MORPHOLOGHY

BACK FORMATION AND CLIPPING

 Back-formation is the formation of a new word by removal of a morph that is or resembles an affix. (Hanl, 2012) Then, the base is used as root that will eventually become a word through widespread use. These are the example of words that has gone through the process of back formation. Biography: a noun with the affix y Biography - y = biograph (the affix is removed)

 Evaluation: a noun with the affix tion Evaluation- tion = evaluate In this example, the word evaluation contains the affix tion. Through the back-formation process, the affix is removed, leaving only the root which is evaluate.

 Clipping is making a word by omitting syllables in an existing word. (Lobeck, 2013) . There are a few types of clipping process which are back clipping, fore- clipping, middle clipping, and complex clipping. Back clipping: the beginning is retained. The unclipped original could be either a simple or a composite. Examples: advertisement ( ad), doctor(doc), professor( prof), examination(exam) Fore- clipping : it retains the final portion. Examples: alligator(gator), telephone( phone) and university(varsity). Middle clipping: the middle of the word is retained. Example: influenza(flu), pyjamas(jams) and apollinaries( polly).

 Complex clipping: One component of the original compound most usually remains intact. Example: cable telegram (cablegram), optical art (op art) and navigation certificate ( navicert). Through taking either the front, middle or the last part of certain words, a new word is created and widely used in English language speakers.