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eri cocxali organizmia. sakuTar saxelmwifoSi yoveli eri mTliandeba da naciad yalibdeba, magram usaxelmwifoebriobis dros piriqiT _ iSleba da nawevrdeba. miT umetes, Tu qveyana saukuneTa manZilzea mtrisagan dapyrobili. aseTive bunebisaa, cxadia qarTvelobac. Cveni xalxis istoriuli mexsierebidan erTgvarad amovardnilia XV-XVIII ss da istoriis Semecneba xdeba ise, TiTqosda ayvavebuli periodidan (daviT aRmaSeneblidan da Tamaridan) _ Cven uceb aRmovCndiT XIX s-Si, magram kvleva aCvenebs, rom XVII-XVIII ss-Si ganviTarebulma procesebma Sva Cveni dRevandeli problemebi. XV s-is Semdeg, saqarTvelo daiSala, Semdeg misi yoveli nawili mterma dai pyro, daiwyo denacionalizacia qarTveli xalxisa. es procesi sakmaod Rrma iyo. erovnuli TviTSemecneba mxolod im qarTvelma marTlmadideblebma SeinarCunes, romelnic saqarTvelos eklesiis wevrebi iyvnen... XX s-is 80-iani wlebis xanmokle erovnul konsolidacias, Tan mohyva xangrZlivi aTwleulebi erovnuli dezintegraciisa, kuTxurobis aRorZinebisa... im adamianebs, romelTac iqamde TavianTi Tavi qarTvelebad hqondaT identificirebuli gauxsenes winaparTa odindeli `ucxo warmomavloba~. gansakuTrebiT ki maT ucxoelobas, osobas Tu somxobas ixsenebdnen maTi mezoblebi, mxedrionelTa razmebi, momentiT mosargeble yaCaRebi, romelTac didi asparezi gadaeSalaT XX s-is miwuruls. aseT dros, am adamianTa dacva da Sexseneba maTi mezoblebisaTvis, rom isini qarTvelebi arian, mowme varT imisa rom dadebiT Sedegebs iZleoda. vfiqrob, winamdebare naSromi xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos mosaxleobis integracia-konsolidacia-gamTlianebis saqmes. Cvenma axalgazrdebma unda icodnen, rom maTi zogierTi Tanaklaseli Tu Tanajgufeli, romelTac oss, an somexs uwodeben sinamdvileSi arian im qarTvelTa STamomavlebi, romelnic XVII-XIX ss-Si denacionalizaciis procesis msxverplni iyvnen. es codna maT albaT met tolerantobas SesZens. naSromi dabeWdili iyo sxvadasxva wlebSi, amJamad erTwignad Sekrebils, ucvleli saxiT vawodebT mkiTxvels.

mitropoliti anania jafariZe, 2010 sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti, 2010 ISBN 978-9941-14-813-2
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

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34

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thbcsfdt,bc sfdlfc[vt,c fqybiyek cfpqdfhpt& fvbnjvfw itvlujv frjyrhtnt,c ,hfyt,fc lf othc% #fhfvtl rtsbkfl gfnbdbcwtvlb vtatsf lf thsf vfufs mfhskbcfsf lf fvbthbsufy yeqfhfvwf [tkutobat,bc dyt,fsf vfslf lf cfpqdfhsf vfssf tuhbcfsf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 240`& t&b& fa[fptsib itvj[bpyek^ fhf,sfufy ltdybk mfhskbc vtatt,c vbhcf lf fhxbkc gfnbdb twb lf vfsb mdt.ybc cfpqdfhc tuhbcsfy yeqfh lffhqdtdj& mfhskbc vtat vbhc df;b fh /.fdlf^ fvbnjvfw bc^ fhf,sf vbth cfcbrdlbkjl lfzhbkb^ sfdbc cfvtajc e.jac mfkbidbkt,c ~lf vf fhxbkc`^ jqjyl thsb gbhj,bs^ cbt esejl eylf .jabkb.j fhf ew[j mdt.ybc ofhvjvflutytkb^ fhfvtl mfhskbc cfvtajc ofhxbyt,ekb^ vtat sfdbc vf fhxbkc enjdt,c fcts fylthc% #xdty itvwbht,ek dfhs^ hfvtse ity [fh ewjkj^ lf vt dfh etj^ fo hflufy vjb.dfybfy vfvfsf xdtysf wjkyb fcekyb thbcsfdsf xdtysfyb^ vbcwty vfs fcekyb xtvyb lf ufye.dty vfs mdt.fyfyb mfhskbcfyb@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ +^ ud& 241`& vtat vbhc 7 mfkbidbkb /.fdlf^ vfsufy 6 vbcwf mfhskbc thbcsfdt,c lf vfsdt vbcwf cfvtajc itcf,fvbcb mdt.yt,bw^ vtidvlt mfkbidbkbc ithsdf byt,f fa[fptsbc thbcsfdvf^ vfc fylthbc sfyf[vfl fh ittkj ithsdf vtabc mfkbidbkbcf^ hflufyfw mfhskbc cfvtajc thbcsfdb fh b.j^ fvbnjvfw byt,f sfdbcb cfthbcsfdj ittthst,byf mfhskbc cfvtajcfsdbc^ fvbs bc uflfbmwtjlf mfhskbc thbcsfdfl lf fv upbs eakt,f vbtwtvjlf itthsj vtabc mfkb& vfuhfv bc [jv ,thtysf mdt.ybc lf fhf lfvjerblt,tkb mdt.ybc ~fa[fptsbc` thbcsfdb b.j( bmfvlt^ vwbht [ybs flht^ vfc vjegjdt,bf sfdbcsfdflj,f ,thtysfufy^ bc te,yt,f mfhskbc vtatc% #[jkj ktjy hmef% #vjvwf vt rtbcfhvfy mdt.fyf tct vrdblhj,bs rtsbkfl cbv[ybsf smdtybsf& [jkj fvbthbsufy fhc tct vfvekj,bs cfvrdblht,tk 56

xtvsf rkbcehbsufy dblht vlbyfhtvlt lblfl [fpfhtsfl^ cflf lfcodlt,bc odthb rfdrfcbbcf fvbc& itvhst vtwf vjyfsf itysf sfyf^ hjvtkyb _ tct lqtc qbhc .dty idbkfl lf vfl itylf& fhf vbylf yfobkb ityufy^ fhfvtl xtvbwf tct ityfldt b.jc@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ +^ ud& 242`& t&b& ktjy thbcsfdc bvgthfnjhbcfufy #vfvekj,bs cfvrdblht,tkfl@ vbeqbf nthbnjhbf vlbyfht rkbcehblfy [fpfhtsbc vlbyfhtvlt& ufsfdbceakt,bcsfyfdt^ fa[fptsbc thbcsfdbc cehdbkbf sfdbcb mdt.fyf lferfdibhjc mfhsdtksf cfvtajc& bc [lt,f mfhsdtksf vtabc #idbkb lf vf@ _ #vjyf@ vcufdcfl c[df mfhsdtkb cbtt,bcf^ lf fvbc vbcfqotdfl vtatc ew[flt,c% #fhf vbylf yfobkb ityufy^ fhfvtl xtvbwf tct ityfldt b.jc@& t&b& sfdbc vfvek-mdt.fyfc^ fa[fptsc^ fktdc mfhsdtk vtatc^ cfvfubthjl [lt,f cbt _ bc bhsfdc vtabc mfkbidbkc uehfyle[nc& serb c[df cbtt,vf cfvtajc hfqfw yfobkt,b vbbqtc^ ktjy thbcsfdb mfhsdtksf vtabcfufy bqt,c udbhudbyc _ #lf .dtc fqsmvf lf abwb cfibytkb^ dbsfhvtl fhf b.jc vnhj,f ijhbc vfscf^ fhfvtl thxjltc ktjy fhxbkc .jdtksf lqtsf vbcsf@ ~bmdt^ ud& 243`& mfhskbc cfvtaj nf[nb uflftwf vbh vtabc vfc fhxbkc^ vfcdt vbtwf _ #cfe[ewtcj@ nthbnjhbf _ vstkb lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkj #umjyltc cfe[ewtcjl _ te,yt,f fhxbkc vjvfrdlfdb vtat vbhb _ tuhbcb^ cdfytsb^ sfrdthb^ fhudtsb lf uehbf@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ +^ ud& 241`& fhf,sfufy fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkj kbth #ufyh.dybkb@ _ lfmwtekb b.j^ fvbnjvfw vtat fhxbkb 12 okbc vfybkpt #lftvrdblhf tuhbcc^ dblht ijhfgyfvlt lf ufyfuyf .jdtkyb .jdtkyb wb[tyb lf mfkfmyb@ ~bmdt^ ud& 243`& fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc jlyfdb vjityt,bcsfyfdt fhxbkb uflfdblf bm^ iblf mfhskib fhf,t,vf fh vbcwtc lfvrdblht,bc 57

