Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MALAYALAM READER
Standard - 11
MALAYALAM READER
(Poetry, Prose & Non-detailed)
LRo~o
W<oo yo X<rXUkC
TAMILNADU
TEXTBOOK CORPORATION
Ll
(J, d-J, -
- -J)
MALAYALAM READER
( Poetry, Prose & Non-detailed)
CXPrPo XI
STANDARD XI
iloL
iloL l<bJ
iloL L~kELl
LRo~o
W<oo yo X<rXUkC
TAMILNADU
TEXTBOOK CORPORATION
Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition - 2004
Xild~J
Chairperson
Dr.C.G.Rajendra Babu,
Prof. & Head, Dept. of Malayalam,
University of Madras,
Chennai- 600 005.
Reviewers
Dr.E.K.Purushothaman,
Prof. of Malayalam (Rtd.)
16, Kumar Avenue, Varadaraja Street,
Chitlapakkam, Chennai - 600 064.
Authors
Mr.T.P.Viswanathan Nambiar
PG Asst. in Malayalam
Madras Christian College HS School,
Chetpet, Chennai 600 031.
Dr.K.Raveendra Raja
PG Asst. in Malayalam
Presidency Higher Sec.School for Girls
Egmore, Chennai - 600 008.
Mrs.A.C. Suhasini
PG Asst. in Malayalam
Kerala Vidyalayam Hr. Sec. School,
Chennai - 600 084.
p~dFL~ t~l< pl X
Ed
y`T dpU LU
P oJd
TL lL~dJd,
p EJd,
~XL pXd,
k LXd,
dX pl d
p~dF LJdl< plX,
E d
plX plX plX
pl pl pl plX!
# L< Eig~ Xdr
Xild~J # `EJ
ELlW dX p~`LW l
~~l tHo plW! yo , `To , dpUo ,
LU, PJ, o z, JdJ ll XHJ
T LrHJ L`LW EL
<J tHlW ~LJ EW<E.
tHlW LJdY<a XWE. tHlW
pld<a WE. ELlW d
X! p~`L~o dFl<~l tHo
XLzXLz plW!
iii
XgLEJ
Xil od~
EpW `J `L~lJ `JEn
~J `L~J sC SrFX- W
rWLo Wh.
XgLEJ
`pJ `J LlpiJ
``LJ LEJ
XgLEJ
Xpo`~ <lL~iJ
[<`L LX~iJ
``~iJ `LEkFiJ
`^J EJ LEJ
Xg LEJ
Xg LEJ
LRolo `o
#yJ g brp
~iEUJ < ~LWWWRWR<J
W EpLFo . [ EJ W
`XEi`XE EFo.
sC W EpW X. `NrJ
WWrLl tW ENEz sC
tL~J W<}.
sC W LWlJ dECLWElJ
LrWElJ yL~J.
C iEWWLUJ l
sC W EpWlJ W ~<EWlJ
XnL~J WE~J X lwJ.
RoXL!
Wlz LU RoXL!
RoXL!
#"LX~ FilJ' .`gEJ }
iv
}J
UJ
dJ
1.leW
ikoLr
# WRC
2.
L
- r-V ~r-X-J
`o-~
# X<-E
- r lX<lNEC
3.
E iELo
#
- }r `o. E-XL--Eh
- r
4.
15
i
#<
- LE~C
5.
WWWz
21
#p
- .EUo
6.
24
#
- L `
- y-FC ~N--E--o
7.
XUFo
28
# .C..<Uo
8.
dTE
35
#
- E~[r <EF<EC
9.
X<XER
42
# l` X<XE
10. [X`E<a
47
#W
- ~J X
ddJ
1.
<`W r
53
# -W. J. tC
2.
vi
L[[lJ LC<J
# -.W<. EXLEC ~lr
vii
65
3.
76
Llz `L~J
#W
- . J.W<.`~
4.
`J tT`J
89
# X- P.W<.C. RC
5.
tNXLW <
97
dJ
107
1. leW ikoLr
#
- J.W<.W<.~lr
6.
EnLSJ
#`
- lC
7.
RC
120
~<~ XkJ
#y
- .<Ft
8.
E~J loEFJ
128
# X- P..C.. r<
9.
~NEW WWW<a
138
# .J.r
10. tXk<~lJ
152
#`
- .C. - i<FoC ~lr
dJ
1.
167
LE<a
#-<Er ~i-<F
-
o
- -}
2.
178
-<i<a
#-Uyo
3.
- Ha `rdz ~W
199
# W<.`E`l
4.
206
-CRJ
#W
- W-J L-
-
- o ykir
5.
223
-tWRlz
#W
- W^C
L~:-L-~-} d-Ha
t--EH
-
- J -H
- J#
viii
231
232
ldEL<`X#
-} Lr LJ `J
`LE`E-`WLz<EC
`XL~i~r.
p-~ULl l<p~^XEC
pi~C p~r~C LC
p~LEFlEF~FEFJypC
pJdLpJdLECpdlC
1
t<`EdldELE#
Xl~J
- ~Llo
tE<a <LUWL~EkL#
rWri~C ikoLXEWXR.
<L~LU~ELlWX
<-~rEX~<J ~J
lWLEEWE<lEUWLE
z Hi<WEN.
LUlLz~LUl-EWWE<
LXXE p~HXXER
l<l<EEW`Xl~C
x <iL~J
dEL<z LRWRlL~`LWLloWlo
<iUiEiEJ Eko~J
EEL<aL<~-L<
- ~
- -L<~l#
~}ikoLXEzW[i~C.
<<~<WEz<EikoLEJ
<ZXlWW`~XLl~z
y`p~LEE~lW~W[~C:#
""CW<L<OW<X!''
pd-
- ~~L~XE
iEC ~-lC yFHa<~C.
`<EXldJ<
C~i`C`oLlJX~C.
EWLL<EyWLLC
rfW~Wrri~C.
tLEE~lW~lLLEE`pW~l#
LN~z L~C C~J ikoLEJ
2
<L~l~LkEXLb
<X<J LRrf~J.
y`~~ EW~ikoLrC
zLUi~X~EikoLEJ
dlLEWLEW[i~C;
iE~Jrf~J LUi~C.
lEWLEWLC
iLWb WW<W W[i~C:#
""pl,`LEEWEW<~WX
`oLlJiE, J WR<a!
EWLWE~E< E<~i;
<~[s-~J Uo.''
<E<pEEr<EELC
<ENX<EWExH~r
ElLLEEL^~L}X#
E<Fr<EXW.
LEEFEFlWL<F<a
LLbW[EXWEr
WR<~EEpWLrH#
lleX<J W[C
tEE; ~EE~l~g~#
~`LlXbJLU<lz
~p`~zLUEW~<O<lz
~r~CXWEi~C<J
LL~~FlELXC
Lg`oLJ Wlo~W[i~C:#
""<L~l~,LL~<EF~X
<XLEL<X! iX!
3
p~LEFlEF~F<EEFld!
pa pi~Ll pdzX!
~~EL~<E~~~L!
~ElF; XE, ~ElF XE!
`~E! `<pd~E!
`z`EX! ~!XdX.
~dL-Ll`~,~,<EF~X!
~WWW<W<W<EWW~i.
LLL~`~lLkLL!
LWbWXEW~X!''
LEE~WL<E-<p-~HW~
L~WX~Erf~J
""tEEWRW-<R<<EW<E`L#
~gLrXLUXL~X`?''
pl~l~LL~`EElJ
WW<~l<CX<Hi~C
^E<EFW~W~<zLR<i-~C
WW<~i~rLi-EJ.
2. Lr-V~
- r-XJ
X<Er
[EJ<r `o <`LlW tnC ~lz
LldW rWl WEXlWU `l X<Er
lX<lNEC (1845#1915) <EJd `J`o<< HW
R E~Fo Wo. LF <J, t~X<J,
tLE<<J, LlE`XgJ, WWXldJ Hl--l-Fo tX--W - ~ <- < a. t- - z <`W XL`XgW
L<l E LlE`XgLFo WU `oJ.
LlE`XgJ rdW ~J X<HFo dLl
~rX}o.]
(1)
~zERXX<FLW[rJ
<zW<}~W<lJX<L<E!~W
<zX<JdLr<<#
z rEr<o`<J.
(2)
<J WEl~XWX<<z
<,<<<a <EloXWUl[
J <J rEWX<J
}<J LLJC.
(3)
WW`EJXX`E`EFlzX~XEU#
EJX<~FlX<J X
EJ z~LlLsoj<`lC
EJ rz EL<EEXa
4
(4)
<XrWE< <r~W#
X~Wz Wl~iEx<z
WEWlRJ iWl<r
XXJ GWl-XFJ
(5)
~ko`<WWlRld~dHXUJ
LkoWl<z`E<z
~ko<EFJRlWl ~d`~i
(9)
<rJ <<dJWlWF[#
W<[L~LzLUWLLl
LX<~L<zXrXFr ~W
WJ <E<ElJX~ ~zX<J
(10)
EJ LrVJEdLLl}XJ <#
XEJ p<Wl~lE~i
~iETJXE~Elr X<r#
lEJ~XrLJ rL[.
koW<`LX! RJp~~J
(6)
EJ LJF<kXlb<HXlJ
J sJ W< <HXlJ
J W<EWLE}HXlJ
<J W<WUR<a CiELrXVFX<.
