CaliforniaStandards Chemistry GradesNineThroughTwelveScience Standardsthatallstudentsareexpectedtoachieveinthecourseoftheirstudiesare unmarked.Standardsthatallstudentsshouldhavetheopportunitytolearnaremarkedwithan asterisk(*). AtomicandMolecularStructure 1.Theperiodictabledisplaystheelementsinincreasingatomicnumberandshows howperiodicityofthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesoftheelementsrelates toatomicstructure. DoYOU knowhowtorelatethepositionofanelementintheperiodictable toitsatomicnumberandatomicmass. knowhowtousetheperiodictabletoidentifymetals,semimetals, nonmetals,andhalogens.

knowhowtousetheperiodictabletoidentifyalkalimetals,alkaline earthmetalsandtransitionmetals,trendsinionizationenergy, electronegativity,andtherelativesizesofionsandatoms. knowhowtousetheperiodictabletodeterminethenumberofelectrons availableforbonding. knowthenucleusoftheatomismuchsmallerthantheatomyetcontains mostofitsmass. *knowhowtousetheperiodictabletoidentifythelanthanide,actinide, andtransactinideelementsandknowthatthetransuraniumelementswere synthesizedandidentifiedinlaboratoryexperimentsthroughtheuseof nuclearaccelerators. *knowhowtorelatethepositionofanelementintheperiodictabletoits quantumelectronconfigurationandtoitsreactivitywithotherelements inthetable. *knowtheexperimentalbasisforThomson'sdiscoveryoftheelectron, Rutherford'snuclearatom,Millikan'soildropexperiment,andEinstein's explanationofthephotoelectriceffect. *knowtheexperimentalbasisforthedevelopmentofthequantumtheory ofatomicstructureandthehistoricalimportanceoftheBohrmodelof theatom. *knowthatspectrallinesaretheresultoftransitionsofelectrons betweenenergylevelsandthattheselinescorrespondtophotonswitha frequencyrelatedtotheenergyspacingbetweenlevelsbyusingPlanck's relationship(E=hv). ChemicalBonds 2.Biological,chemical,andphysicalpropertiesofmatterresultfromtheability

ofatomstoformbondsfromelectrostaticforcesbetweenelectronsand protonsandbetweenatomsandmolecules. DoYOU knowatomscombinetoformmoleculesbysharingelectronstoform covalentormetallicbondsorbyexchangingelectronstoformionic bonds. knowchemicalbondsbetweenatomsinmoleculessuchasH2,CH4,NH3, H2CCH2,N2,Cl2,andmanylargebiologicalmoleculesarecovalent. knowsaltcrystals,suchasNaCl,arerepeatingpatternsofpositiveand negativeionsheldtogetherbyelectrostaticattraction. knowtheatomsandmoleculesinliquidsmoveinarandompatternrelative tooneanotherbecausetheintermolecularforcesaretooweaktohold theatomsormoleculesinasolidform. knowhowtodrawLewisdotstructures. *knowhowtopredicttheshapeofsimplemoleculesandtheirpolarity fromLewisdotstructures. *knowhowelectronegativityandionizationenergyrelatetobond formation. *knowhowtoidentifysolidsandliquidsheldtogetherbyvanderWaals forcesorhydrogenbondingandrelatetheseforcestovolatilityand boiling/meltingpointtemperatures. ConservationofMatterandStoichiometry 3.Theconservationofatomsinchemicalreactionsleadstotheprincipleof conservationofmatterandtheabilitytocalculatethemassofproductsand reactants. DoYOU knowhowtodescribechemicalreactionsbywritingbalancedequations. knowthequantityonemoleissetbydefiningonemoleofcarbon12 atomstohaveamassofexactly12grams. knowonemoleequals6.02x1023particles(atomsormolecules). knowhowtodeterminethemolarmassofamoleculefromitschemical formulaandatableofatomicmassesandhowtoconvertthemassofa molecularsubstancetomoles,numberofparticles,orvolumeofgasat standardtemperatureandpressure. knowhowtocalculatethemassesofreactantsandproductsina chemicalreactionfromthemassofoneofthereactantsorproductsand therelevantatomicmasses. *knowhowtocalculatepercentyieldinachemicalreaction. *knowhowtoidentifyreactionsthatinvolveoxidationandreductionand howtobalanceoxidationreductionreactions. GasesandTheirProperties 4.Thekineticmoleculartheorydescribesthemotionofatomsandmoleculesand