cfiefkt,f& bc itvltu uflfdblf rf[tsib^ fm lftvrdblhf^ lfj]f[lf^ vfuhfv itvltu fhf,t,vf itbg.htc lf cbrdlbkbs lfcf]tc& bcvbc rbs[df^ dby vfhsfdlf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vtat fhxbkbc rf[tsib uflfcdkbcf lf vbcb cbrdlbkbs lfc]bc itvltu( thsflthsb rfyjybthb vtvrdblht cfvtaj nf[nbcf vstk lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib b.j vbh vtabc mfkbidbkb uehfyle[nb^ lf w[flbf^ vbcb vteqkt fa[fpsf thbcsfdb ktjyb& xfyc^ bcbyb vfhsfdlyty rbltw lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc& vtat fhxbkbc vwbhtokjdfyb idbkt,b ]efyithb lf bjdfyt fv lhjc ]th rbltd rf[tsib b.dyty^ vfhsfkbf^ itvlujv bjdfyt fhxbkbc t sfdbc ltlfcsfy thsfl uflfdblf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib^ cflfw vfc rfyjybthb vtaehb eakt,t,b uffxylf^ vfuhfv^ xfyc^ fm vbcb gjpbwbf fhw se bct vnrbwt b.j^ vbcb cfvtaj j]f[bc erblehtcb lfvwbht,bcf lf fhf,sfufy ltdybc ufvj& fvfcj,fib cfthsfijhbcj dbsfht,f rbltd eahj lfbf,f^ rthjl^ ,bpfynbbc ufdktyf itvwbhlf lfcfdkts fvbthrfdrfcbfib^ ufkbthlf xhlbkjrfdrfcbehb [fpfhsf cf[tkvobaj^ hfcfw sfy thsdjlf fqvjcfdkts rfdrfcbfib fhf,sf ,fnjyj,f& ,bpfynbbc lfcecnt,fv uffkbthf fa[fptsbc cfthbcsfdj^ hjvtkcfw v[fhc [fpfhtsbw ezthlf& #[jkj hf;fvc vjekehltc ,thtyyb^ ufluf vfsufy thbcsfdb fa[fpsf^ cf[tkbs ktjy^ vbcoekb ktjy thbcsfdbcf^ hjvkbcfl vbtwf cfvrdblhjl fa[fptsb& tct vtjht ktjy fcekbc oekb b.j [fpfhsf vtabcf^ lf fkbsc vfsbsf uffluf ,thtysf^ lfbg.hf fa[fptsb lf tuhbcb dblht kb[fvlt^ cf[tk-bldf vtat fa[fpsf^ hfvtse vbwdfkt,ek b.j bjdfyt lf lf,tht,ek b.j ]efyith lf itvlujvfl fvbcf ]efyithbwf vbbwdfkf@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ +^ 251`& lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkj mfhsdtk vtatsf #cfe[ewtcj@ nthbnjhbfl vbbxytjlf^ bctdt^ hjujhw rf[tsb& t&b& bcts nth58

bnjhbfl^ hjvtkbw cfvtaj j]f[bc cfresht,fl^ gbhfl cfeakbcoekj vfvekfl bsdkt,jlf& cojhtl fvbnjv^ vbh vtatv sfdbc mfkbidbkt,c fhw rf[tscf lf fhw lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib vfvekt,b fh uflfcwf^ cbtt,c vfvekb-vpbstdb vbcwf iblf mfhskib^ lf thsflthsc _ fa[fptsib& vstkb lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc cfeakbcoekj vfvekb vbtwf vtat vbhbc vf fhxbkc ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ ud& 241`& vbcb rf[tsib uflfcdkbc itvltu fhxbk vtatv lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkj cfvfhsfdfl^ xfyc^ uflfcwf mfhsdtk vtatsf udbhudbybc vmjyt uehfyle[ncf lf ktjy +-c fa[fptsbc thbcsfdc& [jkj bvbc itvltu^ hfw fhf,t,vf afmnbehfl vjcgtc mfhsekb cfvtaj nf[nb ~afhyfdfpbfy-ujhufckbfysf`^ mfhsekvf cf[tkvobajt,hbj,fv fhct,j,f ufyfuhj lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib^ fm fhf se vjbcgj mfhsekb cf[tkvobajt,hbj,f^ fhfvtl fhct,j,bc f[fk cfat[ehpt fdblf^ vfhsfkbf^ lbyfcnbf itbwdfkf^ vfuhfv f[fkb lbyfcnbf rfyjybthb vtvrdblht b.j dtkbcf& rthjl^ ktjy ++-tc vstk lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjpt uffxylf eakt,f dbsfhwf ktjy +-bc vtvrdblhtc& f[fkvf lbyfcnbfv vbbqj nbnekb #fa[fpsf vtatt,bcf@^ vfs vstkb cfmfhsdtkjc cfvtaj nf[npt uffxylfs rfyjybthb eakt,f bvbc ufvj^ hjv uehfyle[nb #mfhsdtksf vtabc@ fcekb lf nf[nbc vtvrdblht b.j^ fvbnjvfw vbcb j]f[bc otdht,b vbbcofhajlyty rbltw sfdbfysb crbgnhbc mdti chekbfl cfmfhsdtkjc ufcfthsbfyt,kfl& sevwf^ cfmfhsdtkjc cfvtaj nf[nbc rfyjybth vtvrdblhtl vbh vtabc .dtkf cbbc j]f[c vbfxylf sfdbcb sfdb ~vfs ijhbc b.dyty nfj-rkfh]tsbc ,fuhfnbjyt,bw`& vfhsfkbf^ f[kfl itmvybkvf #fa[fptsbc cfvtajv@ vjbwdf vstkb lfcfdktsb cfmfhsdtkj^ vfuhfv utjuhfabekb vybidytkj,bs #fa[fptsb@ tojlt,jlf fv cfvtajc ths ufyfg59

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tct mesfsbcb& fvbcufydt cfujyt,tk fhc ufysfdbceakt,f fa[fpsf rfsfkbrjpbcf yt,bsfdt ,thtysf@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ +|^ ud& 796`& y& ,thtybidbkb othc% #&&&/thjcbc^ mfhskjcbc lf tuhjcbc [dtlhb mdt.yt,b _ vfs ijhbc cdfytsb^ fa[fptsb&&& .dtkf tctyb #mfhsdtkt,b@ b.dyty lf tc fhf vfhnj rjyatcbehb sdfkcfphbcbs^ fhfvtl atjlfkehb reknehbc sdfkcfphbcbs& fv it[tlekt,bs^ fvltyfldt^ fm fh itbkt,f c[dflfc[df thjdyt,fpt^ hjujhw tsyjreknehek wyt,fpt^ cfe,fhb& hjujhw atjlfkehb mdt.fyf^ fa[fptsb bctsbdt cfmfhsdtkj b.j lf fa[fpb bctsbdt mfhsdtkb b.j^ hjujhw tuhbcb lf vtuhtkb^ hjujhw /thtsb lf /thb^ hjujhw mfhskb lf mfhsktkb&&&@ ~y& ,thtybidbkb^ cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbbc cfrbs[t,b^ 1990^ ud& 668`&

