MODERN DEFINITIONS

PURPOSE OF NURSING DEFINITIONS

AMERICAN NURSES’ ASSOCIATION DEFINITION OF NURSING PRACTICE
•SIGNIFICANCE IS THE ATTEMPT TO DEFINE NURSING PRACTICE VERY SPECIFICALLY
•STRESSED NURSING’S DEPENDENT ROLE
PUBLISHED IN 1965
•ANA COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION ISSUED A POSITION PAPER PRESENTING A FULLER DEFINITION OF NURSING
EMPHASIZING NURSING AS AN INDEPENDENT PROFESSION
ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF PROFESSIONAL NURSINGCARE
TO TAKE CARE OF
CARING FOR
CARING ABOUT
INVOLVES LISTENING, EVALUATING, AND INTERVENING APPROPRIATELY
•CURE
INVOLVES THE PROMOTION OF HEALTH AND HEALING
ASSISTING CLIENTS TO UNDERSTAND THEIR HEALTH PROBLEMS AND HELPING THEM COPE
USING CLINICAL JUDGEMENT
•COORDINATION
SHARING RESPONSIBILITY
PARTICIPATING IN HEALTH MAINTENANCE
ILLNESS PREVENTION
SYNCHRONIZING MEDICAL AND OTHER HEALTH CARE RELATED SERVICES
ANA CONGRESS FOR NURSING PRACTICE
•NURSING IS THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HUMAN RESPONSES TO ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL HEALTH
PROBLEMS
•INVOLVES
PHENOMENA
THEORY APPLICATION
NURSING ACTION
EVALUATION
ESSENTIALS FOR PRACTICING NURSING
•Know and use nursing frameworks and theories.
•Be available to others.
•Value the other as a human presence.
•Respect differences in view.
•Own what you believe and be accountable for your actions.
•Move on to the new and untested.
•Connect with others.
•Take pride in self.
•Like what you do.
•Recognize the moments of joy in the struggles of living.
•Appreciate mystery and be open to new discoveries.
•Be competent in your chosen area.
•Rest and begin anew.
GOALS OF THEORETICAL NURSING MODELS
•Formulate legislation governing nursing practice and education.
•Formulate regulations interpreting nurse practice acts so that nurses and others better understand the laws.
•Develop curricula for nursing education.
•Establish criteria for measuring the quality of nursing care, education, and research.
•Prepare job descriptions used by employers of nurses.
•Guide the development of nursing care delivery systems.
•Provide knowledge to improve nursing administration, practice, education, and research.
•Guide research to establish an empirical knowledge base for nursing.
•Identify the domain and goals of nursing.
PHILOSOPHIES OF NURSING (THEORETICAL MODELS)
•CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL MODELS PROVIDE KNOWLEDGE TO:
IMPROVE PRACTICE
GUIDE RESEARCH
GUIDE NURSING CURRICULA
IDENTIFY THE DOMAIN AND GOALS OF NURSING PRACTICE
•THEORY PROVIDES THE NURSE WITH GOALS FOR:
ASSESSMENT
DIAGNOSIS
INTERVENTION
COMMON GROUND FOR AUTONOMY AND ACCOUNTABILITY
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE-1859TO FACILITATE “THE BODY’S REPARATIVE PROCESSES” BY MANIPULATING CLIENT’S
ENVIRONMENT(TORRES, 1986)
IMPROVED SANITATION WOULD RESULT IN IMPROVED HEALTH
FRAMEWORK FOR PRACTICE
•NURSING ACTIONS MUST FOCUS ON BOTH THE CLIENT AND THE MANIPULATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
INCLUDING:
VENTILATION/WARMING--BED/BEDDING
 NOISE--CLEANLINESS OF ROOMS/WALLS
 PERSONAL CLEANLINESS--LIGHTING
 OBSERVATION OF THE SICK--AND OTHERS
HILDEGARD PEPLAU-1952
TO DEVELOP INTERACTION BETWEEN NURSE AND CLIENT
FRAMEWORK FOR PRACTICE
NURSING IS A SIGNIFICANT, THERAPEUTIC, INTERPERSONAL PROCESS (PEPLAU, 1952). NURSES PARTICIPATE IN
STRUCTURING HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS TO FACILITATEE NATURAL ONGOING TENDENCY OF HUMANS TO DEVELOP
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS (MARRINER-TOMEY, 1994).

