Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mathematic
s
How to Solve
a Problem
3. ∫ 6 x + 4 dx = ∫ 3 x + 4 x + c
2
5. →
= 1
3
PQ PQ
3
Kesilapan Biasa Calon …
• f ' (x) wrongly interpreted as f – 1(x) and
/ or conversely
• x2 = 4 ⇒ ⇒
x = 2
•
• x >4
2 ⇒ x > ±2
⇒
•
Common errors…
PA : PB = 2 : 3
then 2PA = 3 PB
Actually, …
PA : PB = 2 : 3
PA 2
=
PB 3
3 PA = 2 PB
More mistakes ……
3 ( ) + ( ) = 2 ( ) + ( )
2 2 2 2
3 [( ) + ( ) ] = 2 [( ) + ( ) ]
2 2 2 2
32 PA2 = 22 PB2
9 PA2 = 4 PB2
Common mistakes …
loga x + loga y = 0,
then xy = 0
It should be… xy = a0 = 1
Common mistakes …
2 x 2 = 1
x y
2 x 2 = 2
x y 0
x + y = 1 2x + y = 2 0
x + y = 0
Common mistakes …
loga x + loga y = 0,
then loga xy = 0
So, xy = 0
It should be… xy = a0 = 1
Common mistakes …
sin (x + 300) = ½ ,
then sin x + sin 300 = ½
…………………gone !
Do NOT use
Sin(A+B) = sin A cos B + cos A
sin B !
Correct way… …
sin (x + 30 ) = ½ ,
0
So, x = 0 , 120 0 0
?
If 00 is an answer, then 3600 is also an
answer !
sin (x + 30 ) = ½ ,
0
1 1
1 2 4
x
Image
O 1 2
Objec
t
(1, 1) , (2, 4). …. form ordered pairs and can be
plotted to obtain a curve.
SPM 2003 Paper 1, Question 1
P = { 1, 2, 3}
Q = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Answer
(a) 2 , 4 1
(a) 1 1
SPM 2003 Paper 1, Question 2
g : x → 5x + 1 h : x → x2 − 2x + 3
Answer 2
(a) or 0.4 2
5
B1 : ( x −1) or g(x) = 3
5
25x2 + 2 2
B1 : (5x+1)2 – 2(5x+1) + 3
SPM 2003 Paper 1, Question 3 (SPM 2005,Q5)
Solve the quadratic equation 2x(x – 4) = (1- x)(x+2).
Write your answer correct to four significant figures.
(3 marks)
Answer
2.591, - 0.2573 (both + 4 s.f.) 3
B1 : 3x2 – 7x – 2 = 0
SPM 2003 Paper 1, Question 4
The quadratic equation x (x+1) = px – 4 has
two distinct roots. Find the range of values of p.
(3 marks)
Answer
p < -3, p > 5 (kedua-duanya) 3
B2 : (p + 3) (p – 5) > 0
log 4 0.6021
x or B3
2 log 4 log 7 0.3591
SPM 2007 (???)
Solve the equation 42x – 1 = 8x (3 marks)
Answer
22(2x – 1) = 23x
2(2x – 1) = 3x
4x – 1 = 3x
x = 1
4x – 2 = 3x No !!!
x = 2
SPM 2003 Paper 1, Question 7
The first three terms of an A.P. are k-3, k+3, 2k+2.
Find (a) the value of k,
(b) the sum of the first 9 terms of the progression.
(3 marks)
Answer
(a) 7 2
(k + 3) – (k – 3) = (2k + 2) – (k + 3) B1
6 = k–1
(b) 252 1
SPM 2003 Paper 2, Question 1
Solve the simultaneous equation 4x + y = - 8
and x2 + x – y = 2 (5 marks)
Answer
Make x or y the subject P1
8 y
x or y 8 4x
4
Eliminating x or y
2 K1
8 y 8 y
y 2 or x 2 x (8 4 x) 2
4 4
y = 0 , 4 or x = -2, -3 N1
SPM 2003 Paper 2, Question 2
Equating q ( q* = r2 + 2k) K1
(k – 1)2 = r2 N1
r= k–1 N1
(b) Equating (his) - (x – p) = 0 K1
Eliminating r or k by
K1
2
− 8 − y dy b
+ = 0 atau x = −
4 dx 2a any valid method
k=0,4 N1
r = -1, 3 N1
F4
1. Functions
Method 1 Method 2
Let f (x) = y
Let f (x) = y
-1
Then 3 – 2x = y
Then x = f (y)
3 – y = 2x
x = 3 – 2y 3− y
x=
3− x 2
3− y
y= f ( y) =
−1
2 2
3− x 3− x
f ( x) =
−1
f −1 ( x ) =
2 2
T4
F4BAB 1
a= 8
T4
F4BAB 1
Then u = 2 – x or x=2-u
g(u) = 2(2-u) – 2
= 2-2u
g(x) = 2-2x
fg(x) = f(2-2x)
= 2 - (2-2x)
= 2x
T4
F4BAB 1
3
Range : 1≤ y ≤6
2
3 x
0 4
2
F4
2. Quadratic equations:
SPM 2004, K1, Q4
Form the quadratic equation which
has the roots – 3 and ½ .