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tu^ hjv #fa[fpsf@ cfvtajc [tkbceakt,fv lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbf^ hjvtkbw bthfhmbekfl lfrfdibht,ekb b.j ,bpfynbbc cfbvgthbj trktcbfcsfy^ rjycnfynbytgjkbc gfnhbfhmsfy^ xfvjfijhf rjycnfynbytgjkc lf lferfdibhf mfhskbc ~b,thbbc` cfrfsfkbrjcjc& fvhbufl^ [fyf #fa[fpsf@ cfvtajcb _ tc fhbc tgjmf mfhsekb cfpjufljt,hbdb gjkbnbrbc chekb lf cf,jkjj ufvfh]dt,bcf lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib@ ~bmdt^ ud&220`& eahj vtnbw^ lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbblfy ,thyekb tybc ufyltdybc itvlujv bm f.dfdt,fc bo.t,c mfhsekb reknehf^ mfhsekb kbnthfnehf^ #&&& fa[fptsbc cfvtaj fv lhjc ufv[lfhf ths-thsb wtynhb mfhsekb cftrktcbj vothkj,bcf^ fa[fptsbc cfvtajc [tkbceakt,bc cfufyut,j vafhdtkj,bc mdti@ ~bmdt^ ud& 221`& g&byujhj.df sfdbc itcfybiyfd s[pekt,fib #ubjhub vthxekt@ vc]tkj,c lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjib vjqdfot mfhsdtkb kbnthfnjht,bc itcf[t, ~mfhsekbc ufhlf bm c[dftyjdfyb fh bmvyt,jlf`& #&&&mfhsek tyfpt botht,jlf fv tgjmfib hjujhw cftrktcbj vothkj,bc tukt,b^ bct cfbcnjhbj vothkj,bc tukt,b@ ~budt^ ud& 222`& fa[fpsf vtatt,b sdbsdt .jabkfy itvrdtsyb lf vafhdtkyb mfhsdtkb reknehbc vjqdfott,bcf^ vj.dfhekyb mfhsekb gjtpbbcf lf vothkj,bcf ~bmdt^ ud& 222`& w[flbf^ thsflthsb vbptpb bvbcf^ hjv ew[jtksfufy ufsfdbceakt,bc itvltu fa[fptsbc cf[tkvobaj^ cftrktcbj^ reknehbcf lf flvbybcnhfwbbc tyfl mfhsekb tyf ufvjw[fllf^ b.j bc^ hjv fa[fptsbc cfvtajc vjcf[ktj,f b.j mfhsekb& fa[fptsbc cfvtaj mfhsdtksf cfvtajc ofhvjflutylf^ cojhtl fvbnjvfw eojlt,lyty lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc ew[jtkt,b #mdtvj b,thbfc@& lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc cfrfs106

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vtatsf nbnekfnehf fv tnfgpt fct ufbvfhsf% vtat fa[fpsf^ mfhsdtksf^ /thsf^ rf[sf& fvbc itvltu hbu ew[jeh o.fhjt,ib #fa[fptsb@ ybiyfdc vstk cfmfhsdtkjc^ #fa[fpb@^ cfthsjl^ mfhsdtkbc vybidytkj,bs b[vfht,jlf& fqybiyek cfrbs[pt dhwtkb kbnthfnehf fhct,j,c lf lflfcneht,ekbf^ hjv hecekb othbkj,bsb o.fhjt,bc #f,fcub@^ cjv[eh-fhf,ek-cgfhcekb o.fhjt,bc #fa[fpb@ lf c[df^ pjuflfl^ hjujhw otcb^ mfhsdtkc ybiyfdc& bvlhjbyltk mfhsek o.fhjt,ib #fa[fpb@ ybiyfdc pjuflfl mfhsdtkc^ lfcfdktk mfhsdtkc^ lf cfreshbd^ fa[fpc&@ ~v& kjhsm&^ #fhf eo.bfy se&&&@^ ufp& kbn& cfm&^ 16&11&90 o&`& itbkt,f lfbcdfc rbs[df% cftrktcbj cfvfhskbc vb[tldbs^ hfvltyfl itcfkt,tkb b.j^ mfhsdtk [fk[c /mjyjlf jhb fdnjrtafkehb trktcbf^ cfrfsfkbrjcj^ sfdbcb mdt.ybc c[dflfc[df res[tt,ib& gfce[bc ufwtvfvlt eylf bsmdfc^ hjv^ vfhsfkbf^ ,thyek lf ew[jeh o.fhjt,ib mdtvj bdthbbc^ fye fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj b[ctyt,f fdnjrtafkeh trktcbfl^ vfuhfv bc fdnjrtafkehb^ fye lfvjerblt,tkb b.j cojhtl ew[jehb trktcbt,bc vbvfhs& [jkj vw[tsbc^ fye ptvj bdthbbc cfrfsfkbrjcjcsfy vfc uffxylf eahjc-evwhjcj,bsb lfvjrblt,ekt,f^ cojhtl fvbs b.j ufvjodtekb bc^ hjv fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj vbhjyc bqt,lf vw[tsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjlfy& fctsb lfvjrblt,ekt,f ufycfresht,bs ufvjxylf itvlujv cfereytt,ib& hfw itt[t,f fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc lffhct,bc cfvfhskt,hbd cfaedkt,c^ cftrktcbj rfyjyt,bc sfyf[vfl^ .jdtkb cf[tkvobajc ibuybs itcfkt,tkbf lffhct,ekb bmytc trktcbf& cftrktcbj cfpqdht,b eylf tvs[dtjltc cf[tkvobaj flvbybcnhfwbek cfpqdht,c& fv vbptpsf ufvj fa[fptsbc cfvtajc^ hjujhw 110

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jhb nf[nb tzbhf cfmfhsdtkjc gfnbhfhmbcf lf mfhskbc rfsfkbrjcbcf^ fvbnjvfw itvlujv eojltc rbltw rfsfkbrjcgfnhbfhmb& cfmfhsdtkjc cfgfnhbfhmjc vjo.j,bc fctsb cnhemnehf taeyt,jlf mfhsekb cf[tkvobajc thsbfyj,fc^ [jkj bvbc itvltu^ hfw \| cfereybcfsdbc cf[tkvobajc thsbfyj,fc ,pfhb ittgfhf^ cftrktcbj thsbfyj,fw vjbifkf^ hfvfw fcf[df /gjdf ljrevtynib^ hjvtkcfw #vwyt,fb cfc]ekj@ tojlf& \| cfereybc itvltu fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjv vw[tsbc vbvfhs vjbgjdf ufhrdtekb flvbybcnhfwbekb lfvjerblt,kj,f vbhjybc flubkpt rehs[tdbc xfsdkbs& fqybiyekb ljrevtynbc ufy[bkdfvlt eylf bsmdfc^ hjv hjujhw |+++-\^ bct \+-\| cfereytt,ib^ lf^ fctdt 1820 okfvlt^ hectsbc vbth vbc ufemvt,fvlt^ fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj cfdct,bs mfhsektyjdfy trktcbfc ofhvjflutylf& fvfc yfskfl exdtyt,c vhfdfkb vfufkbsb^ hjvtksfufy pjubthsb firfhfl [tkitcf[t,bf& vfufkbsfl^ kb[ybc nfhbc ahtcrt,bc mfhsektyjdfyb ofhotht,b& cfreshbd fa[fptsib fhct,ekb vhfdfkb mfhsektyjdfyb cftgbcrjgjcj ~wtynht,b vobuyj,hj,f-ufyfskt,bcf`^ hjvtkybw thsbfyb cfmfhsdtkjc cf[tkvobaj hqdtdf-lfekeht,bc itvltu rfdrfcbbc vst,blfy itvjzhbkb ofhvfhst,bc ~flbqt-xthmtp-facfht,bc` vbth bmyf eo.fkjl ufyflueht,ekb& xhlbkjtkb ofhvfhst,bc sfdlfc[vt,bc lhjc vjmdbc lblt,ekb nfhblfy cfmfhsdtkjc wtynht,ib^ rthjl^ z.jylblib uflvjenfybfs ybdst,b& #vfhndbkbc nffhib lfwekbf iefnfybc n.fdbc cf[fht,f^ vhfdkbc cehfst,bs itvrekb lf evfqktcbc [tkjdyt,bs lf[fnekb& lblfl wyj,bkb fhmtjkjub rjylfrjdb uffwdbahf fv cehfst,bc evodthdfktcvfy [tkjdyt,fv^ hjvkbc vcufdcb^ vbccfdt vjovj,bs^ c[df fh bgjdt,f cfmfhsdtkjib lf bidbfs112

