; i and
SMITH) m, f. irregularis WILLE; k-I,
CHODAT. ' VAR. jkxuosus LEMM.; 165, ,. S. plaJydiscus
syncoenobia. The cells were also slightly larger (5'3-7'9 fJoX 13'2-16'7 fJo)comparcil
to Bernard's alga, (6-7 # X 11-13 fJo). Otherwise the two algae agreed very well.
.~ - '. (163,FROM BOHLIN; g, FROMREINSCH (AS Scenelksmus alternans); REST, x 1500).
,7 .
.. var. alternans . .
. - (Reinsch) Hansgirg >-'
. Colonies flat, usually eight-celled, but sometimes four-celled, with the cells arrang~"\,
~.
,
A.
,~

Hansgirg, 1886, p 114 ,in a distinctly alternating series. Adjacent cells adnate to each other along a short.
=:s'cened,smusalternansReinsch, 1866,p 135, pi 20, fD-5; 1867, p81 " , 'portion of their'length only. Cells ellipsoid to ovoid-eUipsoidwith rounded ends'- Cells....
=S. bijugavar. alternans(Reinsch) Borge, 1907,p57; G. M.Smith, 1916, p447, pi 25,fl4-l?'-.:> ;about twice as long as broad. Length of cells 13-16 # (Fig. 164 g). ...,
S. Platydiscus (G. M. Smith) Chodat var. alternans (Reinsch) Chodat, 1926, p 176, f 69 ,7£
. HABITAT.Planktonic in a pond at Cuttack, Orissa, stray-Augrfst(!,. . -'
256 CHLOROCOCCALES SCENEDESMus 257

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S. America, Africa, India, China, Siberia, Colonies usually eight-celled, rarely four- or 16 celled, curved and with small
and Japan. intercellular spaces. Cells in eight-celled colonies in two series, oblong-ovoid, sometimes
slightly angular at the base due to mutual pressure. Cell wall smooth, withoutteeth or
forma parvus (G. M. Smith) comb. novo ,\\ .spines. Cells 3'5-9'5 p broad, 8'5-18 p long (Fig. 166).
. . HA~ITAT. Rock pool, Ceylon-September (Crow, 1923); swamp, Kausalya
= Scenedesmusbijugavar. alternans f. parvus G. M. Smith, 1916, P 448, p130, I' 106-108
" Ganga, Puri, rare-April; ponds and tanks, Dibrugarh (Assam), stray-May, Cuttack,
Colonies four-celled with the cells arranged in a regular subalternating series.. stray-February, Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), rare-December, Bangalore,
Cells much smaller than in val'. alternans and oblong-ovoid. Cell wall smooth (or . stray-=February and Azhicode (Kerala),' stray-February (!).
rarely, finely punctate). Cells 2'8-4 P broad, 4'8-9 p long (Fig. 164 h, j). DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S America, S., W. and Central Africa, India,
HABITAT. Museum Pond, Madras, stray-January (as S. bijugavar. alternans- Ceylon, Java, Japan, Siberia, and Australia.
see Philipose, 1940, pI 2, f 39); pond, Dum Dum (W. Bengal), stray-October (!).
DISTRIBUTION.N. America, India. - . val'. capitatus G. M. Smith
The alga observed by the autlwr was frequently .smaller than that observed by
G. M. Smith and had cells 2'8-4 p broad and 4'8-8 p long compared to those of G. M. Smith, 1918, p'637, p111, 1'4-5; 1920, p 153, p138, I' 15-16; R. Chodat, 1926, p 168,
f58 ' .
Smith's alga which were 3' 5-4 P X 8-9 p. Some of the individuals occurring
in the Dum Dum collection had also finely punctate cell walls. However, both the
Colonies curved, fouf-eight cellea (usually eight-celled). Cells in eight-celled'
AIDerican and the. Iiidian forms appeC}red to 'be the same.
colonies' arranged in a double series. Cells in four-celled colonies in a linear or
~ublinear series. Cells slightly curved with one side convex and the other straight or.
165. Scenedesmusplatydiscus (G. M. ~mith) Chodat
slightly concave., Ends of cells stumpy and with nodular thick~nings. Cells 5-11' 3
R.Chodat, 1926,p.17'5,f68; H.Skuja, 1948,p 137
=Scenedesmus
-'
arcuatus var. platydisca G. M. Smith, 1916, p 451, p1'30, I' 101-105; G.. W. Prescott,
- P broad, 10'6-28 p long (Fig. 166 d-l). J.
1951; p 275, p162, f 10-12; O.A. Korshikov, 1953, p'382, I' 374 b; inc1: Scenedesmus erornis var. HABITAT. As g~en patches pnmoist exposed sandy beds or on sandr beds of
disciformisChodat, 1902,1' 87; 1926,p 172,1' 64;H.Skuja, 1948, p 137; 1949,p110,f 52 "shallow water-in rivers Daya. (Orissa) and Dehri (Bihar) duriHg November 19~2;
stray in pond, Azhicode (Kerala)-February (!).
Colonies flat, eight-celled, with oblong-elliptic cells arranged in a double series. DISTRIBUTION.N. America, Sweden, India and? Burma.
Interstices be,tween cells minute or absent altogether. Cells 4:5-7'5 p broad, The cells of the Indian alga are 5 .3-11 .3 P broad and 10' 6-28 P long, comp~red
8-17 p long (Fig. 165). to the American alga which has cells 5'11 P broad and 11-23 plong; and thereby It
HABITAT. Canal and pond, Burma (Skuja, 1949); fish~ry bundh, Chandrakona comes within the range of size of ScenedesmusincrassatulusBohl~ (18.97 a, p 24; W. and
Road, Midnapore, (W. Bengal), stray-December; swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri 'G. S. West, 1907, p 229), viz. 5-8-10 p broad and 12-17-28 p long. . Apart from size,
(Orissa), rare-April; ponds and tanks, Cuttack, stray-=July and. May, Bangalore, some of the younger 4-celled colonies of the Indian alga (Fig.' 166 k, 1) also showed
'

stray-February and Azhicode (Kerala), stray-February-(!)." . . a great resemblance to S. incrassatulusboth in cell snape and in the arrangement of .
DISTRIBUTIO~.
N. America, Europe, 'C. Africa,' India, Burma; China, J~nd . ;, ce~s with their convex sides facing outwards. One or two 8-celled colonies which
Japan. ,,- - Occurred in- the collection also showed a linear to sublinear arrangement found in
According to G. M. Smith (l.c.), the flatness of the colony of this alga is a constant S. acutus(Meyen) Chodat as described by Sktija (1949, p 66, pI 1O~f'1-6-50) from
character and the 'cell arrangement shows a greater resemblance to S. arcuatus than. Burma. All the three algae under consideration have apical' nodular thickenings
.
to S. bijuga. How~er, since the colonies in S. arcuatusand its variety capitatus are both (as in S. incrassatulus and S. arcuatus val'. caPitatus) or apical evanescent spine-like
structures (as in S. acutus). It is also interesting to note that the materials of W. and
distinctly.curve.itin contrast to the fl~t disc-shaped colonies of the present alga, there
appears to be every- justification for treating it as a separate species as Chodat has. G. S. West, Skuja and the author (except that from Azhicode) occurred in -more or
done. . <lessic:lenti~l situations, viz. springs or river banks, running soiled trench water and
river beds respectively. Further, in the author's collections from the two rivers, all
166. Scenedesmus arcuatus (Lemmermann) Lemmermann the stages refer~ed' to above occurred along with the typiCal colonies of val'. caPitatus
E. Lemmermann, 1899, p 112, p11, I' 2-4; J. Brunntha1er, 1915, p 167, I' 232; G. M. Smith,
ito the complete exclusion of all other algae except one solitary colony of Scenedesmus
1916, pp449-51, p126, 1'19-20, p129, 1'94-98, p130, 1'99-100; R. Chodat, 1926, p 168, I' 56-57; ~bernardii. Fritsch and Rich (1930, P 30, f 4 H) stated that S. arcuatus may not often
O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 382, I' 374 a ,Show the regular arrangement in two rows, but may be even in an irregular linear
=Scenedesmus bijugalus var arcualus Lemm., 1898 b, p 159
=S. bijugalus forma arcuala (Lemm.) W. et. G. S. West, 1906, p 105, plIO, f 12-14 "series, and Bohlin (1897 a) referred' to Dacrylococcus-stagesin S. incrassatulus. It .:
~
 SCENEDESIllUS 259

258 CHLOROCOCCALES
'. HABITAT. Vagat in piankione in paludibus ad Dibrugarh (in Assamia) mense maio 1955, et ad
: Azhicode (in Kerala) mense februario 1949; legit K. H.
(Coll. No. 12 et 13) in C.I.F.R. Sub-station ad Cuttack.
Alikunhi. Species servata in formaldehido

Colony 4-celled. Cells curved with capped ends and swollen middle and arranged
in a sub-alternating series with the outer ends of internal cells in contact with the middle
of the nearest terminal cell, the inner ends remaining free. Internal cells also in
contact with' each other at the median region. Cells 3.5-5.3 fJ broad, 12,3-13,2 fJ
long.
a
!fA.BITAT. Tanks, Dibrugarh (Assam), stray-May, Azhicode (Kerala), stray-
J'ebruary.
DISTRmUTloN. India (Assam and Kerala).
The caps on the end of the internal cell in contact with a terminal cell IIlaYnot
~be clear, but the constriction is .evident.
. Though the arrangement of the cells in the present alga recails that of a
bernardiiG.
,'Scenedesmus M. Smith, the characteristic capped ends of the cells and the
!,'inflated middle bring it very near S. producto-capitatusSchmula (1910, p 85, f 1-5), but
:the cells in the latter species are erect and arranged in a linear series, whereas in the
laIga under consid~ration the cells are all markedly curved with the median portions
9f terminal 'cells in contact wfth the outer pole of the adjacent internal cell.
fhe alternate arrangement of cells is also found in S. producto-capitatusvar. alternans
~wirenko, 1926 (see Korshikov, 1953, p.380, f 372c), the cells of ~hich measuro- 3.5 fJ
in breadth and 8 fJ in length. However, the cells of this vari!;ty are also not curved ~.

~. ..
.y. pr the terminal cells alone may ~e slightly curved. So, the present alga is considered
OCB--- .~ a new species.
S. indicus bears the same relation to S. producto-capitatusas S. bernardii does to
!S. acumitiatus.

Sc:enedesmus prismatic:us Bruhl & Biswas

P. Bruhl and K. Biswas,1922,p 10,pi 3, f 21; K. Biswas,1928-29,p 415, pI. 9, f 11

Colonies 4-celled with the cells arranged in a single linear series. Cells prismatic_
~th pyramidal end faces, hexagonal in cross section with the terminal an,! lateral
aces meeting at sharp angles. In side view, the longitudinal ridges in front and at
:e back appear as dark lines. Cells 4-6 fJ "proad, 10-16 fJ long (Fig. 168).
FIG. 166, $cenedesmus
arcua/uS
(LEMM.) LEMM: a-c, TYPE; d-e, and ? f-I,
VAR. capita/us G. M. SMITH. (166 c, x 1000; REST, x 1500). , . HABrrAT.~ In Faridpur filter bed, Bengal (Bruhl & Biswas, l. c.)
DISTRIBUTION.India and Malaya.
is, therefore, quite possible that all the three algae under consideration are inter- This species is somewhat like S. acutiformis Schroeder, but differs from it in the -tr'
~ related, if not the same. .. ,~sence of longitudinal ribs, in the prismatic shape of its cells and its smaller
iUlensions.
The alga from Azhicode 'was four-celled with an irregular sublinear arrangement
of cells (Fig. 166 f, i) as shown in Prescott's figure (Prescott; 1931, pI 16, f 19). '" According to Mitra (1951), who observed the alga in cultures of soil from
bad, it could also be 8-celled and the terminal cells mostly shorter and slightly
167. Sc:enedesmus indic:us sp. novo IllVex. In contrast to Biswas's record of the alga from a dirty pond in Malaya, Mitra
~erved it only in cultures supplied with cheese and had become foul, thereby'
Coloniae 4-cellulares. Cellulae lunata~, apicibus pileatis, Il}edio tumescente, dispositae in serieJ!l'
alternantem, apicibus externis cellularum internarum attingentibus medium proximioris cellulae te~. Qicating its preference for ha.bi~t ric4 in organic ma.tter,
nalis, apicibus internis liberis manenlibus. Cellulae interiores etiam signulae alias attingenies in regJone
media. Cellulae 3.~5.3 ,.Iatae, 12'3-13'2,. longae.
 . __ - --:--;J
SCENEDESMUS 261
CHLOROCOCCALES
260
170. Scenedesmus brasiliensis Bohlin
K. Bohlin, 1897a, p 22, pi. 1, £ 36-37; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 165, £ 222; G. M. Smith, 1916,
pp 458-60, pi 26, £ 30-31; R. Chodat, 1926, pp 199-200, £ 98; P. Bruhl and K. Biswas, 1926,

I
p 267, pll, £ 12 a-Cj G. W. Prescott, 1951, p. 277, pi 63, £ 5-6
=Scenedesmus h)'slrix var. brasiliensis (Bohlin) Chodat, 1902, p 215
=S. oculiformis var. sPinuliferum W. et G. S. West, 1901a, p 182, pi 4, f 46-49
=S. oculiformis var. brasiliensis (Bohlin) W. and G. S. West, 1905, p 270, pi I, f 8-9; 1907, P 229

Colonies usually 4-celled, sometimes 2-or 8-celled. Cells cylindrical or oblong-

168 a 168 b 168 c ellipsoid with attenuate apices and with a longitudinal" ridge extending from pole to
pole OIi"each side of the cell. Ends of cells with 1-4 (usually 2-3) teeth. Cells
2-8. 5 p. broad, 11-28 p. long (Fig. 170).

.u
HABITAT. Colombo Lake-July and August (Lemmermann, 1907); swamp
..
.. .. and stream, Upper Burma (W. and G. S. West, 1905, 1907); Loktak Lake, Manipur
.1
-
(Br~hl and Biswas, l.c.); p~ol at Companygunj, Khasia, Assam-April (Biswas, 1934);
pond, Bombay (Gonzalves and Joshi, 1946); ponds, Mandalay- January and November,
aquarium, Rangoon~April and Royal Lake, Rangoon (Skuja, 1949); ponds and
169 b tanks, Cuttack, stray-February, May' ,and August, Nara~ingpur, Cuttack stray-
169 a December, Sambalpur and Sonepur (Orissa), stray-December; Visakliapatnam
. (Andhra Pradesh), rare-December, Hyderabad, rare-January; and Coorg (Mysore),
rare-.February; Rlve~Dehri, Bihar, stray-May (!~.
, DISTRIBUTION. Widespread, incl. Europe, N. and S. America, Afric~, .India,
Ceylon, Burma, _Siam, Java, China and Japan.

170 a 170 b -170 c 171. Scenedesmusarmatus (Chodat) G. M. SIJ!ith -

. FIGs.167-170. 1&7,ScenedesmusindicusSP;-NOV.;168,S. prismalicusBRUHL
G. M. Smith, 1916, pp 460-61, pi 28, £ 53, pi 29, £ 90-93, pi 30, £ 109-10; 1920, p 154, pi 39,
& BISWAS;169, S. oculiformis SCHROEDER;170, S.hrasiliensis BOHUN.' £ 7-10 ,

=S. hystrix var. armatus Chodat, 1902, p 215; 1913, P 24; 1926, p 201; C. Bernard, 1909. p 78,
(1611,FROMBRUHL
. & BISWAS,1922; 170 C, FROM. BlsWAs,1934; REST, x 1500). to f 171-75 .
=8. quadricaud£ var. acutiformis Schmidle, 1900c, pili ?
=S. quadricauda var. anna/us (Chodat) Dedussenko in O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 391, £ 393 d-e;
169. Scenedesmus acutiformis Schroeder as S. quadricauda in K. Biswas, 1934, p 21, pi 1, £ lOa

B. Schroeder,1897b,P 145,pi 2, £4; G. M. Smith, 1916:pp 456-5J, pi 26, £28-29, pl. 29,
£ 84-89; 1920,p 154,pI 39, f4-6; R. Chodat, 1926,P 198,£9!>-96;O. A. Koshikov,1953. Colonies usually four-celled, rarely two- or eight-celled. Cells oblong-ellipsoid with
p 385,"£ 387 - ' , acute spices and arranged .in'a linear series. Tel'II!inal cells witli a single long spine
-
~Scenedesmushyslrix var..ocutiformis (Schroeder) -chodat, 1902, P 215; C. Bernard, 1908, p
£ 438-47; 1909, P 78, £ 168-?0; ~c1. S. acutiformis var. lricos/atus Chodat, 1926, p,199, £97
.-
184-.

,
from' each' pole. All cell~ with a median lateral longitudinal rib which is sometimes
indistinct or distinct only at either end of the cell. . Cells3-8 p. broad, 7-16 p. long.
Colonies 2-4-8 celled (usually 4'=-celled).-Cells cyl~drical-fusiform and arranged "Forir~celled colony 7-16 p. Droad, 12-25 p.long (Fig. 17.1).
in a single linear series. Cell wall smooth. Median cells with a lateral longitudinal HABITAT. . Rock pool, Ceylon, September (Crow, 1923); pool at Companygunj,
.ridge extending from pole to pole on each side. Terminal cells with two to four ridges. Khasia, Assam (Biswas, l.c.); pond, Mandalay, Burma (Skuja, 1949); cement cisterns,
Poles of cells acute and wjthout teeth or spines, but sometimes with a minute papilla. Cuttack, rare-August; swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri, stray-April; Dyke's tank, .
Cells 3.8-8 P. broad, 12-22,4 P. long (Fig. 169). ' Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), rare-December (!). . _
HABITAT. Tank near Trincomalie, September (Crow, 1923); cess pool, DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, S., N. and W. Africa, India, Burma, Ceylon
Hyderabad, rather common-'-January~ tank, Raipur {Madhya Pradesh), stiay- Singapore, Samoa, China, Siberia, and Japan.
April (!). The S. quadricaudarecorded by Biswas (1934) from Assam is obviously a S. armatus
DISTRIBUTION.'Europe, N. and .S: America, Mrica, India, Ceylon, Singapore, ~ since his figure shows longitudinal ribs on the interior cells, and in the description it is
'Johore, Java, Japan, Siberia and Australia. ' " stated that longitudinal ribs are occasionally present on the inner cells. According to
,. The breadth of 15 p. for the cells given by Schroeder in his original description Nygaard (1932), in S. armatus, which is a very variable species, it is not uncommon to
is obviously an error (see Chodat, 1926, p 198). ,.
..
r
262 CHLOROCOCCALES
SCENEDESMUS 263
come across specimens in which some of the cells have ribs while other cells of the
same colony may not show the same, or, in extreme cases, the ribs may not be clear in (Guglielmetti) Chodat since it was Guglielmetti who recorded the variety for the first
time.
any cell.
The two-celled colonies figured by Biswas (1934, f 10 b) has to be referred to. either
S. qlladricaudavar. bicaudatusHansgirg (1890) or S. armatusvar. bicaudatus (Guglielmetti.)
Chodat (1926), depending on the absence or presence respectively of longitudinal ribs
on the cells.
Smith (1916) treated S. acutiformis var. bicaudatus Guglielmetti (1910) as syno-
nymous to S. armatus. Here it is treated as a separate variety of S. annatus, viz. var.
bicaudatus(Guglielmetti) Chodat.
)fJ( )M[L c

var. bicaudatus
,
(Guglielmetti) Chodat
R, Chodat, 1926, p 2M, f 106; F. E. Fritsch and R. Rich, 1930, p 30; T. Hortobagyi, 1960c,
pp 185-86, pI 32, f 360 -
---- f

=Scenedesmus {J(;utiformisvar. bicaudatus Guglielmetti,191O, p 31

=S. hystrix var. bicaudatus (Guglielmetii) Printz, 1914-, p 82

Colonies two to four celled~- Differs from the type in having a long spine from one
.Df the poles of the terminal cell only, the spines of the two terminal -cells alternating
with each other. Longitudinal nos usually seen only in th~ internal cells. Cells
2'5-4'6 p, broad, 8'3-12 p, long. Four-celled colonies 8'3-12 p, broad; 10-18'5
~
p,long. Spines 3.5-8'8 p,long (Fig. 17l d-f, m).
HABITAT. Pond, Cuttack, rare-August; Bhopal, rare-oJuly, Raipur (Madh.ya
Pradesh), rare-April, Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), .common~December
and Azhicode (Kerala), stray-February; reservoir, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh),
stray-April (!).
:;;.
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, S. .Mrica, India, ? Malaya, Siberia, and Japan. {
In the author's material, the longitudinal ribs on the cell wall were sometimes
indistinct, but in empty cells they were quite clear. Occasionally all cells show,cd
delicate ribs which were not distinct in the median region.
Biswas (1928-29, p 414, f 18 d-f) has described a Scenedesmus(2-4-8 celled) t."-,. ,:,@:
from Malaya, with- one sharply recurved spine. from each terminal cell and with a :..: .
..,... .::
......:~;

central longitudinal rib in all cells under the name S. quadricaudavar. costatavarnov. m'
Even though the colony of this alga is described and figured in fig. 18 d as having only
one spine.from a terminal cell, surprisingly in fig. 18 f, which is intended to be another
view of a terminal cell, two spines are shown, one from each pole. If the alga under
consideration has really only one spine from a terminal cell, it will be more appropriate
· .to consider it as S. armatus var. bicaudatus or S. 'armatusvar. boglariensisHorto1]. forma
bicaudatus (see below) than as a new variety of S. quadricauda. If, however, there ar~
two spines from a terminal cell, it can be considered only as S. annatus type. Sharply
recurved spines are not uncommon in S. annatus and its varieties.
HortoMgyi (1900 c, 1960) gave the combination of this variety as var. bicaudatus
FIG.171. a-c, Scenedesmus armatus '(CHODAT) G. M. SMITH; d-f
(Guglielmetti-Printz) Chodat, evidently following the name given by Chodat (1926, and m, VAR.jicaudatus (GqoLlELMETTI) CHODAT; g andj, VAR. boglaritnsis
l.c.) in his explanation of its figure. However, Chodat gave it only as var. bicaudatus HORTOD. f. blaudatus HORTOD.; h, VAR. setosus VAR. NOV.; i, VAR. avrnme-
tricus VAR.; NOV.; k, VAR. major G. M. SMITH; I, VAR. disparVAR. NOV.
var. novo in his description. T1\e'.c cqrrect combination s1\oqld 1;)eva,r. bicqu4~t!II
(c, FROM BISWAS,.1934 (..;.sS. quadricauda); (REST, x 1500).
'.
 CHLOROCOCCALES SCENEDESMUS 265
264

var. boglariensis Hortobagyi found on the poles of terminal cells. Cells 3-3' 5 P. broad, 7-8 p. long with spines
7-8 p. long (Fig. 171 h).
T. Hortob~gyi, 1943, p 108, f 141; 1950, p 254; 1959 b, P 512, f 30; 1960 c, p 186, pI 32-33 HABITAT. Pond, Satyabhamapur, Cuttack, stray-June; swamp, Kausalya
f361-66 '
Ganga, Puri, stray-April (!).
Differs from the type in all the cells possessing well developed longitudinal ribs DISTRIBUTION.India (Orissa).
extending from pole to pole. Ribs smooth or with slightly undulate margin. Terminal 'C
ThiS alga shows a certain amount of resemblance to Seenedesm!tJ
oahuensis(Lemm.)
.~
;1
cells with a fairly long spine from each pole, usually from the outer edge of the pole; G. M. Smith, but differs in the absence of a mucilaginous envelope, in the cell wall
one of the spines somewhat straight and the other slightly curved. Internal cells being smooth and in its much smaller dimensions.
without spines or with small spines from the pole. Colonies 2-4 celled, flat or some-
times slightly curved, and with the cells arranged in a linear series. Cells 2' 4-4' 2 p var. asymmetricus var. novo*
broad, 8-14 P. long. Spines of terminal ceils 4' 5-12 P. long.
This variety is not recorded from the Indian region. Coloniae cight-cellulares, ornatae spina sat longa obliqua ex uno polo cellulae terminal is et una spina
brevi :I: erecta ex ahero polo, spin is longis et brevibus cellularum terminalium inter se alternantibus.
Dimidum cellularum internarum una spina brevi ex uno polo, aherum dimidium spina simili ornatum ex
forma bicaudatus Hortobagyi polo opposito, spinis brevibus cellularum terminalium et internarum cuiusque dimidii coloniae positis in
una serie. Cellulae omnes distinctaejugis longiudinalibus ex polo ad polum. Cellulae 3,5-4.4 ".Iatae,
T. Hortob6gyi, 1949, p 2, ~4-6; 1959 b, p 512, f31; 1960 c, pp 186-87, pi 33, f 369-70 11-12 . 3 ". longae. Spinae breves 3-3. 5 "., longae vero 5' 8-6. 2 "..
HABITAT. Vagat in planktone in stagno, Azhicode, Kerala, mense februario 1949 (legit K. H.
.