(7)
XnFW-E<LLEXX<J
J ELXEWH
XFJ WELE~iE}<LJ
-WRLElEJ ~<hXE~i.
(8)
~iJ XrWRL<z~W<FoXlJ
`~oXLzEWUWlW
<XWEEFC LEz<XEU
XX~zlU~iFW<a<.
6
(4)
L~`~iLZ<Lll
LnLL_dnoL
3. E iELo
}r
[dOWLz Ll ZXd<~Ha } }r `o.
EXLEhr (1877#1847), L<,kEdXk<C, d<EC
i ~<Fo <z `o X~l}o . LX<EJ
(L<J), tJy(~<J), <rkFJ, Jd, i<,
(^_<Ha) EEJ, <EF, EJdF, EwL
(<`LEHa) H tX~<J <<a tXW
`J~<z aW. ~UWL EJ dXkFX^~HJ
tXJ `ei<Eo. X<E`EJ yo<
lFo tXW bJ L< `J~.
"<EF' `LEz aW <lFo "E iELo'.]
(1)
WENR rE
WENRlzLWNEz
X<lloLXU~loW#
E Ep~<LEX~<C.
(2)
trJ XW~Edpr#
}~XELUxX
WC a E
EFLr lJ.
(3)
E kLpEz
~C ~Wz
<lJ <WU WW<<l <lJ
FC EFXnFllE.
8
C WWFE
zE`oE J.
(5)
W~ X~<#
W~XElXaELNz ;
tW <iEz ~~WxE#
<nELlE.
(6)
bEJ `oWLEXdJ
LXbEJ LrdyFJ
XJ C lY#
XWUxzW~LJ!
(7)
`r[nEL W
`noL <WL XW
<FWlEWL X~
<EaXU~ <ig.
(8)
""<UHWWlW
E
- XEJ WERx;
tJ ~ LUlo; Xl!
sW~XLz XF, LXlJ.''
9
(9)
(14)
X irXUllo
XxE <Rlr
J <XeE<-E<C E#
o HJ LR EXLLz#
J lW X~rl-.
koXkJ LUW~J
(10)
OLloErflJ sC
WOWWlWWbE Wll!
(15)
<RoloJ EkW~ X;
L`Ll <OX<
r rNz Ex
X~Elo p~~ <oJ.
~J ~L} XJ
(11)
XFXg~X < !
(16)
iEL~XXE#
t:E<L
L LX~ELHa
z X~Ha <r <F#
<J ~U <ExX;
lXnEXnnFnFHa.
tiElJ s~`llX[.
(12)
t[WWlWC E`~loEloJ?
(17)
x [WWz J
o~`oJdJ LRW<rJ
L<W X~r a
dLlW}E pyFJ.
LnL~EXXEJ
(13)
}r<J WE}
Fr; tXh! ~dX XLz!
18
~C XpkoWE W iRo#
EXEJ; s~~WlXFJ'
X ~~Wl#WlW X~#
YLEEXNa
XC Xl XLXa?
10
(19)
(24)
XXp~J nlp LF
` <W WLJ
LE pi Lz!
C WWX! ~C <E[
`XgX <J.
tXHUX<E WWJ!
(20)
(25)
EWXH XLH
LniZC <a#
W W}W ~C <XJ!
E `~~ERJ
X Lbr ~C <C
tYer~~WL
<irWi <UiX?
rliL_z.''
(21)
(26)
z ~gE`Ll#
LEWXEr `drJ
L~EJ ELlJ
~C p, LWW~W XL#
C LdL<iW
Xl< XL<LX[
LW <rJ `^Llo p.
(22)
(27)
`J J ko<HW
tJ WRXb iJ
LXLlo LUrW
WW<b<R<W LC
WblJ E~ LFlo
C a El W<
lkorVTLiL`Ha!
`JdL<XnFlX x
(23)
(28)
t^_WW~p~YL#
<irFz ~~lE
Lnh `z<ir -Y X~
WW<lLEC EFW
< JXEWUl[
<FLa Ld_r.
<FoiWWdE<~rGEz
12
13
(29)
trWlo<l[`W#
EElXLFJ
ta ynloWEW#
EEpJ`J RX
(30)
EFF`b
iFC ~C `EkrfC
<FLJ plnoL r
iEFJ L~ C dz
4.i
<LE~C
[Ll<EJd EJ ~bW EJ<Hz l
~Xf~~ <E <r W< L<lFo <LE~C
(1873#1924). XyTHa l trfJ L~J ~o<C
tXW <<a <Rx. `LXyJ `
ko F lJ SilJ <<W trfrH.
iFo, ~~, i, ll `i, _n<, E,
<EF, XE~J H tX~<J <<a tXJ WW<Eo `J~
Wloo.
"i'lW d} ~J X<HFo W
Xr}o.]
(1)
lELLlo
LiE`~Llz
`~`L~W
~oLLEJ LL`Elz,
(2)
`~U~WRJ
lLl~WXELa
lXL~ iF#
lXW<X<llo.
(ldoL<J)
(3)
nl LrpiJ
p~ LrVLJ
~E`LLXr<z
<<a L~k<~dl<a.
14
15
(4)
LElWLN, ELJ
LE<LfFHz
WERFXrX<X#
WEE<l<a WW<a.
(5)
tEW <~~WE#
~lz ~rf<C
t~~l-llo p~X#
<-L~kELE.
(6)
~LF, `odF
Flr- r ~g~,
t~LLW<L#
lL`a `a ~XL.
(7)
<, ~ <dyela
XWlJ
l ~<~J C
~lz nFXWlJ.
(8)
`<<LLEC
L<WFx WWJ Lz
<lWlJd<lz,
(9)
Lr lZ~J
<` "i' # tFaXr
~<W dlL
~lz L~Y Ex XWXJ.
(10)
L<WWLELll#
l<WWlEz F-dEC,
`<<La < r<
<ELHz
(11)
W<lWlLd lJ
WlLx LLEz
<z yELLlo
<aXz EWL<HJ,
(12)
<<a Wx <C
W<L <HaXz
W~R<z ~i~#
WlXLE`rfEJ,
(13)
p~, X~yT~J,
~dEJ, Xkk<a
-L <FFx<
LaXLLrXyJ.
(Xk<J)
`<kFH-z.
16
17
(14)
(19)
L<Fli#
tLEnXEWEa#
`d, X~ lZ~dLJ
<LJ J, t[J
dFllz El#
lp~lJ `L#
lLlz LdoeJ`Xz.
FEW <LEdXlz.
(15)
(20)
<EEE<O<J
L~'~<Ro,LEi
ElF iWl~J
`~Ll`^, dXFEC
ELEELLr^J
`~~<rlWEa
ELXEE<U~zX
lLa ~z<LXL.
(16)
(21)
E,llXLLr#
EFXlJ l
EE, X<llz
WLERr<C
LU<lX<, <~lJ
t! ~Xld^, #
WU<<Hlz.
YLRWRUx y<.
(17)
(22)
plE~`,r<#
R<l E[LbJ
p, lRXWEa
RWlR<J RXWUlJ
`p~WLEiWl
<RlL; L~`LrL~#
~p`~l<EC.
WYR<WLElz.
(18)
(23)
dEp~~J <<LJ,
`L~ J~FHWLC
EF<a Wl`
LLWlLUWloXlo
<El LU <LJ
`LlLHW~lrf<C.
<EL~a <Z<<J.
18
19
(24)
~llRxJ
p~<~WCJ
t~~~~~Ed~#
L~<W~WlHW~lRoLrlz?
(25)
<~LWRlW<!Li
L~dlLRo<#~koJ
l~l, `oEZ, #l
~WlWlrWE p~iXL!
5. WWWz
p.EUo
[<l~o XkJ Ll<EJd bJ Xel~lir
<lFo p.EUo (1901 1978). E <W Ll
<lW i<Ll r<lJ LW ~i E`o<EJ
XW Eil <ll tJdi<EW<lJ Wlo L<
lFo tXJ. lHWlJ <o~<WlJ ZJ ~~
LFo tXW <<a J dJiEJ ~o<o.
`<Z<J, ~, WE<a, W}oU<a, ~LkJ,
trJ, XlJ, Rz, r~J, pi~`JdiJ Hl
tX~<J <<a tXXl ~Lo o.
"p'lW - W EWx <<a `LEz ~o
`i<E}Fo dJ]
iFLi<<X, ~rkEJz
F~z~XXkJ r RloXNa,
WLa <` iJ `ZE#
EJdz <rX<EliJ ~X,
g~J! sC `ZdJ X~E~~J ~C
`gE`<LEkloJ XLXXLX.