x = – 3 , x = ½
(x+3) (2x – 1) = 0
2x2 + 5x – 3 = 0
F4
2. Quadratic Equations
ax2 + bx + c = 0
b c
x − − x + = 0
2
a a
x2 – ( S.O.R) x + (P.O.R.) = 0
b c
S.O.R − a P.O.R. a
= =
F4
y = x2 + 2 ……. ???
F4
x (x – 4) ≤ 12
x2 – 4x – 12 ≤ 0
(x + 2)(x – 6) ≤ 0
x
-2 6
–2≤ x ≤ 6
F4
Back to
Solve BASIC
x2 > 4 x> ±2
x2 – 4 > 0 ???
(x + 2)(x – 2) > 0 R.H.S
must be O !
–2 2
x < -2 or x > 2
F4
4. Simultaneous Equations
2a
*** P = Q = R
F4
5. INDICES
Back to basic… …
Solve .. x −1 1
9 . x
= 1
27
32(x – 1) . 3 (– 3x) = 1
2x – 2 – 3x = 1
– x = 3
x= –3 Betul
ke ???
F4
5. INDICES
Solve x −1 1
9 . x
= 1
27
32(x – 1) . 3 (– 3x) = 1
32x – 2 +(– 3x) = 30
–x–2 =0
x = –2
F4
5. INDICES
Solve x −1 1
9 . x
= 1
27
or… 9x-1
= 27 x
32(x – 1) = 3 3x
32x – 2 = 33x
2x – 2 = 3x
x = –2
F4
5. INDICES
Solve
2x + 3 = 2x+2
Can U take
2x + 3 = 2x . 22 log on both
2x + 3 = 4 (2x ) sides ???
WHY?
3 = 3(2 ) x
x = 0 u + 3 = 4u
F4
5. INDICES
x2
Solve the equation 3 32 3 x
,
give your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
[ 4 marks]
9 (3x) = 32 + (3x)
8 (3x) = 32
3x = 4
lg 4
x
lg 3
x = 1.26 (Mid-Yr 07)
F4
5. INDICES
Solve
2 2x
.5 x
= 0.05 ambm = (ab)m
1
4 .5x x
=
2 0 You can
also take
20 x
=
1
log on both
2 0
sides.
x = –1
F4 5. INDICES &
LOGARITHMS
(Mid-Yr 07)
Solve the equation l o g 2 ( x 2 ) 2 2 l o g 4 ( 4 x )
[4
marks]
log 2 (4 x)
log 2 ( x 2) 2 2 .
log 2 4
log 2 ( x 2) 2 log 2 (4 x)
lo g 2 ( x 2 ) lo g 2 4 ( 4 x )
x–2 = 4 (4 – x)
x = 3.6
F4 5. INDICES &
LOGARITHMS
Back to basic… …
Solve the the equation
log3 (x – 4) + log3 (x + 4) = 2
log3(x-4)(x+4) = 2
x2 – 16 = 9
x = 5
F4
4 = 2log p 3 + logp K1
4 log 3 3 1
= 2( )+ K1
log 3 p log 4 p
2 1
= + N1
logaa =1 m n
Coordinate Geometry
Note to candidates:
Solutions to this
question by scale
drawing will not be
accepted.
Coordinate Geometry
Note to candidates:
Note to candidates:
R(x2, y2)
n
m n ●
P(x1, y1) Q(x, y) R(x2, y2) m Q(x, y)
P(x1, y1)
nx1 + m x2 ny1 + m y 2
Q(x, y) = ,
m + n m + n
6. Coordinate Geometry (Ratio Theorem)
The point P divides the line segment joining the point M(3,7) and
N(6,2) in the ratio 2 : 1. Find the coordinates of point P.