bf vstkc ltlfvbofpt& fqvfnt,ekbc [tkjdyt,bs fhbc ufvj.dfybkb fuhtsdt fcjvsfdhekb fcjt,b &&&.dtkf ofhothfsfufy cxfyc^ hjv cf[fht,f lfothbkb .jabkf vjmdbc nfhbcfsdbc lf^ hjujhw cxfyc^ fa[fptsib mhbcnbfyj,bc lfvwbht,bc itvltu ~\|++-\|+++ cc` tc cf[fht,f vfhndbkib vbenfybfs& vjmdbc [fnt,b rb fcdtybf [jac lf peulblc@ ~s& ;jhlfybf^ mhjybrt,b ++^ ud& 172`& mfhsekb tybs tdtlht,jlyty qvthsc fa[fpb qdsbcvcf[eht,bw cfereytsf vfybkpt& tc xfyc ofhotht,blfy vjmdbc cf[fht,bcf _ #vjmdbc qdsbcf vij,tkj itbo.fkt cekb smdty obyf vlt,bcf vjmdtk vsfdfhtgbcrjgjpbcf f,hf/fvbcf@* #.jdkfl ovblfj ltljafkj qdsbcvij,tkj lfbwtd lf itbo.fkt jhsfdt w[jdht,fcf ibufy vjmdbcf vtnhfgtpt ubjhub ltrfyjpb@* #lblt,f qvthscf chek v.jatkcf .jdkbcf rtsbkbcfcf^ lfbothf ovblf tct js[sfdb lfcf,fvbsufy otksf 1300@* lf ,jkjc #&&&xdtyyb cf[fht,fyb gbhdtkbsufy ovblfl sfhuvybkbf lf rtsbkfl [fyvtnybwf lf cf,fovbylehbwf&&&@ ~bmdt^ ud& 173`& hjujhw ptvjs vj.dfybkblfy xfyc^ vjmdbc cf[fht,bc vtgfnhjytyb^ vjmdbc qdsbcvcf[ehyb #xdty cf[fht,fc@ eojlt,ty& dtkmfhsekb [fyvtnb lf cf,fovblehb htlfmwbt,b wyj,bkbf |+++ cfereybc itvltu& vjmdtkb qdsbcvcf[ehyb sfdbfys sfdc fresdyt,lyty mfhsdtk [fk[c lf fvbnjvfw othlyty% #xdtyyb cf[fht,fyb gbhdtksfufy ovblfl sfhuvybkbf@^ t&b& +|-|+ cfereytt,ibw [fyvtnj,bcfc lf itvltufwj& fvfdt vjmdbc cf[fht,bc ofhotht,blfy xfyc^ hjv 1300 okfvlt vjmdtkb vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcb .jabkf f,hf/fvb^ vbc itvltu vjmdtkb vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcbf lfybtkb^ itvlujv tgjmfib \|+ cfereybcfsdbc vjmdtkb vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcbf abkbgt x[tnbt ~eahj flht^ 1438 okbcfsdbc vjmdtkb vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcb 113

.jabkf hjvfyjpb^ \|+ cfereytib vsfdfhtgbcrjgjcb uhbujk vfuybc t^ tmdsbvt cf.dfhtkbt^ hjvtkbw itvltu 1605 okblfy fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcb ufv[lfhf^ itvltu fylhbf cf.dfhtkbt^ \|++ c-ib _ bfrj,b ~b[& bmdt^ ud& 174`& fmtlfy xfyc^ hjv vjmdbc qdsbcvcf[eht,c fhfdbsfhb rfdibhb fhf fmds facfhek-flbqeh cfv.fhjcsfy^ bcbyb v[jkjl lf v[jkjl mfhsek tsyjcc ufytresdyt,bfy& fa[fptsbc tsybrehb itvflutykj,bc ufycfpqdhbcfsdbc fkpt vybidytkjdfybf bc afmnb^ hjv fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjpb tmdsbvt cf.dfhtkbt ,bzdbysbc cf[tkjdfy nffhc ~1600 okbcfsdbc` c[df ovblf obuyt,sfy thsfl cobhfdc #mfhskbc w[jdht,fc@& rthjl^ vfc ,bzdbysbcfsdbc iteobhfdc itvltub obuyt,b% #thsb jmhjc rjylfrb vtkybs lf[fnekb^ thsb c[dfb tnhfnbcfb rjylfrb&&& thsb ;fvyb^ thsb lfdbsyb^ thsb rehs[tdfb&&& thsb mfhskbc w[jdht,fb lf[fnekb@ ~mfhsekb cfvfhskbc tukt,b^ +++^ ud& 387`& #mfhskbc w[jdht,f@ _ ovblf obuyt,bc udthlbs^ ovblf obuyt,bc hfyuibf f.dfybkb fa[fpsf rfsfkbrjct,bc vbth& fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc fsfcokjdfyb bcnjhbbc vfybkpt xdtysdbc wyj,bkb .dtkf rfsfkbrjcb mfhsdtkb b.j lf fhw itbkt,jlf #mdtvj bdthbbc@ trktcbbc vtsfehb mfhsdtkb hjv fh .jabkb.j& fvbc thsflthsb vbptpb bc b.j^ hjv fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjc vhtdkb _ thjdyt,bs^ udfhbidbkj,bs ofhvjflutylyty^ lf cojhtl fct othc thsb fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcb sfdbc cfvo.cjc itcf[t,& rfsfkbrjcb uhbujk kjhsmbafybt fa[fptsbc trktcbbc cfvo.cjc mfhsdtkt,c eojlt,c lf othc^ hjv mfhsdtksf itvot lf vafhdtkvf qdsbcvij,tkvf mfhsdtkb vhtdkbcfsdbc ufvjfupfdyf fa[fptsib ~t&b& mdtvj bdthbfib` fylhbf vjwbmekbj ~b[& mdtvjs`& 114

fa[fptsbc fstekj,bs rfsfkbrjpsfufy vjqotekbf pjubthsbc udfhb% vfkfmbf f,fibt ~1529-1632`^ tdltvjp x[tnbt ~1557-1578`^ tmdsbvt + cf.dfhtkbt ~1578-1605`^ 1600 okbcfsdbc fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbf tdltvjy cf.dfhtkbt ~mfhsekb cfvfhskbc tukt,b^ +++^ ud& 386`^ \|++ c& 20-bfy okt,ib fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbf vfkfmbf uehbtkb ~1616-1639` ~bmdt^ ud& 482`* vfmcbvt vfzenft ~1639-1657`* \|++ c& 50-bfy okt,ib fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbf pfmfhbf mdfhbfyb ~1657-1660`^ cdbvjy x[tnbt ~1660-1666`^ tdltvjp ++ cf.dfhtkbt ~1666-1669`^ tmdsbvt ++ cf.dfhtkbt ~1669-1673`^ lfdbs ytvcft ~16731696`^ uhbujk kjhsmbafybt ~1696-1742`^ uthvfyt oekerbt _ ,tcfhbjy thbcsfdb ~1755-1769` ~hfzbc inj thbcsfdt,bcf` ~bmdt^ ud& 880`* 70-bfy okt,ib _ fa[fptsbc rfsfkbrjcbf bjct, ,fuhfnbjyb ~vtabc t` ~bmdt^ ud&885`^ vfmcbvt fsf,fub ~1776-1795`& bvbc itvltu^ hfw mfhskbcf lf rf[tsbc cfvtajt,b bmwf cgfhctsbc dfcfkeh mdt.yt,fl \|++ cfereytib^ lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc gjkbnbrehb thstekt,b ~bvthtsbc cfvtaj cfvsfdhjt,b` itlfht,bs sfdbceakt,bs cfhut,kj,lyty^ fvbc ufvj fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcj^ hjvtkbw vjbwfdlf vstk lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc^ mfhskbc itlfht,bs eahj ufkbthlf& fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjv sfdbc sfdpt fbqj mfhsdtkj,bc^ mfhsekb mhbcnbfyj,bc^ fye vfhskvflblt,kehb cfhoveyjt,bc pheydbc ndbhsb& tc bc lhjf^ hjwf cgfhctkt,b lf jcvfkt,b s,bkbcbc cbjybc vtxtsfl uflfrtst,fc wlbkj,lyty^ [jkj mfhskbc ths rfsfkbrjcc cnfv,jkib fgfnbvht,lyty^ [jkj vtjhtc cgfhctkt,b s,bkbcbc wb[tib /rkfdlyty& bv elbltcb vbcbbc ufvj^ hjvtkbw sfdbc sfdpt fbqj fa[fptsbc cfrfsfkbrjcjv^ \|++ cfereybc bthecfkbvtkb 115