<NrC<lJ FlJ <XE#
NXLUiJ `ZXLELJE<J
R<EXEWWrWz
LR<iXNXL ~gLF~gJ
LlJ <J XLJ XrWiX[
~Wlo ~ p~lW!
E XC<~lW EyipWXW#
lE`J WYJ`o<EW!
20
21
L[WElbz ~lr
rLbJ L~C ~`ZrJ XW
WJ pX"WWd'XXl!
~WE~`Hz ~J
lrWR<XlEZELEC
Wllo~ULr[[iLlJ?
WJ ~UJ <J ~p~W<
WXr<"JX<'~Cz
<~J <E~J <E<JJ
ilFl NCEJ
[[i r`Zr#
<J iJ iJ LJ WLa~X!
sHJ`, ~E~g#
"WH'z ~~`ZdJ~~XE!
RXrEWll XEzXU#
XlREoLlJ <xF<a <hzXU
""WEPXL, WELXY, ~ilo<
X~WE''WlX`XkoLXW
WCWWr---<---#
CWXllolFlXNa
~,,~X LRo~C
`gEL^J <<WX`EC.
Wlo~z `rrLJ Lxz#
<z, lrz,
<ENXNC <-<H#
EXlEJ<bL~HX
<C Lxr LxJ, C
<lJ LEJ <r <ENJ,
22
6. W
L
[L [XE W<o tUlW `yFC ~NEo
(1923# 2000) dJ `LJ l `^:^Ha
<Ul<lJ tlW z r XkHW
U RxX <lJ Wh <lFo. W lW
`or `Ha WW<E<~XlW t~<EW LNz
tEC `LWlE <WWlJ tX~o. iF,
<N, <H <hLJ, ~XHL, , <<<a,
p<n Hl tX~<J <<a tXXl ~Lo
o.
"p<n'lz aWl} <lFo "W'.]
FlJ XLJ
WlWC WW<#
lFEJ X~EXX
L}}z <XU.
~EWLC
L~YRlX
X~lW ~i
~ XiFJ,
<, i W
WW<lz
~o<lF#
WUEC C
t< ~W~J
LX <WU X~E#
24
L~ Wl
~RW XW.
""X ~i X?'' W
R WXa#
WlziXEJ
WRWW<XlJ <,
""< LUl~#
}rL`J
<LllW#
EU< XFJ.
UWl#
WlJ Wi,'' WL
EloLE#
rLJ <z
C EEz#
XWloEXa#
W W<WEi
WlJ Li
ElW
XX `lJ LH#
WE #
XELz!
(<~C <FLXF?)
~ W}#
FllR#
XNJ C <hz iRoX<,
tC < LEJ
<FW ENJ
W<xl#
ElJ <W~,
25
<EJ `o~WX#
WWXlJ!
~ Xl~C
~Rz <zWXW.
lWE :^#
WlXHW~
LlWC L~Y#
x ~XNa,
FlJ XLWEi
WlWC WW<#
lFri, XX LW}C
EzUlolz.
<rJ "~UU',
"lJ ~U'Wl
Wz~J <X#
lUHi <RLz.
tRLXF#
Lr ElXNa,#
EWE#
Fr EXFJ.
tFlJ WXFW#
ir i#
< W
LiWWXL~.
X~lW ~i
~XiF#
LW<iWWEC
L~YRlXNa,
~C E#
XFRolLWlC
26
27
~LEXr; ~C Lz Xr <xXL#
X~LzrELlLlo!
XL <~WzFJ
~zXC<~<J
X~ WW<<WW^<~<
XL~C~z ~zX
RoWlJ <xz~WlX#
Xb ~~J LrX
Ha WWX-`l
- p
- s
o- J <R#
xzirE~irXLX
X<EEXrJ
sU<WHJ Ex~X
WENJ W~[LE<a
`rV<W<a<X
tWENrXlilz#
J ~<r ~<r ~Xlo
r~i, o~llllo
REWJ
~W ~<ZLElJ LWbE
~WlFHsC <Lz`^i!
XLXENC WEW x
illlUHsC
WRHr `ZdT<
koXpl ~C LWX,
""W~, W ~~W''s~
WWEWLC ~lX,
"<xXL~'WLX~W WW<#
NzWWl~XE
XdJ iXLLX~, ~W
W< <`WlEllo!
7. XUFo
.C..<Uo
[~<X<W `XkHJ :^HJ `J<J
<lW t~<r <r W< `o<lFo
.C. <Uo. (1931 #) WW<E<~<a ~J <W
Fr~J Eo LFo tXW ko < EFWW.
~J, Llzi, t{Ha, <U nlW
o, o, LWE ELdiJ, l~ H tX~<J <<a
.C..lXl ~Lo o.
28
29
J WW<LrXl
<J, LJ<JFz<J,
WEzWX~ldHa
RlXr <lJ,
W<b<a, W< W<N}HJ,
"~piJ' <iEJ,
EUW `J#
diLl W<J,
<~~WWL~E EU}
<J, <El, LNzHJ
#WlaR<<XrsC;
J ~`llrWC L~J.
Ha Llo~J
WWloF~LFzUJ
XLz~L[FzW#
WzEXF~WWJ!
XoLJ LW JpC
i``EJyEC
`~E<EHX<
`zE`ZdLrWEY~z
ldJ LzX#
LElELiWLLlo
tTLYz ~L[WRJ
yTEXpYX ~lC
W~~ LJ p
F~<a~plJ ~
Ldoe eJ CL<a
~J <ELWWY<`~z
31
Uly`oL<z#
~ X~C xXlo~CL~J
rsC ~a C r<EJiE#
XleW,WLlJ <lJ
tLl~E,r
`JdE~J LrFJ
tiE`lXz, WWH#
HW~ Hz WLEX!
LL~WEWxE
LL<E~<Wb
X, ~X <l[[i
ELELJdi<a?
koFnlXzXeLlo
LloXLLiXlz
iXE`LX~LLiLFz#
iE~`koHa<~J!
JW^X<allo W[<, W
WW<Xl?# UXNU~J
X<X, X<alE`J`oEHa
Xb rlE ~zk<a!
XUR <<WXE;
kELWk' WLW[Ux~i
X<~J,'' rdZEl!'' W[
~rWlELE~HW~.
EE~ `J`o<C`E#
LEW[~<r ~~J.
XLxW}E <Elo<E#
XWlLC<E<a
32
xUCLEz
W `J`o<C`EJ X< ~J
[J E, , <lo#
W[b~J UbJ.
ZRnlz ~WXE
`EW J WLXr
rHa, W[<a, WXWUWlJ
<RxFJ
"Z~L}J # <LJ `
~iE XLFXE<a!'
ZldW L~YnXl#
EiEWlXlUxFJ!
""XL~LLC X~ELlo'' # ~i<x#
XLX~lFrWl<X
tNELrU;
tNz< WW<<~J
""LLXF? XL~ LLXXF''# b
Llo ~E`a yTJ
W<L<W~LlEL#
~xEHa <X,
W,lX~W L#
LLJ <
-
- r- ~z-<i-X-
L-E-[
- -L-l
-
o- - loL
-
- r
~WlX~FxUxiX,
E<WyTp~#
loE<a, L~J W<X
WLW[~x ~C<a#
}loWRWL W~i
33
8. dTE
E~[r <EF<EC
[piW ZkoLHa WW<E<inoFXlW ko<E
C L E~[r <EF<EC (1924# ) ~< XEdL~ <
<z L^~Fo. `ZgEW l<a, XLJ LELFo iE
LFo, E, UF, tLlHXNa. HllFo tXW
~<<a. "E~[r <EF<EW <<a' `LEz
~ Xr}Fo dJ.]
E<#
WR<J kC
WUWLE }#
l}z iFlXNa,
`TEloXLz
z~WE X~r
~iL iWFC
<O<WR<XNa,
`iL<~nFJ
LxXWLE LE#
LC LZ~
W sC ~.
E<z
WHLEW
<a <WFWF#
lo X,
34
35
``v#
~WRXb#
J XHaC
<zWELbJXW
LFz ULU
<b; LHJ
LE`olW
LUJ <lo.
<LilEL#
~LrVHz
<<XNa `lJ
LE<lX[.
XLWFWC
UX< ~
eX~lW
klz X sC.
<a ~~W<#
FJ Lla:
"" EleJ
~ <EXnJ.''
Ws sC UXXlo;
sC l Lz
W ~z L,
C L`Lpz.
WXLz <yTHa
iR, WxR#
Xb }, iJ
iFC l.
UJ XLLl#
L_HaW#
LUEl
bJ XE~<a
ElJ WLXh#
Xz U
EdHa C ^E#
XLoWC WLhz.
<JW<}J <Ea#
#
W <#
koJ d_iJ.
ikoLrC Eh#
loEX< `ZEk#
dikoLLJ <rW Xr
lzWJW<X,
EJ UH#
WEi WW#
^EHWz
LrlzJ sC
WE<J ~v#
loW~-WiUJ
<R<rC U#
W< X<FrX[.