1 N(6, 2)
● 1(3) + 2(6) 1(7) + 2(2)
P(x, y) P(x, y) = ,
2
2 +1 2 +1
M(3, 7)
15 11
= ,
3 3
11
= 5,
nx1 + m x ny + m y 3
P(x, y) =
m + n
2
, 1
m + n
2
6. Coordinate Geometry
Perpendicular lines :
R
m1.m2 = –1 P
Q
S
6. Coordinate Geometry
(SPM 2006, P1, Q12)
Diagram 5 shows the straight line AB which is perpendicular to the straight
line CB at the point B.
The equation of CB is y = 2x – 1 .
Find the coordinates of B. [3 marks]
y mCB = 2
y = 2x – 1 mAB = – ½
A(0, 4)
●
Equation of AB is y= –½x+4
●B Diagram 5
At B, 2x – 1 = – ½ x + 4
O x x = 2, y = 3
●C
So, B is the point (2, 3).
6. Coordinate Geometry
Given points P(8,0) and Q(0,-6). Find the equation
of the perpendicular bisector of PQ.
y
mPQ= 3
4
4 K1
mAB= − O P x
3
Midpoint of PQ (4, -3)
= 4 Q
( y + 3) = − ( x − 4 )
3 K1
The equation 4x + 3y -7 =
: or 0 4 7 N1
y =− x +
3 3
6 Coordinate Geometry
2PA PB 1
●
P(x, y)
4PA 2
PB 2
4 ( x 2 ) 2 ( y 3 ) 2 ( x 4 ) 2 ( y 8 ) 2
A(-2,3)
Let P = (x, y) A(-2, 3)
●
5
( x 2) 2 ( y 3) 2 52
●
P(x, y)
Locus of P
x + y – 7 = 0 is the equation of
locus of P.
A(-3, 4) y
● 2
● P(x, y)
9(c) (i) C
● 1
x
O
AP = [ x (3 )]2 ( y 4 )2 ●
B(6, -2)
K1 Use distance
formula
AP = 2PB
K1
AP2 = 4 PB2
Use AP = 2PB
(x+3) + (y – 4 )
2 2
= 4 [(x – 6) + (y + 2)
2 2
x2 + y2 – 18x + 8y + 45 = 0 N1
√
(SPM 2006, P2, Q9) : ANSWERS
Given that A(-1,-2) and B(2,1) are fixed points . Point P moves such
that the ratio of AP to PB is 1 : 2. Find the equation of locus for P.
2 AP =
PB
2 ( x +1) 2 + ( y + 2) 2 = ( x − 2) 2 + ( y −1) 2 K1
Statistics
From a given set of data,
Marks (e.g. The frequency distribution
f of marks of a group of students)
6-10 12
11-15 20 Students should be able to find ….
Histogram
Number of people
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
33.5
8. CIRCULAR MEASURE
‘Radian’ ‘Degrees’
S = rθ (θ must be in
θ RADIANS)
A = ½ r2 θ
8. CIRCULAR MEASURE
Diagram shows a sector of a circle A
OABC with centre O and radius 4
∠
cm. Given that AOC = 0.8
B 0.8c O
K1
Area of shaded = 6.4 –
region 5.7388 N1
= 0.6612 cm2
F4
DIFFERENTIATION :
d u
Given that y =
3 x + 1 dy dx v
, find
4x + 5 dx
dy (4 x 5)(3) (3 x 1)(4)
dx (4 x 5) 2
11
=
(4 x + 5) 2
F4
f’ (x) = 3x2 + 2x –
4
f” (x) = 6x +
2
f” (1) = 8
F4
5
Given that g (x) x 1
2
, find the value of g
” (1) .
Ya
ke ??
F4- 9
5
Given that g (x) x 1
2
, find the value of g
” (-1) .
d
g’ (x) = 10x (x + 2
uv
1)4 dx
g’’ (x) = 10x . 4(x2 + 1) 3.2x +(x2+1)4.
10
g’’ (-1) = 10(-1) . 4[(-1)2 + 1] 3
+[(-1)2+1)4. 10
δy 2 d y
≈
δx dx
0 .0 5 K1
≈ 20
δx
δx = 0 .0 0 2 5 N1
Progressions : A.P &
F5
G.P
Most important is “ r
” !!