VIRGINIA HENDERSON-1955
TO WORK INDEPENDENTLY WITH OTHER HEALTH CARE WORKERS (MARRINER- TOMEY, 1994), ASSISTING CLIENT
TO GAIN INDEPENDENCE AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE (HENDERSON, 1964). TO HELP CLIENT GAIN LACKING
STRENGTH (TORRES, 1986)
FRAMEWORK FOR PRACTICE
•NURSES HELP CLIENT TO PERFORM 14 BASIC NEEDS. (BASIC NEEDS OF THE WHOLE PERSON)
BREATH NORMALLY
EAT AND DRINK ADEQUATELY
ELIMINATE BY ALL AVENUES OF ELIMINATION
MOVE AND MAINTAIN A DESIRABLE POSITION
SLEEP AND REST
SELECT SUITABLE CLOTHING; DRESS AND UNDRESS
MAINTAIN BODY TEMPERATURE WITHIN NORMAL RANGE
KEEP THE BODY CLEAN AND WELL GROOMED
AVOID DANGERS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
COMMUNICATE WITH OTHERS/ WORSHIP ACCORDING TO FAITH
WORK AT SOMETHING THAT PROVIDES A SENSE OF ACCOMPLISHMENT
PLAY OR PARTICIPATE IN VARIOUS FORMS OF RECREATION
LEARN, DISCOVER OR SATISFY THE CURIOSITY THAT LEADS TO NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND HEALTH
FAYE ABDELLAH-1960
TO PROVIDE SERVICE TO INDIVIDUALS, FAMILIES, AND SOCIETY. TO BE KIND AND CARING BUT ALSO INTELLIGENT,
COMPETENT, AND TECHNICALLY WELL PREPARED TO PROVIDE THIS SERVICE.
EMPHASIZES CARING FOR THE WHOLE PERSON
FRAMEWORK FOR PRACTICE: PROBLEM SOLVING BASED ON ABDELLAH’S 21 NURSING PROBLEMS

IDA ORLANDO-1961
•TO RESPOND TO CLIENT’S BEHAVIOR IN TERMS OF IMMEDIATE NEEDS.
•TO INTERACT WITH CLIENT TO MEET IMMEDIATE NEEDS BY IDENTIFYING CLIENT BEHAVIOR, REACTION OF
NURSE, AND NURSING ACTION TO BE TAKEN (TORRES, 1986; CHINN AND JACOBS, 1995)
FRAMEWORK FOR PRACTICE: THREE ELEMENTS, INCLUDING CLIENT BEHAVIOR, NURSE REACTION, AND NURSE
ACTION, COMPOSE NURSING SITUATION

LYDIA E. HALL-1962
•TO PROVIDE CARE AND COMFORT TO CLIENT DURING DISEASE PROCESS (TORRES, 1986)
FRAMEWORK FOR PRACTICE
•THE CLIENT IS COMPOSED OF THE FOLLOWING OVERLAPPING PARTS AND THE NURSE IS CARE GIVER
PERSON (CORE)
PATHOLOGICAL STATE AND TREATMENT (CURE)
BODY (CARE)
ERNESTINE WIEDENBACH-1964
•TO ASSIST INDIVIDUALS IN OVERCOMING OBSTACLES THAT INTERFERE WITH THE ABILITY TO MEET DEMANDS
OR NEEDS BROUGHT ABOUT BY CONDITION, ENVIRONMENT, SITUATION, OR TIME (TORRE, 1986)
FRAMEWORK FOR PRACTICE
•NURSING PRACTICE IS REALTED TO INDIVIDUALS WHO NEEED HELP BECAUSE OF BEHAVIORAL STIMULUS.
CLINICAL NURSING HAS THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS (CHINN AND JACOBS, 1995):
PHILOSOPHY
 PURPOSE
 PRACTICE
 ART
MYRA LEVINE-1966
•TO USE CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES AIMED AT OPTIMAL USE OF CLIENT’S RESOURCES
FRAMEWORK FOR PRACTICE: THIS ADAPTATION MODEL OF HUMAN AS INTEGRAL WHOLE IS BASED ON “FOUR
CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES OF NURSING” (LEVINE, 1973)