W<W<`~J
z XW
LzXX iEC
L<l X~EJ
C <hz ~J X~
iFJ x W#
Xz L
C< z.
36
37
X~El ~~#
LWLE #
Xllo ~ELi
X~Xnz
< sC dTEWl
ElJ WOLE#
W<WEl
iC LiX.
LW
L<J `nz `rVJ;
XWE ko#
XL EJ.
<b, W#
Ll#
rWW
X sC LUX Xlo.
tr~oLQ~
Lbl di#
LL ~#
`Llo UloXNa,
ti<Eir#
E`T<aXW
W~Y<#
FxXa,
XzXE#
z l
W~nZF#
lJ Xa,
tEE#
iE Xpa ~#
38
Xr ~i#
iXz ~W<a-W<,
! <EXnJ <F#
~dlla `lJ
dTE, <Rr
E LE.
tEXnJ <FC!
iEr ~U#
LdLWz<#
LEXnJ <FC!
ElJ ~UlEJ
WWX<H
~E <l <E#
XElo i <W,
SpEJ #
EdLlo LlL#
U Xl< LgJ#
LgLlo ~W<aW<,
L^J Ui,
W~irlri,
<Ro LHl <O<#
rLlL[.
:^~X :^J!
Z L:^W
<LFX[
~, ~kog!
tJd<lz, <Ei#
Hz, `oH#
WRLl
<O<z, Llz,
39
<< W<#
XWbloJ #
WllUl#
~}lHz
C EUl
C -l WE
LL,[~J
lWlXJ
^llo #
WlElJ lC
lz W<#
e WLW[XW<,
tUliEllo
~XWlEW<
LF<_J <J
Ea <J <J.
""W <, xL~,''
L Ll#
WFECXL#
Ea WX~.
L~LEW~
Llz ~,#
L^W XE#
<a X~a,
R<J <iE~z
L<ra WEWWE#
lR<WRJ H#
~oLEL^J
# L^J, C LW#
WlWlWLl
40
_~W L#
W EL^J!
UJ WE
E ElC
WUX EW<#
EX< ~z <koFC.
dTElW X~#
E<Xl <koFC;
dTElW <h#
WE WLlo J.
41
EJ <J R< `#
WWWlEz
9. X<XER
l` X<XE
[vJdlJ trfdZEJ FHl tX~<J <<a W<
Ll `EJd `Ll E ~J X~l <lFo l`
X<XE (1936 #). rk `J`o<EW <rk<Ll E EXkJ
tXW L <<J <FJ. X<XER, lEJ ~}
LZ~J tXW ~<<Fo.
"X<XER' `LEz ~J }Fo dJ.]
R<-LgWLC dLWRJ
RWl XEW}XEL~J
EW< ~iWERFWXWU#
WEF iXEiJ
Wlz FWlo iEz LHX
lEbWW<~rlz
RLr, C~<FXr X<XE#
RWlW~ J.
LF~RWlXCL#
LdLX,
EL[ ilX<
<, lJ EH~oX
<~WC ~ayo<C
<bir ~glJ.
42
r Xlo XXWUlJ, #
<C J LX[?
<dWW~~, ~WElJ
dlW EiWW
WU[ J, W
UUJ L~J LrJ,
`pELLJ ~~lz
`rkJ x~oJ
U<WLC XL, XLloJ
tEC <J <lLC
Lz JyJ W
lo i W< WWJ.
WEX~zCLWr#
W<bUWz,
tELllo Xb LW~#
WlE WW~-bU Xlz,
t-~E`gEFlil#
`~WlUlz <lJ,
ELidLX`<loW[J
EL[, El[
LE<WNRC W~z WXEo
LlWLzLXrJ
t<W nC ZJ #
Fl XEC W~~loJ.
43
- Wlzg~J rlz, WOg#
<WW<LHlJ,
UXL WrXJ RW
<UlieWlLlJ,
LW<~irEX<XlXla
<W `lLX~.
WLRlz ~EC X<r XJW<R#
WR<,pXp`.
<F~Xz ~~WEi
<EWlC <Ell.
E~WE`~rGEWl}z
~UXW~Rx~oX
ELFzWC<ZLE<Z<J
Ez <U L<J
t< WE~XL~#
lWC oLlLX,
t~E~Xl~z, Z XL~
t~<~dL~WlUxJ
<WlLLk~X, W
< Xz loXJ.
RWl<z LFC~F#
RWlUxXlz,
EXlElFo W, loWLC
ErfloW `iLW!
`Elz~Elo LXgkoF~
`<nEHlorWR<
44
RW[J <`Ea
<R<~a, X~~dC!
E<X[~XrJ ~i~~r#
WlElEJ.
tollo iWEa
<ErVllo}~a
tUJ [ iJ LEHJ
tR~L~a
tEJJdlFUW~[Wl#
~LJ WlR
~LkHa}z ElLWLW
~dL~J ~Lo~d LloWR<
Rl rdTJ; LiCW<i#
xRlJ Ha<NEXC
<lHaLW
<kLlo, ~UJ ~EpPHa!
EX<, ~ sC W `o~
ELE<z W~lo~J.
E X<[ Ez sC:
EWE XHa~L.
WWXE, L~EW
<lbENLz.
<ir[a XbX<XE#
lWWEx.
RXl ""a<l[pi#
RWlyo-lW<Ez.''
45
LlJ X~ ~UWlWWXl
LULUH W.
`EiJ ~iX, U#
LWsC `<JCrXC
"EE, 'W<XLaW<-i;
"~ULW'W<XL<J
E LZ~W~NEWXWli#
YEEJdJ Wx<XC.
tEC `Lelz WWWWlX#
~XLlLlo H~o,
XR`LHa, ZXER#
~Ha, t_<WL[J
p~L HWW pr#
Ed~ oJ ~i<E.
R<`irpizXL
LR<LbWLC koF~z!
46
10. [X`E<a
W~J X
[`LWW<Ha X~WE Xn`W <EN<a WE
l tX~<J <<a E} W~J X (1926#) `
W `LLr~~} lL. <~<nEHa, W~[o,
t`oJ, tNJ [J, [X`E<a, XEo, r`J
Hl tXW <<z ~WlFo. "[X`E<a'
`LEz ~o Xr}Fo dJ.]
(1)
WW<lWJ W<#
iJ XEE
Wh~Xpi`o i`o
X<UC dX~!
W Xr ~ElFC
E L~#
W L L#
L l eC.
W `NJ <XU
kr, L`J WW#
W Wrl#
XW<l iz.
C XnL
XPo z <#
47
lJ < <J#
<LlXC sC,
WCk~lXa; .o.
lJ XdJ H
WWlU
<[FJ ~XFJ.
WE WWC
L-XXE FJ <C?
WEWi
lY<J!
LJ Fl#
F sX~i`W
<oX<bJ; .o.
W`<okW ~X<-bJ!
(2)
XLloUH
<a, XRWlH#
L[X`E<a,
F[Ha.
W[XNa <FJ EJd#
WLHLiJ; <FoXLr
W[: yTW#
<n <-- i~z Xl.
~Rlz, LE#
z, Elz
WEW#
Wr~J W[
EXL, E#
XE NJ H
48
WXJ
<X<J Xp?
WR[X l#
WWLlXNa
WRz <XlEW
"X'li LWFz
i`XyrPz WR
[ X}r "<#
<'Wl
<Uz EXL?
[X`Elz
NJ X#
`or X<U#
lEUXL?
<F~Ep<#
LXLJ ~~
lFl~W #
lJ WXXl?
t<X<H#
[W <rC#
Xr<z Xr#
lFlC <F[X[!
(3)
~J WLXN#
`ibzW!
`oWlC WW,#
X~WlC .C
X~C l#
<WlC Ela!
W<Pb [#
XUL`z, P`o#
W<PWbXW
XJ kFJ X<z!
~ L`J #
R s~EXE
<W W<PbW
UXr X b
UF<
yXi`H}r
EFJ EH#
rJ `oXJ `oXJ!
<<a UWWLCPUJ
XlJ UXrW#
WLlo<LJ WX#
W~UF<J sC
~XWX r#
lz X~li`r
p~ Wa: ""t
X~EXllX[.''
"tWiW'
s~EloX Wa:
""t WPoMi`W
EJ [ `XU!''
50
(4)
tl <C XPbJ
~NEJ <U
la; WPoMi`z
iWLC X<bJ!
p~C <#
< CPW
E Wa: ""t
[W[C `XU!''
XE EJ sC?
WW<lWJ W<#
-L[X <#
L[W <RHXNa
<<EC
- CL<C
< X-pi W
X<W XWbR#
WWlJ El.
EJ <<a[
XE^<a, EW#
EJ Xz W`<okC XU#
Ll[ XE^!
p~ C <XE
WW< C HJ
LiW~WWlC
W< XlEFJ!
<[ XE
W<lz "iJ UXr#
[, ~z<<W['
li`UJ!