Colonies four to- eight celled. Cells with prominent longitudinal ribs which are
smo0th or rugged. Terminal cells with a long spine from the outer edge 2f one of their
poles, the spines of the two terminal cells alternating with each other. The other pole
?f the terminal cells and the poles of internal cells. without spines or with one (rarely
more) short spine from their poles. Cells 4' 4:-5' 6 p.' broa~, 12-19' 5 p. long. Long
spines 12'3-16'5p.long. Short spines when. present 1'8-2'5 P. long (Fig. 171 g,j).
HABITAT. Pond, Cuttack, rather common-August-(!).
DISTRIBUTION.Hungary and India.' . long. Long spines 5'8-6'2 p. long (Fig. 171 i).
The differences- between S. armatus var. bieaudatus (Guglielmetti) Chodat and
S. armatus var. boglariensisforma bieauiiatusare minimal. The latter has well developed
longitudinal ribs from all cells and the cells and the ternUnal spines are of larger
dimensions compared to the former in which ribs are usually present only in the
internal celli;. and' the cells are smaller, with correspondingly shorter spines from the
terminal cells. . -'
Hortobagyi (i.e.)observed fouJ:,-and eight-celled colonies, the latter being rare. In
the author's material also four-celled colonies were more frequent and unlike Hortobagyi's
material in which alternating poles of terminal cells an~ all the poles Qf internal cells
could have small spines (seehis f 37Q-1960c~,-only the aiternating poles Qfinternal
cells had the small spines. In a single eight:celled colony observed by the author
there were short spines only from the alternating poles of the innermost cells.
var. setosus var. novo
Coloniae four-cellulares, a typo differentes cellulis inter~is ornatis spina longa (aeque longa acea'e
cellularum terminalium). Cellulae 3-3' 5 ".latae, 7-8 ".longae. Spinae 7 -8 ". longae.
HABITAT. Vagat in planktone in palude etiam ad Kausalya Ganga (Orissa) mense aprili 1951
et in palude ad Satyabhamapur, Cuttack, mense junio 1960. Species servata in formaldehido (Coll.No.
8 et 14) in C.I.F.R. Substation ad Cuttack.
Colonies usually four-celled and differing from the type' in the presence of a long
spine from the alternating poles of internal cells, the spines being as long as the spineS
,
Alikunhi). 'Species servata in formaldehido (Coil. N6..l4) in C.I.F.R. Substation ad Cuttack, Orissa.
Colonies eight-celled with a fairly long obliqu'e spine from one"pole of the terminal
. cell and a short more or less erect spine from the other pole, the long and short ~ines
,~ of the two terminal cells alternating with each other. One half of the internal cells
with a short spine from one pole and the other half with a similar spine from the
opposite pole, the short spines of the terminal and internal cells of each. half of the colony
standing in ~ row. Cells '3'5-4'4 p. broad, 11-12'3 p. long. Short spines 3-3'5 p.
HABITAT. Pond, Azhicode (Kerala), stray-February (!). .
DISTRIBUTION.India. (Kerala). -
"""" var. dispar var. novo
Coloniae four-ceiiulares, cellulis dispositis in seriem sub-altern am ;cellulae oblongo-ellipsoideae api-
- cibus late rotundatis et una costa longitudinali delicatula decurrente ex polo ad polum. -Unaquaeque
cellula terminalis ornata spina sat longa obliqua ex uno polo et altera spina breviors erecta vel paulum
curvata ex polo opposito, et tertia spina brevissima extrinsecus directa prope eundem polum, spinis longis
et brevibus unius cellulae terminalis alternantibus cum iis alterius cellulae terminalis. Cellulae internae
.ornatae spina brevi recurva ex polis alternis; cellulae;i '3-6' 2". latae, 12,3-14". longae. Spinae polares
3'5-7 ".longae, laterales 1.3-1.5 ".Iongae.
. HABTIAT. Vagat in planktone in palude ad Kausalya Ganga, Puri, Orissa, mense aprili 1951.
Species servata in formaldehido (Coil. No.8) in C.I.F.R. Substation ad Cuttack, Orissa.
Colonies four-celled with the cells arranged in a subalternating series; cells oblong-
ellipsoid with broadly rounded ends and with a delicate longitudinal rib extending
,&om pole to pole. Each terminal cell with a fairly long outwardly oblique spine from
'. one pole, a shorter erect or slightly curved spine from the opposite pol~~.and a third
. * Hortobagyi and Nemeth (Acta bot. Acad. Sei. Hung. 9 (3-4), p 311, 1963) have described a sinillar
:;..a1gaunder the name S. disparvar. costatus.However, it differs from the present alga in having granul,!!,
,Costae,occasional additional spines and in its larger dimensions, viz. cells 5-7.5X 14-19 ,.. with spincS
jI-7,.. long. So tbc: Indian variety is.retainc:d. .,
 SCENEDESI\IUS ~67
r2~ CHLOROCOCCALES
I
rvery short outwardly directed spine near the same pole, the long and short spines of
lone terminal cell alternating with those of the other terminal cell. Internal cellswith .-
la short recurved spine from alternating poles. Cells 5'3-6'2 fl broad, 12.3-14 fllong;
polar spines 3.5-7 fllongj lateral spines 1'3-1'5 fllong (Fig. 1711). t
HABITAT. Stray in the plankton of a swamp at Kausalya Ganga, Puri, during '.'
.~
April, 1951 (!).
DISTRIBUTION. India (Orissa).
--J

val'. major G. M. Smith

G. 1',,1.Smith. 1920. p 155, pi 39, f II

Differs from the type in its larger dimensions. - Cells 8' 8-9 . 7 p.. broad, 24' 6-
26'4 fllong. Spines 15-17'6" long (Fig. 171 k).
HABITAT. Pond, Cuttack, stray-August (!).
DISTRIBUTION.N. America, Africa (S. and E. Africa; Griqualand West), and
India. ..

172. Scenedesmuscarinatus (Lemm.) Chodat

R. Chodat, 1913, pp 23, 69; G. M. Smith, 1916, p 462, pi 26, f25T.Hortobagyi, 1960 c, p 188 .11-
=S. opoliensis var. carinatus Lemmermann, 1899, p 113, pi I, f-7; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 166,
f 229;. O. A. Korshikovy 1953, p 393, f 3g6 d

Colonies usually four- or eight-celled. Cells arranged in a linear series with only
a third of their length in the median region in lateral contact. Cells fusiform tQ navi- I .
,. culoid with beaked ends. Inner cells with 2-3 teeth from their poles. Terminal cells
I with a lc;mg recurved spine from each pole in addition to denticulations. All cells mrro
I 173 a

I with a distinct longitudinal ridge on each side, the ridge extending from pole to pole 173 b
or distinct only at either end of the cell. Cells 2'8-5'2-9 fl broad, 8'7~15-28'3 fllong.
Spines of terminal cells 14-17'6 'fllong (Fig. 172 a-c). FIGs. 172-173 a-b.
S. Irystrix LAGERliEIM.
172, ScenedeStnllSCarillatlls (LEMM.) CliODAT; 173 a-b,
HABrrAT. Tank, Ceylon {Crow, 1923); pond, Cuttack, stray-:-July; swamp,-
Kausalya Ganga, .Puri, rare-April (!). (173 a, FROM LAGERIIEIM; (REST, x 1500).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, S. and W. Africa, India, Ceylon, Java!