DOROTHY JOHNSON-1968
•TO REDUCE STRESS SO THAT THE CLIENT CAN MOVE MORE EASILY THROUGH THE RECOVERY PROCESS
FRAMEWORK FOR PRACTICE
•THIS BASIC NEEDS FRAMEWORK FOCUSES ON SEVEN CATEGORIES OF BEHAVIOR.
•INDIVIDUAL’S GOAL IS TO ACHIEVE BEHAVIORAL BALANCE AND STEADY STATE BY ADJUSTMENT AND
ADAPTATION TO CERTAIN FORCES (JOHNSON, 1980; TORRES, 1986).
MARTHA ROGERS-1970
•TO MAINTAIN AND PROMOTE HEALTH, PREVENT ILLNESS, AND CARE FOR AND REHABILITATE ILL AND DISABLED
CLIENTS THROUGH “HUMANISTIC SCIENCE OF NURSING”
FRAMEWORK FOR PRACTICE: “UNITARY MAN” EVOLVES ALONG LIFE PROCESS; CLIENT CONTINUOUSLY CHANGES
AND COEXISTS WITH THE ENVIRONMENT

DOROTHEA OREM-1971
•TO CARE FOR AND HELP CLIENT ATTAIN TOTAL SELF-CARE
FRAMEWORK FOR PRACTICE
•THIS IS SELF-CARE DEFICIT THEORY.
NURSING CARE BECOMES NECESSARY WHEN THE CLIENT IS UNABLE TO
FULFILL BIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, DEVELOPMENTAL, OR SOCIAL NEEDS (OREM, 1985)

IMOGENE KING-1971
•TO USE COMMUNICATION TO HELP A CLIENT REESTABLISH POSITIVE ADAPTATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT
FRAMEWORK FOR PRACTICE: NURSING PROCESS IS DEFINED AS A DYNAMIC INTERPERSONAL PROCESS
BETWEEN THE NURSE, THE CLIENT, AND THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

JOYCE TRAVELBEE-1971
•TO ASSIST THE INDIVIDUAL OR FAMILY TO PREVENT OR COPE WITH ILLNESS, REGAIN HEALTH, FIND MEANING IN
ILLNESS, OR MAINTAIN MAXIMAL DEGREE OF HEALTH (MARRINER-TOMEY, 1994).
FRAMEWORK FOR PRACTICE: INTERPERSONAL PROCESS IS VIEWED AS HUMAN-TO-HUMAN RELATIONSHIP
FORMED DURING ILLNESS AND THE “EXPERIENCE OF SUFFERING”

BETTY NEUMAN-1972
•TO ASSIST INDIVIDUALS, FAMILIES, AND GROUPS TO ATTAIN AND MAINTAIN MAXIMAL LEVEL OF TOTAL WELLNESS
BY PURPOSEFUL INTERVENTIONS
FRAMEWORK FOR PRACTICE
•STRESS REDUCTION IS THE GOAL OF THE SYSTEMS MODEL OF NURSING PRACTICE (TORRES, 1986).
•NURSING ACTIONS ARE IN THE PRIMARY, SECONDARY, OR TERTIARY LEVEL OF PREVENTION.
MADELEINE LEININGER-1978
•TO PROVIDE CARE CONSISTENT WITH NURSING’S EMERGING SCIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE WITH CARING AND
CULTURAL DIVERSITY AS THE CENTRAL THEMES
FRAMEWORK FOR PRACTICE
•WITH THIS TRANSCULTURAL CARE THEORY, CARING IS THE CENTRAL AND UNIFYING DOMAIN FOR NURSING
KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE
•THE EMPHASIS IS ON CULTURAL CARE, CULTURAL DIVERSITY, AND CULTURAL VALUE
SISTER CALLISTA ROY-1979
•TO IDENTIFY TYPES OF DEMANDS PLACED ON A CLIENT
•TO ASSESS ADAPTATION TO THESE DEMANDS
•TO HELP THE CLIENT ADAPT
FRAMEWORK FOR PRACTICE
•THIS ADAPTATION MODEL IS BASED ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL,
•SOCIOLOGICAL, AND DEPENDENCE- INDEPENDENCE ADAPTIVE MODES
JEAN WATSON-1979
•TO PROMOTE HEALTH
•TO RESTORE THE CLIENT TO HEALTH
•TO PREVENT ILLNESS
FRAMEWORK FOR PRACTICE
•THIS THEORY INVOLVES THE PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE OF CARING; CARING IS AN INTERPERSONAL PROCESS
COMPRISING OF INTERVENTIONS THAT RESULT IN MEETING HUMAN NEEDS