51
(5)
kUJ XL#
WLXlo R
kU z ~J
.C JJ
[XL X~,#
WWlL#
~} `n#
Ll E sC
LJ Fl#
F; sC <XXE
<o X<UWzW<
<o~Wl<XL?
W[XNa <X`El#
<FXL? <#
l[, <XL#
F ~XlXL?
ddJ
1.<`W r
W. J. tC
[ Ll`~EFEJd WU `o~Fo J. tC
( 1930 # ) . W ~EFHa ``eHFo
tXJ ~LlJ tJyo. "`r~J',
"WU<#W o', "<lJ <J', "`L~lJ', "X~J',
"X~z: o~HJ ~HJ', "LrX~J' HllFo
tXW ~<<a.]
LlW bJ `NLl `^
WU< dLFo. t~o WUWU ~UW<[W
ELo . 1890 Wo H E vW
<` W rWl ~ LU<Xl
~ Hl EJ.
`L~`W EJ L`<
<W BJ WNJ ~bW t<z
W WU< p~<il `EW
UJ rloJ t~< `EJ `.
XHlz <xELC ~l~Ez H ..<koF
}lz t`~ J LUro L<
llEo yiko#tXLEC <<<W <<
Fo. Z LUEz LrX <LE~J ..l
WLR}r `J~Ll < Ux E`
J, r<XL, `EEXL l LE
LFo eo , # `L~LlUxz WUL<o
52
53
54
55
l. XEdL~S<Hl lHW X
W<} L^`JdHzlJ, <<W
<~zlJ X<`E `X<z l
Er~J `. XL`HWlJ WX^--WlJ <<a r~J Wlo ElWlJ.
tlW `X<Ei<W WWJ ^~
W<J <RWllJ XW~lJ X} `o
<<EWE rWl J l-~
- -E-W tE--<a E-ko--E-----J tHW~ Ll`
z WlE < `J y<koF
} ~l `Ll lwJ `o rLFo . Ll
z l `E R<EJ l~
EJ `< dJiELr<<J ~r
C <Rx ` Lr<C tXJ Ea LLFo.
56
57
J t~WW<~ W<o d
Ll <<Fo Z J WXH} R<r
Eo . L~kXko Ll inFXW
`o <W `Li~J, WlJ
t~`F<W ~rlLl WW~J
Lr~J R<r EWN. `L~Ll
Uxz, rf<`L< <W WW<
Ll EJ, kFJ, WWJd< FJ, EE
WlJ <rk<WR<WlJ o ~ Ha# Z
klHW `or <<Fo WUlJ EW
}o. Z `iL<ao Uo L~k<yTHWlJ
L~k`WlJ WWHXJ Xk
<XJ UyW~lJ Wb-W~lJ ykiU
W~lJ X}r EXL~ <z < Wo.
XLX~W X~<z EX~J ~l
<z Ul`~o <RlWlJ XWlJ
<<z <~`Ell `XW
WW< r WU<`W rll
E. ~XkC WEXlWUlJ tJdi<EC
WEUJ LLlE <z, XlF
`~Ll dXL^lz, `rV E
Z <WlR<EW `<W W< <W
E `LlFo bWlbll WUl <<l
LL[ inXo.
~ ~J LJ LUWElFo `Lio .
<RJ X~J LbJ L~kW~ `LLz X
<FC <Rx}. t W<o tEW inFz
L~kL~YW~ `JyT LRC `HJ
aW[. `Ll EkorJ <ELl
~W<Fo tr RXJ RJ.
EL vHaUJ to LlE.
<J tr Jdll ~r. tEW <<W
`XgJ <WUWl[J `Llo . tro U
z LJ LUWE `JyTXJ,
tWE ~r E W `L<L<l[.
`irLl ~< piz L~kW t`o
W `^XL, :^XL, {XL WWl
<J `L<J EkoilJ WW~<Ll
[ H-WlJ <b<a tEW tXyWlJ
~WllJ ` t`L. EJ X<L
le-UL} rkHz <lFr l
X ro. rHa <OLNz <rl
<W<lE Z r. LJ LUEC
LUJ E `XglFo, L~YFo. `
t`~J t`Jo ~LFla. Rl LHz
58
59
60
61
2. L[[lJ LC<J
.W<EXLEC ~lr
[piE<EC, ~`<ro, `EElo
i ~<W[J `o~Fo .W< EXLEC ~lr (1903#1988).
tXW ~<<Fo `~~C, `..ELC},
LSdT, Xalr, EoL<a, <EW i^<a,
Ll`EJ, ~< Ll `EJ Hl.
<`W "t- ~ <'W tJyL tXJ
E} E ~`LFo "L[[lJ LC<J.']
<`L<lW
<J
~<z
<JJ L~kJJ z XrF tXJ
`Jp--L--l-E-- dM-L-l `J----lJ `Zr
J `XEJ LJ `o ~<W <
HW <z Xa LdH-WlJ pPrfHWlJ < aWX E. l~l
L<lW lz L~k-EJ LdHJ pPHJ
X, `rEEHJ <Ll E <lW
tJHJ CLJ E`o EJ `XEHLFo .
<J, EJJ, <LE`JJ, XLJ Ll
~ <<W[J koE } lHJ
<J <lW Z `W Wl
C Eo Llo . <W <
HW <z, ko k LEp- W ~lJ tX
W EEHWlJ XWl} ~dE<r E
do. z lz Ep EkW Lk
lliE <, "LX~W' r E
<~~<~<lFo. <lW Z <<J tW
LS~ lWE ~lJ Xr[. ,
64
65
66
67
t~`Ll E y<lFo .
t~<NlJ XEJ L~kpi<zXJ
LJ ll <W<}X? ko k
LEpW Eprz EpEk~z
~ko<`ll ~EJy-ll ~J <lo
X E } <~ir rC WEb L~k
WlJ lEX } t~E< Z t`E
z ~ilLlE. EJdJ <`<
68
CW <, ~Xpo-~lW t Wo
tW~ Jd~J Wlo W< XE<J
LLl `EWW-yX < <EJ Ul:
""~Xpz`oX- ~! ~i XLl XrElWFJ
E`~ll X< Z `XEWl W<
^<< ~W WW<W< Jd~J WhXF!''
Xpko <~ko Xl lJdLLl
~ Z rf~lz X~ll <F Lr
klW ZMdJiELl lJXJ
X<.tXJ W E LXElJ ZJ
t~d `L~~<:
""LX sC ~EXz `~#
lX}E rW~#
X dX~ Lz l`X
~i `JJ
ZJ <EJ E`E~#
[loLlo [C
~WW[lL[ <[~Wl~#
[WlW[lJ.''
W E LWE t~E-El rr
~o<C `z E ~} tb E
rfJ W <. L[[lJ <lJ
E`E~J kok~J [J <Flz W
LEJ pLLlirE. `XEi
J iXJ X~a <Ll Elz
LWbWlF rLlEo ? L~kW
rVJ `rV`iLlo Wlz tEX<
< }W LWbE J W <FJ?
X<J E L[[lW Jd~`^J t~C
"`XEi' `JXy~ Wlo W<o xF
l <lW XXLl ld
70
71
Xr LlW LlE
~o<lCW rWE
~~WFX R#
W < Eo.''
J ` W< X~J Jy
~J <Rl l`NEl <HW
` < E lrfXllEFWL
}~ rL[. <W ~gX<J
~<W `< tJHWlJ aW}W
_r tlW. X<J eLl
XL[W LWbFo ? "W[~XL<<'
o tz Xld}W <LlJ
<`rLl E LX~E^~LFo
<J. t X<J EilJ, tW L-SJ
E~ `lLl}LFo.
75
Wo rJ J XyeL<J.
3. Llz `L~J
W.J.W<.`~
[`~EFEJd `o~l J.W<.`~ (1928#) pi
EHlJ `~HlJ EJ <<a Ll `
~o `J~ Wloo. t~lW ~UHa, <bJ WJ,
<J, r~J, HNR <koF}: ~nHW X
p~J, ~ElFdE`L, LlJ <piJ, `XEC
thC, tlz ~ lX HllFo tX
W L^<<a.
`r<J <Rx[
EXl} <C
EXo L~kW
LWXLrC.
(1921)
o "'lJ,
<WU r
L~kWL<z
L~kW~Xl XL
lz `eXLr<
(1935)
z, EJ ~bW EJzW Z
inloo XHz z `JC
H. tW L^<EFJ J X<LleJ
WlFo. LWNELl[ Eilz l
ELl L~kFo J X<Ll elo.
LbE} ~~Ha XWUlJ. L~kC <
} bJ WW<Ll rFo leWL
L~Ylr LC<LlE. Xn, tr
<<<lE. tW<o p~Ha tEW ~J
yL~HXW X<a<lJ E<lJ LJ
WloX. Xld<z leJ [
W~Uo dZEJ C tr LrW[
rfJ. Xn, J X<LleJ iEl
lWWl[J <J W<}. .`o. l
bW "EL' < Z leJ E
~W tEinFo EJ o . X<
`J`o < E<EJdo E <EFHJ
to nW<ll. X<EJ W<
EpEo <LE~C HW~WlR:
76
77
WXE LWl #
, <XLJ
XEJ ~E~P ~lo
Wbi d~dJ,
XE <l, lL~#
LrW......