China, and Japan. . . HABITAT. At Kamayut, lower Burma-April (Skuja, l.c.J; pond, Dibrugarh
Though denticulations usually occur on the poles of both terminal and intemal (Assam), stray-May (!).' .
cells, sometimes they may be absent. DISTRIBUTION.Eu'rope, N. and'S. America, Puerto-Rico, W. Africa, Faeroes,
India, Burma, Mongolia, and Siberia.
173. Brunnthaler (1915) stated that the cells of this alga are mostly with longitudinal
Scenedesmus hystrix L!lgerheim '.
ridges and numerous small spines. This is probably .after Chodat's (1902) emended
G. Lagerheim, 1882, p 62, pf2, r 18; G. M. Smith, 1916, pp 462-63, pi 26, f 35; H. Skuja, 1949,
.P 66,plll, f 6; O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 384, f 384 . _. description, since Lagerheim does not refer to longitudinal ridges in his original des-
cription. Smith (l.c.) is not in favour of combining algae with lateral ridges and those
~~~:~ix var. ecMnulatus
Chodat, 1902,p 215; nOnS.ltrstrixLagerh.emend. Ch~d~t,1902,_ _
f,,-;;_ _ with minute spines all over the cell membrane or with teeth from the poles only, all ....
in one and the same species.
Coloni~ two-four-eight celled. Cells oblong-cylindrical with obtuse ends ~nd
The Burmese alga (SiteSkuja, l.c.) differs from the typical alga in havjng small
arranged' in a single linear series. Cell membrane covered with minute spines. Cells
spines from the poles of cells only, and the poles being somewhat rou:ded. The
3-6 fl broad, 12-20 fllong (Fig. 173).
r-

~68 CIlLOROGOCCALES SC~N~[)~SMUS 269

alga observed by'the author in the Assam collection had small spines at the poles only
as in Skuja's material but the poles were more obtuse than rounded.

174. ScenedeslIlus serratus (Corda) Bohlin

K. Bohlin, 1902, p 44, pi I, f 2; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p !65, £217; G. M. Smith, 1916, p 465, pi 28,
£55-57; R. Chodat, 1926, pp 192-93, f88; a.A. Korshlkov, 1953, p 384
=Arlhrodesmus serralus Corda, 1839, p 244, pi 6, £ 35
173 c
175 b
Colonies four-celled. Cells oblong-ovoid with truncate or tapering ends, in contact -,
,-
with adjacent cells for the greater part of their length. Terminal cells with a single
uninterrupted row of small spines extending from pole to pole. Internal cells with two
such rows. Apices of all cells with 3-4 denticulations. Cells 3-7 fl broad, 10-20 fllong.
~
The typical form (known from Europe, Azores, N. America, S. and W. Africa
and Siberia) has not been recorded from the Indian region.

forma interrupta (Skuja) nom novo

174
~
=Seenedesmus serratus (Corda) Bohlin forma in H. Skuja, 1949, p 67, pill, £8

Colony four-celled. Cell membrane of all cells with a single median longitudinal
row of small spines which is interrupted in the middle (rarely, the row of spines absent
altogether). Small spines also present on both sides of this row at the poles of cells.
Cell memQ!ane otherwise smooth. Cells 5-7 fl broad, 22-26 fllong (Fig. 174).
HABITAT. .In Kamayut, Burma-April_ (Skujli, l.c.~ _
DISTRWUTION.Burma.
c
~ . caD76.
175. ScenedeslIlus spinulatus Biswas 00 ~'16
K. Biswas, 1934, p 20, pi 3, f 4 00176 . 177
176 r,
Colonies fQur-celled. Cells arranged in a single linear series, oblong-cylindrical
with obtuse poles, and with three spines from each pole. .spines of inner cells more'
or less erect. Spines of terminal cells divergent, the lateral spines being more or less
at right angles to the Jongitudinal axis of th~ cell. Cell membrane of terminC!.1cells
covered by short fine hairs.- -Cells 6-8 fl' broad, 20 fllong. Colony 20,." broad, 28;,1.1
long. Spines 2-5 fllong (Fig. 175). ._
HABITAT. In a pool at Companygunj, Khasia, Assam, April, 1932 (Biswas, l.c.).
DISTRWUTION.India (Assam).
a:w16 h
178 b
-.to-

FIGs. 173 c-178. 173 c, Semedeslllush.Y~trixLAGERU.; 174, S. serratus (CORDA)

BOHLIN PORMA interrupta (SKUJA) NOM. NOV.; 175, S. spinulatus llISWAS; 176 a-c,
176. Scenedeslllus denticulatus Lagerheim S. "denticulatus LAGERH.; 176 d-e, VAR. linearis RANSG.; 176 £-h, VAR. australi~
PLAYPAIR; 176 i,-VAR. 1,II/afusW. & G. S. WEST; 177, S. parisiensis CUOD. F. mi,lUs
G. Lagerheim, 1882, p 61, p12, £ 13-17;J. B~unnthaler, 1915, p 163, f 212; G. M. Smith, 1916, P. NOV.; 178 a, S. smithii TElLING; 178 b, VAR. linearis VAR. NOV. .....-
pp 452-54, pi 26, £ 23; H. Skuja, 1949, p 66, plIO, £ 51
=S. hyslrix var. dentieulalus (Lagerh.) Chodat, 1902 (173 c, 174, PROM SKUJA, 1949 (174 AS S. serratus (CORDA) BOULIN FORM:'),; " ..::/:..-
175 a-b, FROMBISWAS, 1934; 176 d, FROMWEST; 171 e, FROM G. M. SMITH, 1920; . ~$;I'1 .
178 a, PROMTElLING; 1942; (REST,X1500). ""..~~.~ """ .
~ Colonies usually four-celled with the cells arranged in a cruciate to subalternate ''''... ~ ',.
.""
manner. Cells oyoid-oblong to ellipsoid with 1-4 (usually 2) teeth from each pole.
270 CHLOROCOCCALES SCENEDESMVS 271

Teeth sometimes absent from one end of the inner cells. Cell membrane somewhat val'. austraJis Playfair
:.
thick. Cells 4-11 p, broad, 6-17 p, long (Fig. 176). f
HABITAT. Pond, Cantonment Gardens, Rangoon-May (Skuja, i.e.); ponds G. I. Playfair,
p 383, f 378 1917,
c-d p 835, pi 57, f 15; R. Chodat, 1926, p 186, f 80; O. A. Korshikov, 1953,
and tanks, Dibrugarh, stray-May, Dum Dum, rare-October, Barrackpore, stray_ j
.:.,
=S. annandaleiBruhl et Biswas, 1926, p 266, pi 2, f 14 a-b
February, Cuttack, rare to common-July and August; Kausalya Ganga, Pun,
rare-November, Bhopal, stray-July, Raipur (Madhya Pradesh), rare-April, Colonies two to four celled. Cells arranged in a single linear series, oblong
Madras, stray-April and May and Azhicode (Kerala), rare-February; River Dehri, cylindrical with more or less rounded' ends and with one (very rarely two) short
Bihar, stray-May (!). . teeth from the poles of all cells. Cells 4,-7 p, broad, 13'5-21 p, long. Teeth 1-1'8
DISTRIBUTION.Ubiquitous. p, long (Fig. 176 f-h).
This is a very common alga met with in Indian inland freshwaters. HABITAT.- Loktak Lake, Manipur (Bruhl and Biswas, i.e.); Museum Pond,
Madras, stray-March and November (as S. denticulatus var. linearis Hansg.-see
Philipose, 1940, p 164, pi 2, f27, 29, 31).
val'. Jinearis Hansgirg DISTRIBUTION.Australia, India, and Europe.
A. Hansgirg, 1886, p 268;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 163, £ 213; G. M. Smith, 1916, pp 454-55;
This alga is distinguished from Scenedesmuslongus val's. brevispinaG. M. Smith and
O. A. Korshikov, 1953, pp 382-83, £378 b; T. Hortobagyi, 1960 c, p 179, p125, £ 293 minutus G. M. Smith (1916) which it resembles closely by the spines being broad at the
base as in S. denticulatus and by its larger dimensions. Unlike the Australian and
Differs from the type in the arrangep:lent of the_ cells of the colony in a single Russian aIE~e, the Madras alga had, very rarely, a second tooth from the pole of a cell.
linear series. Colonies usually 4-8 celled. Cells oblong with rounded ends having Scenedesmus annandaletBruhland Biswa~(4,-5 p, broad, 1~-18 p, long) agrees fully
2-3 teeth; 2' 2-5 (-6) p, broad, 7' 5-15 (-21) p, long (Fig. 176 d, e). with the variety described by PlaYfair (6 f-Cbroad, 16 p, long), Korshikov (6-7 p, X
HABITAT. Stream, paddy field, muddy pool and artificial tank, Ceylon 16-21 p,) and the author (4' 5-6' 9 p, broad, 13' 5-15' 5 P, long) and there does not appear
(W. and G. S. West, 1902); paddy fields, Momauk, shallow pools overgrown; with to be any reason for treating it as a distinct.species.
weeds, Mansang near Hsipa~, and in the side channel of a running stream, Kawkareik,.
Burma (W. .and G. S. West, 1~07). 177. Scenedesmus parisiensis Chodat
DISTRIBUTION.Widespread. R. Chodat, 1926, p 200, f 100
Apart from the oblong cells with rounded ends arranged in a single linear =Scenedesmllsdenticulatusp.p. in Deflandre, 1924, p16, f4, 5, 13, 14
series, the cells of this variety are not usually as plump as those of the type.
Both Brunnthaler (1915) and Korshikov (1953) treated Bernard's (1908, p 185, _ Colonies two to four celled with the cells aITanged in a linear series. Outer face of
f 448) var. diengianusas synonymous to this variety, but Chodat (1926) and HortobAgyi
(-1960 c) treated Bernard's variety as distinct.. . . .
terminal cells slightly concave or nearly straight, inner face slightly convex. Adjacent
cells closely adnate to each other except towards the poles. Ends of cells broadly
rostrate and retuse with 2-3 short teeth. Outer face of terminal cells often sub-
.J serrulate. Cells 4 ,U broad, 13-14 p, long..
val'. lunatus W. et G. S. West . This species is not recorded from the .indian region.
'<
W. and G.'S. West, 1.895,p 82, p15, f 11-12;J Brunnthaler, 1915,p 163,f214; G. M.~Smith,
1916, P 455, pi 26, f 24 . - forma minus f. nov.
=Scenedesmuslunatus (W. et G. S. West), Chodat, 1926,pp 184-85, f 77; G. Huber-Pestalozzi,
1930, p 469, pi 7, f 9
A typo differt cellulis multo minoribus; 3-3.75p.latis, 8-9.7 p.longis.

Colony two to four celled, rarely eight-celled. Cells arranged in a linear (rarely, HABITAT. Vagal in planktone in Dyke's Tank ad Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, mense dccem-
sub-alternating) series. Terminal cells somewhat lunate with the concave sides facing bri, 1954 (legitK. H. Alikunhi). Speciesservata in formaldehido (Coli. No. 15) in C.I. F. R. Substation
ad Cuttack, Orissa.
outwards. Median cells erect. Poles of cells with three small teeth or warts. Cells
.2' 7-4--1.' 5 P, bro~d; 8-11 p, long. (Fig. 176 i). Differs from the type in the cells being much smaller, viz. 3-3' 75 p, broad,
HABITAT. Dyke's tan.k; Visakhapatnam (Andhfa Pradesh) stray-December; 8-9' 7 p, long (Fig. 177).
ponds, Coorg (Mysore) and Azhicode (Kerala), stray-February;
(Madhya Pradesh), stray-April (!).
pond, Raipur HABITAT. Dyke's tank, Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), rare-December (!). ,
Though a number of colonies of this alga were observed, none of them were
D~UTION. Madagascar, S. and W. Africa, N. America, India, and four-celled, but only two-celled. The serrulations on the outer face of the cells were
Japan. also very small.
 '. .

274 CHLOROCOCCALES SCENEDESMUS 275

Colonies flat, of two-four-eight cells arranged in a single linear series, or, rarely,
in a sublinear series. Cells ovoid to oblong cylindrical with rounded or sometimes
subacute poles. Poles of all cells with 1-2 spines. Cells 2' 3-8 P, broad, 8-19 p, long.
Spines I' 5-15 P, long (Fig. 180 a).
HABITAT. Pond, Azhicode (Kerala),. stray-February
(!).
Africa, Faeroes, India,
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S. America, S. and W.
and Australia.
The number, position and relative length of spines, particularly of the internal
cells, is extremely variable in this species.
stated that 4--celled colonies were observed by him, but apparently there is no record
'. of 2-celled colonies. Bruhl an~ Biswas (l.c.) and the author observed only two or
four-celled colonies in the Indian material and these appeared to belong' to val'.
naegelii (Breb.) G. M. Smith rather than to the type or val'. dispar (Breb.) G. M. Smith
(see below). Lund has recorded reduced or rudimentary spines from the poles of one 1['
or sometimes both poles of median cells of this alga.
According to Chodat (1926), S. caudatusNaegeli and S. naegelliBrebisson are two
'
different algae, Brebisson's alga being more regular and larger, and that Brebisson's
.alga is synonymous to S. caudatus val'. horridus Wolle (1887, p 172, pi 156, f 15). As .
~'!' i

Smith (1916) stated that though Meyen in his original 'description (1829) did already stated Chodat treats Brebisson's and Wolle's algae as synonymous to his !~~.~

not refer to the presence of spines from the poles of internal cells, his subsequent com.. S. setiferus. , ~h;
parison (1835),of S. quadricauda(Turp.) Breb. and S. longus,viz. "Die Beiname Hortobagyi's (194-3, pIli, f 163; 1960 c, p 176, f 278-81) S. intermediusChodat ~r,

val'. balatonicus (cells 2-2'9 p, broad, 5-7 p, long) is somewhat like the Indian alga t
quadricaudatus wurde ubrings nicht passend sein, denn wir haben schon mehrmals "
den Scenedesmusl01'gUSmit ausgebildeten 16 harneren gesehen indem niimlich jede referred to above except for its smaller size. The author is inclined to consider Chodat's
Zelle 2 Harner zeigt" sufficiently warrants the revival of the name S. longus. How- (1926, p 231, f 135)"S. intermediusas only a variety of S. quadricaudaunder the name '\.~
\
ever, Chodat (1926) did not accept this view on the ground that Meyen (1829) S. quadricaudaval'. intermedius (Chodat) comb. novo and S. intermediusval'. balatonicus ~'i
,
~~r
intended. by the term only an eight-celled colony. Chodat gave the n~me setiferus Hortobagyi (l.c.) as probabl~ synonymous to S. longus val'. naegelii. ,!~::~
. ,

treating S. naegeliiBrcb.,1856,p.p. and S.caudatus val'.horridusWolle (1887,P 172)as}ts I. "

"
.

:~
!f~

synonyms. Chodat also did not recognize the different varieties of S._longus.
Here, the name longus is retained. If this is not acceptable, probably the name
S. setosus (Kirchner) comb. novo may be ~ore appropriate.
val'. nae,gelli (Brebisson) G. ~. Smith
G. M. Smith, 1920, P 156, p140, f 1-2;J. W. G. Lund, 1942, p 61, f3 A-E
=Scenedesmus cauda/us Naegeli, 1849, P 91, p15, f 2 c-d
=s. naegelii de Brebisson, 1856, p 156
=S. quadricauda (Turp.) Breb. var. naegelii (Breb.) Rabenhorst, 1868p 65; J. Brunntha1er,
1915, p 166, f226; P. Bruhl and K. Biswas, 1922, P 11, p13, f 20
Colonies two-four-eight celled. Cells more or less oblong to cylindrical
subpyriform with rounded ends, and arranged in a'linear or sublinear series. Terminal
cells with a long re-c.~rved spine from one pole and a long or short, straight or slightly
val'. dispar (Brebisson) G. M. Smith
G. M. Smith, 1916, p 472, p127, f41
-=Scenedesmus dispar Brc!bisson, 1856, p 159; Chodat, 1926, pp 246-47. f 150
=Scenedesmus dispar (Breb.) Rabenhorst, 1868, p 65 ..,
-=S. quadricauda vir. dispar (Brc!b.) Brunntbaler, 1915, p 166, f 227
Colonies four-celld. Cells oblong fusiform with acute ends and arranged in a
i' subalternating series, usually in two planes, two cells above and two cells below. Inner
; . cells wi$ a single spiQe from one pole only. Terminal cells with a spine from each
pole, ,the spine at one pole being often placed at right angles to the longitudinal axis
of the cell; the oblique spine of one. terminal cell generally alternating with the
to oblique spine of the other terminal cell. Cell wall usually smooth. Cells 3-7' 2, P,
-broad, 8' 2- f7' 3 P,long. Spines I . 8-3' 5 P, long. Colony 8' 2- ~4-'2 P,broad, 13' 6-21
P, long. (Fig. 180 f, h). ' _ "

curved spine from the other pole. Internal cells with ~short or long, erect or recurved, HABITAT.Museum Pond, Madras, stray-October and June (as S. quadricauda i'':
,' :~.
spine usually from one pole only, but sometimes witb. rudiments of spines from the
other pole also. Cells 5'3-11 P, broad, 10'6-33 P, long. (Figs 180 b-c, g,I).
val'. dispar (Breb.) Brunnth.-Philipose, 194-0); ponds, Cuttack, stray-':"'August,
Azhicode (Kerala), stray-February (!). I,~.
J~i
liIIi,
1'1:1""
.
,,

HABITAT. Filter beds, Bengal (Bruhl and Biswas, l.c.); ponds and tanks, pum DISTRIBUTION.Europe, S. and W. Africa, India, Japan. ~wl,'\)

Dum (W. Bengal), stray-October, Balasore (Orissa), common-December, Cuttack, il~~"

JijJ""
stray-May and August, Raipur (Madhya Pradesh), stray_April,'Srikakulam (Andhra 181. Scenedesl11us opollensis P. Richter I\'~,
,,
i~: I
Pradesh), stray-December and Visakhapatnam, rather common-December (!). :~i!
~i
[ .,!~'
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, W. Africa, and India. P. Richter, 1895, p 3; 1896, P 7, f A-F; R. Chodat, 1926, p 209, fill;
p 181, f 325-27
T. Hortobagyi, 1960 C,' ":""
,:.~~
1
Occasionally, some of the individuals in the author's collection from Balasore =S. quadricauda var. opoliensis in W. and G. S. West, 1902, p! 17, f 16 only ,.., .

had their cell membrane punctate, the punctae b~ing arranged in longitudinal roWS. Colonies two to four celled with cylindrical to subfusiform cells arranged in a l :~L
,"

Following G. M. Smith, the punctate nature of the cell membrane is not considereQ linear series. Adjacent cells in contact only along about a third of their length.
here as sufficiently important to treat it as a separate form or variety. Internal cell~ tumid in the median region and attenuated towards the ends. Terminal
According to G. M. Smith (1920, I.e.), this variety is always eight-celled. How. cells often narrower and subrectangular. Poles of all cells semitruncate to rostrate,
ever, Brunnthaler (1915) figured a 4-celled colony after Chodat. Lund (I.e.) also sometimes ending in one or two very short spines. Poles of terminal cells with a long,

"
.....

CHLOROCOCCALES
274
Colonies flat, of two-four-eight cells arranged in a single linear series, or, rarely,
in a sublinear series. Cells ovoid to oblong cylindrical with rounded or sometimes
subacute poles. Poles of all cells with 1-2 spines. Cells 2'3-8 p, broad, 8-19 I'long.
Spines l' 5-15 I' long (Fig. 180 a).
HABITAT. Pond, Azhicode (Kerala),. stray-February
(!) .
Africa, Faeroes, India,
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S. America, S. and W.
and Australia. - -
The number, position and relative length of spines, particularly of the internal
cells, is extremely variable in this species. . . alga is synonymous to S. caudatus val'. horridus Wolle (1887, p 172, pi 156, f 15).
Smith (1916) stated that though Meyen in his original -description (1829) did
not refer to the presence of spines from the poles of internal cells, his subsequent como.
parison (1835), of S. quadricauda (Turp.) Breb. and S. longus, viz. "Die Beiname
quadricaudatus wurde iibrings nicht passend sein, denn wir haben schon mehrmals
den Scenedesmuslo/!gus mit ausgebildeten 16 harneren gesehen indem namlich jede
Zelle 2 Harner zeigt" sufficiently warrants the revival of the name S. longus. How-
ever, Chodat (1926) did not accept this view on the ground that Meyen (1829)
intended. by the term only an eight-celled colony. Chodat gave the n~me setiferus
treating S. naegeliiBrcb.,1856,p.p. and S.caudatus var. horridusWolle (1887,P 172) as its
synonyms. Chodat also did not recognize the different varieties of S'_ longus. . val'. dispar
Here, the name longus is retained. If this is not acceptable, probably the name
S. setosus (Kirchner) comb. novo may be ~ore appropriate.
var. na-:gelii (Brebisson) G. ~. Smith
G. M. Smith, 1920, P 156, p140, f 1-2; J. W. G. Lund, 1942, p 61, f 3 A-E
=Scenedesmus ,auda/us Naegeli, 1849, p 91, pi 5, f 2 c-d
=5. naege/ii de Brebisson, 1856, P 156
=5. quadruauda (Turp.) Breb. var. naegetii (Breb.) Rabenhorst, 1868p 65; J. Brunnthaler,
1915, p 166, f226; P. Bruhl and K. Biswas, 1922, P II, p13, f 20
Colonies two-four-eight celled. Cells more or less oblong to cylindrical
subpyriform with rounded ends, and arranged in a linear or sublinear series. Terminal
cells with a long re-c~rved spine from one pole a~d a long or short, straight or slightly
a
curved spine from the other pole. Internal cells with short or long, erect or recurved,
spine usually from one pole only, but so~etimes witb rudiments of spines from the
other pole also. Cells 5'3-iI I' broad, 10'6-33 I'long. .(Figs 180 b-c, g,1).
HABITAT. Filter beds, Bengal (Bruhl and Biswas, i.e.); ponds and tanks, pum
Dum (W. Bengal), stray-October, Balasore (Orissa), common-December, Cuttack,
stray-May and August, Raipur (Madhya Pradesh), stray_April,'Srikakulam (Andhra
Pradesh), stray-December and Visakhapatnam, rather common-December (!).
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, W. Africa, and India.
Occasionally, some of the individuals in the author's collection from Balasore
had their cell membrane punctate, the punctae b«ing arranged in longitudinal roWS.
Following G. M. Smith, the punctate nature of the cell membrane is not considereQ
here as sufficiently important to treat it as a separate form or variety.
According to G. M. Smith (1920, i.e.), this variety is always eight-celled. How-
-ever, Brunnthaler (1915) figured a 4-celled colony after Chodat. Lund (l.c.) also
'. ~.
SCENEDESMUS 275
stated that 4-celled colonies were observed by him, but apparently there is no record
-. of 2-celled colonies. Bruhl an~ Biswas (l.c.) and the author observed only two or
four-celled colonies in the Indian material and these appeared to belong to val'.
naegelii (Breb.) G. M. Smith rather than to the type or val'. dispar (Breb.) G. M. Smith
(see below). Lund has recorded reduced or rudimentary spines from the poles of one
or sometimes both poles of median cells of this alga.
According to Chodat (1926), S. caudatusNaegeli and S. naegelliBrebisson are two
different algae, Brebisson's alga being more regular and larger, and that Brebisson's
As
already stated Chodat treats Brebisson's and Wolle's algae as synonymous to his
S. setiferus. _
Hortobagyi's (1943, pill, f 163; 1960 c, p 176, f278-81) S. intermediusChodat
val'. balatonicus (cells 2-2'9 p, broad, 5-7 I' long) is somewhat like the Indian alga
referred to above except for its smaller size. The author is inclined to consider Chodat's
(1926, p 231, f 135)"S. intermediusas only a variety of S. quadricaudaunder the name
S. quadricaudaval'. intermedius (Chodat) comb. novo and S. intermediusval'. balatonicus