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kbnthfnehf 1` i& kjvcft^ udbfyb ief cfereytt,bc cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbblfy^ 1979^ ud& 27* 2` j& udbkfdf^ bcgf/fyb^ ibhfpb^ mfifyb^ 1980^ ud& 103* 3` i& kjvcft^ udbfyb&&&^ ud& 39* 4` i& kjvcft^ udbfyb&&&^ ud&38* 5` bmdt^ ud& 40* 6` bmdt^ ud& 38* 7` bmdt^ ud& 40* 8` v& sfvfhfidbkb^ bcnjhbf rfsjkbrj,bc^ mfhsdtksf ijhbc^ 1902^ ud& 127* 9` i& kjvcft^ cfvw[t-]fdf[tsb^ 1975^ ud& 302* 10` bmdt^ ud& 32* 11` bmdt^ ud& 302-303* 12` u& vfbcehft^ mfhsdtk lf cjvt[ [fk[t,bc ehsbthsj,f^ 1982^ ud& 315* 13` v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl cjv[bc vothkt,c^ 1904^ ud& 67* 14` bmdt^ ud& 78* 15` td& ybrjkft^ cfmfhsdtkjc trktcbbc bcnjhbf^ 1918^ ud& 145* 16` bmdt^ ud& 146* 16f` bmdt^ ud& 146* 17` c& fdfkbfyb^ fynjy gbhdtkb^ 1987^ ud& 21* 18` #vpfvtn.dtkt,f@ mvybkb fynjy + cfmfhsdtkjc rfsfkbrj,bcfufy^ 1882^ ud& 5* 19` td& ybrjkft^ lfcf[& yfih& ud& 147-148* 20` bmdt^ ud& 147* 21` u& vfbcehft^ lfcf[& yfih& ud& 226-227* 22` bmdt^ ud& 267-268* 23` bmdt^ ud& 269* 24` bmdt^ ud& 264* 25` v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl&&&^ ud& 75* 26` 'dtkb mfhsekb kbnthfnehbc 'tukt,b^ 1978^ ud& 287* 27` vpfvtn.dtkt,f^ ud& 596-597* 28` bmdt^ ud& 112* 29` u& vfbcehft^ lfcf[& yfih& ud& 265* 30` v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl&&& ud& 78* 31` u& vfbcehft^ ud& 166* 32` bmdt^ ud& 149* 33` bmdt^ ud& 166* 34` bmdt^ ud& 167* 35` u& ;jh;jkbfyb^ cfmfhsdtkj \|++ c& 30-50-bfy okt,ib^ 1987^ ud& 62* 36` bmdt^ ud& 63* 37` bmdt^ ud& 71* 38` bmdt^ ud& 71-72* 39` bmdt^ ud& 72* 40` u& vfbcehft^ ud& 172* 41` bmdt^ ud& 175* 42` bmdt^ ud& 175* 43` v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl&&& ud& 238* 44` u& vfbcehft^ ud& 176* 45` bmdt^ ud& 304* 46` v& sfvfhfidbkb^ gfce[fl&&& ud& 238* 47` bmdt^ ud& 205* 48` p& zbzbyft^ mfhsdtkb uhbujhbfyt,b^ 1906^ ud& 68* 49` u& vfbcehft^ ud& 305* 50` uh& hj,fmbt^ udtkbc gthfyub^ 1988^ 246

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kc vtc[tsib vtvrdblhtj,bs /mjylfs fqt,ekb udfht,c &&& fct hjv^ cfvw[t-]fdf[tsbc vjcf[ktj,bc evsfdhtc yfobkc itvjthst,bc lhjc .dtkfathb _ tyf^ otc-xdtekt,f^ flfsb^ vstkb cfibyfj-j]f[ehb w[jdht,f ovbylf mfhsekb / mjylf^ ufhlf htkbubbcf^ [jkj htkbubf^ hjujhw dbwbs^ fhfdbc thjdyekb resdybkt,f fhff^ _ othc i& kjvcft ~lfcf[& yfih&^ ud& 311`& hecsf vvfhsdtkj,bc lhjc vf/vflbfy mfhsdtksf knjkdf mhbcnbfyj,bcfrty hfvltyflvt itytklf^ [jkj ufcf,zjt,bc itvltu vsfdhj,fv vfs ufe[cyf fpth,fb]fyekb crjkt,b& fpth,fb]fyblfy cfufyut,jl bodtdlyty vfcofdkt,kt,c^ reknehbc^ ghtcbc^ flvbybcnhfwbek lf gfhnbek veifrt,c& vtc[b mfhsdtkt,b chekbfl fhfmfhsekb ptlfv[tldtkj,bc mdti vjtmwyty& flvbybcnhfwbfv rbltd eahj itfdbohjdf mfhsekb tyf lf mfhsekb sdbsitvtwyt,f& pjubthsb cjakbc s[jdyf vfssdbc mfhsektyjdfyb crjkt,bc uf[cybc itcf[t, flvbybcnhfwbfv cfcnbrfl xff[ij& fctsb vjs[jdybc vmjyt ufyw[flt,t,pt flt,lyty htpjkewbfc% #smdty sfsht,b [fhs^ sfshekfl bcofdkts@& bv lhjc sfshek tyfc eojlt,lyty fpth,fb]fyekc& cbn.df #sehmbc@ [vfht,f gjkbnbrehb vbptpt,bc ufvj vbqt,ekb fh b.j& thjdyt,bs fpth,fb]fytkt,flfw xfeothbfs cfo.fkb mfhsdtkb vf/ vflbfyt,b& \\ c-bc 30-bfy okt,bc ,jkjc dtkb^ fynbmfhsekfl ufyo.j,bkb gbhdtkb ,jkitdbrehb gktflbc ofcdkbcf lf cfvvfhsdtkj fgfhfnbc f[fkb sfj,bs itwdkbc itvltu jlyfd itewdkbfs vblujvf mfhsdtkb vf/vflbfyt,bcflvb& f[fkwb[bc hfbrjvbc + vlbdfyc itecofdkbf mfhsdtkb vf/vflbfyt,bc cfrbs[b^ lfrdbhdt,bf vfs w[jdht,fc lf lfrdbhdt,bc itltut,b ufewdybf s,bkbcbc vsfdhj,bcfsdbc& 1939 okbc fqothbs f[fkwb[bc hfbjyib 83 cjatkb b.j^ hjvtkibw 55&450 cekb 292

w[jdhj,lf^ fmtlfy mfhsdtkt,fl totht,jlf 5&836 rfwb^ #fpth,fb]fytkt,fl@ _ 28&428 rfwb^ b.dyty cjv[t,b lf c[df& #u& rbhdfkbt cfufyut,jl ecdfvc [fpc^ hjv sbsmvbc vstkb hbw[db #tuhts ojlt,ekb flth,fb]fytkt,bcf fhbfy cbyfvldbktib ufvf/vflbfyt,ekb mfhsdtkt,b&&& u& rbhdfkbt htcge,kbrbc [tkvqdfytkj,fc f[ctyt,c^ hjv ufvf/ vflbfyt,ek mfhsdtkt,c^ evtntcfl ukt[j,fc^ vtc[ts]fdf[tsib ]th rbltd jcvfksf ,fnjyj,bc lhjcfw mfhsekb tyf vskbfyfl lfdbo.t,ekb fh /mjylfs^ cf[kib lf ehsbthsijhbc kfgfhfrj,lyty mfhsekfl^ sfshekc tyfc rb [vfhj,lf sfdflfpyfehj,f ~,tut,b` lf bc gbhyb^ dbyw cf[tkvobaj cfvcf[ehib bv.jat,jlf& mfhsekb tybc lfdbo.t,f byntycbehfl uhtklt,jlf vt-19 cfereytib^ vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv vtc[ts-]fdf[tsb ufysfdbceakt,ekb b.j jcvfktsbc eqkbcfufy& #tc vlujvfhtj,f fb[cyt,f dtkb hecekb vsfdhj,bc rjkjybehb gjkbnbrbs^ hbc cfaedtkptlfw mfhsdtkb vf/vflbfyt,b sfsht,fl bmyty ufvjw[flt,ekyb&&& vbe[tlfdfl .dtkf fv ufycfwltkbcf^ vf/vflbfyeh vtc[t,]fdf[t,vf vfbyw itbyfhxeytc vij,kbehb mfhsekb tyf@ ~d& ifhdfibt^ ,tlrhekb idbkt,b^ ufp& f[& rjv&^ 30&|&1989 o&`& v& rbhdfkbt itvlujv vsfdhj,fc eupfdybc jabwbfkeh ljrevtync^ cflfw xfvjsdkbkbf mfhsdtk vf/vflbfysf udfht,b% #usfdfpj,s f[fkwb[bc hfbjybc ufvf/vflbfyt,ek mfhsdtksf udfht,bc cbfc% fo.ehbc cfcjakj cf,zj& cjatkb fo.ehb% ,fhfsfidbkb^ jh]jybrbt^ ,fmhft^ ve[hfycrb^ kjvfidbkb^ kjvbt^ yjpft^ x[tbt^ vtc[bt^ ,fh,fmft^ vfqhft^ rfgfyft^ gfgbt^ ]fyfidbkb^ vfqfkfidbkb^ 293