(XE~J)
78
79
WF <FW. ( `o X <XklW
tFo .C..) tlo 1945#z XldW bJ
XyJy<W nJ E `oX< lo
WrfJ X<W XE WlJ lz L
O .C.. `oX< Xldlo
o. (450 X<lFX[ X<p~`J^.)
W[J ~r~} Wo , [UWlH
~LXF? 1961#z X<W LbU yPopbo < 12,000
X< XPUlE. t 14 rkJ W<o to
Ell. trkJ < <RxXa iJ to
EXl . 1980#z to 50,000 X< XPUl.
L~bXUJ nJ XPr o, L~k~}
~i<EFlHa ~r~X, Eko <
L~kC WR W<E rfJ. X
`LlJ LUo ~? 1780#z EJ <W
z ~iU LEEW `J^ t X<lFo .
C ~l[W ~iUWEEW
`J^ XLUWLo UXl[X[. tWWl[J
X~ro WW<LJJ < W<Fo, ~lr
lHa L^~o piC
Ll to W ~i~l ~<
~dE<lW ~l<WE Ulr L
W<Eo ! XE ELJ WhXNa EF
Ha i<E t`Er Xl t<LEl
<FW! J, Z X<EkoHW EF
<EJ WW<lr X<piW Epi<z
rLl E<lF Who.
~lr lHa W t~ W
`No E~S<Ll <EHa ~Xldz
W[J to HFo <C <Rl< X`lbo
lFlC ~l E ~L~`Eo `LdLl ~lr
~Eli<EFXLrWlz tW Ll ~
81
z `JWLX, ~F <z
`eWlX ~UlWL sC [.
Xn, E <EJ W[XJ `XJ <W ~
UlC <RlJ: ~J ~WE Ei X Z
~lJ X E< `eL[.''
LUo , tC tnEL<z lJ `l
C H. lHz lW t{iEJ `
Xo r~HW ~nHz EW tC
<L~Lir. t `no < E~}
85
86
87
4. `J tT`J
XP W<.C. RC
[dXk<~J `~E<~LlE W<.C.RC
(192181)
89
90
91
~} `Ll~lW EHa, E
Ha, `Ha Wl lFo
~ `dHW[WLJ tlW ~r
W `Ll rHJ tlHJ tlz
EJ Uo. z Rl Pz
lo <iR} `dHz < `N<Ll
~<rVW tLl<lz, X `J
XldC ~lW Ux<. ~W
<C~Nr `Ll<XkHW ll
<llWJ ``Ll `LHW
W[C ~l[. Ep, yF H
~J }x} J Rl <<a#tr
W XEdL~<lJ X[# tJdi<E
< W Wlo . W <EFJ `o LFo .
L W lrXl W<x<
p <J `o W XEdXl
Xr < ld<J <<a pi
<l E[. `LlJ ~r EL<z
~W<o tr r. r `LlW Rl
` HW t tJdi<E; Lb r LZ<Ll
o~HW `orW lN<a h<lJ
XHa
~<lJ
Wlo .
lW
ZEF<<<z p `W ~Erf<
Wlr ELo; z pWEl `LEJ
~C
~}
`Ll~
tWE
t~E[. `J`o<EW `rz
E X<E} `N<H~- ` - E o
`LlJ <XLF LbHa XlLlirXRFo
<<WlJ `~`<-WlJ r<`~Ha
Xld<J
o .
`LlW
Lbo
tJdHWXW <lJ <E lliro <WU
t<Fo. o XkJ
dlz ~E LbHa R<E
<z EJ lo. `LlW
~} E`<W ~EFJ Wlo~}
t<EJ WW<o `N <J Eko ilLl
EJdHz
`<EC
<z
`~lirXRFo . `Ll XEd
Xl} `LEz < d<o J FWL
lJ <Lz r . XEdL~ `W
Hz W Lre~ <FJ.
tT`HW E~J tLW
~~J } <lW ~Ha `L
HW Ez } ~J NFo . o
W p~la UXY, alr Hl
`LEElEW `Jd tUl
E[. ~W klzW pL<W `JyT
Lr~HaWEl C, }Xa, }r Hl
L<<a ~l <`LEJ NlE.
lW ~Xf~J, Lb EpHXXWW E
Ll <r tEinFo EWLo. ~
LELl E eS<r <r ~W
Epz rE[. t~EHz ~
dWl XL~} Lz Xdr
<l <<J X<~g<l `~`
LEJ J W<. Z z Ux <z
X<EW `JyTXJ i~ElF dE`L<a,
y~g`L, Xld HlrW[J l
92
dLW `JlL[.
`EJ # <lWllJ `~`l
WllJ Eko il r<WllJ # tL
~J tT`~J ElE< `EF
lFo ; tHW~llE<lJ XFJ. <EFJ
yeELl X~J `Ll ~z<o
LCUxEFW[. z W E `Jd
UXlo. tT`<l HW[J
Xn<HFo, X<H[. `J, tJ` Hl
rHWb RxXJXUJ tlo
ELl trfL W[XJ. E:lJ LbJ
t~`Eo rHW ^~J LUX<.
dilW trfJ W `grL~`Eo r^~J
LUX<J W[z LWbFo? leJ Ll
J`lWFo [rJ tUlJ. J E`EJ
J`Wl rLir. Z r<z~lW
E`WLo? W<piW `dLLFo tW
lrf Xlp~J. Ep~ XlFo _r
leJ ~lo ; EpJ t~~Fo , `J~`
~}[. tXa, r<HW Wl[J
t~J pi LWF E. UlXNa `oL
WF XWLJ Z lJ J X
tJdi<EW[. Ez ~J L~Y
Rxz WE Wb eEF<a J irX<J.
[ E HJ, [ `HJ pillz
L~kC EWl}Fo. lWJ X<i
Ll lz ~o [.
`J tT`W rFJ
UlXNa rJ lL[; z Fo
tT`J Fo `JlJ. LNo <FXW
tU LU <F E L[ o .
yWWE~ tT`LWF J; t
93
94
95
5. tNXLW <
J.W<.W<.~lr
[`l<EJd plJ WW<E ~W XXd
Ez L^~Fo J.W<.W<.~lr. "|'W rlo X~J
W< ~lFo X<Eilr tXW <z
ElJ.
"XEJ EL[W' XEz tXJ `e Wl
S<lW E dLFo , tNXLz "|'W E ^
W~U E Z X^~J.]
to o..`..o E |U LXLllE
}. to XdL_lE. o..`.. 1944#z
EJXa tW Hl i`~o XEFo
XdL_z. glz `l~o XdJ F
Ul<. XdL_z Uxz `lX<gJ
Fo trfJ. Xn, ~W ~z EJ L~Y
lEo Lro XdJ LFo Xd
L_z lE.
""`r, W LL<C ~l J. tC y..
J `z Yl,Xa ~[ XplE.
ELW WC E L~Fo. [.tW<
`r t~o <N~lz E Xp W<FJ.''
Z [sC `J X<aU} lE.
<N~Xp Lgye<aLWlo HW~ E
EJ X<EilEWllz EWW~Ul[.
EXn, <lr, < Ll ENEdLl
96
97
<`~EWlb HlXa
W XdL_z XJ E Lr C t~`Eo
<`C iEL~. tHW~ lz E
R W<[W Ha LC< <W<o
Ll J Wb~J J `
Eilz <`~Ll E Lr C
Ei<E. tW t~Fo XdL_z
Lb r~HW[J ~lo.tWE WE <
ll <RxE <N~l<lz pi~r
X pi `Z<EH[lE. XUP<W[J i
<UxJ WJ E LlE. i<W
C W WE XLLlE. <LU<J LbJ
~ ElC J XL[lE. 1944 #z
~rF`JyTLl LXlbE E tXLEC
`X<doeC ~ L`~l ~r
98
99
o ~<l<z
bJ
`o Ll
JQz W.`.W, pr~lz W<LyX Ll
<N~<XlE~z tlLl `X<
<EU<XrW<lJ `Ll <l<J
<~J ~}Wl WLW
~J X E ~[ dXkFX<gJ <lJ
Wlo. to Xd,LJdEJ, Ll
Hz C< E`<a ~r~}
L WXPlo WLlE in.
tW<o tlo W [J Ll e<a
hU<ll. e<a WE <rk<Ll
E~z `<EXL^l} <N~<J t
WbC LX. tHW~ Xd yrlJ,
`oJ LJdEJ <r< dOWLJ
Wb. tXa o . .`.. `Ll E
E`lJ yll[. tW X<g~lJ E
`J~~o E C< E`WllE
W<o X<Ez ELW~ lWE `elL
W[J E E` < X<Ez L<XL o
E WW<X~C iEL~. to X<Ez
Eko EFLlE. LglJ WWo CkUC`o
X<rXUk~Ll} <N~ Wklro ~ z
tRL Wl XEFW t~L
XyJWy io p`o do ~<ilLl WWLo o
tX~kFJ ~lW Ll LZ<Ll L
LWFo tJdi<Eo ~<EL~J
..<ko F LE Ep W. <EJ `C ZE
WE yJdllE ~<EL. W~oUW
~EFXkJ z yr `o ~L
llEXRFo W<lz tNXLz W<C
UWW~Ulz ~J ~oWl `oL
E C< E` ~r~} e sC
PzlX `Lro. z yr `olLl
100
101
`J WW<} X~FLXld e
~WL `C ZE rWLz ^
XRFo X<Ez E E`< L<
W r Lb `J~HXWJ X<EilEJ L~Y
lo.