Hortobagyi (l.c.) as probabl~ synonymous to S. longus val'. naegelii.
(Brebisson) G. M. Smith
G. M. Smith, 1916, p 472, p127, f41
=Scenedesmus dispar Brebisson, 1856, p 159; Chodat, 1926, pp 246-47. f 150
=Scenedesmus
dispar(Breb.) Rabenhorst, 1868,p 65 .'-
-=5. quadr;,auda var. dispar (Breb.) Brunnthaler, 1915, p 166, f 227
Colonies four-celld. Cells oblong fusiform with acute ends and arranged in a
i;, subalternating series, usually in two planes, two cells above and two cells below. Inner
", cells wi$ a single spioe from one pole only. Terminal cells with a spine from each
pole, .the spine at one pole being often placed at right angles to the longitudinal axis
of the cell; the oblique spine of one. terminal cell generally alternating with the
to oblique spine of the other terminal cell. Cell wall usually smooth. Cells 3-7' 2. I'
-broad, 8' 2- f7' 3 P,long. Spines 1.8-3' 5 I' long. Colony 8' 2- H' 2 p, broad, 13' 6-21
P,long. (Fig. 180 f, h). .
HABITAT. Museum Pond, Madras, stray-October and June (as S. qutidricauda
val'. dispar (Breb.) Brunnth.-Philipose, 1940); ponds, Cuttack, stray"":"'August,
Azhicode (Kerala), stray-February (!).
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, S. and W. Africa, India, Japan.
181. ScenedeslUus opoliensis P. Richter
P. Richter, 1895, p 3; 1896, P 7, f A-F; R. Chodat, 1926, p 209, f 111; T.lfortobagyi, 1960 c,'
p 181, f 325-27
=5. quadr;,auda var. opot;ens;s in W. and G. S. West, 1902, p! 17, f 16 only
Colonies two to four celled with cylindrical to subfusiform cells arranged in a
linear series. Adjacent cells in contact only along about a third of their length.
Internal cell~ tumid in the median region and attenuated towards the ends. Terminal
cells often narrower and subrectangular. Poles of all cells semitruncate to rostrate,
sometimes ending in one or two very short spines. Poles of terminal cells with a long,
r

.
272 GlILOROGOCGALJ::S SCENEDESMUS
27:;
178. Scenedesmus smithii Teiling
E. Teiling, 1942, p 66, f 12; K. Thomasson, 1953, p 56, f 5
=S. denticulatus Lagerh. in G. M. Smith, 1926, pp 190-91, pi 17, f 19-22

Colony four-celled with the cells arranged in a subalternating series. Cells more
or less naviculoid with the sides of cells, where they are in contact with one another,
flat. Poles of cells with 2-3 sharp spines which are oft~n obliquely placed. Cells
4'5-10 p broad, 15-23'5 plong (Fig. 178 a). "
'11
Known only from N. America, and Sweden. The alga figured by Prowse (1957, fIJf:.9~

I
'''' ':': :''
p 68, f I) from the guts of fish in Malaya looks almost like'a S. smithii. ;'~';'Q::!

11 :;~~ j[l

.
var. linearis var. novo
A typo differt cellulis dispositis in seriem linearum. Cellulae adjacentes tangentes, exceptis iis ad
~W i~;'~

e
~
",:::: .\~~ :<;:= CJ
polos. Cellulae 6,6-7,5 I" latae, 19,4-21,5 I" longae.
HABITAT. Fortuito in planktone vadorum ad Dum Dum in Bengalia occidentali, mense septembri
1950,et ad Sibsagar in Assamia mensejunio, 1955 (legit K. H. Alikunhi). Speciesservata in formaldehido
(CoiL No. 16) in C,I.F.R. Substation ad Cuttack, Orissa. ::\~

Differs from the type in that the cells are arranged in a linear series. Adjacent
,..

~~
cells in contact except at the poles. Cells 6'6-7'5 p broad, '19'4--21'2 f' long g 1m1h
(Fig. 178 b).
;.
HABITAT. Ponds, Dum Dum (West Bengal)", stray-September, Sibsagar-
.(Assam) , stray-June (!). \
- - DISTRIBUTION.India (W. Bengal and Assam)~
Though the linear or alternate arrangement of cells in the colony is not an
important characteristic by itself for determination of varieties, in a number of algae,
e.g., S. dentieulatll,f,S. bijugatus and S. producto-eapitatus,this has been found to remain
constant, often accompanied by slight change of shape. In all the individuals of the FIGS. 179-180. 179, Scenedesmus caudato-oculeolatus CHODAT; 180 a, S.
present alga observed by the author, the arrangement of cells was in a single linear longus MEYEN; b-e, g, i, VAR. naegelii (BRED.) G. M. SMITH; f, h, VAR. dispor
(BRED.)G. M. SMITH. .

series. So, it is treated as a new variety. (179, FROM W. & G. S. WEST, 1902 (AS S. quodricolldo VAR. opolitllsis P.
RICHTER); 180..e-g, FROMBRUHL & BISWAS,1922 (ASS. quadricoudo VAR. (loegelii
179. Scenedesmus caudato-aculeolatus Chodat (BRt:D.) RADENH.; 180, I, FROMCHODAT; (REST, X1500).
\
R. Chodat, 1926, p 240, f 144 .
=S. qlladricaudavar.opoliensisp.p.W. et G. S. West, 1902, pi 17, f 17 only "" to the 'occ~ion~Lpresence of one or two short spines in S. opoliensis. In S. opoliensis
'- these small spines are also -really prolongations of the rostra.
Colony four-celled with the' cells loosely connected in a linear series. Cells more The exact dimensions of the cells are not known since Wests' dimensions of
or less oblong with rounded poles. Terminal cells slightly curved and with a long 5-5' 7 P, X 13-20 P, cover those of S. opoliensis as well.
recurved spine from each pole. Two to three short spines also prese~t on the poles of
terminal as wall as internal cells (Fig. 179). 180. Scenedesmus longus Meyen
HABITAT.Paddy fields, Heneratgodha, Ceylon (W. and G. S. _ West, Le.).
F.I.F. Meyen, 1829, p 774, pi 43, f 28; 1835, P 250; G. M. Smith, 1916, pp 469-71, pi 31,
DISTRIBUTION.Ceylon. . f.156-58; 1920, P 156, pi 39, f20-22; P.C. Silva and G. F. Papenfuss, 1953,f 18
=S. caudatusforma setosusKirchner, 1878,.p 98
This alga originally described by W. and G. S. West as S. quadrieallda var. =S. caudatusforma horridiisKirchner, 1878, p 98
opoliensishas been considered by Chodat as a distinct species. The essential differences =S. quadricaudaforma seiosus(Kirchner) Lagerheim, 1883, p 63
between this alga and S. opoliensisare that the cells are more or less oblong with their =S. quadricaudaforma horridusLagerheim, 1883, p 64
=S. quadricaudavar. selosusHansgirg, 1886, p 115 .
apices rounded in contrast to the naviculoid cells of S. opoliensiswith semitruncate to p=S.390, f 391 var. setosusKirchner in Brunnthaler, 1915,p 166, f224; O. A. Korshikov, 1953,
quadricauda
rostrate poles, and the presence of 2-3 short spines from the poles of all cells in contrast =S. setifirusp.p. Chodat, 1926, pp 243-46, f 149
276 SCENEDESMUS 277
CHLOROCOCCALES

more or less recurved spine. Cells 4'8-8 ft broad, 17-28 ft long. Spines 15-28 fJ
long (Fig. 181 a, b).
HABITAT. Paddy fields, Heneratgodha, Ceylon (W. and G. S. West, 1902);
rock pool and tank, Ceylon-September and October (Crow, 1923); ponds and
tanks, Cuttack, stray-March and April, Bhopal, stray-July, Srikakulam (Andhra
Pradesh), stray~February, Hyderabad, str~y-January, Ootacamund, .common-
June; Moat, Vellore (Madras), stray-December; swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri, ,r,-
stray-April (!).
DISTRIBUTtON.Europe, Africa, India, Ceylon, Java, Siberia, and Japan.
Chodat (l.c.) excluded fig. 17 from West's description of the alga from Ceylon and ~i
the alga described by G. M. Smith (1916, pi 32,f 181-84) from Wisconsin. The former .. ~-
is considered by Chodat as a differeIit speciesand the latter as a variety of S. opoliensis
(see below). .
The dimeJlsioDs of the alga collected by the author from Ootacamund were
much smaller, "iz. cells 3' 5-4' 4- ft broad and 10' 6-14 ft long with spines 8: 8- I4 fJ
long compared to those described by Richter and Hortobagyi, and they appe~red to
be juvenile stages of the ~alga. In' the rest of~the author's collections the cells were
5'7-6'2 ft broad, 17-21 ft long and the spines 15-21 ft long..

var. Dlononensis

R. Chodat, 1926, p'21O, t 1I2; T. Hortobagyi,

Chodat

1960 c, p 182, f 328-32 '

=S. opolimsis Richter in G. M. Smith, 1916, pI 32, f !81-84; 1920, pHI, f8.:-1I
g.184 e
~ "
.
.
Colony two-four-eight celled (usually 4-celled). Internal cells broadly fusiform
with rounded ends and with or without a short or longspine from their poles. Terminal
cells with attenuate, semitruncate to rostrate ends and with a long, straight or recurVed
)JJJ{-1ll1l:
184 d
"
spine from each pole. Cells 3' 5-10 ft broad, 11-31' 5 ft long. Spines of terminal cells FIGS.~ 181-184. 181 a-b, Scenedesmus opoliensis P. RICHTER; c-d, VAR.
11-28 ft long (Fig. 181 c, d). mononensis CHODAT; 182, S. protuberans FRITSCH ET RICH FORMlLminor LEY;
HABITAT. Swamp Kausalya Ganga, Pu'ri, rather. common-April; Pond, 183, S. rostrato-sPinosus VAR. serrato-pectinatus CHODAT FORMAbicaudatus f. NOV.
!84 a-d,S. abundans (KIRCHN.) CJlODAT; e, VAR, brevicauda G. M. SMITH.
Cuttack, ~bund1\nt-July (!). ~

_ (184a, FROMSKUJA,1949 (ASS. spiJlosusCHODAT);184 e, REDRAWN

FROM ..
DIST~IBUTION.N. America, Europe, andJndi.a. . yo
, G. M. SMI~H;(REST,x 1500). .
In the Indian material, two 'arid dght celled colonies were also quite frequent,
though four-celled colonies predominated. None of the colonies observed had long spines The type spedes, which is known from S. Africa, N. ~erica, and Europe, has
from the poles of internal cells as recorded by G. M. Smith in his Wisconsin material. not been -reported from India.
. The figure given by Tiffany and Britton (1952, pI 35, f 354) for this species does
182. ScenedesDlus protuberans Fritsch et Rich not appear to be typical since the inner cells are depicted as almost rectangular.

F. E. Friuch and F. Rich, 1930, pp 31-32, f 6 A-D; a.A. Korshikov, 1953, p 394, f397 a-b forma Dlinor Ley~
Colonies~usually four-celled, rarely 2- or 8-celled.' Cells in a linear series and . S. H. Ley, 1947,p 279!fIg
laterally'in close contact with adjoining cells except at the .ends. ~Terminal cells longer 1- Differs from the type in having smaller cells. Terminal cells 4' 4--5' 3 ft broad,
than the inner cellS with their "apices drawn out and protruding, and' with a long spin~ 23.,.25 fJ long. Inner cells 4'4--5'7-(6'0) ft broad, 18-22 ft long. Spines of terminal
usually arising (rom the.-outer side of each end. Inner cells with~ pointed or slightly
truncate en'ds. Inner edge ot the terminal cells and ends of inner cells sometimes with cells 19-27 ft long (Fig. 182).
HABhAT. Pond, Raipur (Madhya Pradesh), rare-April (!).
minute spines or ~uIar thickenings. CellS 6-7 fJ broad and 25-34 ft long with DISTRIBUTION.China and India. .
spines 2s..;35 p long. .
 SCENE DES MUS 279
CHLOROCOCCALES
278
=s, spinosus Chodat, 1913, p 74, f 70-74; H. Skuja, 1949, p 67, pili, f2
The actual dimensions of cells given by Ley (l.c.) are 5-6 I' X 22-25 1', with =S. flavescens Chodat, 1913, p 78
=S. abundans Val".sPicatus p. p. G. M. Smith, 1916, p 468
the four-celled colony 23 f1-1ong. In the author's material, the cells were 4'4-5'7 I' X =S. subsPicatus Chodat, 1926, pp 222-23
18-25 I' long. Otherwise the alga agreed fully with Ley's form. '!.~
=S. tenuisPina Chodat, 1926, p 218, f 122

183. Scenedesmus rostrato-spinosus Chodat Colonies usually 2-4 celled, rarely eight-celled, and arranged'in a linear series.
Cells ovoid to oblong-ovoid. External cells"with o"ne or more median lateral spines
R. Chodat, 1926, p 211, f 114 " from the outer face in addition to spines from the four corners of the colony. Internal
=s. opoliensisval".abundansPrintz, 1914, p 84, pi 6, f 180
cells with 1::"2spines from their p"oles, or"rarely without spines. Cells 2-7 I' broad,
Colony four-celled with the cells arranged in a linear series. Adjacent cells adnate 6-15 llong. Spines 3'5-8 I' long (Fig. 184 a-d).
to each other for only a short length in the median region. Internal cells oblong- HABITAT. Muddy bottom of pool at foot of Hackgala Rock, Ceylon, alt. 6000 ft.
fusiform. Terminal cells slightly curved with the inner face concave and the outcer (W. and G. S. West, 1902); pond, Mandalay, Burma-November (Skuja, l.c.);
face convex and with abrupt and obliquely retuse ends having a conspicuous angle at Dyke's Tank, Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), common-December; Ponnampet
the inner edge and a long spine from the outer edge. Outer face of terminal cell also tank, Coorg (Mysore), stray-February (!).
with a shorter spine from the median region. Cells 10-13 I' long. ",DISTRIBUTION. Europe, N. and S. America, Madagascar, S. Mrica, IndIa, Ceylon,
Burma, Japan, "and Siberia.
The species proper is not recorded from the Indian region.
_ Chodat (1926) treated S. abundans as a collective species comprising a number
Val". ;errato-pectinatus Chodat of separate species. However, some of his species like S. spinosus(=S. 'flavescens),
S. sempervirensand S. tenuisPina can hardly be distinguished from each other or from
R. Chodat, 1926, p 212, f 115-116 S. abundans. So, they are all treated here as synonymous to S. abundans.
=S. opoliensis val". hyperabundans et val". horridus Printz, 1914, P 84, p16, f 181-82
In the author's collection from Visakhapatnam, two-celled co!onies predominated,
Differs from the type in that the outer face of the terminal cells is provided with there being only a few four-celle~ colonies.
numerous (5-8) serially arranged, outwardly -projecting, short spines. Poles of ')~.'~
internal cells with or without a s~gle short spine.' ' var. brevicauda.G. M. Smith
This variety proper is also not recorded for the Indian region.

f. bicaudatus f. nov.
G. M. Smith, 1916, p 468, pi 30, f 126-32; 1920, P 157, pi 40, f3-5
.
Cells smaller than in the "type and with much shorter spines which are not more ........
Differt a var. serrato-pectinato eo quad spina longa ade~t tantum ad polo alternos cellularum termina" 'than three between the polar spines of terminal cells. Cells 2' 5-5 I' br~ad,- 5-8 '"
lium, polis aliis ornatis spina recta ut in cellulis internis. Cellulae 2.2-2.6,.. latae, 7-8.4 ,..longae. long. Spines l' 3-3", long. Four-celled colony 5-8 I' broad, 10-:-13",long (Fig. 184 e).
Spinae longae 8-8.8,... - . H:'>-BITAT.Lake Gregory, Colombo (Holsinger, 1955). .
HABITAT. Fortuito in planktone cisterne ad Barrackpore in Bengalia occident~li mense februario,
. 1950. Speciesservata in formaldehido(0)11.No. 17)in C.I.F.R. Substationad Cuttack, Orissa. DISTRIBUTION.
N. America, Europe, W. Africa (Cong,o),Ceylon and India.
Differs from var. serrato-pectinatus
of Scened,esmus
rostrato-spinosus
Chodat in that a ,";''i8~. SCenedesmus tropicus"-Crow
long _spine is present .only from the alternating' poles of terminal cells, the other poles
W. B. Crow, 1923, p 166, f2~ R. Chodat, 1926, p 214, f 119
being provided with only a short straight spine as in the internal cells. Cells 2' 2-2.'6 P
br9ad, 7-8.4 I' long. Long spines 8-8'8 f1-long (Fig. 183).
HABITAT. Research Station tank, Barrackpore (W. Bengal), stray-February, Colony four-celled and subquadrate. Cells more or less biconvex in the middle,
1950 (1) " attenuated towards the ends and with inflated poles. Adjacent cells connected to
DISTRIBUTION.India (W. Bengal). teach other by two narrow processes leaving a linear intercellular perforation. Poles
- of terminal cells provided with a long recurved spine. Chloroplast parietal and with
184. Scenedesmus abundans (Kirchner) Chodat ;a
. single pyren~id. Cells 7-9-6", broad, 26-33", . long. Spines 17'6-24'6", long.
.. Colony 26-33", broad, 28-38'7 '" long (Fig. 185).
'it. Chodat, 1913, p 77; G. M. Smith, 1916, pp 465-67, pi 30, f 133-36, p131, f 137-40 HABITAT. Tank near Trincomalie, Ceylon '(Crow, i.e.); ponds and tanks,
=S. caudatus forma abundans Kirchner, 1878, p 98
=s. quadricauda val". abundans Kirchner in A. Hansgirg, 1886, p 115; W. and G. S. West, Cuttack, very common-July, Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh), stray- December
1902, p 197;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 166, f225; O. A. Korshikov, 1953, pp 390-91, f392 "and Azhicode (Kerala), rare-February; Moat, Vellore, Madras, stray-
=S. caudatus var. hyperabundans Bohlin, 1897 a, p 23
=$. sempervirens Chodat, 1913, p 71
December (!).
..
---v

280 CHLOROCOCCALES
SCENEDESMUS
281

:, I
~,I
-<===>- c

'it
11
'f _

FIG. 185. Scenedesmus

troPicusCROW (c, FROM CRO~, 1923, and a-b, x 1000).

DISTRIBUTION.,Ceylon and India. Chodat (l. c.) states that, he observed the 'f
alga during 1900 in Denmark though he -had not described it.
Crow (l~c.) gave the length of the cells as 31-33 ft, rarely smaller, and stated
that the cells are about four times as long as' broad, with the spines nearly as long as
.
. ;/"
~'

the cells. The meaS\lrements given above are based on the abunaant materi~l the,
author could collect. " ,--,

This species is distinguished from S. perJQratUsby its narrower cell connections, the
biconvex shape of the cells, the four-celled nature of the colony (Crow, l.c.) and its siz~:..
...
186. ~cenedesD1us perforatus Lemmernfann
E. Lemmermann, 1903, p 104, f 3;J. Brunntha1er, 1915, pp 166-67, f230; G. M. Smith, 1916,
p 483, p127, f47; 1926 P 191, p117, f26-27; H. Skuja,-1949, p 66, plll, f 5; G. W. Prescott,
1951,pp279-80,pI46,f24-25 -. ','
,
=S. perforatus var. ornatus Lemmermann, 1910, pp 294,309, f3-4-;J. Brunntha1er, 1-915, p 167
=S. ornatus (Lemm.) G. M. Smith, 1916, p 464, p126, f 34

Colonies usually eight-celled, sometimes, . four-celled.

. Cells with capitate ends. ~.
Outer face of external cells slightly convex, inner face concave; poles curved outwards
and with a long recurved spine. Internal cells with concave sides and with linear to.. FIGs. 186-187 k-l. 186 a-b, g, ScenedesmusperJoratus LEMM.,c-f, h-j, VAR.
lenticular perforations between adjacent cells. Cell membrane smooth or punctate. .. major (TURNER) COMB.NOV.; 187 k-1, S. quadricauda VAR. bicaudatus HANSG.
(186 c-e, FROM TURNER, 1.892 (AS S. quadricauda VAR. major TURNER);
Cclls 3-10 ft broad, 10-28 ft long. Spines 10' 6-25 P, long. Perforations l' 5-3' 6 P 1~6 f, h-j, FROMBRUHL & BISWAS, 1922 (AS S. perJoratus LEMM.); 186 g, FROM
broad (Fig. 186 a, b, g). SKUJA, 1949; (186 a, x 1500; 186 b, x 1000; 187 k-1, x 2220).
HABITAT. Royal Lakes and pond, Cantonment 'Gardens, Rangoon-December
.~ Most authors do not consider the punctate nature of the cell membrane in some
(Skuja, l;c.); swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri, very rare-April; tanks, Balasore;
(Oriss<ir, stray-November, Cuttack, stray-July, Kausalya Ganga, rare-November of the individuals to treat it as a distinct species, viz. S. ornatus. Smith (1916), who
and Azhicode, rare-February (!). originalJy created this. species, later on (1926) merged it with S. perforatus. However,
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S. America, India, Burma, Siam, Malaya, Chodat (1926) and a few other authors retain S. ornatus.
Singapore, Java, and Japan. Skuja's alga from Burma has minute spines at the ends of cells, the rest of the
cell rnembrane being smooth. In the author's material, a few eight-celled colonies
282 CHLOROCOCCALES SCENEDESMUS 283

from Azhicode (Kerala) had two small warts from the apices of internal cells. This is .r~ ~:'
,
,.
.....
probably a condition intermediate between forms with ornate cell walls and those with .l~:;' ;.

smooth walls, as in the case of Skuja's alga. :...

p
Early authors do not give the dimensions of the cells of this species. G. M. Smith
(1926) and Skuja (1949) stated that the cells are 8-10 p, broad and 22-28 p, long with .
the spines 20-22-25 p, long. According to Prescott (op.c.), the cells are 3-3'5 (-5}p,
in diameter and 10-13 p, long. . In the author's material the cells were 6'2-10 p, broad
at the apex and 15'8-25 p, long with spines 10'6-25 p, long and perforations 1'8-3'6 p, .'
broad. "

var. Dlajor (Turner) comb. novo

Coloriiae 4-8 cellulares multomaiores quam in typo, et nonnumquam cellulis quibusdam internis
ornatis spina longa ad polos. Pyrenoidea singula (vel terna?) in chromatophoro uniuscuisque cellulae.
Cel1l1lae 10-16'5 p.latae, 27-33 p.longae. Perforationes 1-2'5 p.latae, 20 p.longae. Pyrenoideum cen-

)(
trale 8-10 p.diam. Spinae8-25p.longae. .'
HABITAT. In India ad orientem septembrionalem (W.B. Turner, 1892, p 161, as S. quadricauda f.
major-; Fa.'idpur, in campo percolationis, Bengalia (Bruhl et Biswas, 1922 as S. perforatus). "

=Scenedesmus quadricauda f. major Turner, 1892, p 161, p120, f 19 b-c

=S.peiforatus in P. Bruhl and K. Biswas, 1922, pp 11-12, pI 3, f 19 a-d
:---

Colonies four-eight celled, much larger than in the. type, and sometimes with a
long spine from th.e poles of some of the internal cells. -Pyrenoids one.Cor three ?) in -\
each cell. Cells 10-16' 5-P, broad, 27-33 p, long. Perforations 1-2' 5 P, broad, 29 tJ ~
long. Central pyrenoid 8-10 tJ in diameter. Spines 8-25 p, long (Fig. 186 c-f, h-j)..
HABITAT.N. E. India (Turner, l.c.); filter beds, Bengal (Bruhl and Biswas, l.c.).
DISTRIBUTION."N. E. India.
The maximum dimensions of cells of S. perforatis (see above) appear to be ' ".,;...
10 P,x 28 p, and the minimum 3 p, X 10 p,. Alsor S. perforatusis not known to have spines
(except minute warts) from the poles of internal cells. Smith (1916, p 483) states that.
S. quadricauda f. major Turner seems to be identical with S. perJoratus. Bruhl and
Biswas (l.c.) consider Turner's f. major along with their S. perJoratus. Crow (19~3),
believed that Turner's form is perhaps to be'placed as a variety of ~ tropicus_ Since_
S. troPicusis only 4-celled witli biconvex cells and narrow "connectini processes com-. -
pared to the algae described by Turner and Bruhl and Biswas in which the internal
.,
cells are biconcave, the connecting processes are broader and, in the alga of Bruhl
FIGS. 187 a-j. "a, Scenedesmus 'l.uadricauda "(TuRP.) BR~B.; b, C, VAR.
