PHYSICS NOTES

THE LIST OF DEFINITION

CHAPTER ONE ( INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS )

ITEM MEANING/DEFINITION
Physics quantities A quantity that can be measured.
Kuantiti yang boleh diukur
Base quantities Physical quantities that cannot be difined in term of other
physical quantities.
Kuantiti fizik yang tidak dapat ditakrifkan
Derived quantities Physical quantities derived by combining base quantities.
This can be done by multiplication or division or both.
Kuantiti fizik yang dihasilkan daripada gabungan kuantiti asas
secara pendaraban atau pembahagian atau keduanya.
Precision /Consistency The ability to measured values remain constant throughout.
Kebolehan alat itu mengukur sesuatu kuantiti fizik dengan
memberi nilai secara konsisten.
Accuracy The ability of an apparatus to give readings nearest to the
actual value.
Kebolehan alat untuk mengukur kuantiti fizik yang hampir
dengan nilai sebenar.
Sensitivity Ability to detect small changes in measuring physical
quantities.
Kebolehan alat mengesan perubahan kecil pada kuantiti yang
diukur.
Errors Incorrectly reading and measurement.
Ketidakpastian dalam suatu bacaan dan pengukuran.
Systematic errors Cumulative errors that can be corrected, if errors are know
like incorrect position of the zero point and incorrect
calibration of the measuring instrument.
Ketidakpastian alatan ketika yang tidak menunjukkan bacaan
kosong ketika bacaan skala diambil dalam membuat
pengukuran.
Random errors Arise from unknown and unpredictable variations in
condition, and will produce a difference error every time
you repeat the experiment. They may vary from
observation to observation.
Kesilapan yang dilakukan oleh mata pemerhati semasa
mengambil bacaan
Parallax error Is an error in reading an instrument because the observer’s
eye and the pointer are not in a line perpendicular to the
plane of the scale.
Kesilapan pengukuran semasa mengambil bacaan skala dan
kedudukan yang kurang sesuai.
Zero error The measuring instrument does not start from exactly zero.

CHAPTER TWO ( FORCE AND MOTION )

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 ITEM MEANING/DEFINITION
Linear motion Motion in a straight line.
Gerakan mengikut satu garis lurus.
Scalar quantities A quantities which has only magnitude.
Kuantiti yang mempunyai magnitud shj.
Vector quantities A quantities which has both magnitude and direction.
Kuantiti yang mempunyai magnitud dan arah.
Velocity The rate of change of displacement.
Kadar perubahan sesaran.
Speed The rate of change of distance.
Kadar perubahan jarak.
Acceleration The rate of change of velocity.
Kadar perubahan halaju..
Distant The total length of the path traveled.
Jumlah panjang lintasan yang dilalui.
Displacement The distance travelled in a specific direction.
Jarak yang dilalui mengikut arah tertentu.
Inertia The tendency of an object to resist change to its state of motion.
Sifat semulajadi sesuatu objek yang menentang perubahan
kepada keadaan asalnya samada pegun atau bergerak.
First Newton’s Law An object at rest tends to stay at rest and a moving object tends
to continue its uniform motion with the same speed and in the
same direction unless being acted upon by an external force.
( menerangkan situasi inersia )
Second Newton’ s law The net force on an object is proportional to the rate of change
in momentum.
( menerangkan situasi kadar perubahan momentum terhadap
daya ( F=ma ) – daya impuls.
Third Newton’s law
( menerangkan situasi keseimbangan daya )
Menyatakan bahawa bagi setiap tindakan terdapat satu
tindakbalas yang mempunyai magnitude yang sama dan
bertindak pada arah yang bertentangan.
Momentum The product of its mass and velocity.
Hasil darab jisim dengan halaju.
The principle of conservation of The total momentum of a system is constant, if no external
momentum force acts on the system.
Jumlah momentum sebelum perlanggaran = Jumlah momentum
selepas perlanggaran.
Force The resistant of change to its state of motion or moves in the
object..

Tindakan yang boleh mengubah keadaan rehat atau gerakan

suatu jasad.
Impulsive Change in momentum.
Perubahan momentum.
impulsive force The rate of change of momentum.
Kadar perubahan momentum..
Weight The force of gravity which is exerted on it by earth.
Daya tindakan gravity ke atas suatu jasad.
Mass The amount of matter in the object.
Jumlah kuantiti jirim bagi suatu jasad.
Free fall An object falling under the force of gravity only without any
external forces.

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 Sebarang objek yang jatuh disebabkan oleh daya gravity
( berlaku dalam vakum ) tanpa sebarang daya luar.
Work The product of force and the displacement.
Hasil darab daya dengan sesaran.
Energy The capacity to do work.
Keupayaan melakukan kerja.
Gravitational field The region in which an object experiences a foece due to
gravitational attraction.
Potential energy The energy stored in the object because of its position or its
state.
Tenaga yang dipunyai oleh suatu jasad disebabkan oleh
kedudukannya.
Elastic potential energy The energy possessed by an object due to its compressed or
rarefaction.
Tenaga yang dipunyai oleh jasad yang diregangkan atau
dimampatkan.
Kinetic energy The energy possessed by an object due to its motion
Tenaga yang dipunyai oleh suatu jasad disebabkan oleh
gerakannya.
The principle of conservation of energy State that the energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be
transformed from one form to another, but the total energy in a
system is constant.
Menyatakan bahawa tenaga tidak boleh dicipta atau
dimusnahkan tetapi boleh berubah bentuk ke benntuk yg lain.
Power The rate at which work is done or energy is transformed.
Kadar melakukan kerja @ tenaga.