cfvcjybt^ [vfkft^ reghbfidbkb^ vfhbyfidbkb^ [fkft^ vfverft^ uehutybt^ fpyfehjdb fye fpyfehfidbkb& cjatkb n.tvkfyf% udfhfvft^ xfrbt^ [vfkft^ rjhrjnft& cjatkb ohbj[b% uehutybt^ vfqhft^ vf[bft& cf.eytsbc cfcjakj cf,zj& cjatkb cf.eytsb% ]fdf[bidbkb^ rf[bt^ ath[fybt^ aenehbt^ bjhlfybt^ vfvbt^ gfnfhbt^ ]fdf[bt^ nf,fnft^ cfhfkbt^ jmhjgbhbt^ [f[enft^ ajw[dthft^ fltkft^ ,jnft^ ,jpft^ rfgfyft^ zjyrft^ gfnhbrfidbkb^ ufuybt^ vztlkbidbkb^ fh.bidbkb^ ,htbfidbkb^ nfkf[ft& cjatkb jhajkf% athft^ ;e;eyft^ ,f.f.ft^ vesbfidbkb^ rjybfidbkb^ aenehbt& cjatkb rjgft% xe,bybt^ .babfyb^ nfkf[ft^ fk[fpbidbkb^ rjnft^ vfverft^ cfvcjybt^ cfubyfidbkb^ nbrft&&& fufhbc cfcjakj cf,zj& cjatkb pbrbkbf% ujujkft^ fbsft^ ,b,byft^ udfhfvft^ .fdfpbidbkb^ cf[enft^ fchfsbt^ ,t[ehft^ yflbhft^ cbhft^ [tbhft^ vfvfkft^ ufhjt^ zbzbyft^ lfdhtibt^ pbkjt^ rjnft^ sesft^ rfgfyft^ vezbft^ xbnbt^ cfvcjybt^ tkbft^ rereft^ sfvfhft^ ujxbt^ nfnfibt& cjatkb obye,fyb% rereft^ pbkjt^ xjkjdft^ sjhft^ ]fafhbt^ ztkbt^ sjsjhft^ njcft^ njgjkft^ exyft^ ujxft^ vfverft& cjatkb uehrtkb% gfgfkft^ ifeibt^ ]fyft^ fynft^ xj[ft^ tkbft^ kjkft^ sjhft^ kfgbt^ sfbnft& cjatkb fufhf% nekeift^ athft^ [tbhft^ ujujkft^ ,t[eyft^ fbsft^ rjnft^ [f[enft^ udfhfvft^ yflbhft^ mjxjhft^ pbkjt^ xbnbt& 294

athcbc cfcjakj cf,zj& cjatkb athcf% xf[fkbt^ ifidbfidbkb^ ,tmbhft^ vehfltkb^ pfcgbft^ kjkfdkbt^ xfabt^ zbkft^ cfafhfidbkb^ htdfpbidbkb^ jmheft^ melft^ vtw[dfhft^ utkft^ ,fhn.ft^ ,thbt^ rjhrjnft^ vfqfkft^ vt[,jhbt& cjatkb veufhtsb% sfvfhft^ vbhdtkb^ bylehtkbt^ vfverft^ ,thbt^ ,tijt^ ,t,thft^ ljift^ nfnfibt^ rjnft^ uey]jt^ sfvfhfidbkb^ vfverfidbkb^ .fkf.ekft^ cdfybt^ sehmft^ vtw[dfhbt^ njcjt^ vztlkbidbkb^ mjxjhfidbkb& cjatkb xj[nf% melft^ xtyxjidbkb^ kfnerft^ bfhvfqfidbkb^ rjhrjnft& cjatkb yj[wtdb% othtstkb^ gfgfkft^ nfnfidbkb^ rfgfyft^ sbyft^ x[tbt^ kjvbt& cjatkb iehlj% ie,kft^ rfneyft^ vesbfidbkb^ ujhbfidbkb^ [vfkft^ ue]tkfidbkb^ mfhevbt& cjatkb ubjhubovbylf% vfpybfidbkb^ byfcfhbt^ tmcjkbt^ vt[,jhbidbkb^ b,bfidbkb^ athft^ vfvekft^ yfc.blfidbkb^ ujujkft^ vt[hbidbkb^ ,thft^ ,f,tkft^ rjhrjnft& rklbc cfcjakj cf,zj& cjatkb rklt% ,bbyfidbkb^ ujbfidbkb^ nfnbt^ ,kbft^ udfhfvft^ ufuybt^ mfhtkbidbkb^ ,fhmeyfidbkb^ ]b,kft^ s[bkfidbkb& cjatkb oybcb% rjgft^ ,fcbkfidbkb^ ,tmft^ gfdkbfidbkb^ rdbhnb[fidbkb^ othjidbkb& cjatkb pte,fyb% ,f.fyfidbkb^ aenehbt& cjatkb ,juf% cfhfkbt^ pfenft^ xjvf[bt^ vtw[dfhft^ xb[kft^ wtrdft^ kjkft^ rjzjidbkb^ njhekft& cjatkb cdbhb% dfhlbfidbkb^ [bpfybidbkb^ vfbcehft^ ,f[nft^ [ehjt^ .f.eyfidbkb^ ujujkft^ rjhrjnft^ gf295

gkjidbkb^ gfgbfidbkb^ mbneyfidbkb^ ptbsfidbkb^ xbkfidbkb^ mjhbfidbkb^ .thqtkfidbkb^ ajkjkfidbkb^ ;qthbfidbkb^ vztlkbidbkb^ ce[nft^ rfrfkfidbkb^ ,thtybidbkb& cjatkb nfnfybcb% oekerbt^ ,kbft^ zenft^ vtaehybidbkb^ eh,fybt^ qfyzbgft& o.hesbc cfcjakj cf,zj& cjatkb fyb% jh]jybrbt^ vfbcehft^ udbkbidbkb^ stshft^ ]fafhbt^ vehtkbidbkb& cjatkb .ehse,fyb% e,tlehbt^ pfenfidbkb^ aenehbt& cjatkb bhb% ie,bt^ utk[eft^ veqhfidbkb& cjatkb tkbfovbylf% ecbidbkb^ rfknf[xbidbkb^ ubithfidbkb^ cekbfidbkb& cjatkb zdbysf% stshft^ ubithfidbkb^ veqhfidbkb^ cekbfidbkb^ cfqfhft^ rfknf[xbidbkb& c[dbkbcbc cfcjakj cf,zj cjatkb ptvj c[dbkbcb% pfypfkfidbkb^ ]f.tkb^ ]fafhbt^ vf[fhft^ fljlbt^ f,fibt& dfktc cfcjakj cf,zj& cjatkb dfkt% ,thbt^ vutkft^ zbnft^ fvbkf[dfhb^ yflbhft^ ktpubidbkb^ mehlft& ]f.bcvfybc cfcjakj cf,zj& cjatkb ]f.bcvfyb% ubjhuft^ ,t,byft^ fbsft& gfvf]bc cfcjakj cf,zj& cjatkb fh]fyf% ]f.tkb& 296

cftkbc cfcjakj cf,zj& cjatkb f,b% nf,fnft^ fbsft& cjatkb jhfkb% vbmtkft^ [vfkft& cjatkb [frb% lbfcfvbt& vbyfbc cfcjakj cf,zj& cjatkb nj,f% sfvfhft^ dfhcrytkbt& cjatkb rdfksf[tdb% stshft^ mjhbt^ uekbfidbkb^ vfsjt^ ctkbvfidbkb& mbcfsb,bc cfcjakj cf,zj& cjatkb mbcfsb,b% xfvf[bidbkb^ cfhf]bidbkb& cjatkb fh]ekb% xbhzft& cjatkb fylf% kjvbt^ vfsjt^ rjnft^ uhtkbt& ehfdtkbc cfcjakj cf,zj& cjatkb ehfdtkb% vfxf,tkb^ [th[tekbt^ uehutybt& cjatkb jhwtdb% vfvekfidbkb& cjatkb o.jhf% vf[fhft^ cf,fidbkb& cjatkb tyubmtdb% xfrft^ xj[hft^ f,lehft& cjatkb [tjsb% vfvekbidbkb^ ujujkft& rfygbtsbc cfcjakj cf,zj& cjatkb ubjhubovbylf% dfxyft^ zfgfybt& cjatkb rfynbtsb% ,fsjidbkb& cjatkb gfnfhf fufhf% vfxf,tkb&