and Biswas, the colonies are 4- or 8-celled, which are characteristics of S. perJoratus, longispina (CHODAT) G. M. 5MITH; d, J, VAR. quadrispina (CHODAT) G. M. 'I
it appears better to treat these algae as a variety of S. perJoratus than as a variety SMITH; e. VAR. eualtemans PROSCHK.; f, VAR. parvus G. M. SMITH; g, VAR. Ii
maximum W. & G. S. WEST; )l-i, VAR. westii G. M. SMITH.
I!
of S. tropicus. (f, FROM G. M. SMITH, 1920; REST, x 1500). -I,

Bruhl and Biswas (l.e.)reported three j>yrenoids in the chloroplast of each cell il'
187. Scenede~mus' quadricauda (Turpin) Brebisson
of their S. perJoratus. However, in the author'~ material of S. perJoratusand the allied 1'1

species S. tropicus(seeFig. 185) very often each cell appeared to have three pyrenoids,
but really there was only one central pyrenoid in each cell with a gap in the chloroplast-. fDe176;
Brebisson,
1920, P 1835,
158, pIp 40,
66; fG. M. Smith, 1916, pp 475-79, pI 27, f 39, <12!.
9-11 31, f 172-75, pI 32,
...
=Achnanthes quadricauda Turpin, 1820, f 13; 1828, P 311 ~
on either side; which under low magnifications gave the false appearance of additional =Scenedesmus caudatus Corda, 1834, p 123
pyrenoids. So, in the author's opinion, the larger number of pyrenoids reported by' =S.'quadricauda f. minor Turner, 1892, p 161, pI 20, f 19 a
Bruhl and Biswas requires confirmation. =S.
fll quadricauda var. typicus Brunnthaler, 1915, p 166, f223; M. R. Handa, 1927, p 263, pI 6,
I
.... 'I:
 284 CItLOROCOCCALES 235
I SCENEDESMUS

Colonies usually four-celled, sometimes 2- or 8-celled. Cells oblong-cylindrical var. longispiua (Chodat) G. M. Smith
with rounded ends and arranged in a linear series. Poles of terminal cells with a long, ,
more or less straight or curved spine. Cell wall smooth and without ridges. Cells G. M. Smith, 1916, p 480, pl27, f42, p131, f 159-61; 1920, P 159, pI 40, [12-14
=Scenedesmus longisPina Chodat, 1913, p 60, [53-58; 1926, p 236, [141-43; H. Skuja, 1949, p
3-7 p broad, 9-18'5 p long. Spines 6'5-15 p long (Fig. 187 a). 66, pI II, [ 3; E.C.T. Holsinger, 1955, p 10
HABITAT. , N. East India (Turner, i.e.); paddy fields, Heneratgodha, Ceylon .~ to.

(W. and G. S. West, 1902); Gregory Lake, Colombo, Ceylon (Lemmermann, 1907); Colonies usually 2-4 celled, rarely 8-celled. Cells ovoid to cylindrical with
tanks, Ceylon, September-October (Crow, 1923); lake at Mudson, upper Burma- the cells narrower than in the type and the spines proportionately longer, compared
March (W. and G. S. West, 1907); Royal Lakes, Rangoo,n (Handa, l.c.); ponds, , to the length of the cells. - Internal cells sometimes with very short delicate spines from
Cantonment Gardens, Rangoon and Mandalay, and Kokine Lakes, Rangoon-May some of their poles. Cells 2' 5-5 P broad, 8-15' 3 P long. Spines 7' 5-15 P long
and November (Skuja, 1949); shallow still water at Haffong (N. E. India), at 2,200 ft. (Fig. 187b, c). . _
altitude (N. Carter, 1926); Loktak Lake, Manipur (Bruhl and Biswas, 1926); pond, HABITAT.Museum Pond, Madras, rare to common, Mardi-October (Philipose,
Bombay (Gonzalves and Joshi, 1946); ponds aI?-d tanks, Barrackpore (W. Bengal), 1940); pond, Mandalay, Burma-November (Skuja, l.c.); lakes, Colombo (Holsinger,
rare-January to July and Spetember, Serampore (W. Bengal), rare-July to i.e.); ponds, Cuttack, common-August, Nuapara, Cuttack, rare-February; Moat,
October, Balasore (Orissa), rare-December, Cuttack, rare-May and July, very Cuttack, rare-April; Cement cistern. with decaying Hydrilla, Cuttack, very common-
common-August, Nuapara, Cuttack, stray-February and December, Bhopal, March; swamp, Kausalya Ganga, stray-April (!).
rather common-July, Srikakulam (Andhra Pradesh), rare-December, Hydeiabad, .. DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, W. Africa, Sudan, India, Burma, Ceylon,
stray-January, Bangalore and Mercara, stray-February, Madras, stray-March, and Japan.
Chalakudi (Kerala), rare-February and Azhicode, rare-:Febru~ry and October; - -Skuja's Burmese alga, which measured fr-7 I' in breadth and 24 I' in length
swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri, stray-April; reservoirs, Jabalpur, rare-April, and '" 'with spines 14 p in fength, is larger than the typical variety described by Chodat and
Mysore and Trivandrum-stray, February (!); Ramgarh and Suraha 'Tals' Uttar Smith, and also observed by the author.
Pradesh ~V. P. Singl,1, 1959); inside the guts of Anopheles larvae, Damodar valley,
Bihar (Kachroo, 1959k var. quadrisp~ (Chodat) G. M. Smith
DISTRIBUTION.- Ubiquito~s. G. M. Smith,- 1916, pp 479-80;pI27, [43, pl31, [167-70; 1920, P 158, pI 40, [15-16; G. W.
Prescott, 1951, p 280, pI 63, [21; L. H. Tiffany and M. E. Britton, 1952, p 122, pI 35, [358
" .~~. =ScenedesmusquadrisPina Chodat, 1913, p58, [45-52; 1926, P 230, f 134
var. bicaudatus Hansgirg
... ., IT Colonies usually 2-4 celled'r Cells broadly ovoid and about twice as long as
..
A. Hansgirg, 1890, p-9; 1892, P 230; R. Chodat,I913, p22 "
=Scenedesmus longispina in Woloszynska, 1917, pI 14, [42 <, broad. Poles of terminal .cells with a single short recurved spine. Cells 3' 5-8' 5 I'
=Scenedmnus buaudata Dedussenko, 1925 - broad, 8'5-15-19 I'long. Spines 2'5-5'5 I'long (Fig. 187 d,j).
=,S. bicaudatus (Hansgirg) Chodat, 1926, p 248, [151-52; H. Skuja, 1948, p 139 .. HABITAT. Ponds and tanks, Cutt3:ck, stray-June and July, Visakhapatnam
(Andhra Pradesh), stray-December; reservoir, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh), stray-
.Colonies 2-4-8 celled. Terminal cells with a long spine from' ont: pole only,~' April; cement cisterns, Cuttack, very common among decaying Otteiia-July (!).
- the spine of one terminal cel1 'being at an angle opposite to that of tlie other terminal DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N.;.America, S. Africa, India, and Japan.
cell. Internal ceJIs without spine..sfrom their poles. Cells 4-5 p broad, 8-12 p long. The normal length of cells in this alga is 8'5-15 p, but occasiona:Ily it is up_to
! ,Spine.s-7':'8'8p long (Fig. 187k,I). ,- - 16I' (see Prescott, op. cit.). In Nygaard's (1932) material 'from S. Africa they were
I HABITAT. Ponds and tanks, Cuttack, rare-August~ Visakhapatnam (Andhra Ifr-19 p long.
Pradesh), rare-December and Madras, stray-July and August (!).
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, S. and W., Africa, Siberia, India. ,
var. eualternans Proschk.
Most authors consider this alga as a reduced form of S. quadricauda(Turpin)
Brebisson or of S. longus Meyen (=S. quadricaudavar. setosus Kirchner). However; C. N. Proschinsky, 1936; O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 389, f 390 a
=Scenedesmus quadricauda var. alternans Dedussenko, 1925
Chodat (l.c.) treats it as a distinct species. Since bicaudate forms are found in other =S. quadricauda var. alternans Swirenko,-1926 " .
species like S. armatus and S. abundans as well, it appears to the author that it is better =S. quadricauda var. alternans G. M. Smith, 1926, pp 191-92, pI 17, [29-33; G. W. Prescott,
1931, p 77, pI 16, [ 28
to give it only the status of a variety. There being no spines from the poles of the
internal cells of this alga it is more akin to S. quadricaudathan to S. longus. Colonies usually four-celled. Cells fairly small, broadly ellipsoid with broadly
The Scenedesmuswith two spines described by Biswas (1934, p 21, f 10 b) also
rounded poles, and arranged in a subalternate series. Cells 2' 3-5 P broad, 5-18 I'
probably belongs to this variety. .
long. Spines 4-10 I'long (Fig. 187 e).
~ ..
286 CHLOROCOCCALES SCENEDESMUS 287

HABITAT. Swamp, Kausalya Ganga, Puri, stray-April (!). them as 5-8 pxlO-18 p and Skuja (t. c.) as 7-13 px19-29 p. In the author's
DISTRIBUTION. Europe, N. America, and India. material the cells were 5'3-8'8 p X 13'6-23'.4 p, with spines 11-16.7 p long.
Skuja also refers to a form (seehis pill, f 4) having two cells, with ornamented
var. parvusG. M. Smith cell membrane and accessory spines from the poles of one of the terminal cells observed
G. M. Smith, 1916, p480, f 162-66; 1920,p 158, pi 40, f17 in one of his collections. In the author's collections from Cuttack, one 8-celled colony
had an accessory spine from one of the poles of a, ~erminal cell (Fig. 187 i). However,
Cells ovoid-cyli:ndrical, about 2-2' 5 times as long as broad and equal to the the cell membrane of this individual was smooth and it agreed well with S. westii.
length of the spines. Cells 3-4 p broad, 5' 5-8 P long. Spines 4'5-8'8 p long ~..
(Fig. 187 f). Some'speciesof Scenedesmus not recordedfrom the Indian region
HABITAT. Lake Gregory, Colombo (Holsinger, 1955). S. aeuleo-granulalus Hortobagyi, 1954, p 120, f 47
DISTRIBUTION.N. America, S. and W. Africa, and Ceylon. S. aeuleolalus Reinsch, 1877, p 238,.pI6, f 1-2 .
S. anomalus (G. M. Smith) Ahlstrom et Tiffany, 1934, p 69
= Telraslrum anomalum G. M. Smith, 1926, pp 187-88, pi 15, f21-27
var. :maximum W. et G.S. West 'i S. anlennalus de Breb. ex Ralfs, 1848, p 222, p135, f 27A-B
.~ S. apieulalus (Wet G. S. West) Chodat, 1926, p 169
W. and G. S. West, 1895, p 83, p15, f 9-10; G. M. Smith, 1916, p481, p127, f 40. =S. aUemans var. apieulalus W. and G. S. West, 1894, p 16, p12, 38
=Scenedesmusmaximus (W-e1G. S. West) Chodat, 1926, p 227; H. Skuja, 1949, p 66 =S.longus var. apu:ulalus (W. and G. S. West) G. M. Smith, 1916 p 472
:0.. S. arislalus Chodat, 1926, p 210, f 113
=S. quadrieauda var. maximus W. et G. S. West, in G. M. Smith, 1920, p 159, p141, f 1-2; .
G. W. Prescott, 1951, p 280, pi 64, f 3-4 =8. opolieflsis in Woloszynska, 1912, pi 35, f 5. .
=8. proluberans Fritsch var. arislalus (Chodat) Dedussenko ex Korshikov, 1953, p 395
S. arvernensis R. et F. Chodat in Algotheque, No. 235; R. Chodat, 1926, p 193, f 89-90
Colonies usually four-celled, rarely eigh~-celled. Colonies and cells much larget: , S. arlhrodesmiforme Schroeder, 1920
than in the type. Cells 9-11'5 p broad, 27-36 p long. Spines 18-30 p long . 8. asymelricus (Schroed.) Chodat 1926, p 222, 6127
=8. quadricauda var. asymelrieus Schroeder, 1897 b, p 45
(Fig. 187 g). . 8. baculiformisChodat, 1926, p 158, £48 '

HAJ!ITAT. Artificial tank, Peradeniya, Ceylon (W. and G. S. West, 1902}; ,;~
=8. aculus Woloszynska, p.p. 1914, pi 7, f 7
.:0, 8. breviaculealus Chodat, 1926, p 220, f 123
Royal Lakes and Pond, Cantonment Gardens,-Rangoon (Skuja, l.c.); swamp, Kausalya S. bukkensis Hortobagyi, 1960 a, p 304, f 42-4.6
Ganga, rare-April.; ponds, Cuttack, -stray-August 1!nd Azhicode (Kerala), stray- S. earabusChodat, 1926, p 232, f 136 _

February (!). .
. (This species, based on Woloszynska's (1912, p 665, pi 35, f 6) 8. quadricauda p.p. from Java,
is according to Chodat (I.e.) incompletely known and requires further investigation)
DISTRIBUTION. Madagascar, Central and W. Africa, N. America, England, S. circumfusus Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 355, f 132-37
S. cIathratus (Biswas) comb. novo
Ireland, Sweden, India, Burma, Cey~on, and Japan. ~. =8. bijugalus (Turp.) Kuetz. var. clathralus Biswas, 1928/29, pp 1'14-15, pi 10, f 20
Though the actual name used by W. and G. S. West for this variety is maximum,. '=8. perforalus Lemm. var. inermis Scherffel, 1930, p 755
=8. balalonicus Hortobagyi, 1943, p lI2, f 170; 1957, p15, f250, 252-53; 1959 a, p 338, f 55
in recent publicati~ns the term maxim~ is invariably used by most authors. Techni-:. " =8.perforalus var. inermis Skuja,,1956, p 180, pi 29, f2-4
ca11y this could be correct.
Colony of 4-8-16, rarely 32 cells arranged in a linear series. Cells with capitate ends and without
var. westii G. M. Smith any spines. Outer. face of external cells convex, inner face cqncave. Internal cells with concave sides.
.(,' With linear to lenticular perforations between.adjacent cells. Cell membrane smooth. Chloroplast with
--G. M. Siiiith, 1916, pp 480-81, 'pI32, f 177-80; 1920, p 159, pl4l, f 3-7; G. W. Prescott, 1951, one or more pyrenoids. Cells 2 '6-10 p. broad, lI'2-29 p. long.
.p281,pI64,f7,9 _ . _
=Seenedesmus weslii (G. M. Smith) Chodat, 1926, p 227, f 132; H. Skuja,.1949, p ~7, pIll,- Known only from M';laya, Hungary, and Sweden.
f4 . .
=S. quadrieauda var. ineurvus Playfair, 1917, p 834, pi 57, f II - This alga was first described from Malaya by Biswas (I.e.) under the name 8. bijugalus (Turpin)
Kuetz. var. clalhralus Biswas. Though Biswas observed only 4-celled colonies, the 4-8-16-32 celled colonies
Colonies usually four to eight celled. Cells 4' 5-9-13 P broad, 10-22-29 p long. described under other names from Hungary (Scherffel, I.e.; Hortobiigyi, I.e.) and Sweden (Skuja, I.e.)
and the Malayan alga are identical. Since Biswas's record has priority, the name clalhralus appears to be
Spines 10'6-16'7 p long (Fig. 187 h-i). more appropriate even though he did not give it specific status as Hortobiigyi has done.
HABITAT. Ponds and lakes, Rangoon, January, March-April and December
var. granulatus (Hortobiigyi) comb. novo .
(Skuja, l.c.); ponds, Cuttack, 'abundant, July and September and Azhicode (Kerala),
stray-February; swamp, Kat!salya Ganga, Puri, stray-April (!). =S. balalonicus Hortob. var. granulalus Hortob., 1954, p 120, f 45
Differing from the type in the presence.ofverrucose protuberances from the extremities of cells.
DISTRIBUTION.N. Ainerica,W.Afr~c~ India, Burma, China, Japan, and Known only from Hungary. ...
Australia.. .

The usual measurements of the cells of this alga are 4' 5-9 P X 16-22 p, with S. eoalilus Hortobiigyi, 1959 c, p 55, f 53-58
S. eohaerens Fritsch, 1918, p 509, f 8
spines 12-16 p long (seeSmith, 1916; Chodat, 1926). However, Prescott (op.c.) gave (This is a syncoenobic species)

4,,1'"
.
I 288 CHLOROCOCCALES SCENEDESMUS 289

S. collaris Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 49, f 40 S. pseudosymme/ricus Deflandre, 1933, p 22, pi 2, f 27

S. columna/us Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 46, f 26-29 S. pungens Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 378, f 234-35
S. cos/a/o-den/icula/us Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 62, f 78-82 S. raciborskii Woloszynska, 1914, p 209, pi 7, f 1-2
S. cos/a/o-granula/us Skuja, 1948, p 137, pi 16, f 4-6 S. ralfsii P1ayfair, 1923, p 221
~ =S. ob/usus in Ralfs, 1848, p 193. Korshikov, 1953. p 380, treats it as synonymous to S.bijuga/us
S. crassisPinosus Hortobagyi, 1943,. p 107, f 137
S. crista/us Conrad, 1949, p 91, p12, f 14 var. alternans Hansgirg
S. curva/ocornis Roll, 1927 a, p 148 S. reniforme G. M. Smith, 1926, p 190,.p117, f 14-18
S. diagonalis Fang, 1933, p 102 S. reniformisPlayfair, 1923, p 221 "

S. decorus Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 52, f 48-51 S. schroe/eri Huber-Pesta10zzi, 1936, p 153, f 5

S. echinula/us Dedussenko-Sczegoleva, 1949 S. scuta/us Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 57, f 71
S. elec/us Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 61, f77 S. securiformis P1ayfair, 1917, p 835, p157,f 16-17
S. elegans Beck-Mannegetta, 1926, p 182, f 6 S. semi-ampula/us Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 51, f 45
S. eupec/ina/us Dedussenko-Sczego1eva, 1949 S. semipulchir HortQbagyi, 1960 b, p 359, f 160-64
S. exal/a/us Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 375, f 227-28 S. shensiensis J ao, 1948
S. ex/ensus Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 60, f 76 S. similagineus Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 350, f 103-107
S.fenes/ra/us Teiling, 1942, p 64, f 1 S. soli Hortobagyi, 1960 a, p 306, f 64-75,77-134
~ f S. soolHortobagyi, 1954, p 120, f 43-44
S.formidolosus Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 59, f 73-74
S.furcosus Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 367, f 200 S,-speciosus Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 368, f 202
S.fusiformis Printz, 1914, p 82, pi 6, f 179 S. spica/us W. et G. S. West, 1898, p 335
S. gracilis Matwienko, 1938 S. spinoso-aculeola/us Chodat, 1926, p 235, f 140
S. graciosus Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 366, f 199 S. unicus Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 58, f 72
S. granula/us W. and G. S. West,.1897 a, p 500, pi 7 f 1-2 S. verrucosus Roll, 1925. (This species has been treated by Dedussenko ex Korshikov, 1953, p
S. gu/winskii Chodat, 1926, p 225, f 130 384 as var. verrucosus (Roll) Dedussenko of S. granula/us W. and G. S. West
~
=S. quadricauda val'. hyperabundans Gutwinski, 1890, p 63 S. vi/iosus (Printz) Chodat, 1926, p 190, f 86
o
S. heimii Bourrelly, 1949, p 757, f 1 =S. hys/rix val' vi/iosus Printz, 1915, p 54, pi 3, f 81
S'. helve/icus Chodat, 1926, p 206, f_ 109 - S. wolosz;ynskaeChodat, 1926, p 204, f 107 -
=S. hyslrix in Woloszynska, 1914, pi 7, f8 only
S. hortob~gyii nom. novo According to Chodat (/.c.) this speCies requires further investigation.
=S. mirijicus Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 43, f22-23, non Ley, 1947, p 279 Scenedesmus coelas/roides (Bohlin) Schmidle, 1898 (=S. costa/us val'. cvela#roides Bohlin, 1893, p 42)
o
S. hungaricus Hortobagyi, 1941, p 164; 1943, p 106, f 121 is synonymQUS to Coelas/rum bohlini Schmidle et Senn (see under that species). However, the figure "for
S. individus Printz, 1914, p 87, pi 6, f 162-63 S. coels/roidesgiven by Woloszynska (see Chodat, 1926, f 159) appears to be more like that of a Scenedesmus
S. insignis (W. et G. S. West) Chodat, 1913, p 690 than that of a Coelas/rum.' -
" -=S. quadricauda Val'. insignis W. and G. S. West, 1895, p 83, p15, f7-8
S.jovis Chodat in Algo/hlque Nos. 205, 207; 1926, p 220, f 124-25 . " ,. S. ellip/icus(W. and G. S. West) Chodat, 1913, p 69 (=S. quadricaudavar. ellip/icusW. and G. S.
(The distinction between this species and S. corallinus Chodat in Algo/htque, No. 220; 1926, West, 1895, p 83, pi 5, f 6) has been considered by G. M. Smith~ 1916, p 472, as S.longus var. ellip/icus
p 221, f 126, appears to be rather insufficient to warrant two species. S. corallinus is, therefore, . :(W. and G. S. West) G. M. Smith.
suppressed here).
S. kerguelensis Wille, 1924, p 435, pi 30, f a-:b, non S. kerguelensis Wille in Chodat, 1926, p 194~ ',.' Even though a good number of detailed accounts or monographs are available on the genus
also in Deflandre, 1928 "rScenedesmus(see De Wildeman, 1893 a; Chodat, 1909, 1913, 1926; Brunntha1er, 1915; G. M. Smith, 1916,
S. la/o-cos/a/us Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 359, f 165 1920, 1926; Dedussenko, 1925 and 1949; Deflandre, 1924, 1933; Korshikov, 1953; Hortobagyi, 1959 c,
S.lefevrei Deflandre, 1924, p 673, pI 6, f 12, 16 1960 band .1960 c), the taxonomy of this genus is still extremely difficult. This has been mostly due to
S. maculosus Hortobagyi, 1959°c, p 41, f 1-20 the fact that the basis of classification adopted by these authors has differed considerably. It can be said
$.. magno-granula/us Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 349, f 100 that there are three'schoo1s of thought~viz. the Geneva School which follows mainly Chodat (1926), the
,American School following G. M. Smith (19J6), and the German and Russian School (Brunnthaler, 1915,
S. magyarensis (Hortobagyi) nom. novo tDedussenko-Sczegoleva,.1925, 1949, ex Korshikov, 1953; Korshikov, 1953).

=S. orna/us Hortobagyi, 1960 b, p 367, f201, non S. orna/us (Lemm.) G. M. Smith, 1916, p464 , A g60d numb~r ofChodat'~ (1909, 1913, 1926) species are from cultures. He has also raised a num-
S. ma/ebae Kufferath, 1956 'ber of known varieties and forms to specific.status. Since Chodat laid more stress on the physiological than
S. mirandus Hortobagyi, 1945, p 2; 1,958, p 583 ',on morphological characters, many of his species from cultures differ very little in forf1l (see G. M. Smith"
S. mirificus Ley, 1947, p 279, f 16 :1916, p 477; Nygaarq, 1932, p 133; Skuja, 1948, p 138). Opinion is, therefore, divided whether all his
S. mirus Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 44, f 24 :"species are acceptable or not. While referring to Chodat's S. longisPina and S. quadrispina, which G. M.
S. morzinensis Deflandre, 1933, p 19, f C :Smith (1916) reduced to varieties of S. quadricauda, Nygaard (t. c.) states that it is more appropriate to
=S. kerguelensis Wille in Chodat, 1926, p 194; Deflandre, 1928, non Wille, 1924, p 435 ~Usethe terms" variety" and" forms" to many of Chodat's species. This is probably true of also
S. pannonicus Hortobagyi, 1944 (Algolog. Mi/leil. Borbasia Nova. 23, 1-8) J.S.ellipsoideus Chodat (1926), S. intermedius Chodat (1926), S. nanus Chodat (1913), and S. microspina Chodat
S. polycos/a/us
J ao, 1948 "
',1926 (=S. quadricauda forma Printz, 1915 a, p14, f 206-207), particularly the last one which is better
S. polygloblilus Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 56, f 66-68 (incl. S. antenna/us Breb. in Biswas, 1928/29, "(put down as S. quadricauda val' microspina (Chodat) comb. novo Fritsch (1935, p 182) also states that though
p 413, pi 10, f 17) - ' 'Ure.culture work is a valuable supplement to direct observation in nature, cultures alone may not be
S. polyspinosus Hortobagyi, 1959 c, p 56, f 75 'eliable for the study of normal f2rm variations of algal species.
S. prae/ervisus Chodat, 1926, p 196, f 92
=S. hys/rix in Wo10szynska, 1912, p136, f6-7 only Regarding Chodat's S. oblongusO(Chodat,1913,p 41, f 19-20) G. M. Smith (1916, p 485) states that