CHAPTER THREE (FORCE AND PRESSURE)

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 IITEM MEANING/DEFINITION
Elasticity The property of an object that enables it to return to its original
Kekenyalan shape and dimensions ( sizes ) after an applied external force is
removed.
Keupayaan bahan untuk kembali ke bentuk asalnya apabila
tindakan daya regangan atau daya mampatan dialihkan.
Hooke’s law State that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to
Hukum Hooke the stretching force acting on it provided the elastic limit of the
spring is not exceeded.
Menyatakan bahawa pemanjangan spring adalah berkadar terus
dengan daya regangan yang dikenakan dengan syarat had
kekenyalan tidak dilampaui.
Pressure The force acting perpendicularly on unit area of a surface.
Tekanan Daya yang bertindak secara normal pada seunit luas.
Archimedes’ principle State that an object, whether completely or partially immersed
Prinsip Archimedes in a fluid is acted on by a buoyant force which is equal to the
weight of the displaced fluid.
Menyatakan bahawa jasad yang direndam atau separa rendam
dalam bendalir akan ditindakkan oleh satu daya julangan ke
atas yang sama nilai dengan berat bendalir yang tersesar oleh
jasad itu.
Bernoulli’s principle State that the in a steady flow of a fluid the pressure of the fluid
Prinsip Bernoulli decreases when the velocity of the fluid increases.
Menyatakan bahawa kawasan bendalir yang bergerak dengan
halaju tinggi akan menghasilkan tekanan yang lebih rendah.
Pascal principle State that in an enclosed fluid an externally applied pressure is
Prinsip Pascal transmitted uniformly in all directions.
Menyatakan bahawa tekanan yang dikenakan pada satu titik
cecair akan dipindahkan ke seluruh cecair.

CHAPTER FOUR ( HEAT)

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 ITEM MEANING/DEFINITION

Temperature The hotter measured on the object.

Suhu Ukuran kepanasan sesuatu jasad.
Heat The one form energy was transfer by hot object to cold object.
Haba Satu bentuk tenaga yang dipindahkan oleh jasad yang panas ke
jasad yang lebih sejuk.
Thermal equilibrium Produce when the net rate of heat transfer is zero.
Keseimbangan terma Is reached when the temperature of both object touched is
same.
Specific heat capacity The quantity of heat energy required to increase the
Muatan haba tentu temperatureof 1 kg of the substance by 1˚C or 1 K.
Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan suhu seunit
jisim bahan itu sebanyak 1 °C atau 1 K.
Specific latent heat The quantity of heat energy required to change 1kg of the
Haba pendam tentu substance from physical form to another.
The amount of heat energy required to change the phase of 1kg
of the substance at a constant temperature.
Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menggubah
1 kg bahan dari satu sifat fizikal ke bentuk yang lain.
Specific latent heat of fusion The quantity of heat energy required to change 1kg of the
Haba pendam tentu pelakuran substance from a solid to a liquid without a change in
temperature.
Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menggubah
1 kg bahan pepejal ke cecair pada takat lebur tanpa kenaikan
suhu.
Specific latent heat of vaporisation The quantity of heat energy required to change 1kg of the
Haba pendam tentu pengewapan substance from a liqiud to a gaseous without a change in
temperature.
Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menggubah
1 kg bahan cecair ke gas tanpa kenaikan suhu.
A process matter changes from liquid to gaseous at random
Penyejatan temperature lowest from that the boiling point.
Proses perubahan keadaan jirim daripada cecair menjadi wap
pada sebarang suhu ygg lebih rendah daripada takat didih
cecair itu.
Boiling A process the liquid become vapour into bubble form gaseous
Pendidihan to all boiling point of liquid.
Proses cecair menjadi wap dalam bentuk gelembung-
gelembung gas di keseluruhan cecair itu pada takat didih cecair
itu.
Boyle’s law States that the pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely
Hukum Boyle proportional to its volume provided the temperature of the gas
is kept constant.
Menyatakan bahawa tekanan berkadar songsang dengan isipadu
bila suhu dan jisim tetap.
Charles’ Law States that the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly
Hukum Charles proportional to its absolute temperature provided the pressure
of the gas is kept constant.

Menyatakan bahawa isipadu berkadar terus dengan suhu

mutlaknya bila tekanan dan jisim tetap.
Pressure law States that the pressure of a fixed mass of gas is directly

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Hukum Tekanan proportional to its absolute temperature ( in kelvin ) provided
the volume of the gas is kept constant.
Menyatakan bahawa tekanan berkadar terus dengan suhu
mutlaknya bila ispadu dan jisim tetap.

CHAPTER FIVE ( LIGHT)

ITEM MEANING/DEFINITION

Reflected of light waves Occur when a light wave propagate into the plane reflector and
Pantulan cahaya it is reflection.
Berlaku apabila sinar cahaya merambat menuju ke suatu
permukaan berkilat.dan ia di pantulkan.
Reflected of light waves It can be seen that :
law Angle of incident = angle of reflection
Hukum pantulan cahaya The normal line, incident ray, reflection ray on the same plane.
Berlaku apabila:
Sudut tuju = sudut pantulan
Garis normal,sinar tuju dan sinar pantulan berada pada satah
yang sama.
Refraction of light waves Is phenomenon where the direction of light is changed when it
Pembiasan cahaya crosses the boundary between two materials of different optical
densities.
Pembengkokan cahaya berlaku apabila cahaya merambat
melalui dua medium yang berlainan ketumpatan.

Refraction of light waves Sin i /sin r

law
Hukum pembiasan Nisbah sinus sudut tuju kepada sinus sudut pembiasan.
( Hukum Snell )