~b[& ufp& f[& rjv& 30&|&1989o&` 297

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7 st,thdfkb 1991 o& m& ,jh]jvb

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cfmfhsdtkjc cfgfnhbfhmjc vfyukbc-ofkrbc tgfhmbf 1998 301

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mitropoliti anania jafariZe, 1998

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cja& ]fhibf mjsjkfidbkt,bc tgbnfabt,bf lf fhf mjsjkjdt,bcf lf mjsjkbst,bcf^ hjujhw f[kf botht,bfy tc udfht,b ~ud& 238`& cja& ybybfib se rb 1894 otkc cfakfdbc mdfpt fothbf udfhb mfhcfybidbkb^ erdt hfvltybvt okbc itvltu fothbf mfhcfyjdb ~bmdt^ ud& 239`& se rb cja& vc[kt,ib 1880 okbc tgbnfabfpt vidtybthb mfhsekbs vjb[ctyt,f #w[jdht,fidbkb@^ hfvltybvt okbc itvltu _ erdt #w[jdht,ftdb@ othbf ~ud& 242`& cfbynthtcjf wyj,f wf,ftdt,bc itcf[t,& #dfcbk wf,ftdbc vtnhbrek fvjyfothib xf,ftdb othbf& dfcbkc dtrbs[t,b^ xf,ftdb lf wf,ftdb ufyf thsb lf bubdtf( vbcb gfce[bf% fct b.j^ xf,fidbkc udbojlt,lyty^ vfuhfv futh 50 otkboflbf^ wf,ftdc ~wf,fsb` udtf[bfyj^ ~ilh& xjxbsb _ xjxbtdb^ wjwbsb _ wjwbtdb`@ ~bmdt^ ud& 246`& ]fdfibf tgbnfabf mfhsekbs^ lfothbkb 1870 otkc #,fsj cfyf.jidbkbcf@^ erdt hfvltybvt okbc itvltu rb #cfyf.jtdb@ ofeothbfs f[fk cfakfdbc mdfpt& vjqotek 1860^ 1890^ 1876 cfakfdbc mdt,pt .dtkufy cfyf.jidbkbf ofhothbkb _ #&&&flhbyltk ofhotht,ib f[kfyltkb udfhb cfyf.jtdb cfyf.jidbkfl b[ctybt,f^ pjubthsb ufvjyfrkbcbc ufhlf ~vfu& b[& ptvjs 1873 o& thtrkt cfyf.jtdbc cfakfdbc mdbc ofhothf* t&b& sfyfvlt,j,bc gbht,c eahj flht lfeo.bfs udfht,bc ufhecekt,f ~bmdt^ ud& 249`& mjmjtdt,b rb fh tothf 'dtk cfakfdt,pt^ fhfvtl mjmjidbkb ~ud& 249`& #ths-ths ofhothfib ~1903 o&` b[ctybt,f #&&&,f,fidbkbc fcekb^ ktmcf stltidbkbc vteqkt@ ~ud& 250`& bmdtf w[jdht,fidbkbc cfakfdbc mdf lf fhf w[jdht,jdbcf ~ud& 250`& ]fdfibf sfylbkffys e,fyb& sfylbkffys^ fye mfhsekb tybc ,eyt,bc itcf,fvbcfl sfylbkfsb^ jceh sfylbktsfl mwtekf ~ud& 250`& cojhtl ptvjsfqybiyekbc ~t&b& fv hfbjyib 'dtkb 519

m fh sek b vjcf [kt j,bc f h ct,j,bc` u fvj #cfv[ht s j c t s b c^ ufycfresht,bs ]fdbc hfbjybc vw[jdht,sf ptg bhcbn.dbtht,fib d[tl fds mfhsekbc vcu fdc smvekt,t,cf lf ktutylt,c@ ~ud& 251`& cja& [totib 1890 okfvlt .dtkf cfakfdbc mdfc #sb,bkfidbkb@ tothf lf fhf #sb,bkjdb@ ~ud& 254-255`& fm 'dtkmfhsekb udfht,b fhf vfhnj #idbkb@ ceabmcbs ,jkjdlt,f^ fhfvtl 't-sbw& fhbc 1912 okbc ofhothf _ #mdfpft@& sbsmvbc v[jkjl vtjwt cfereyblfy bo.t,f mfhsektyjdfyb tgbnfabt,bc udthlbs jcehtyjdfybc ufvj.tyt,fw ud& 255`& b[ctybt,f ]th #[fht,fidbkb@^ vtht #[fht,fjd@ ~ud& 256`& b[ctybt,f fhf afhfcnftdb^ fhfvtl afhfcnfidbkb 1884 o& ~ud& 257`^ #sb,bkfidbkb@ lf fhf #sb,bkjdb@^ ufsbrjidbkb lf fhf ufsbrjtdb^ mjmfidbkb lf fhf #mjmftdb@^ #ltlfidbkb@^ #sb,bkfidbkb@ ~1861 o&` ~ud& 262-263`& f[kfw rb vj[ewt,b sfdbfys udfhc fofhvjt,ty mfhsekb ceabmcbc lfhsdbs& #rhjptkb lhbi ktdfybc-'t sb,bkfidbkb ~vj[ewt,b fct fofhvjt,ty sfdbfys udfht,c` udfhoveyt,c^ hjv 111 okbcff@ ~ud& 265`& #udfxdtytc gbhj,bc jhb [tkothbkb^ 1908 okbc 12 vfhbj,bcsdtc lfeothbfs mfhsekfl% hfpltyf sb,bkfidbkb lf vbif afhfcnfidbkb itsfy[vt,ekfy ths cflfdj cfrbs[ib@ ~ud& 268`& fhf #dfkbtdb@ b[ctybt,f 'dtk cf,esib^ fhfvtl dfkbidbkb ~ud& 269`& cja& dffytkb cfcjakj cf,zjib itlbc cjatkb #,fqbfys rfhb@ _ itvjrkt,bs #,fqbfsf@^ f[kf ,fubfsf^ ofhothfib vjb[ctybt,f fhf #,fubftdb@^ fhfvtl ,fqfidbkb ~ud& 273`& gbhdtkb vqdltkb tlbcib jmhjgbhbt .jabkf@ ~ud& 291`^ bmdt lf,flt,ekf vbcb df;b^ #hjvtkbw itvltu fktmcfylht tgbcrjgjcflff wyj,bkb@ ~ud& 291`& fqcfybiyfdbf^ hjv vw[tsbc hfbjybc cja& vbcfmwbtkbc cf,zjib vw[jdht,b jmhjgbhbtt,b 520