=S. stria/us Dedussenko-Sczegoleva, 1949; Korshikov, 1953, p 385, f 385 a it is "clearly related to S. obliquus (Turp.) Kuetz., but Chodat's reasons for separating this species from
S. prin/zii Chodat, 1926, p 213, f 118 '. obliquus are not known". The same probably applies to S. chlorelloides Chodat (1913, pp 45-47; 1926,
=S. opoliens;.svar. asymme/rica Printz, 1915, p 54, p14, f 99-100 _ 139, figs. 29, 162), S. crassus Chodat (Algotheque, No. 163; 1926, p 130, f 21), S. scenedesmoides
S. produc/o-capi/a/us Schmu1a, 1910, p 85, f 1-5 .Chodat (A1gotheque, No. 188; 1926, p 136, f26), S. dactylococcoidesChodat (Algotheque, No. 138; 1926,
S. pseudo-dispar Schroeder, 1920 132, f 22-23), S. ca/eniformis Chodat (1926, p 131, f 16) and S. Ie/radesmiformis (Wo1osz.) Chodat
 290 CHLOROCOCCALES TETRALLANTOS 291
(Algotheque, Nos. 195, 198; 1926, P 141, f31-33). Chodat (1926) treats S. abundans also as a coIlective
species comprising a number of distinct species like S. spinosus Chodat (=S.jlaveseens <?hodat, 1913), S. 188. TetraUantos lagerheimii Teiling
sempervirens Chodat and S. tenuispina Chodat. The differences between these species arc minimal.
Hortobagyi (1960 c, p 182), while recognizing S. spinosus, reduces S. sempervirens and S. tenuispina as its E. Teiling, 1916, p 62, f 1-6; G. I. Playfair, 1917, p 841, pi 58, f9-1O; G. Huber-Pestalozzi,
synonyms. 1929 a, p 387; 1936, P 154, f3 c; G. M. Smith, 1933, p 520, f364; G. W. Prcscott, 1951, p 287,
pi 66, f 4-6; O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 399, f 404
Some other species described by Chodat, viz. S. alpinus Chodat (Algotheque, No. 138; 1926, P 133 =Kirchneriella major Bernard, 1908, p 179, g f 398-99
f25), S. basiliensis (Algotheque, No. 229; 1926, P 136, f27; S. obtusiusculus (Algotheque, No.3; 1926, p 17/ =Mm:r.bierdla parogrophOll Millcr, 1921
f 70); S. dactyloeoccopsis (Algothe'lue, No. 189; 19215, P 179, f 71-74) S. costulatus (Algotheque, No. 124:
1926, p 137, f28) and S. unicellularis (Algotheque, No 162,210; 1926, P 183, f 75-76) arc also difficult t~
place because of their polymorphic condition in cultures. Like S. ellipticus (W. and G. S. West) Chodat Colonies usually four-celled, but sometimes 8-16 celled the cells being held
(referred to above); S. minutus (Smith) Chodat (1926, P 187), and S. brevispina (Smith) Cho?at (1926, p 187) together by the remnants of the mother cell wall, and usually enclosed by a delicate
are treated by G. M. Smith (1916) only as varieties of S.longus. Chodat (1926) also conslderd species like
S. bijugatus (Turp.) Kuetz. and S. longus Meyen as out of date or not valid and gave such names as mucilaginous envelope, which is often visible only after staining. Cells crescent to
S. eeornis, S. ovalternus, and S. setiferus instead. sausage shaped with their ends rounded. 'Jwo cells arranged in the same plane facing
Smith (1916), who did not base his studies on cultures alone, reduced a number of known species to each other and with their ends touching and the other two cells vertical to the former
varieties of known species while upgrading some known varieties to specific rank. The American school I and joined to their meeting points. Chloroplast a .parietal plate with a pyrenoid.
of phycologists have foIlowed this without reservation. However, Chodat (1926) has been critical of
some of Smith's species, particularly his S.longus Meyen and its varieties on the ground that Meyeit (1829) Cells 3-8' 5 P, broad, 10-24 p, long (Fig. 188).
meant by the term longus only an 8.ceIled S. quadrieauda and that only in 1835 the same author attributed .
'the spines on median ceIls as an additional characteristic (alsoseeunder the description of S. longus). '

Printz (1927) and a number of European phycologists foIlowed Chodat's classification. HortoMgyi
{1959 c; 1960.b; 1960 c) adopts most of Chodat's species and he has added 'n large number of new / ..:;: , ,......
species. It is difficult to say how many of these can be considered'
S. thomassonii Hortob" 1959 c, p 44, f 25 (=S. opoliensis in Thomasson,
good' species. However, h!s
1953, pp 56, 58, f 5,8) appears to f
:.
..
~ '
".':;

'..-:
..,
"'::{:':
0,
\
":. i
;//""""""'''''''''\\
_ \

)
be a fonn of S. quadricauda var. denlatus Dedusscnko (see Korshikov, 1953, p 389, f 390 b). _do.
. i ::

~
i

,,,,II .)
Dedusseqko-Sczegoleva (1925; 1949; also ex Korshikov, 1953) and Korshikov (1953) foIlow on the I :
other hand a more simplified taxonomy which is almost that ofBrunnthaler
taxa.
(1915) with additions of later
Unlike Chodat (1926), who keeps a number of species under coIlective species like S. obliquus,
S. abundans, and S. quadricaudalus, these authors retain many eadier known varieties and reduce a number
\*,
. G \\ ..J
'- b
of I~ter species as varieties of such species as .S. quadrieauda,-S. opoliensis,_and S. acuminatlls. ':;::' : ........................
-
In the present account no one school of taxonomy (as mentioned above) is completely foIlowed.
Apart from the species known from India, which are dealt with in detail, a list of the more importimt
and the recently described species arc included. It is possible that there may be a certain degree of
overlapping in some of the species listed. .

It has also to be mentioned here that quite a number of species of Scenedesmus arc only known ~D
name while others are considered doubtful (see G. M. Smith, 1916, pp 483-89).

Recent studiesby Trainor (1964a) on the spine distributionin sev:eralScenedesmus cultures revia\ed
that though the spine distribution in some'species like S. quadricauda and S. abundans, and the absence of
spines in species like S. bijugatus.may be considered more or less stable, there are some species like S. longus,
S. obliquus, S. dimorphus and posSibly others, which require careful study in pure cultures for proper
identification.

LIII. Genus.TETRALLANTOS Teiling, 1916; p .6~

188
FIG. 188. Tetrallantos lagerheimii TEIUNG (x 1500).
Colonies free-floating, usually four-celled, sometimes 16-celled, and enclosed by
a colonial mucilaginous matrix. Cells sausage-shaped or crescent-shaped with two cells HABITAT. Fishery bundh, Chandrakona Road, Midnapore (W. Bengal); ponds,
of the colony lying in the same plane facing each other and with their ends touching Cuttack, rare to rather common-August, Coorg (Mysore), rare-February, and
and the remaining two cells vertical to the former and joined to their meeting points. Trichur (Kerala), rare-February, and Chandigarh, Punjab, rare-October, leg Shri
Sixteen-celled colonies with cells in groups of four. Chloroplast single, parietal and with . Kuldip Singh; stre~m, Chiilakudi (Kerala), stray-February( I). -
one pyrenoid. DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, S. Africa, India, Java, Philippines, and
Reproduction by the formation of 2, 4, or 8' autospores from each cell. Autospores Australia.
remain together in the form of a colony till they are liberated or they remain attached Most of the Indian ~aters in which the alga occurred were neutral or slightly
to the mother colony by the remnants of the old mother cell wall. acidic and with low total. alkalinity. Though four-celled colonies were the most
Monospecific. common, a few 8- and 16-celled colonies were observed.
 ELAKA TOTHRIX 293
292 CHLOROCOCCALES

=S. pettkofii (Printz) Chodat, 1926, p 153

Kirchneriella major Bernard (1908) with its cells measuring 3-5 fl X 17-21fl and T. sibiricus Printz, 1.915 a, p 37, pl5, f231-34
=Scenedesmus sibiricus (Printz) Chodat, 1926, p 154
which Brunnthaler refers to K. iunarisvar. dianaeBohlin, appears to be only a Tetrallantos. T. smithii Prescott, 1944, p 360
Bernard states that the cells are generally isolated and there is reunion of cells after T. wisconsinensis G. M. Smith, 1913, p 76, pi I, f 1-20
=&enedesmus wisconsinensis (G. M. Smith) Chodat, 1926, p 148
division. In the author's material, single cells or two to thr.ee cells united together were
not uncommon along with 4-celled and very rarely 8- ~nd 16-celled colonies. Though a number of European phycologists, including Printz (1927), follow Chodat (1926) in
treating Tetradesmus as a section of Scenedesmus, it has not met with general acceptance. Korshikov
Obviously, these isolated cells or fragmented colonies have resulted by the breaking up (1953) retains the genus TetradtS/izusas distinct from Scenedesmus. Regarding the validity of TetradesmrLS,
of' the colony during collection, preservation or mounting. In Bernard's figure 399 Lund (1960, pp 89-90) states that" although Chodat (1926) showed that in one and the same clone both
Scenedesmus and Tetradesmus colonies may arise, his fj1rther argument that this proves that the latter genus
the arrangement of cells is exactly as in Tetrallantos, only one .cell being missing. is untenable is weakened by the fact that in most of the hundred, or so described species of Scenedesmus,
no matter what the conditions are, no Tetradesmus stages have been seen.".
Tomasculum Whitford, 1943, with one species, T. catenatum Whitford, 1943.
Genera of Scenedesmoideae not recordedfrom the Indian region
Ctosteriococcus Schmidle, 1905 a, monospecific : .15. GENERA OF UNCERTAIN SYSTEMATIC POSITION
C. viernheimiensis Schmidle, 1905 a, p 64
Coronastrum Thompson, 1938, p 692, with four species:
C. aestivale Thompson, 1938, pp 692-94, f 1-10 LIV. Genus ELAKATOTHRIX* Wille, 1898, p 302
C. anglicum Flint, 1950, p 235., f 4 A-D
C. ellipsoideum Fott, 1946, pp 166-67, 170, f 2
=Hofmania regularis Korshikov, 1953, p 372, f 359 Colonies either free-floating or epiphytic when young and free-floating when
C. lunatum Thompson, 1950, pp 371>-73 -. mature. Cells arranged longitudinally, usually in pairs-, within a fusifol'm homogeneous
Didymocystis Korshikov, 1953, p 395, with four species:
D. grahneisii Heynig, 1961 gelatinous matrix. Mature cells fusiform or rod-shaped. Chloroplast parietal,
D. inconspicua Korsh., 1953, p 397, f402 laminate and with one or two pyrenoids.
D.lineata Korsh., 1953, p 396, f 400
D. Planctonica Korsh., 1953, p 396, f 399 Reproduction by the transverse division of the cell into two daughter cells which
D. tuberculata Korsh. 0953, p 397, f401) is synonymous to Dicellula inermis Fott (1941, p 66) remain within the envelope or escape; ~lso by akinetes. ~
Didymogenes Schmidle, 1905, p 35, with two species :
12. dubia Fott, 1933-a; Hortobagyi, 1959 a, p 336, f 44 Two species are recorded from the I.!ldian region.
D. palatina Schmidle, 1905, p 35
Enallax Pascher, 1943, ~ith two species: KEY TO THE. SPECIES ~

E. alpinus Pascher, 1943, p 195

E. costatus (Schmidle) Pascher, 1943, p 195
=Scenedesmus costatus Schmidle, 1895 a, p 305, pi 14, f 5-6 1. Both ends of cells acute. Cells 6-21,.. broad, 12-41 ,..Iong .E. viridis (p 293)
According to Bourrelly and Manguin (1954, p 53), Wille's (1924) Scenedesmuspediastroidesfrom 2. One pole of cell usually rounded and the other"pointed, rarely both ends pointed. Cells 1.8-6,..
Kerguel is without doubt also im Enallax. broad, 8. 8-30 ,.. long ; E. gelatinosa(p 294)
Lauterborniella Schmidle, 1900 b, with two species:
L. appendiculata Korshikov, 1953, p 371, f 357
L. elegantissimaSchmidle, 1900 b, p 11-4 .; 189. Elakatothrix viridis (Snow) Printz
Marthea l'ascher, 1918, p 259, monospecific :
M. tetras Pascher, 1918, p 259 .

Printz (1927,-p 139) included iHn the family Coelastraceae, subfam. Dicty-osphaerieae, because
H. Printz, ~914, p 3f, pi 1, f 9-12; G. M. Smith, 1920, p 140, pi 33, f 7; H. Skuja, 1949, p 70,
pi II, f-9-1O ..
of tbe radial disposition offour colonies around a mucilaginous mass in the syncoenobium. Fritsch (1935) =Fusolaviridis Snow, 1903, p 389, pi 2, f VI 1-4; O.A. Korshikov, 1953, p 285, f 246
placed it under the Coelastraceae, the Dictyosp~eriaceae
-
being kept as a distinct family.
SchmidleiaWoloszynska, 1914, p 197, non Lauterborn, 1913 --
(which i. a member of the Chlorobacteriaceae), with single species :- Free-floating (or epiphytic), _solitary or in. coloni.es. of 4-8 spindle-shaped cells
S. elegans Woloszynska, 1914, p 197, pi 5, f 1-4
Because of the use of the same name by Lauterborn, the name of Schmidleia for an alga is probably a~ranged in pairs. within a broadly ellipsoidal gelatinous matrix. Ends of cells acute.
invalid.
SchroederiellaWoloszynska,1914, p 198, with three species: -
S. africana Woloszynska, 1914, p 198, pl5, f6-7 . *The systematic position of the genus Elakatothrix is very uncertain. Smith (1920) considered its
S. curvata (Bohlin) Fott et Komarek, 1960, p 130 logical position to be near Ankistrodesmus and Qpadrigula. However, on account of its vegetative cell di-
=Scenedesmus curvatus Bohlin, 1897 a, p 23, pi I, f 41-44, 52 vision, the same author later (1933, 1950) included it under the Coccomyxaceae within the order Tetra-
S. papillata KOtSh.-see Korshikov, 1953, P 373, f 360 sporales. Fritsch (1935) also included it within the Tetrasporineae under the family Palmellaceac.
Tetrodeslnus'G. M. Smith, 1913, with seven species: . Printz (1927, p 103), while including it under Pleurococcaceae states that it is near Ankistrodesmus and
T. cumbricus G. S. West, 1915, p 83, f 7 - _Q.uadrigula. Bourrelly (1947) included it under the Tetrasporales whereas Skuja (1949; 1956) put it under
=Scenedesmus cumbricus (G. S. West) Chodat, 1926, p 151 the Chlorococcales near Ankistrodesmus and Q.uadrigula. Lund (1956 a) stated that" the systematic position
T. lunatus Korsh., 1953, p 369, f 353 of Elakatothrix remains uncertain, though it can no longer be placed in Printz's Pleurococcaceae".
=Scenedesmus wisconsinensis (G. M. Smith) Chodatforma Deflandre, 1924 Ii'-According to him a cytological study of the alga is needed. Further, to him the structure of the large
T. osteTlfeldii (Wolo,z.) G. S. West, 1915, p 84 colonies points to Elakatothrix being a " coccoid" alga. Korshikov (1953) kept Elakatothrix along with
= Vicloriella ostenfeldii Wolosz., 1914 Glaucosphaera and Raphidonema Lagerheim in his Protococcineae under genera of uncertain systematic
=Scenedesmus ostenftldii (Wolosz.) Chodat, 1926, p 153 position. At the same time he recognized Snow's Fusola, which most authors consider as synonymous to
T. pettkofii Printz, 1915 a, p 37 Elakatothrix, as a distinct genus under his family Ankistrodesmaceae.
=Scenedesmus antennatus in Petkof, 1910, p 78, pi I f 12
 .'
ELAKATOTHRIX 295
294 CHLOROCOCCALES

Usually in colonies of 2-4 cells, rarely solitary, arranged in groups of two with

! :"\
:. r :.
their longitudinal axes parallel to the longitudinal axis of the enveloping matrix; one
end of cell rounded and the other pointed, the rounded ends of two cells lying in
: -:;'" : apposition. When single, and in undivided mature cells, both ends pointed. Chloro-
.'
t
~ ..: :'
plast parietal, partially girdling the cell and with a pyrenoid. Cells I' &--2. 7 fJ, broad
\~ a 8'8-10'6 fJ, long. Two-celled colony 4'4 fJ,broad, 19'4 fJ, long; 4-celled colony
190 5' 3-6 fJ, broad, 30 fJ, long (Fig. 190). '

HABITAT. Planktonic in ponds, Cuttack, rare-August and Bhopal, stray-

: July (!).
. .~ "
:t. DISTRIBUTION.India (Orissa and Mad~ya Pradesh;? Australia).
~.

The alga differs from the type in its much smaller dimensions. The alga described
r
: ': .
~;)
'> by Playfair (1918, p 527) 'as E. gelatinosa and with dimensions of 3 fJ,X 15 fJ, (young
. ":
"
~f b
cells 2 fJ,X8 fJ,) could possibly be included- under this form.
"
Species of Elakat0tJui:c not recorded from the Indian region
E. acuta Pascher, 1915, p 220, f 27
E. alpina Beck-Mannegetta, 1926, p 181, f I
-<::~~~:"'>190 c
E. americana Wille, 1899, p 150
=Fusola americana Snow, '1903, p 378, pi 2, f 4
FIGs. 189-190. 189;Elakatothrixviridis (SNOW) E. arvernensis R. et F Chodat, 1925, p 448, f 8-10
P"RINTZ;190, E. gelatinosaWILLE F. minus F. NOV. E. biplex (Nygaard) Hindak, 1962, p 285, pi 27, f3, 31, f 1-4
E. genevensis (Reverd.) Hindak, 1962, p 287, pI 27, f 3, 32, f 1-2
(189, AFTERSKUJA,-1949; 190, x 1500). E. gloeocystiformis Korshikov, 1953, p 410, f 411
E. lacustris Korshikov, 1953, p 412, f 414
E. linearis Pascher, 1915, p 221, f 28-29 -
Chloroplast very much cleft and wit!I a. pyrenoid. Cells_6-21 fJ,broad, 12-41 fJ,long. E. minima Beck-Mannegetta, 1929, p 6, f6
E.parvula (Arch.) Hindak, 1962, p 289, pi 29, f 10--15,34, f 1-7
Gelatinous matrix of varying .breadth (Fig. .189). E. pseudogelatinosa Korshikov, 1953, p 413, f 416
HABITAT. Ponds, Mandalay and Rangoon (Skuja, i.e.). E. sPirochroma(Reverd.) Hindak, p 288,p129, f 1-9,33, f 1-5
E. subacuta Korshikov, 1953, p 410, f 412
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, N. Rhodesia, Siberia, and Burma. E. minouchetii Bourrelly (1947, p 10, p16, f54-56) which is without a pyrenoid has been consid-
ered by recent authors as a member of the Xanthophyceae. It has, therefore, to be excluded from the
gentis. Hind2k (1962) recognized the genus Fusola with Snow's species viridis (Wille's E. americana
190. Elakatothrix gelatinosa Wille being considered probably synonymous to the same) and Elakatothrix with II species (excluding E. lineam
and Bec~-Mannegetta's, two species and including, E. minouchetii).
N. Wille, 1898, p 302; 1909, p 36, f 18 A-E; A. Pascher, 1915, p 220, £25-26; G. M. Smith,
1920, p 139, pi 34, f 1-3; G. W. Prescott, 1951, p 93, pi 3, f 13-14; O. A. Korshikov, 1953,
p412,f415

Colonies free-floating, elongate fusiform to irregular with the long axes of cells
parallel to the long axis. of the colony. Colonies usually with'I-16-32, rarely up to
50 cells. Cells usually in pairs, spindle-shaped with one pole rounded and the other
pointed, the rounded ends of a pair of cells being in apposition. Cells in single-celled
colonies with both ends uniformly attenuated. Chromatophore single, parietal,
~
covering the entire length of the wall and with a pyrenoid. Cells 2' 5-6 fJ, broad,
II-30 fJ, long.' Colonies 10-30 fJ, broad, 70-160 fJ, long.
The type species is not recorded from the Indian region.

forma minus f. novo

CQloniae et cellulae multo minores quam in typo. Cellulae 1,8-2.7 p.latae, 8.8-10,6 p.longae.
Coloniae bicellulares 4.4 p.latae, 19.4 p.longae; 4-cellulares vero 5.3-6 p.latae, 30 p.longae. .
HABITAT. Vagat in planktone in palude ad Cuttack, mense julio, anni 1954. Species scrvata In
formaldehido (Coli. No. 10) in C.I.F.R. Substation ad Cuttack, Orissa..
 ---- - -
I'V
to
0'1

TABLE I. THE NORMAL SEASONALTEMPERATURE, SUNUGHT \ND RAINFALL IN SELECTED SUliDIVISIONS

OR STATIONSIN INDIA *

I
Subdivisions Mean temperature (OF) Average monthly hours of sunshine Total rainfall
or
Stations Jan. Mar. June Oct. Jan. Mar. June Oct. Jan. Mar. June Oct. Whole
Feb. May Sept. Dec. Feb. Mar Sept. Dec. Feb. May Sept. Dec, year
... Assam .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.30 25.69 67.16 7,36 102.51
. WestBengal(Calcutta) 67.8 83,3 83.4 72.9 266.0 271.1 141.9 232.1 1.48 10.40 46. 8 5.46 64.14:
. Bihar .. .. .. 1.28 3.15 42.33 3.29 50.05 C'J
. Orissa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.44- 5.11 :I:
44.50 6.85 57.90 t"
0
:d
... Orissa (Cuttack) 74.9 86.1 85.4 76.1' .. .. .. .. 0.44- 3.30 39.61 7.39 50'74% 0
C'J
0
. Andhra .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.94+ ' 3.18 20.27 12.50t 37,89 C'J
(Visakhapatnam)
. Andhra (Kurnool) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.63+ 1.96 17.81 4.39t 24.79 t"
1'1
en
, Hyderabad 74.6 89.1 80.0 74.3 .. .. .. .. 0.68 2.66 23.65 4.29 31.28
I
(SouthHyderabad)
. Madras (Madras) 75.9 83.6 ' 8S.1 78.0 269.9 310.6 182.8 205.2 1.30 6,38 29,71 15.83 53.22

. Madras (Kodai) 53.1 58.5 55,9 53,8 210.1 220.0 119.7 135.0

. Madras (Ootacamund) .. ' .. ',' .. .. .. .. .. 0.65+ 12.32 25.81 7.04t 45.82

' , "
...Mysore (Bangalore) 68,9 77.6 71.8 68.9 254.9 283.6 128.7 193.3 0.30 5.63 22.11 8.21 36.25

.· Malabar (Trivandrum)
Mean of India
77,4
..
79.8
..
77.0
','
76.7
..
259.7
..
238.4
..
150.2
..
200.5
..
1.29
1.06
13.49
3.65
75.65
34.89
19.33
4.82
109.76
44.42

.From different sources; +For December, February; tFor Octber, 'November only; :For 1947,-49; %For 1951-53.

-.-«"... ,;-;'\"T.""'" "'T., \-.; ......."\...'''J'''jIii'JIi.. 'J.4Y'r-:-:-,gr--""'f-';.'I"""""'''',r._...'',--'-

'1' ,-" ,,'

'TABLE II. THE PHYSICO-CHECMlCAL FEATURES OF 12 BODIES OF WATER 'DISTRIBUTED OVER NORTH-EAST, CENTRAL
AND SOUTH INDIA IN WHICH MORE THAN 10 SPECIES OF CHLOROCOCCALES OCCURRED INA SINGLE
COLLECTION AND THE APPROXIMATE FREQ,UENCIES OF DIFFERENT SPECmS

.,., I
.
.,., ;;:; '"
c.. c
:, 01 '" 00--;
"
.h cu .....,., .....,., ....'"
v.,., .... .... .c
.... '"" .u
v"" v.,., ",01 v.,.,
"''''' --5 '" '" U:.:
OJ. ",01 "'01 SOI ::01 gb+ '" u '" ....
.""
....
c
..c
'1:1
=7
::s..... ::, :::1
::s.....
01
::s_
01'
::s-
01
CO
",-
.c >cu . S\!
01 8'1 ."" . c<')
err c:> .a .: ",.-
'" 3 .0
01"" ...... """" .err
.,., . =:P",,,, ".c ""
.cOOl -"" c<') ;:;; "" ::sv.,.,
t>O<
c
V"..c
0'"
'" go,
-a 1
..c._
""
'1:1'"
c0'-::!
p","
""
'1:1
g._'
P","
'1:1
c0'- ::!
P", '"
'1:1-;?
co. '"
p"'''
'"o
c0'- ::!
.p", "
'0
c..
S.-
'" "::s
"C >-01
c:§ ,.J.
0"'.....
E-« 01
w ........1.
'u S ""
(1$1 c:o
..c.,.,
C) bO
I
= . 1
..c.>d""
.!d.J.
!::: .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
ei5t>O < z z z z z Cl)P", z- S="" 00l ::::iE-<""

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12
-----.-------
10.30 0:1
