PROBLEM 12.

12
KNOWN: Hemispherical and spherical arrangements for radiant heat treatment of a thin-film material. Heater emits diffusely with intensity Ie,h = 169,000 W/ m2sr and has an area 0.0052 m2. FIND: (a) Expressions for the irradiation on the film as a function of the zenith angle, , and (b) Identify arrangement which provides the more uniform irradiation, and hence better quality control for the treatment process. SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Heater emits diffusely, (2) All radiation leaving the heater is absorbed by the thin film. ANALYSIS: (a) The irradiation on any differential area, dAs, due to emission from the heater, Ah , follows from its definition, Section 12.2.3,

q G = h s dAs
Where qhs is the radiant heat rate leaving Ah and intercepted by dAs. From Eq. 12.7,

(1)

q h s = Ie,h dA h cos h s h

(2)

where s-h is the solid angle dAs subtends with respect to any point on Ah. From the definition, Eq. 12.2,

dA n r2

(3)

where dAn is normal to the viewing direction and r is the separation distance. For the hemisphere: Referring to the schematic above, the solid angle is

s h =

dAs R2

and the irradiation distribution on the hemispheric surface as a function of h is G = Ie,h A h cos h R 2 For the sphere: From the schematic, the solid angle is

(1)

<

s,h =

dAs cos s
2 Ro

dAs 4R 2 cos h
Continued...

where Ro, from the geometry of sphere cord and radii with s = h, is

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PROBLEM 12.12 (Cont.)

R o = 2R cos h
and the irradiation distribution on the spherical surface as a function of h is G = Ie,h d A h 4R 2

(2)

<

(b) The spherical shape provides more uniform irradiation as can be seen by comparing Eqs. (1) and (2). In fact, for the spherical shape, the irradiation on the thin film is uniform and therefore provides for better quality control for the treatment process. Substituting numerical values, the irradiations are:

G hem = 169, 000 W m2 sr 0.0052m2 cos h ( 2m ) = 219.7 cos h W m2

2

(3) (4)

Gsph = 169, 000 W m2 sr 0.0052 m 2 4 ( 2m ) = 54.9 W m 2

COMMENTS: (1) The radiant heat rate leaving the diffuse heater surface by emission is

q tot = Ie,h A h = 2761W

The average irradiation on the spherical surface, Asph = 4R2,

G sph = q tot Asph = 2761W 4 ( 2m ) = 54.9 W m 2

2 while the average irradiation on the hemispherical surface, Ahem = 2R2 is

G hem = 2761W 2 ( 2m ) = 109.9 W m2

2
(2) Note from the foregoing analyses for the sphere that the result for Gsph is identical to that found as Eq. (4). That follows since the irradiation is uniform. (3) Note that G hem > Gsph since the surface area of the hemisphere is half that of the sphere. Recognize that for the hemisphere thin film arrangement, the distribution of the irradiation is quite variable with a maximum at = 0 (top) and half the maximum value at = 30.

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.