102
103
E`~rF<a tXdz ~r
Xo EpW LWFJ W<lz
<EWLE E` t~o `C
` } dXE<J W<L
LWFJ t ~r~o p~Ha YL
lz LRo~X <r<X J Lb `Z<E
HJ <Xo |U W<X<WLJ sC
tW <lEWE tUl <lJ Wlo. `EF
~E`~ ~} Ha<EJ L
E` ~rz o ~ Ha `o
EX E <Ha LLlE. Ll
X~FW EJ LJ WJ EpJ lo
~o < <lWFz tW<o ~rC LF
WLlE dOWLW ~o . tXLE,
yC,pr~,pC Z ~ EpHa LXL
E`EJdo t~<<l<a `lL
E`~rF `J~J W- h C o El
E}. Xo, "lUl' Ul E E`J
LJ ~rz XEX<ElE. Xn,
EEJ W EXz lo <a ~o < C
hUlE[. tXRFo blW XL <b~
104
105
106
6. En LSJ
`lC
[ EJ ~bW <lz LlW `
`W `NLl llE, `lC
<~LJ `i<E `E~ ~lE J.r. ~lr
(1903#1943) . L~k`W WW<HWlJ `LW
t~i<WlJ XkW <UEW tXJ W
X^~HWlJ <<WlJ E`<lJ Lr
<lJ Wlo. X^~HWlJ <<WlJ `LEHFo
`lC, ` . `-lW
- `-X
- ^
- ~
- H
-
- -W--Fo
E-n L-SJ.
<~l<C WW<XEJ WhUl
EXW E WW<XEJ L~Uz <<
llE. tHW~ <W<EW, Wa
Ul, Wa LYl, Xa J`
~l, Wa tiL~l. Wa WLx~l
E `EJ tW r. XJ o
LyUW LWbE <XyE~l RUNz UXH~
lE. UXH~J `l~J tlzi <ElE.
tr ELFo R- - - } - l z - - o . tWE
WW`o < a `W o z o <x
ye~lW <W x WEJ
<F~z `o < z ~o ""H~E- ' 'W
t<`XLJ WlXo
}llo ;
ELFo , Lz WW`lW E[W tr
X<RX L~`blW WW<o L^EHa
~Uo E RJ `< WE<z lJ
E<z Wlo , ELFo , tEW L<a
107
UXHC :
""tFo W WL Uxo .
FJ Eo ~L~Fo.''
`soplC
""Ex FJ ~LX[?''
UXHC :
""tW. Xn to `~L[. lJ
LLFo . t W ElFo ;
EWl LJ nJ; LW ~a
nJ.''
Z Xr z HW~WlE `JkFJ
~:
`lC
UXHC :
""l~r!''
`lC
`lC
"" W l~r?''
UXHC :
""[Ll''.
UXHC :
`lC
""[LWlz?''
""~UU<W<o W[J Hz
s~X E E`J `eW
C `XL tlWWlW
l~r''........
`lC
:
:
UXHC :
`lC
UXHC :
`lC
""FJ Eo <Jir~
WFX[ sC <Elo?''
108
:
:
UXHC :
`lC
UXHC :
""<X C WlF
X<o . Xn W Xz
W<i[; E`W <Rz i Fo.
tXl `L}.''
109
112
113
""tr Ha bl Po M Wb EnEJ
L<l[. E Xn, ~ao RXlJ.
R<a ~a `eWW}FWL
~lLLX? tL[, Xld J <
`r t`<W o <lL[.''
114
115
""yl} WWb<X?''
dEHX,
X< En Wlo C tEE tHo
EWFo sC tUl<l[. Xn ElEJ tHo
X<~ ~J WloE Z EJ # t
Ll WWlJy< EnJ # X<W tE
EkEW lz tHlW ~W UE
. ~l EnJ sC EC
HlW XkJ sW~EJ plWLo in
E E X<`o pl W E EO<Wl
`. <Rx Ro E l WW`o <UlW J
~UJ
~ <. HW~ to E
d`J sC W pi<o t~[. l
Wlo o EnJ < Z R < W~
tl E~Xn. U< W LFXlrPr
Wlo o . Z E`J ~Hao z
XFWLJ XldJ.
<<C
X<XUo <koFC~lr
`N~o WER < WR Xr.
P.2009
( Ul~lo o
R~ LiWl} ~Nr
UXHC XrFo. ElE<J R<a
sHao <Wlo t <z XWLJ W
R W< ~Nr 2000 WF < W
`oLFo. SJ PL} tnEHa Ro
J lo `soplX~ UXHX~ WF LXL
<U}).
Xn ElE<J R<a EC WE
WlJ L`X [. EnJ r`l
tllo C ~lW <EW J
L`J EiJ re. E W<[~<o
R<ao LU tlloC Er-LWElJ
sHa ~lX . JQiko ~Hz
WWlJy<EnW E`J EJ WWo
<F~l[ E Llz Eo ( bXJ )
lEo Xl E LRC Xplir. 1934
p~E 1#J il Lz E l L<WJ sHa
50 < <lWl. EnJ `WW Wh
pC`<W
J
UlE.
XWUlJ
Eko < EHa sHa E. W}W< EnJ
tU<loJ `rJ W<o EU<loJ
sHa tlloC H. ( RJ lL
lE ) `o i<a EC E LE WUl
EnJ tLX~ELl E Xbz t `r
WlC `XLJ 100<. ll sHa X Wlo,
1935
o tdJiELl sHW En PX
Fl. dZEiryo LX~pElE rzX`o
CX`aWlXa <U} tXW
tLEi`Ll L ~ yJQJ sHa
W< H. UXHC XE~o t
XElo<lz tXHr W XE Lb . C.RUNo
. ~} E <U<a UWL E XUa`o
XUlo`o sHa EEJ < H.
U L`J LCo E `J sHW XUa`oXUlo`o
yJQW Wdlo b ~o UlXa F
l} EW "tXF'W UXWUxo
sC UXHX~ Ux:
""tWE `J ~W Enz `oz
~a <F [ LJ x <
lEXL sC XXa C
E`X < Eo rlX?''
UXHC: ""X ~Xrl[. Xn tHW~
[ LJ WXF W `J?
sC: ""tX.''
UXHC: ""Wo?''
Z `Llo <r ~~`L`ELl ~lz
iW LCW ~. sC UXUH ,
`rJ W< ~WN yJQWlJ
<UWlJ XWlJ X~WE W
Ux. ""WX? t! ! t!''
UXHC E. Xn F Elz
E`J iWE lE[.
(iEnLSJ
`LoJ)
119
7 . ~<~XkJ
y.<F t
[ `XL~ EL<ko F }lW wll y.<F
tlW `o<lFo R`o LEF<a. EJ<Uz ~
rW~ ~<lW~r t~~<z Ha ~l
<<a ~Ux piW <lFo tr Z dz
E}o . rlz ~o , L<a, <rJ, LEXE
HllFo tEW Lb <<a.
R `oLEF<z ~ E dLFo W Xr
}o.]
`o L EFilLl `J Exo rW
Li`z X `JHa ~WJ
W `eJ iz LXlWLJ tX
W E XC W tUl. C W sC
lz ~ <o ~ H iXo UW.
RLX <J p~Ha <J <~
lzXlE W t~<NrJ X~
lE. sC iW <a i LRC
Xi`<r ~o J <. ro E X
tXlWLo J sC `Jl.
XElJ X~WlJ J XWlJ Xdz
W LU}z tlJ WL Eo
X<lz <lU, WW<llE Xz W<o
LUlW z UC H. ""z L
E<lFo ; tXa UC [.'' o
U<z ~o E Xi`XdC WLW[ Ux
XRFo <EdZEJ sC L~Ylo . C
120
lJ sC C W EW~zXo UW Wo
rW~ `L~W<lJ Wlo.
tinLl `J <J ~J
EpJJ tXW <~XlWLo sC
E. z W iWE t~
lXl. s~J <<J EW~zXlWl
`LlJ sHW XEbo W - o `Ll
`Xo <WX<~l tXJ i
Xk~z < ~E. `o X <
LJ ~ XX< ~z, sHa W
XrWE <o `oJ Lb~o Lbo `o- XL
<lXL [lE. l H Xld
~o WW<lz <L[lE. t~z lW<o
niFo L~ `o EllFo tXJ tW
<FWo. L^o r ~E oL<Ha
L^XWl o LUE. z <<a! !