Time of collection 15.00 12.00 10'30, 10.30 10.30' 10.30 14.15 09.30 09.00 17.20 13.45 t"
0.07 0.07 '0.07 0.07 0.07 100.00 0.08 2.50 0,03 0.02 l"
en
Water area (in acre)
Depth of water (in feet) 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.5 4.0 2-3 8.0
Turbidity (p.p.m.) (Clear) 7.8 5.8 126.0 38.0 30.0 (L. 40.0 52.0
muddy)
Water Temperature (degree
centigrade) 22.0 30'1 34.4 34,3 33.9 32.6 37.4 28.0 27.0 26.0 35.0
pH value 7.9 7'.3 9.1 9.4 8.2 8.8 8.4 7.0 8.7 8,6 7,0 6,3
Dissolved oxygen (p.p.m.) , 8,,9 10.8 16.8 24.0 8.3 7,5 7.6 13.2 16.5 5.0 6.0
Total alkalinity (p.p.m.) 16.0 16.0 112.0 124.0 36.0 64'0 86.0 32.0 300.0 135.0 102.0 10.0
Nitrate-N (p.p.m.) 0.04 0,03 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.20 10.00 0.04 0.06
Phosphate-P04 (p.p.m.) 0.01 0,07 1.90 2.14 0.40 0.35 1.20 0.12 2.10 0.09 0.27 0.42
.N/P ratio (weight by atoms) 3.00 0.31 0.04 0,03 0.30 0.19 0,06 0.52 0.07 77,93 0.10 0.09
Total No. ofspedes observed 20 19 15 17 20 19 45 53 15 13 21 20
No. of genera 11 13 8 8 12 12 15 19 9 5 10 13
No. of species which became rather 2 5 2 I 3 2 12 4 5 5 3 2
common to common
No. of species which became very I - 7 2 2 3 I - 3 - 2
common to very abundant
: , ,
.Nitrate nitrogen alone taken into consideration
(N. B. The approximate frequencies of the species are expressed by the symbols: K)
I-stray or isolated; VR-Very rare; R-Rare; RC-rathcr common; C"'"'commQn. to
-oJ
VC-Very common; A-abundant; VA,:;::I&vcry
abundant).
 TABLE II.-(Contd.) J>j
u:>
0:>

Name of alga I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12
CharQ&iumdebaryanum - - - - - - - I
2 Korshikoviella gr(Uilipes - - - - - - I
3 Schroederia indiea - - - - - - - - A
4 Schroederia se/igera - - VR - - - I VR - - - I
5 Golenkinia radia/a - - - - - - - I
6 MierQ&/inium spp. - 4- RC - VR VR - RC RC - - I
7 Telraedron mu/ieum - - - - I - I I I
8 T. minimum - - A C VR I VC I - - I - 0
:I:
t'"
9 T. /umidulum - - -, - - - VR - - - 0
0
10 T. gigas f. minus - - - - - - I - - - - - 0
0
0
;
11 T. trigonumand its varieties - -, - - VR I I R - - - -
12 T. quadra/um
r. minus
- - - - - - - I
!;;
en
I
13 T. regularei1nd its varieties I - - - - - VR VR - - I I
14 T. vie/oneae,andvar. major I I - - - - I
15 T. pen/aedricum - - - I - - .I I I - - I
16 T. oc/aedrieum - - - - - - - I
17 T. grQ&ile I I - - I - I VR
18 T. enorme var. pen/aedricum I - - - - - - VR
19 T. limne/icum
. " - - A I - - RC
20 T. pusillumvar. angolensef. minus - - I - - - - ....J
21 Pol,yedriopsissPinulosa - - - - - - - I

'I'
TABLE II.-(Contd.)

Name of alga , 1 2 3 4, 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
22 Treubaria /riappendicula/a - - - - - - - RC
23 Lgerheimia choda/i - - --, - VA - I R
24 Choda/ella quodrise/a - - - - - - R
25 Oogs/is soli/aria - I - - - - R

26 O. la&US/ris I R - VR 'I I I I
27 O.crassa - - - - - - I
28 O. borgei - VR - - I - - - - - - RC
29 Nephrocy/ium luna/um - C - - ,-
30 N. agardhianum - - - - - - - - - - I
tI:I
31 Ankis/rodesmus spiralis RC R - - - - - R - - R - t'"
l'I
en
32 A.falca/us and var. rodioJus I R - - - - - R - - - RC
33 Elaka/o/hrix gela/inosa f. minus - - - - - - R - I
34 Ac/inas/rum han/zschii - - VC VR VR I R VR VC
35 Selenas/rum bibraianum - -, - - -I - - VR - - VR
36 S. gracile I 'RC - - - - RC - - VC R
37 S.wes/ii - - - - - - - R - - - R
38 Nephrochlamys subsoli/aria
- - - VR - I R
39 Kirchneriella lunaris I RC
,
- - I RC
40 K. obesa - - - - - - I I
41 K.conlor/a - I ,- - - - - R
J>j
42 Dictyosphaerium pulchellum VC - - - RC A C R - - - I u:>
u:>
 TABLE III. THE STATES OF COLLECTION, APPROXIMATE FREQ.UENCIES, PERIODS OF OCCURRENCE AND THE PHYSICO- <.>0
0
CHEMICAL FEATURES OF THE WATER FROM WInCH A NUMBER OF CHLOROCOCCALES WERE COLLECTED r-:I

C s
'"
.>d '" 8 ci.
'" -5 . -0 ci.
,
'" C
0 ci. 2:
C'M
.s
:.a C...
0 8 c '"
'M
-o t-
C
'"
bD
...
'" 1:1'", ci. 0
Name of alga e0 "'..c ci. ci. :§ 0
J:: .9
0=
:g ';:-0 =u t- S .;:
'" '"
C '" ";
.>d z--:-
'"
'" '(;
0
U 0
...u "' '" >< :a .. '"
u
;:j
"; "; '(;
..c
I :s.. '" >
Z 00' "'== e-o '" '"; ..'" i:!.'
. 51-
0 Z
ce: i:!.c;:j '" '" .. :I: '0 ..c
en z'" .ClJu
o
",u
-
;:j
E-< i:!. E-< is .---
+
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13

Range 30-78 30,1- 8.4- 86-112 0.10 1,20- 0.04-

32.6 9.1 1.90 0.06
1. Schroederiasetigera 2 4 r(7,8) £
Average 54 31.4 8.8 99 0.10 1.60 0.05 t"'
0
I a. Schroed':ia indica sp. novo I 5 a(7) 2 30,5 8.6 312 0.05 1.40 0.02 0
(')
0
2. Micra&tinium spp. I' 9 32.0 8.5 33 0.05 0.10 0,33 (')
va(2) (Dark (')
dirty'
green) t'I
rn
Range 38-88 28.0- 7.0- 32-300 0-05- 0,12-, 0.03-
37.4 9.5 0.42 2.80 0.52
8 4,5 re-e
(4,7,8)
Average 54 32.8 8.5 100 0.14 1.10 0.15
3. Tetraedron muticum I 4 re(7) 78 30.0 8.6 132 0.06 0.08 0.52
.
4. T. minimum 10 4 ve-va Range 25-88 30,1- 8,2- 78-138 0.05- 0.54- 0,01-
(7,8)' , 36.2 9.4 1.40 3.50 0.28

Average 52 33.8 8.9 108 0.24 2.00 0.08

5. T. limneticum 5 4 re-ve Range 28-78 7.8- 82-138 0.05- 1,20- 0,01-
(7,8) 332'1-
.0 9.2 1.40 3.50 0.28
,
Average 51 33.0 8.8 111 0.41 2.50 0.10

·
+
I-Assam, 2-West Bengal, 3-Bihar, 4-Orissa,
Nitrate nitrogen alone taken into consideration.
5-Madhya
',.
Pradesh, 6-Andhra
.'.. .
Pradesh, 7-Bombay, 8-Mysore, 9-Kerala, la-Madras.

" ,I
I1 l.l.l...." .""...,!",,,.,,,,,,..,,.,. -..,....... ' ''''''>"

TABLE nI.-(Contd.)

6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13
2 3 4 5

4 37.4 7.0 32 0.09 0.12 0.52

6. Treubaria triappendiculata 1 re(4-) (L.
I , muddy)
33.0- 7.8- 36-82 0.05- 0.40- 0.07-
7. Lagerheimia chodati 3 4 va(7) Range 40-126 0.15
34.3 8.4 0.42 2.80

69 33.4- 8.1 60 0.19 1.20 0.11

Average
24.6 8.9 170 0.06 0.01 4.20
8. NePhrocytium agardhianum I 6 e(l) (clear) 0.08 0.03
4 22.7 7.4- 60 0,03
r(12) I

22'0 7.3 16 0.03 0.07 0.30

9. N. lunatum I 2 e(12) (clear)
35,0 6.3 10 0.06 0.42 0.09
10. Oocystis borgei I 9 .re(2)
30-240 26.8... 8,2- 54-300 0.05- 0.74- 0.03-
II. Actinastrum hantzschii 6 4,5,6 e-ve Range 3.20 0.25 I:Jj
37,0 9.2 0.20
(5,7,8,12) [;;
0.11 1.80 0.08 rn
Average 84 3 .5 8.6 152

r-re 22.0- 6.3- 10-32 0,03- 0.06- 0.09-

12. Ankistrodesmus falcatus 4 ' 2,4,9 Range 0.42 0.60
,37.4- 7.3 0.09
(2,4,5,12)
31.0 6.9 23 0.06 0.14 0.40
Average
, 0,01- 0,10-
21.8- 6,2- 8-102 0.03-
13. A. sPiralis 8 1,2,4,8, r-re Range 0.18 0.27 3.00
9 (2,4,12) 37,,4 7.9
,, , 27.0 7.0 38 0.07 0.13 0.79
IAverage
14. Kirchneriella lunaris 3 2,9,10. ve-a
(6.,10) 6.8- 10-64 0,03- 0.01- 0.20-
re-e Range 22.0-
33.9 8.8 0.10 0.35 5.45
'5 1,2,4 (8,11,12)
7'9 7.5 28 0.06 0.12 1.40
Average
,
37.4 7.0 32 0.09 0.12 0.52
15. K. contorta J 4- r(4) , (L.
muddy) <.>0
0
<.>0
· At an altitude of about 2,000 metres.
 TABLE III.-(Contd.) ""
0
..j>.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13
16. Nephrochlamys .subsolitaria 1 4 r(8) 30 32.6 8.4 86 O.lp 1.20 0.06
17. Selenastrum gracile I 8 ve(2) 26.0 7.0 102 0,04 0'27 0.]0
4 2,4,9 r-re Rallge 22,0- 6 3- 10-62 0,03 0.01- 0.09-
(2,4,12) 37.'4 7,5 0.09 0'42 3.30
,, , I
I4verage ' 30.5 7,0 30 0,06 0.16 1.40
18. DictyosPhaerium ehrenbergiallum 1 10. a(6)
'4 2,8 re-ve Range (Mode- 21.8- 6,8- 8-102 0.03- 0,05- 0'10-
ately 26 7.4 0.18 0.27 0,80
(2,12) clear to
very
turbid)
.ilvrage 23.6 7.1 37 0.07 0.14 0.45
19. D. pulchellum 8 1,4,9 ve-va Rallge 38-126 27.5- 7.5- 16.64 0.04- 0,01- 0.03- D
:z:
(2,5,7,8) 34.3 9.6 0.10 1.10 3.30 r"
0
:>;j
Ave.rage 82 33.0 8.6 50 _ 0,07 0.50 0.86 0
D
20. Dimorphococcus lunatus 6 0
2,8,9 r-re Range 22.0- 6.2- 12-69 0.03- 0'01- 0'32- D
,29.8 7.5 0.06 0.11 4.24 D
(2,12) ;.-
..
26'1 7.0 39 0.044 0.06 1.78 1'1
en
Average
I
21. Pediastrum simplex incl. var. duodenarium 15 4,6 a-va Range 28-240 24,8- 7.6- 64-176 0,03- 0'10- 0-01-
('5,7,8,12) 37,0 9,6 1'40 3'50 1.00

Average 66 32.6 8.7 113 0.20 1.60 0.19

22. P. duPlex var. corollatum 2 ,8 vc-a Range 24.0- 7.1- 23-46 0.04- 0.01- 0,46-
(2) I 24.5 7.4 0'07 0,05 4.90
I
Average 24.3 7.3 35 0,06 0.03 2.80
23. P. duplex var. subgranulatum I 9 a(2) (f? 35.0 6.3 10 0.06 0.42 0,09
green
turbid) ,
24. P. duplex vars. clathratum, reticulatum 6 4,6, a-va Range 25-50 22'2- 7.3- 24-120 0.07- 0.04- 0.07-
i 36,0 8.8 0.19 1.60 3.20
and gracillimum 8,I,12
I
Average 38 29.0 7.8 74 0.12 0.39 1.07
· At an altitude of about 2,000 metres.
I

... ." "".....,..,.......

... :., '"''P1'.....{ .""T.::':'''"!:-'P1iil:':::;;;''''''i'':'A''-'....''''''.'-
- ;.;.. ",':" "I' ,'"
,.
TABLE III.....l(Contd.)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

25. P. araneosum var. rugulosum 1 8 a(2) (Dirty 6'0 7.0 102 0.04 0.27 0.10
dark
green)
26. P. muticumvar.lollgicorne 1 8 re(2) (Pale 24.0 7.8 121 0.34 0,05 4.80
green
turbid)
27. P. biradiatum var.lollgecornutum 1 4 r(4) (L. 37.4 7.0 32 0.09 0.12 0.52
muddy)
28. P. tetras var. tetraodoll 1 4 e(8) 30 32.6 8.4 86 0.10 1.20 0.06
29. SorastrumsPinl,llosum 1 4 c(4) (Clear) 34.2 8.3 210
1 30. Coelastrummicroporum 38..126 26.5- 7.5- 36-300 0.07- 0.13- 0.04-
Range
10 4,5,6 vc-a 36.6 9.6 0.42 2.80 0.77 ..,
(7,8,12) ;.-
65 8.7 124 0.20 0.92 0.26 !II
Aferge 32.5 t"'
'"
1'1
" 31. C. cambricumvar. intermedium
2 8
Range 25.5-
26.0
7.0-
7,4
69-102. 0.04-
0.06
0.01-
0.27
0.10-
4.20
rc(2)

Averap 25.8 7.2 86 0.05 0.14 2.25

32. C. proboscideum Range 26,.0- 7.0- 86-102 0.04- 0,27- 0.06-
2 4,8 rc(2,8) 32:6 8.4 0.10 1.20 0.10

Average 29.3 7.7 94 0.07 0.70 0.08

;.
33. C. reticulatum 2 4,10 c-a(12) (V. turbid)
"
34. C. scabrum Range 25-38 22-0- 7.3- 16-88 0.03- 0.01- 0.06
5 1,2,4 rc-vc 36.0 8.8 0.15 1.60 3.00
(5,8;12)
Average 31 31.1 8.2 54 0.84 0.6.5 0.73
35. CrucigCtliatetrapedia Range 24.0- 7,1- 46-180 0.07- 0.01 4.85-
3 8,10 c-vc 30.0 7.2 0.09 6.00
(2,10) ""
Average 28.0 7.2 132 0.08 0.01 5.23 0
" t.ro
 TABLE III.-(Contd.) 0
- en
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
I

36. C. apiculata Range 30-78 30.0- 7.0 32-132 0.06- 0.08- 0.05-
3 4 rc-c 37.4 8.6 0.42 2.80 0.52
(4,7,8)
Average 49 33.2 8.0 83 0.17 1.05 0.18

37. Sundesmus diTMrphus Range .30-78 28.0- 8.4- 86-300 0.10- 1,20- 0.02-
3 4,5 c(7,8) 35.0 9.2 1.40 3.50 0.28

Average 49 32.0 8.8 174 0.56 2.30 0.12

38. S. acuminatus 1 4 r(4) (L. 37.4 7.0 32 0.09 0.12 0.52
muddy)
39. S. arcuatusvar. eaPitatus ' 1 3 19.2 8.3 166 n
a(l1) (clear) :I:
t"
40. S. armatusvar. bieaudatus 30-78 27.0- 7.8- 82-300 0.06- 0.08- 0.04- 0
Range
6 4,5,6 c-vc 33,0 9.1 10.00 2.80 77.93
n
(7,8,12) 0
Average " 53 30.1 8.5 141 1.80 1.36 13.06 n
,
41. S. acutiformis 1 6 rc(l) (clear) 28.7 8.7 188 0.054 0.01 3.80 t"
1'2
42. S. dentieUlatus 1 4 rc(8) 30 32.6 8.4 86 0.10 1.20 0.06 '"
43. S. opoliensis 1 1 va(7) 78 30'1 9.1 112 0.10 1.90 0.04

4 re(4) I (L. 37.4 7.0 32 0.09 0.12 0.52

, muddy)
44. Scenedesmus
tropieus 1 4 r(7) 78 30.1 9.1 112 1.40 1.90 0.04
9 r(2) 29.8 6.2 40 0.11

45. S. perforatus Rang; 26.4- 7.0- 32-104 0,05- 0.04- 0.11-

3 4 r(4, 11) 37.4 7.6 0.19 0.32 3.30
I

Average 30.07 7.4 11 O.Jl 0-16 1.30

46. S. longus 1 4 c(11) 40 24.8 7.5

-
47. S. abundans 1 6 c(12) 52 27'0 8.6 135 10.00 0.09 77.93
;

"f

TABLE IlI-(Contd.).

7 9 10 11 12 13
2 3 4 5 6 , 8
40-78 27.0- 7.2- 112-300 0.04- 0.01- 0.04-
48. S. quadricaudainc. var.longispina I, . 10 4,5,6,10 vc-a I Range 9.6 10,00 3.50 90.00
(6,7,10, 35.0
12).
63 31.3 8.5 163 1.30 1.10 17.80
Average
4 37.4 7.0 32 0,09 0.12 0.52
49. Tetrastrum heteracanthum I r(4) (L.
muddy) .!
1 4 30 32.6 8.4 86 0.10 1.20 0.06
50. T. punetatum rc(8)
r-rc 21.8- 6'2- 8-102 0.03- 0,01- 0.03-
51. Tetrallantos lagerheimii 7 2,4,8,9 Range 1.60 3.30
36.2 8.2 0.18
(2,8,12)
27,8, 7.3 51 0.08 0.47 0.76
Average
a-va 21.8- 6.8- 8-76 0.07- 0,01- 0-70-
52. Botryoeoccusprotuberans 5 3,4 Range 0.18 0.16 11-80 tII
29.6 8.3 t"
(1,11,12) (clear) oj
1;1
26.9 7.3 44 0.12 0,05 4,80
Average

ADDENDUM
Since sending this work to the press considerable additional inform~tion on the
order, including records of a number of species from the Indian region, has becomr
available. The more important aspects are given below.
Mitra (1947) recorded nine Chlorococcales from rice field soils of Al]ahabad and
its environs of which all except Chlorella botryoidesand Dactylococcusbicaudatusvar. curta
var.
ted innovo
the (the
mainlatter
text.is considered below as a Keratococcus),have already been incorpora-
Studies on the mineral nutrition of "Oocystjs marssoniiLemm. led K. V. N. Rao
(J. Indian bot. Soc. 40(4): 555-65, ]961) to the conclusion that the chemically defined
medium for optimum growth of the alga contains the following in mg/]: Na, 100;
K; 100; Mg, 25; Ca, 10; N, 60'9]; P, 53'94 and Cl, 40.32..
Kamat (Hydrooiologia 20(3): 248-79, 1962; 22 (3, 4): '209-305, 1963) recorded
a number of algae from puddles, pools, ponds and streams of Ahmedabad (Gujarat)
and its environs and of Ko]hapur (Maharashtra), respectively. Of these, 46 species,
23 varieties and 2 forms belonged to the Ch]orococcales. Ten of these have been
described a~ new taxa while about ]3" appear to-be recorded for the first time from
India. The concerned taxa are Chlorococcum sp., Characiumrostratum,Characiosiphon
rivularis, Trochiscia granulata, Hydrodictyon reticulatum, Pediastrum clathratum,P. simplex
and its var. duodenarium,P. ovatum, P. boryanum,P. muticum var. crenulatum,P. duPlex and
its varieties clathratum and cohaerens,P. sculptatum, P. tetras, Sorastrum americanum var.
undulatum, S. sPinulosum, Tetraedron trigonum, its var. tetragonum and f. gracile of var. .
tetragonum, T. muticum and its form punctulatum, Oocystis lacustris, O. nodulosa,Q. elliptica,
O. gigas, O. borgei and var. indica var. nov, O. kolhapurensissp. nov., O. maharastrensis.
sp. nov., Gloeotaeniumloitlesbergerianum,Ankistrodesmusfalcatus and its var. tumidus, A.
.spiralis, A.fractus, Actinastrumhantzschii, A.indicum sp. nov., Selenastrum gracile, Kirchneriellq f-- mus acuminatus,S. armatus, S. bijugatus, S'_obliquusand Selenastrumgracile became common
lunaris, DimorphococcuslunatUs, Coelastrum.microporum,Scenedesmusfali:atus and var. -maior"
var. nov., S. obliquus, S. dimorPhus,S. arcuatus and its var. platydisca, S. bij'uga and var.
irregularis,S. brasiliensis,S. denticulatusvar. kolhapurensivar. nov., S. kolhapurensissp. nov.,
S. .maharastrensissp. nov., S. margaliffii sp. nov., S. longus and its varieties brevisPina,and
. dispar, S. abundansvar. sPicatus,brevicaudaand indica var. nov., S. bicaudatus,S. acuminatus
var. minor, S. opoliensis,S. quadricaudaand its vars. longispina, quadrispina,parvus, maximum
and westii, and Crueigeniarectangularis.
Maheshwari and Gupta (1962) observed Chlorellaellipsoideacommonly associate~
with cellu]olytic bacteria and fungi in deteriorating cotton fabrics at Kanpur. Mter
studying its role, the authors concluded that it did not influence the capacity of the-
bacteria and fungi to destroy cellu]ose significantly.
308
ADDENDUM 309
Salim (pakistan J. Sci. 15(5): 209-13, 1963) made a study of the' saprophile'
Chlorococcales of Lahore area. He found the richest collections in small, clear, rain-
water pools occurring in formerly polluted soil. These pools contained very con-
centrated solution of nutrients composed of dead organic matter, and colonial forms
like Scenedesmus, Kirchneriellaand Crucigeniaoccurring in them showed a tendency to
dissociate into smaller colonies or even single cells. Other waters studied were pools
receiving occasional disc~ge of polluted water, rain-water pools and ditches receiving
a certain amount of sewage water, and highly polluted and turbid pools. He has also
given brief acc9unts of 29 species, ]8 varieties and 2 forms observed in these waters.
Of these, about seven taxa appear to be recorded for the first time from the Indian
region while an eighth one is possibly a new form. The concerned algae are Characium
longipes (Rabenh.) Borzi (obvious]y a Characiopsis),Chlorococcum infusiollum,Chlorella
vulgaris, C. simplex, Micractinium pusillum, Tetraedron muticum, T. limneticum, Actinastrum
hantzschii and varieties intermedium and gracillimum, Ankistrodesmus setigerus, A. falcatus
and varieties tumidus, duPlex,and acicularis,A. convolutusand its var. minutum, A. longissima,
Kirchneriellaobesavar. major, K. lunaris and varieties dianae and irregularis,K. subsolitaria,
DictyosPhaeriumpulchellum, Pediastrum tetras, P. simPlex, P. ovatum, P. duPlex varieties
reticulatumand- gracillimum)P. clathratumvarieties duodenariumand microporum,P. -boryanum
var. long:comef. granulatumand glabra, P. sturmii, Coelastrumcambricumand var. intermedium,
C. microporum, Scenedesmusquadricauda and varieties dispar and setosus, S. armatus, S.
dim{!rphus,S. protuberans, S. longus, S. obliquus, S; denticulatus, S. arcuatus var. platydisca,
S. bijugatus and var. alternans.
Accounts of most of the foregoing species are given in the present work, often
under different names. Those taxa which are not included already wil~ be described
further below. : . "
In a bio-ecological study of Nuggikari Lake in Dharwar, Mysore State, carried
out during ]957-58, Jayangouder (Hjdrobiologia 23 (3-4): 5]5-32, 1964) recorded
122 algae of wh,ich 34 belonged to the Chlorococcales. Of these, Botryococcus braunii
~~ and Oocystis lacustris were abundant during December-February while a number of
" others like Ankistrodesmusfalcatus, Coelastrum microporum, C. proboscideum, C. sphaericum
. (wrongly given as Sorastrum sphaericum), PediastruTn. boryanum, p. duplex, P: tetras, Scenedes-
or very common on one or more dates. The lake water had a pH range of 7.0-8.9
with total alkalinity varying from 200 to 223 during the year of study. _
Chandra (Curr. Sci. 33 (7): 214:-]5.. 1964) Tcports th.e occurrence Qf a Botryococcus
with colonies 15-]40,." in. diameter, and very much resembling B. braunii, in the Miocene
lignites obtained from Alleppey, Kerala State. He also refers to earlier records of
the genus from the eocene lignite beds of Cutch (Krishnan, M. S., in Geologyof India
and Burma, ]960), Palana, Rajasthan (Rao, S. R. N. and Misra, S. S. in CurroSci. 18:
380, 1949) and the Eocene cherts of Mohgaonkalan, Madhya Pradesh (Singhai, L. C.,
in Proc. 44th Indian Sci. Congr. Pt. 3: 297, 1957).
By studying the mode of orientation of auto-coenobia within the mother coenobia
in three species of Crucigenia,viz. C. quadrata,C. tetrapediaand C. apiculata,in synchronized
cultures and comparing it with that of Tetrastrum staurogeniaiformeand Hofmania lauter-
bomei, Komarek (Plant and Cell Physiol. 5: 385-91, 1964) concluded that there are two
 ADDENDUM
313
312 CHLOROCOCCALES

43. Pediastrum duplex Meyen Differs from the typical species in the facets at the base of the stalk have undulate
margins. Cells 9-12 x6-13 p,.
val'. reticulatum Lagerheim HABITAT. In a puddle, Ahmedabad, during Novemher, 1955 (Kamat, l.c.).
r. cohaerens Bohlin DISTRIBUTION.N. America, India (Gujarat).

K. Bohlin, 1897a, p 31, p1.2, f 1; J. Bnmnthaler, 1915, p 95 Subfamily TETRAEPRONOIDEAE

=P. duplex val'. cohaerensBohlin, in G.M. Smith, 1920, p 173, pi 48, f 3--4; N.D. Kamat, 1963, P 234

Colony 1&-32-64 celled and circular to oval with medium-sized perforations. 51. Tetraedron muticwn (A. Braun) Hansgirg
~:- --- -
Cells H-shaped with ends of processes round. Cell membrane covered with serially
arranged granules. Cells 12-22 p, broad, 13-24 p, long. 'I f. punctulatum (Reinsch) De Toni
HABITAT. In a puddle, Khan, Kolhapur, during 1v1ay 1954 (Kamat, l.c.).
G.B. De Toni, 1889, p 600; G.W. Prescott, 1951, P 268, p160, f 18
DISTRIBUTION.N. and S. America, India (Mahal'ashtra).
Kamat gives the diameter of the cells as 16-20(':'30p,). Though Bohlin gave the alga - Differs from the typical species in the cell wall being finely punctate, margins
only the status of a form of val'. reticulatum, Smith upgraded it as a variety of
P. duplex. However, apart from the markings on the cell membrane the alga is like also slightly convex. Cells 15-21 f'in diameter.
val'. reticulatum. HABITAT. In a puddle, Khan, Kolhapur, during May 1954 (Kamat, 1963, p 238).
DISTRIBUTIQN.-Europe, N._ America, In~ia. (Maharashtra).
192. Pectiastrwn sculptatum G. M. Smith
.
194. Tetraedron tetragonwn (Naeg.) Hansgirg-
G.M. Smith, 1916b, p 475, 1-';25, f 13; 1920,p 169, pl46, f 1; G.W.Prescott, 1951, p 226, p 149,.f5
A. Hansgirg, 1889, p 18
Cplony oval to circular, of 8-16-32 cells and with or ~vithout narrow perfo)'a-: =Polyedrium/etragonumNaegeli, 1849, p 84, pi 4B, f 2 -
=P. trigonumval'. tetragonum(Naeg.) Rabenh., 1868, P 62
tions. Internal cells with 4-6 sides. Marginal cells bilobed, with the lobes produced = Tetraedrontrigonumval'. tetragonum(Naeg.) Rabenh., in J. Brimntha1er, 1915, P 149
- - -"
into two short div-ergent or parallel-processes. Cell wall covered with a network of.
fine ridges. Cells 10-15 p, in diameter, colony 8~180 p,. . Cells four-imgled with one or more spines from each angle; 1~30 p, in diameter.
. HABITAT. In Chandola Lake, Ahmedabad, during November 1955 (Kamat,' The ~cal species is not known from the Indian region.
1962, p. 262).
DISTRIBUTION.
N. America, India (Gujarat). f. gracile (Reinsch)

193. Sorastruni americanum (Bohlin) Schmidl«} = Tetraedron trigonum val'. tetragonum.f. gracile Reinsch, J. Bnmnthaler, 1915, p 149; N.D. Kamat,
1962, p 264; As:T. trigonum val'. te/ragomun (Naeg.) Rabenh., in Kamat, 1963, p 238
W. Schmidle, 190Od, p 230; G.M! S~th; 1920, P 163, pl44, f 1
=Selerwsphaerium americanum Bohlin, 1897a, p 40 p12, f 38--41
Odl:i much smaller, 6-7 (-10) P, in diameter.
.Colony 'spherical and of 1!):...32-64-128'(usually 16 or 32) heart-shaped or sub- HABITAT. Chandola Lake, Al1medabad (Kamat, 1962,.1.c.); in puddles, Khan,