F5
x = 0. 96 96 96 … (1)
100x = 96. 96 96 ….. (2)
(2) – (1) 99x = 96
96 32
x= =
99 33
F5 Back to basic… …
Progressions
Given that Sn = 5n – n2 , find the sum from
the 5th to the 10th terms of the progression.
Usual Answer :
S10 – S5 = ……. ???
Correct Answer :
S10 – S4
Ans :-54
F5
Linear Law
Linear Law
Bear in mind that …......
1. Scale must be uniform
Y 2. Scale of both axes may defer :
FOLLOW given instructions !
3.5
x
3.0
x
2.5
2.5 x
1.5
x
1.0
x
0.5
INTEGRATION
(3x + 1) 5
+c
∫ ( 3x +1)
4
1. dx =
15
(2 − 3x)5
∫ ( 2 − 3x )
4 =
2. dx +c
−15
1 1
3. ∫ dx = +c
( 3x + 1) 4
− 9(3 x +1) 3
−2 2
4. ∫ dx = +c
( 3x + 1) 4
9 ( 3x + 1) 3
F5
INTEGRATION
SPM 2003, P2, Q3(a) 3 marks
dy
Given that dx = 2x + 2 and y = 6 when x = – 1,
find y in terms of x.
dy
Answer: = 2x + 2
dx
y = (2 x 2)dx
= x2 + 2x + c
x = -1, y = 6: 6 = 1 +2 + c
c = 3
Hence y = x2 + 2x + 3
F5
INTEGRATION
SPM 2004, K2, S3(a) 3 marks
The gradient function of a curve which passes through
A(1, -12) is 3x2 – 6 . Find the equation of the curve.
dy
Answer: = 3x2 – 6
dx
Gradient
y = 6)dx
2
(3 x
Function
= x3 – 6x + c
x = 1, y = – 12 : – 12 = 1 – 6 + c
c = –7
Hence y = x3 – 6 x – 7
F5
AB = OB - OA
= ( 6i + 4j ) – ( 2i + j )
A = 4i + 3j K1
l AB l = 4 2 + 32
= 5
1
Unit vector in the direction of AB = (4i + 3 j ) K1 N1
5
F5
Parallel vectors
Given that a and b are parallel vectors, with
a = (m-4)i +2 j and b= -2i + mj. Find the the value of
m.
a=kb
a= b
(m-4) i + 2 j = k (-2i + mj) K1
m- 4 = -2k 1
mk = 2 2 K1
m=2 N1
F5
5 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
sin 2 x
tan2 x – sin2 x = 2
− sin 2x K1
kos x
sin 2 x − kos 2 x sin 2 x
=
kos 2 x
sin 2 x( 1 − kos 2 x ) K1
=
kos 2 x
= tan 2 x sin 2 x N1
F5
5 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
2( 1 - 2sin2 x) + 3 sin x - 2 = 0 K1
-4 sin2 x + 3 sin x = 0
sin x ( -4 sin x + 3 ) = 0 K1
3
sin x = 0 , sin x =
4
No. of ways = 4 . 4.
3. 2 = 96
3, 6, 8,
9
F5
Vowels : E, A, I
Consonants : B, S, T, R
Arrangements : C V C V C V C
No. of ways = 4! 3 !
= 144
F5
Two unbiased dice are tossed.
Find the probability that the sum of the
two numbers obtained is more than 4.
Dice B, y
n(S) = 6 x 6 = 36
6 X X X X X X Constraint : x + y > 4
5 X X X X X X
Draw the line x + y = 4
4 X X X X X X
3 X X X X X X We need : x + y > 4
2 X X X X X X
6
P( x + y > 4) = 1 –
36
1 X X X X X X
5
Dice A, x =
1 2 3 4 5 6 6
F5
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
r = 0, 1, 2, 3, …..n p+q=1
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
= 1 – –
z z z
-1.5 0 1 0 1 0 1.5
F4
Index Numbers
H1
• Index Number = I= × 100
H0
• Composite Index =
_
I=
∑ wI
∑w
• Problems of index numbers involving
two or more basic years.
Solution of Triangles
• The Sine Rule
• The Cosine Rule
• Area of Triangles
• Problems in 3-Dimensions.
• Ambiguity cases (More than ONE
answer)
Motion in a Straight Line
Initial
displacement, velocity, acceleration...
Particle returns to starting point O...
Particle has maximum / minimum velocity..
Particle achieves maximum displacement...
Particle returns to O / changes direction...
Particle moves with constant velocity...
Motion in a Straight Line