explainsthepropertiesofgases. DoYOU knowtherandommotionofmoleculesandtheircollisionswithasurface createtheobservablepressureonthatsurface. knowtherandommotionofmoleculesexplainsthediffusionofgases. knowhowtoapplythegaslawstorelationsbetweenthepressure, temperature,andvolumeofanyamountofanidealgasoranymixtureof idealgases. knowthevaluesandmeaningsofstandardtemperatureandpressure (STP). knowhowtoconvertbetweentheCelsiusandKelvintemperaturescales. knowthereisnotemperaturelowerthan0Kelvin. *knowthekinetictheoryofgasesrelatestheabsolutetemperatureofa gastotheaveragekineticenergyofitsmoleculesoratoms. *knowhowtosolveproblemsbyusingtheidealgaslawintheformPV= nRT. *knowhowtoapplyDalton'slawofpartialpressurestodescribethe compositionofgasesandGraham'slawtopredictdiffusionofgases. AcidsandBases 5.Acids,bases,andsaltsarethreeclassesofcompoundsthatformionsinwater solutions. DoYOU knowtheobservablepropertiesofacids,bases,andsaltsolutions. knowacidsarehydrogeniondonatingandbasesarehydrogenion acceptingsubstances. knowstrongacidsandbasesfullydissociateandweakacidsandbases partiallydissociate. knowhowtousethepHscaletocharacterizeacidandbasesolutions. *knowtheArrhenius,BrnstedLowry,andLewisacidbasedefinitions. *knowhowtocalculatepHfromthehydrogenionconcentration. *knowbuffersstabilizepHinacidbasereactions. Solutions 6.Solutionsarehomogeneousmixturesoftwoormoresubstances. DoYOU knowthedefinitionsofsoluteandsolvent. knowhowtodescribethedissolvingprocessatthemolecularlevelby usingtheconceptofrandommolecularmotion. knowtemperature,pressure,andsurfaceareaaffectthedissolving process. knowhowtocalculatetheconcentrationofasoluteintermsofgrams perliter,molarity,partspermillion,andpercentcomposition. *knowtherelationshipbetweenthemolalityofasoluteinasolutionand

thesolution'sdepressedfreezingpointorelevatedboilingpoint. *knowhowmoleculesinasolutionareseparatedorpurifiedbythe methodsofchromatographyanddistillation. ChemicalThermodynamics 7.Energyisexchangedortransformedinallchemicalreactionsandphysical changesofmatter.Asabasisforunderstandingthisconcept: DoYOU knowhowtodescribetemperatureandheatflowintermsofthe motionofmolecules(oratoms). knowchemicalprocessescaneitherrelease(exothermic)or absorb(endothermic)thermalenergy. knowenergyisreleasedwhenamaterialcondensesorfreezes andisabsorbedwhenamaterialevaporatesormelts. knowhowtosolveproblemsinvolvingheatflowand temperaturechanges,usingknownvaluesofspecificheatandlatentheat ofphasechange. knowhowtoapplyHess'slawtocalculateenthalpychangein areaction. knowhowtousetheGibbsfreeenergyequationtodetermine whetherareactionwouldbespontaneous. ReactionRates 8.Chemicalreactionratesdependonfactorsthatinfluencethefrequencyof collisionofreactantmolecules. DoYOU knowtherateofreactionisthedecreaseinconcentrationofreactants ortheincreaseinconcentrationofproductswithtime. knowhowreactionratesdependonsuchfactorsasconcentration, temperature,andpressure. knowtheroleacatalystplaysinincreasingthereactionrate. *knowthedefinitionandroleofactivationenergyinachemicalreaction. ChemicalEquilibrium 9.Chemicalequilibriumisadynamicprocessatthemolecularlevel. DoYOU knowhowtouseLeChatelier'sprincipletopredicttheeffectofchanges inconcentration,temperature,andpressure. knowequilibriumisestablishedwhenforwardandreversereactionrates areequal. *knowhowtowriteandcalculateanequilibriumconstantexpressionfor areaction. OrganicChemistryandBiochemistry 10.Thebondingcharacteristicsofcarbonallowtheformationofmanydifferent organicmoleculesofvariedsizes,shapes,andchemicalpropertiesandprovide

thebiochemicalbasisoflife. DoYOU knowlargemolecules(polymers),suchasproteins,nucleicacids,and starch,areformedbyrepetitivecombinationsofsimplesubunits. knowthebondingcharacteristicsofcarbonthatresultintheformation ofalargevarietyofstructuresrangingfromsimplehydrocarbonsto complexpolymersandbiologicalmolecules. knowaminoacidsarethebuildingblocksofproteins. *knowthesystemfornamingthetensimplestlinearhydrocarbonsand isomersthatcontainsinglebonds,simplehydrocarbonswithdoubleand triplebonds,andsimplemoleculesthatcontainabenzenering. *knowhowtoidentifythefunctionalgroupsthatformthebasisof alcohols,ketones,ethers,amines,esters,aldehydes,andorganicacids. *knowtheRgroupstructureofaminoacidsandknowhowtheycombine toformthepolypeptidebackbonestructureofproteins. NuclearProcesses 11.Nuclearprocessesarethoseinwhichanatomicnucleuschanges,including radioactivedecayofnaturallyoccurringandhumanmadeisotopes,nuclear fission,andnuclearfusion. DoYOU knowprotonsandneutronsinthenucleusareheldtogetherbynuclear forcesthatovercometheelectromagneticrepulsionbetweenthe protons. knowtheenergyreleasepergramofmaterialismuchlargerinnuclear fusionorfissionreactionsthaninchemicalreactions.Thechangeinmass (calculatedbyE=mc2 )issmallbutsignificantinnuclearreactions. knowsomenaturallyoccurringisotopesofelementsareradioactive,as areisotopesformedinnuclearreactions. knowthethreemostcommonformsofradioactivedecay(alpha,beta,and gamma)andknowhowthenucleuschangesineachtypeofdecay. knowalpha,beta,andgammaradiationproducedifferentamountsandkinds ofdamageinmatterandhavedifferentpenetrations. *knowhowtocalculatetheamountofaradioactivesubstanceremaining afteranintegralnumberofhalfliveshavepassed. *knowprotonsandneutronshavesubstructuresandconsistofparticles calledquarks.