pyramidate cells with the outer free walls emarginate and provided with a 10ng,.stouJ,-
Kolhapur, -during October 1953 and March 1954 (Kamat, 1963, l.c.).
outwardly directed spine from each of the four angles; Icells with a. cylindrical gelatinous~ DISTRIBUTION.
Europe, India (Gujarat, Maharashtra). -
stalk which is as long as the ceIl and with 5-6 facets at the base 'which are in contact with'
the facets of other converging stalks so as to form a central hollow sphere. Cells
Tetraedron limneticum Borge, with cells having a diameter of 40-45 p" described
7-20 p, broad, 5-20 p, long (without stalk) and 4-8 p, thick; spines of adult cells
by Salim (1963, p 2.10) can be referred to T. limneticumval'. gracile Prescott (see p 158
10-15 p, long.
of this vork).
The alga differs from S. :>pinulosum in the longer spines and stalk and the more
prominent central sphere. .
Family OOCYST ACEAE
The typical species is not recorded from the Indian region.
Subfamily CHLORELLOIDEAE
val'. undulatum G. M. Smith

G.M. Smith, 1918, p 640, p113, f7; 1920, P 163, pl44, f2-3; N.D. Kamat, 1962, p 263 195. Chlorella botryoides Petersen
 I 314 CHLOROCOCCALES
ADDENDUM 315

j.B. Petersen, 1932, p 36, f 18; A.K. Mitra, 1947, p ?, f 15; 1951, pp 359-60
DISTRIBUTION. India (Gujarat).

Cells globular, 4-13 p. in diameter, with thin cell wall and granular contents. 198. Oocystis nodulosa W. et G. S. West
Chloroplast lobed and with an ovoid pyrenoid. .
W. and G.S. West, 1894, p 1.5, f 31; H. Printz, 1913, p 191, pI 6, f 74-76; G.W. Prescott, 1951,
HABITAT. In cultures of soils from Ramanathpur and Siwait near Allahabad, p 245, pi 54, f6-7 .
V.P. (Mitra, i.c.).
DISTRIBUTION.Denmark, India (V.P.). Cells solitary or two within the old mother cell wall, ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid
According to Petersen (1935), this is a eu-terrestrial species. with rounded ends having a nodular thickening. Cells 14-18 p. broad, 22-30 p. long.
HABITAT:- In 'Chandola Lake, Ahmedabad, during April 1956 (Kamat, 1962,
196. Chlorella ellipsoidea Gerneck p 264).
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, India (Gujarat).
R. Gerneck, 1907, p 250, pili, f45-51;j. Bnmnthaler, 1915, p 113, f74 -
- 199. Oocystis kolhapurensis Kamat
Cells ellipsoid, but not asymmetrical, with firm membrane and a parietal.
N.D. Kamat, 1963, p 236, pI 8, f 36
chloroplast having. a deliCate outline but nev'ertheless thick and plump and often lobed,
~ith a pyrenoid and a peripheral nucleus; with oil drops, but starch not observed.
Cells solitary to 2-4 in a 'colony; cells ellipsoidal, 8-12 p. in diameter, 25-30 p.
by the breaking of the parent cell membrane. - .
Cells 7.5 P.'broad and 15 p. long. .Reproduction by 4-32 autospores which are libera.!ed
'- long; chloroplast Solitary, plate-like.
HABITAT. In a pud<;lle, Kolhapur, during October 1953 (Kamat, l.c.).
HABITAT. Common on exposed cotton fabrics at Kanpur, V.P. (Maheshwari
.and Gupta, 1962). DISTRIBQTION.India (Maharashtra).
DISTRIBUTION.Cosmopolitan.
-200. Oocystis Dlaharastrensis Kamat
I -.-197. Chlorella sbnplex (Artari) Migula N.D..Kamat, 1963, p 236, pWJ, f41

W. Migula, 1907; j. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 113 Cells ellipsoidal with pointed ends, 2-4 in the irregularly swollen old ~other
simplex Artari, 1892
= PletJrococcus
cell wall; chloroplast solitary, parietal with a pyrenoid; cells 5-7. p. in diameter,
19-28 p. long.
Cells solitary or in small colonies of 2-4, round or somewhat polygonal due to
HABITAT. In a puddle, Kolhapur, during October 1953 (Kamat, l.c.).
mutual pressure. Cell wall thick. Pyrenoid distinct and in the form Of a small bent
DISTRIBUTION.India (Maharashtra).
.plate. Cells 4-6'5 p. in diameter.
HABITAT. In water and along margIns of small polluted pools, Lahore (Salim,
1963, p 210). _ 201. Sco~ella tuberculata Bourrelly
DISTRIBUTION.Switzerland, W. Pakistan. P. Bourrelly, 1951, pp 673-74, f 6-8

Subfamily OOCYSTOIDEAE The alga with about 9 ridges, slightly yellow contents; and measuring i6-30 X
43-45 P. was found in small numbers in two collections made by S. Radhakrishnan
93. Oocystis borgei Snow from somewhat acidic fish ponds at Joyasagar, Assam, during March, and passed on
to the author for identification. Full description of the alga will be given elsewhere.
var. indica Kamat This is a new record of the genus for the Indian region.
,.
N.D. Kamat, 1962, p 263, pI 2, f 8 Family SELENASTRACEAE

Cells 2-4, within the old mother cell wall, broad ellipsoid with rounded ends; 202. Keratococcus bicaudatus (A. Braun) Petersen
chloroplast solitary, parietal with a pyrenoid; cells 18-23 p. in diameter, 30-40 p. long.
j.B. Petersen,1928,pp 429-30
HABITAT. In a puddle, Vatva, Ahmedabad, during October 1955 (Kamat, l.c.).
 317
.\VVEN[)t:~t
316 CHLOROCOCCALES

=Dactylococcus bicaudatus A. Braun ex L. Rabenhorst, 1868, p 47; R. Chodat, 1913, p 136, f 123-26' Cells elongate, straight 01' slightly sigmoid and arranged end to end serially ill
A.K. Mitra, 1947, p ?, f 17 '
colonies of two or more cells.
HABITAT. In polluted rainwater pools, Lahore (Salim, 1963, P 210).
Cells sublunate with acuminate. apices; chloroplast parietal, band-shaped and
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, "V. Pakistan.
with a pyrenoid. Reproduction by division into 2-16 cells, the wall of the parent
cell gelatinizing before liberation of daughter individuals. Cells 3-5 p, broad and
203. Ankistrodesmus tractus (W. et G. S. West) Brunnthaler
15-33 p, long, older cells up to 10 p, broad and with thicker walls and pale orange
contents.
J. Brunnthaler, 1915,p 189;
HABITAT. In cultures of soils from rice fields near Allahabad, D.P. (Mitra, .l.c.). =Rap~idiumfractllmW. et G. S. West,1898a
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, India (D.P.).
Always single celled and somewhat curved with pointed strongly incurved ends.
val'. curta (A.K. Mitra) comb. novo Reproduction (?) by the division of the cell contents into four. Cells 2.6-3.4 P, broad,
19-36.5 p, long.
=Dacrylococcus bicaudatus A. Braun v~r. curta A.K. Mitra, 1947, P ?, f 18; 1951, P 360 HABITAT. In a puddle, Khan, Kolhapur, September 1953 (Kamat, 1963, P 235).
DISTRIBUTION.West Indies, India (Maharashtra).
Differs from the typical species in its usually shorter and broader cells which
are mostly less curved and lack sharply pointed tips. Cells 4.5-5 p, broad and 124. Closteriopsis longissima
j
(Lemm.) Lemm.
usually 10-20 p, long, rarely up to 27 p, long; older cells may be up to 8p broad and -
are often spindle shaped with a slightly thickened wall and ultimately acquiring Gon- var~ lahorensis (Salim) comb. novo
tents which are granular and pale orange in colour. Production of:.not more than
four daughter cells observed. . =Ankistrodesmus longissima (Kuetz.) G.S. West, in K.M. Salim, 1963, P 211
HABITAT. In cultlU'es of rice field soils from Siwait near Allahabad (Mitra, i.e.).
DISTRIBUTION.India (D.P.). - Differing from the typical species in its much smaller size and the .cell being
considerably arcuate, almost lunate, wi\:.!.1drawn up ends, and possessing only 3-6
121. Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs pyrenoids. Cells 2 .8 P, broad, 40 ft long.
HABITAT. In small polluted clear pools, Lahore (Salim, l.c.).
, val'. tumidus (W. et G. S. West) G. S. West DISTRIBUTION.W. Pakistan.
Though Salim states that the alga is smaller than A. longissima and arcuate,
G.S. West, 1904, p 224, f 94D; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 188, f 286; N.D. Kamat, 1962, p 264; almost lunate, and with only 3-6 pyrenoids, he refers it to the typical species. How-
K.M. Salim, 1963, P 210 .
= Raphidium polymorPhllm var. tumidum W. et G.S. West ever, it does not agree either with the type or with any of the _known varieties and
forms, including
- val'. tropicum f. minorHuber-Pestalozzi (1929,
' P 425, f 17) which is
Cells solitary_ or in small aggregates, straight or ,slightly curved, swollen in the 4 ft broad, 124.p, long and with four pyrenoids. The nearest approach to any known
middle, and with acute to acuminate ends. Cells- 4.5-6,5 p, broad, 61-73 p, long. Ankistrodesmusappears. to be two' curious forms' of A.falcatus which G. S. West (1909)
Chloroplast single, parietal, and with 91' without pyrenoids. '_ has described.from Australia in which the cells 'are either strongly lunate or straight._
HABIT~T. In drying -puddle ~nd' pool, Barejadi .and Vatva, - Ahmedabad, in the, middle but attenuated and incurved at the apices, with 3-4' pyrenoids, and
Octo.ber 1955 (Ka.mat, l.c.); stagnant water pools, Lahore (Salim, l.c.). minimum dimensions of breadth 7 ft, length 94 ft and distance between apices 68 ft.
. DISTRIBUTION.ElU'ope, N. America, China, India, Pakistan. The alga is, therefore, treated here as a new variety of Closteriopsislongissima.
According to G. S. West (1904; also see West and Fritsch: 1927, f 40D) there
125. Actinastrum hantzschii Lagerheim
t
are 1-2 pyrenoids in each cell. Smith (1920, p 135) stated that it mayor may not
have a pyrenoid. The alga observed by Salim had almost truncate apices and
val'. intermedium Teilin:g
vacuoles on both sides of the central region, and it was smaller measuring only
. 4.5 X45 p,.
J. Brunl1thaler, 1915, P 169, f 240; K.M. Salim, 1963, P 210
var. duplex (Kuetz.) G. S. West
Differs from the typical species in the cells being broadly spindle shaped and
G.S. West, 19M, p 224; incl. var. serians Zacharias seeJ. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 188, f 287 with sharply tapering hyaline ends. Cells 4,5 ft broad, 14-16.5 ft long.
 ADDENDUM 319
318 CHLOROCOCCALES

HABITAT. In small polluted pools, Lahore (Salim, i.e.). and frequently not pointing in the same direction. Cells 4-6 p, broad, 6-13 p long.
DISTRIBUTION. Sweden and W. Pakistan. HABITAT. In large rain-water pools, Lahore (Salim, i.e.).
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, W. Pakistan.
204. Actinastrum gracillimum G. M. Smith
132. Kircl1neriella obesa (W. West) Schmidle
G.M. Smith, 1916b, p 480, pi 26, f 23; 1920, p 164, p 43 f 3-~; As A. hantzchii var. gracillimum
G.M. Smith, in K.M. Salim, 1963,p 210 '
var. major sensu G. M. Smith
Colonies of 4 or 8 cells radiating from 'a common centre. .Cells elongate- G.M._Smith, 1918,p 636, plIO, f7; 1920,p 142, pi 35, f4-excl. Kirchneriellamajor-Bernard, 1908,
p 179 .
cylindrical, tapering slightly to abruptly truncate ends, 'and 7-10 times as long,as broad.
Chloroplast single, parietal and laminate~ and with or without a pyr~noid. Cells Differs from the typical species in the inner and outer margins of cells being
1.7-3 p, broad, 14-21 p, long; colonies 30-45 p, in diameter. nearly parallel, with slightly tapering apices which are broadly rounded and not close
HABITAT. Freshwater pools, Lahore (Salim, i.e.). together. Cells 3-5 p broad, 8-21 p long.
DISTRIBUTION.N. America, W. Pakistan. HABITAT. In small stagnant water pools, Lahore (Salim, 1963, p 211).
The species differs from A. hantzschii in the very slight dilation in the median DISTRIBUTION.N. AmeFica, Europe, W. Pakistan.
portion of the cell and the proportionately greater length (Smith, i.e.). The Lahore Smith (1918, i.e.) combined K. major Bernard in this variety. However, in the
alga was mostly 4-celled. author's opinion (see p 291 of this work), Bernard~s alga appears to be a Tetrallantos
lagerheimii. Since the cells in the American alga (also, see Prescott, 1951, -p 259,
205. Actinastrum indicum Kamat
pI. 57, f 12) are shaped like a U or horse-shoe and net lunate, and the enas are more
N.D. Kamat, 1962, p 266, pi 2, f9 broadly rounded with the cells aggregated typically as in Kirchneriellait appears that the
American and Javan~se algae are different. The alga as considered here is after Jhe
Coenobia of 4 to 8 ~ells radiating from a common centre; cells ovoid, _tapering exclusionof the Javanesealga. -
to a rOIJ.nded end, one-to two times as long as broad, 5-8!.t broad, 6-10 p long;
,chloroplast single, parietal, and with or without a' pyrenoid. - Family- SCENEDESMACEAE
HABITAT. In a puddle, Ahmedabad, during October 1955 (Kamat, !.t.).
DISTRIBUTION.India (Gujarat). 161. Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lagerheim) Chodat

var. minor G. M. Smith

131. Kirchneriella lunaris (Kirchner) Moebius

var. diaiiae Bohlin G.M. Smith, 1916,p 438,pi 29,f70-74; N.D.Kamat, 1962,pp 264-65

Cel.l~ smaller-than in the 'typical species,3.4-6'5 p broad, 18-28 p, long.

K. Bohlih, 1897a, p 20, pi 1; f28-30;J. Brunnthaler, UH5, p 180, f265; a.M. Smith, 1920, p 141,
HABITAT. In ,a puddle, Bareja, Ahmedabad, during ,December, i 955
_pi 34, f 5; K. Biswas, 1928-29, pp 412-1;1, pI 1~!-f 13- _ _' _ .
(Kamat, l.c.).
Cells more strongly curved and-with more sharply pointed apices than in the DISTRIBU'I,'ION., -N. Amei'ica, India (G!lj~rat):
typical species. The apices are also frequently slightly twisted. Cells 3-5 p, broad,
(6-) 10-21 p long. ' 176. Scenedesmus denticulatus Lagerheim
HABITAT. In stagnant waters along Chota Ravi, Lahore (Salim, 1963, p 211).
DISTRIBUTION.Paraguay, Brazil, Malaya, W. Pakistan and Japan. var. polydenticulatus Hortobagyi
The Lahore alga is slightly narrower (2 '8-3 P, broad).
T. Hortobagyi, 1960b, P 351, f 111-112
=S. denticulatus var. kolhapurensis Kamat, 1963, pp 239-40, pI 8, f 38-39
206. Kirchneriella irregularis (G. M. Smith) Korsliikoy
Colony of 4 to 8naviculoid cells arranged in a single linear or subalternating
a.A. Korshikov,1953,p 319,f291 , ~. ' series. All cells with seviGal (3-4) teeth from their poles. Cells 2.5-4 p broad, 8,5-14 p
= Kirchneriella lunaris var. i"egularis G.M. Smith, 1920, p 142, pi 35, f I; K.M. Salim, 1963, p 211
long.
HABITAT. In pond,-Kolhapur, during August 1953 (Kamat, i.e.).
The alga differs from K. lunaris in the apices of the cells being distinctly twisted
r 320 CULOROCOCCALI>S AOlJI::NlJL;~1 321

DISTRIBUTION. Hungary, India (lVIaharashtra). Internal cells, when present, are oblong with similar teeth at right angles to the longi-
There is no doubt that Kamat's and Hortobagyi's varieties are identical. tudinal axis. of the colony. So, S. spicatus has to be considered as a distinct species
and excluded from the variety recorded by G. M. Smith.
180. Scenedesmus longus Meyen
var. indica Kamat
var. brevispina G. M. Smith
N. D. Kamal, 1963, p 238, pi 8 £ 37
G.M. Smith, 1916, p 471, pi 31, £ 151-55
Colo.ny 4 to 8-celled with the cells arranged in a single linear series. Apices of
Differing from the typical species in the cells being longer and narrower, spines all cells with a single tooth. External cells with a series of 8-10 short teeth from
also shorter. Cells 3-5 f.t broad, 9-11 f.t long; spines 2 f.t long. their outer sides. Cells 5-6 f.t broad, -12-14 f.t long.
HABITAT. In a puddle, 'Ahmedabad, November 1955 (Kamat, 1962, p 265); HABITAT. In a pond, Kolhapur, October 1953 (Kamat, l.c.).
In puddle, Khan, Kolhapur, and in laboratory cultures from a streamlet water; DISTRIBUTION..India (Maharashtra).
Takala, August-September 1953 (Kamat, 1963, p 242).
208. Kamat
Scenedesmus lDaharastrensis
207. ? Scenedesmus margalefii Kamat
N.D. Kamat, 1963, p 242, pi 9, £45
N.D. Kamal, f963, p 242, pi 9, £44-
- Colony offour ellipsoid to oblong cells arranged in a single linear series with the
Colony of-.4 to 8 fusiform to fusiform-ellipsoid cells arranged in a single linear sides of adjacent cells in contact except near the poles. Poles of all cells with 4-10'
series with the sides of adjacent cells in contact along about half or slightly more of their short teeth; poles of terminal cells with an additional c;.,gle long recurved spine from
length. Inner cells with two short -spines from their .poles, outer cells with a single their'outer angles. gells 4-8 f.t broad, 30-37 f.t long.
such spine and a long recurved spine from each Pole. Cells 6-7 f.t broad, 1;>-18.5 f.t HABITAT. tn a pond, Kolhapur, during May 1954 (Kamat, l'0)'
long. - - _ ~ DISTRIBUTION.India (Maharashtra).
HABITAT. In a puddle, KolhaI>ur, during October 1953 (Kamat, l.c.).
DISTRIBUTION.India (Maharashtra). 187. ScenedeslDusquadricauda (Turp.) Brebisson
In the author's opinion, there is every possibility of the alga being the same as
Scetledesmusthomassonii; Further study from more material would seem to' be indicated: var. kolhapurensis (Kamat) comb. novo

1'84. Scenedesmus -abundans (Kirchner) Chodat =S. kolhapurensis Kamat, 1963, p 240, pi 9, f 13
.
var. spic~tus sensuG. M. Smith ~iffers from the typical species in the presence of a short spine from the poles of
interior_ cells. Cells 6-8 f.t broad, 22-25 f.t long.
-G.M. Smith, 1916, e 468, pi 27, £ 51, pi 31, £ 141-46-excl. S.. spicatus W. et G.S. West, 1898, p 335 HABITAT. In a puddle', Kolhapul', during January 1954 (Kamal; i.c.).
DISTRIBUTION.India (Maharashtra).
Colony 2 to 4-celled. with the cells ellipsoid; outer cells of 4-ceUed colonies and The presence of short spin'es from the poles of interior cells is not infrequent in'
cdls of 2-celled colonies with 5-7 short spines from their outer faces; poles of inner cells varieties of S. quadricaudalike var. longispina (Chodat) G. M. Smith (=S. longispina .
of 4-ceUed -colonies with 1-2 spines 2-3 f.t long. Cells 3 .5-4 f.t broad, 7-10 f.t long. Chodat) and var. inlermedius (Chodat) comb. novo (= S. intermedius Chodat)-see
HABITAT. In a pool, Rankala side, Kolhapur, October 1953 (Kamat, 1963, Chodat, 1926, f 143 for S. longispina. So, th~ creation of a new species on this basis
p 239). '
seems ~ntenable. Kamat (l.c.) refers to the polar spine of inner cells as tooth, but
DISTRIBUTION.N. America, India (Maharashtra). his figure shows only a delicate spine which is not broad at the base. The small size
The variety recorded by Kamat has smaller cells measuring I. 8-2' 3 f.t broad, of the spine and the shape of the cells, which is more-orless oblong, point to as.quadri-
7 '5-8.5 f.t long. cauda rather than a S. lOI/gus. The species is, therefore, reduced here to a variety of
S. spicatw' originally described by W. and G. S. West is 2-cdled. Korshikov S. quadricauda.
(1953, P 384, f 382) has recorded 4-8-celled colonies. The end cells of both and the Scenedesmusfalca/us Chodat var. major Kamat (Kamat, 1963, p 240, pI 9, f 42)
cells of 2-celled colonies are almost semi-circular and provided with 6-9 lateral teeth. with the cells measuring 4-8 X30-37 P appears to be only an 8-celled S. dimorphus
 ADDENDUM
323
322 CHLOROCOCCALES

(Turp.) Kuetz. in which the cells may be up to 8 " broad and 35 p. long (see G. M.
Smith, 1916, p 435, pi 32, f 188-89). Even if Chodat's S. falcatus is recognized,
Kamat's variety will have to be referred to S. falcatus var. maximus Uherkovich ex
Hortobagyi, I960c, p 174, pi 23, f 265, which measures 7.6-9.0x28-39'2 /l. So,
the variety is suppressed in this account. The Scenedesmusdescribed by Salim (1963,
pp 212-13) as S. protuberansFritsch and with cells 4.5-5 /l broad, outer cells 14-15 p.
long and inner cells 12/l could probably be a young colony of forma minor Ley.
The following additional taxa of the .CWorococcales have been recorded from
America and Europe:
Siddiqui, 1.1. and M.A. Faridi (Biologia, Lahore 10 e (2): 53-88, 1964-referred
in Biological Abstracts only) have reported 27 genera and 113 spp. and varieties of
Chlorococeales, none of them new, from ba~ic soils in Peshwar Valley receiving an
average rainfall of about 50 em. They have also given a key to the genera and
species. Since the original work has not been seen by the author, further details are
I not included here. .
.,
j

Family CHLOROCOCCACEAE

Brt1l:le(l(;occus
aerius Bischoff et Bold. Univ. Texas Publ. No. 6318, 1963
B. eohaerensBischoff et Bold. ibid.
B. giganteus Bischoff et Bold. ibid.
B. gralldis Bischoff et Bold. ibid.
B. mcdionuctealus Bischoff et Bold. ibid.
B. pseutlominor Bischoff et Bold. ibid.
Chtorococcumdiplobiontieoitieum Chantanachat et Bold. Univ. Texas MI. 6'218; 1962
C. ellipsoideum Deason et Boler. ibid. No. 6022, 1960
C. intermedium Deason et Bold. ibid.
C. polymorPhum Bischoff et Bold, 1963, I.e.
C. seabetlum Deason et Bold, 1960, l.e.
N."""toris oleoabundansChant. et Bold, 1962, I.e.
N. pseutloalveolaris Deason et Bold, 1960, I.e.
N. pseutlosligmatiea Bischoff et Bold, 1963, I.e.
Planklosphaeria maxima Bischoff et Bold, 1963, I.e.
P. lexensis Bischoff et Bold, 1963, I.e.
Spollgiochlorisgigantea Bischoff et Bold, 1963, I.e.
S. incrassata Chant. et Bold, 1962; I.e.
S. lamellata Deason et Bold, 1960, I.e.
S. llanoensis Bischoff et Bold, 1963, I.e.
S. minor Chant. et Bold, I.e.
Spongiococcum exunlricum Deason et Bold, 1960, I.e.
S. mullinucleatum Deason et Bold, }960, I.e.

Family CHARACIACEAE

Korshikovullamyslacina(Hortob. et Nemeth) comb. novo -

=Lambertia myslt1l:ina HortoMgyi et Nemeth in Acta bol. Aead. Sci. hung. 9(3-4): 308, 1963

Family OOCYST ACEAE

Chodatella crassiseta HortoMgyi in Bioi. K6zl,'13(1): 55,1965

C. maxima Hortoba~i, ibid. p. 55
C. pilosa Hortobagyl. ibid. p 54
Oocystis cingulatus HortoMgyi et Nemeth, 1963, I.e., p 308

Family SCENEDESMACEAE
.
'Scenedesmus multieauda Masyuk in Ukr. bol. Z.,19(5): 73-83, 1962
S. oitocauda Masyuk. ibid.
S. pseutlogranulatus Masyuk. ibid.
S. pseudohyslrjx Masyuk. ibid.
S. reclus Hortobagyi et Nemeth. Hidrol. K6zl., 2 Sz., p 86, 1965

These species have also been included in Table IV on page 71 of.the main text.