jct,fl fw[flt,ty sfdbfys sfdc mfhskbc vsbfytsblfy ,fhib uflfcf[kt,bc ufvj& fhct,j,c vfcfkf^ hjv 'dtkfl b[vfht,jlf fhf .jhjtdb^ fhfvtl #.fhjidbkb@ ~ud& 297`^ fhf ,fubpjdb^ fhfvtl #,tubpfidbkb@ ~ud& 301`& ufhlf fvbcf^ vhfdfkb ktutylf^ smvekt,f^ otc-xdtekt,f^ ]dfh-[fnt,bc^ trktcbt,bc cf[tkt,b se cfudfhtekj sf.dfybcwtvf vbesbst,c fmfehb vjcf[ktj,bc mfhsek ofhvjvfdkj,fc ~t&b& flubkj,hbd mfhsdtkj,fc itthbdyty xhlbkjtsblfy uflvjcf[kt,ekb ldfkt,b^ hjvtksf fcbvbkfwbf-ithtdbs xfvj.fkb,lf fqybiyekb hfbjybc vjcf[ktj,f& vfuhfv fhct,j,c rbltd eahj 'dtkb mfhsekb othbkj,bsb vjyfwtvt,b^ hjvtksf fyfkbpb vbesbst,c pjubthsb jcehb udfhbc mfhsek ofhvjvfdkj,fc& vfufkbsfl^ [fht,fidbkt,c ~fye lqtdfyltkb [fht,jdt,bc obyfght,c` mfhsekb cfvfhskbc 'tukt,b ]th rbltd \|+++ cfereytib vjb[ctybt,lf hjujhw vqdltkt,c& [fht,fidbkb^ hjvtkcfw mdtvjs vj.dfybkb ljrevtynb itt[t,f^ etzdtkfl mfhsdtkbf^ jcb hjv .jabkb.j^ fvbc itcf[t, vbesbst,lf vbcb vjvxbdfyb tgbcrjgjcb& 1793 okbc 16 st,thdfkc vhjdtkb tgbcrjgjcb xbdbc df[nfyu ,fnjybidbksfy bvbc itcf[t,^ hjv #[fht,fidbkbc ubjhubc vqdltkb f,bcb cjatkb vbdf,fht cfyf[tdhjs^ hfw tijdf^ iefpt eylf uft.j@ ~mfhs& cfvfhs& 'tukt,b^ |+++^ ud& 196`^ vfuhfv fh ufe.dbf lf ibylbcib uflfcekf& fctdt bsmvbc vfhqbidbkt,bc ~f[kfyltkb vfhubtdt,bc` itcf[t,fw& bcbyb rbltd eahj flht^ \|++ cfereyblfydt vjb[ctybt,bfy othbkj,bs cf,est,ib ~mfhs& cfvfhs& 'tukt,b^ |++ _ ud& 690-691`^ vfhqbidbkt,bc ths injc ]fdf[tssfyfw fmdc rfdibhb& bcbyb sevfybidbkt,bc .vt,b .jabkfy ~mfhs& cfvfhs& 'tu& |+++^ 1985 o& ud& 90`& 521

iblf mfhskib fhf vfhnj .vf ukt[t,b ~[bpyt,b` ufjct,ekfy^ fhfvtl sfdflt,bcf lf fpyfeht,bc yfobkbw rb^ vfufkbsfl^ f[kfyltkb ,jhnbtdt,bc obyfgfhb ,jhnbidbkt,b vfxf,kt,bc ths-ths injc ofhvjflutylyty& #vfxf,kt,bc udfhb sfdfleh cf[tkt,fl lfb.j^ pffkbidbkt,fl^ ubjhubidbkt,fl^ htdfpbidbkt,fl^ ,jhnbidbkt,fl@ ~m&c&t& 6^ ud& 509`^ jcj,ty htdfpjdt,bw ~htdfpbidbkt,b`& f[kfyltkb lbfrjyjdt,bc obyfght,b^ lbfrjyfidbkt,b b[ct y bt,bf y \|+ + cf erey bc ,jk jcf l f \|+ + + c& lf cfo .bcblf y _ #u jht kvf dfzf hvf lbfrjyfi dbk vf cnfv,jkib ufhlfwdkbkb cbvjy vtabc ytinb cfmfhsdtkjib ofvjfcdtyf& fv cfvcf[ehbcfsdbc bub j]f[bfyfl ufffpfntc lf ]dhbc vjyfcnthc itcobhtc@ ~mfhskbc w[jdht,f^ ++ ud& 537 _ obuyblfy _ #bcnjhbekb o.fhjsvwjlytj,bsb ufvjrdktdt,b@ 1988^ ud& 28`& vcufdcb vfufkbst,b bct vhfdkfl fhbc^ hjv itcf,fvbcb rdktdf-'bt,bc itvltu vfs ufvjwtvfc fk,fs njvt,b lfczbhlt,f& fctsb othbkj,bsb vjyfwtvt,bc ufhlf fhbc njgjybvehb vfcfkt,bw^ hjvkbc cfiefkt,bsfw itbkt,f pjubthsb udfhbc bcnjhbbc lflutyf^ vfufkbsfl^ stlttdt,bc ~stlbfidbkt,bc` thsb injcb& df[einb cfluthbc [tj,fib fcf[kt,c cjatk stlbfys-e,fyc ~c& vfrfkfsbf^ ,jh]jvbc [tj,f^ 1957^ ud& 26`& tc^ c& vfrfkfsbfc vb[tldbs^ fhbc ofqdthb& wyj,bkbf^ hjv df[einbc lhjc jct,b ]th rbltd wtynhfkehb rfdrfcbjybc [tj,t,cf lf vlbyfhtsf cfsfdtt,ib w[jdhj,lyty& vfifcflfvt^ stlbfys e,fyc fhfdbsfhb rfdibhb fh /mjylf jct,sfy& stlbfys e,fyb bubdtf^ hfw stlbfidbkt,bc e,fyb& vfifcflfvt^ stlbfidbkt,b xdtekt,hbdb mfhsdtkt,b b.dyty lf jct,sfy fhfathb fh frfdibht,lfs^ bcbyb ,jh]jvtkb vtvfvekt fdfkbidbkt,bc .vt,b b.dyty& fdfkbidbkt,b^ 522

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XVII-XX saukuneebSi

!&'(&)*+ (qarTvelebis galekeba) . . . . . . saingilos istoriuli geografia da mosaxleoba aRmosavleT kaxeTis (saingilos) istoriuli bedi ingilo, anu kaxeli glexi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qarTvelTa galekebis saxe, galekebulTa gvarebi

. . . . .,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 17 25 35

!-.!/$0&+ (qarTvelebis `gaafxazeba~) . . . . . . . . . 12 uZvelesi afxazeTi ZvelqarTuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad . . . 51 qarTveli istorikosebi afxazeTis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 afxazeTis toponimebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 qvemo iberiis, anu afxazeTis sakaTalikoso . . . . . . . . . . 85 mTieli tomebis Camosaxleba afxazeTSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 gaafxazebulTa gvarebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 3!"0)45!.$0&' (qarTvelebis `gasomxeba~) . . . qarTvelTa gasomxebis politikuri mizezebi . . . . Tbilisi da qvemo qarTli mahmadianTa batonobisas qarTvelTa armenizacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gasomxebulTa gvarebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . 678
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 . 187 . 202 . 232

9$ .$0&+ (qarTvelebis gamahmadianeba) . . . . . . . . . :86 saqarTvelos kuTxeTa gamahmadianeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 mesxebis gamahmadianeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

524

gaTaTreba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 qarTuli enis daviwyeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 gamahmadianebulTa gvarebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 )!/$0&40"&!)$0&+ (qarTvelebis gaberZneba) . . . . ,;6 Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 urumebis sacxovrisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 berZnuli eklesiis uflebebis gazrda osmaleTSi . . . . . 311 qarTveli marTlmadideblebis gaberZneba osmaleTSi . . . 319 berZen-urumebis gadmosaxleba Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 qarTvelebis gaberZneba Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi . . . . 331 gaberZnebulTa gvarebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 <&=!+3!"0)&+ (qarTvelebis gaoseba) . . . . . . . . . ,16 Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 osi xalxis Camoyalibeba, osebi _ ori eTnojgufis memkvidre xalxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 oseTis samefo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 dvalebis sarwmunoeba da maTi gaoseba . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 mizezi dvalebis Semosvlisa qarTlis mTianeTSi . . . . . . 387 dvalebis gaoseba qarTlis mTianeTSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 dvalTa gadasaxleba Sida qarTlSi da mTiel qarTvelTa gaoseba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 qarTvelTa gaoseba XIX saukuneSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 gaosebis religiuri momenti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 qarTuli warmomavloba samxreT osuri gvarebisa . . . . . . 477

525

redaqtori Tamar revaziSvili

gadaeca warmoebas 20.05.2010. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 17.06.2010. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 33. tiraJi 500 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77

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