XXpXdHW Wl <Ulo~o lLr
[W Lbro <RlJ? WWEJ WWEJ XJ
<EFlJ XW yJyE F
X~Hz Wlo bnz W `<lHJ
<J `E`ez Ea XW
Wl. "L<<J Lp~~J L~L<' L
~J Z t`Ez ~~`eLl.
<Rx `JHWblJ sHW WlblJ
sHa J `J`E<lJ X<lJ Wlo
E LXe tXJ HW~ Ux: ""EJ
<UX~} W yTJ XrW. LLXl}
W <L sC ~r <Rx. ~~ tXo
LHX<FWLdL[; t~E<lL[. W
ell LW~o HXEC `
W[} WEb L~`o XL ~}. ~ ZE
`lz sHa z < W<}J.''
122
z Ep<E`JyTLl ~W WE
J XLz rW} L^
W<o tXJ lWE XplJ `i<E[. ~Zr
z [U yeL<J XHJ WlJ l
`~Ha i `^HJ ~UX
~z Xa sHao <FoLWlJ
XURL`J sHa LElz <W `^
LlJ `XkLlJ WW`ELlJ LlJ pi.
LyUJ W<lL} HJ r
W~ Z z J C nF.
LElW ~Li`<J tX~o
L~Ll E ~J C `Z<ELlE.
124
125
`o<J R hU.
LX~z L L`J sHa LyUz L`
~lz E L`J J E L`J X<RXo,
XU, Lxr, X<loz i Hz XE
XEW nFJ `i<E `riJ <R <.
o sHao Ul yeL<X
`^XX Lbo XHX l[. Hl Lz
pi~} `Z<EJ `^J WlWo
<Xa W EL`LFWLo
sHao dJ X. z ro tXa
"CPC Xlbo ' W XLz ~lE
EJ ~LJ <WW LE XX<
LlE~z, EJ t`~
WEXl tXJ y.z Ein plWEXl
LElz rW dEL[lE. EF
z 1911 do t`~z sHa LE W
LH.
126
127
8. E ~J
loEFJ
XP|r .C..r<
[X<Ek CbW PlU|UlJ <bo `r<
lW WW`o C`UlJ X`~J t~ko } XP|r
.C.. r< (1933 #) `o J, `J, `J,
`oJ HW~ L_HW `or tX~<J
X^~Ha Eo. E---Wl-
- -U-o tX-J R--l--} E
X^-~L
- -Fo dLl Xr}o.]
lJ ~ ~z W<E
trJ `FWlFo . `J tlHa W<
[W, C ko<E <EFHWlJ lH
WlJ `F<WlJ `lz ~L}
<a L~kC Wlo ir <llFo
lo EFJ. lo EFW o
~Wl W[J J LlE. `J WW<<a
W<o LbC ` l E <[o kFJ
W<o LUXa bJ Ll lLFo
LL~kC Xldo. lHW Xld~
L~EXJ W RLWrJ. ~dE<
<llW tp<LFo loEF <l
UlJ. `o z, ~EW~ ~E~l
l<Wl Xl} tX~kFH-[W LWb-L[.
loEFJ L~kXLlW y:`oEFL<.
`rlHJ L~k`oHW ~H WF
Uxz Wb[. W t~EJ <Ulo ~J
`^`Z<EHa r~J L~kr J
loEFJ E~~ R Wl
<EJ ~< L~kL~YW~ t
~o~HWFo. tLLlz tLJ kJ
FX[ o ~J. tLJ t~lLl
loEFLF E ~~ R Wo.
L~ElW WUl E d~ LXL loEFW -WL--Ha Ll--}. - t-<-`-J
XEz -E-W
- -- Ep-Ha- l-
-
o- E
- F
- - W dF- H a - L- l - - - H - - X - l - } . Z
EpHz
<`~LFo
W
L^J.
lo < EFJ <`~W t~E<LFo
t~z lo EFW Lb ~r<Wlo
t<`EpHW `JyTXJ ZC
XJ `L[. WlW EFLWl<.
<lXWU p~Ha EXE^lo WR <Rl Z
LEpo
t~Ha
L~J
o~J r~J loEFJ t~E
LFo. <kllJ `llJ XEdJ,
`J Hl X`~XL^<lJ EpEnl
lJ XEd C loEFJ R
<C b --l
- -Fo. Lb <-`-EEp-H
-
- -W-lJ <
W. FlJ EJ XEdJ Lb l~<J
128
129
, `LJ, E i L Hz
L~lrJ inWXo. p~ ~a H
XE L~k~J `lXL <`L
XyL<. `pi<J p~ yeLJ
<`~W `l. z, <`J
~ `Ll~<<. tlo, Lb
<Ll} yTHW. LJ,
<`J `LlLl WEW X<~
~ELl `J~Ha rWWE.
r`oHJ `~oLrd<HJ ~W
<a `LLl WEWXW
<lFo. z, , `LJ L~
lrfW EHa LXL }.
~L} LLW J ElFo. `L
Ll} `L~lJ LL[, ElLl} `L~lJ
130
131
WllJ L~~~oW E }
Hl ~J <XFlE. Z <Ro F
lo<EF<lWl ~J inXo.
lo<EFJ E~~ <EFL <o
HW~WlWlFo ? X~EW ` XW
H~ Xz lo<EFJ ~ XNRFo
E EXLo o . <k, `lJ,
HW kFJ Hl XL^<z
lHW `lXW CXz o~ r
~Ha `JWXNa, ~Lo L[
o HJ ~rLWo . L^ o Hz
LLFX[ ~W oEJ. t LJ `LE
`JE~J EFJ Wh~J r<
. Lbo Ha `LEW[
LL[, <E<l Z rfHa lJ
W}J ElW Lb dHJ `Ll
}W. Z Xo---H-z -J Li-L-`-L-Fo.
pL~i<EFJ, lL~i<EFJ, L~i<EFJ
lo o R W. <Rx t~
``vz ~ XW L~i<EFJ ELJ
`<Xo LL<XNa <o XLo
[. L~i<EFXWJ ei<EF J ~
~z `<lLl E `J~J <lz ~~o
. Z `lF `Li< <J
LUxEo.
Ez W}LLFo . `l~J i
~J LbJ Xld <Rx W}LF L~pLl
LUo. Z L~pJ UJ}W p
lHX WlFo . dJd~lW <lFo
pL~i<EFW bJ ~[ EFJ. ``v
Hl tX~<X<L~r <W}J ~J Wlo
dJdL <Rx E ~b<W `l
o < EF<llW Ll X<W bJ
ko ~ll LUlE. dJdlW EiE
J r } WUJ Ll ~U<F
~ ~dEHa dJd`LW loEF<l
lW t<<ELl i<LFo. t<o EJ
} dJdei<EFe E~J l
} J`rLl E ~lFo. plHW
E ~J R~ ~lL~rLFJ `Li
< ~o ElFo . <rLl
~lz lo EFJ XnW W
pe ~~rC, `lo EFJ WE
XlWU LX Xl[, WlX} EpHz
n`LFo.
l, W}J L~~~oW t~
HFX[. z epJ J XW
LlE E <LlE. L`~z
LL[ `LHJ eplHa t~ll
E. <E[ `loEFW
Ll ~W plHa LUJ LiL`LlE
. `r`l<aJ E EW[z LWbE
132
133
lW ~dEHz tUL~J l
~~J `J ~Ha L <z
~Fo . EJ <HJ WJ Xro
< <Lx ~W ~dEHW XWRW
lJ WhUo . t<J t<<ELl t
LJ `JpL<Uo. E ~dEW p~HWlW<
t`EC <Lx~Xklo . X~,
134
135
~~o Ll XXUW o ~W
XJ <l talb Eo L <a t`L
XlJ. Lb ppHWlJ talb EoL<a
`ELl ikFWo.
lo < EFW t~<Ll i<J
FXrpLFo. L~kW ZrHa rFLl
~rC Xkl}o FXrp~WF
`LFo . bJ EJ <UxLl
ZrXpUJ tFX<gJ WWl ElFo .
Ul|U<a`LiJ L`r ik
FlFo XUPXlkC. tFX<gz ~<
XoHao E nJ rkXJ `EF
l<Fo. t~z Xld~Ll Xo
Ha HW~, W `EnLl <lWLo
J o~LFo. F Zrp X<g~ X<<X
XrXl `J<lWFz dEELl k
<a <Fo . t< X`lb
lFl~l t<J J ~W `oL
X[. tFX<g<EFJ <J LE<L<J.
<C`r lF ~ikF. <W, XW
Eni<EF`J~LW< ULUWl EJ.
W Ll LUXEdHJ tJdWW <HJ
`JJ. `rXE `EFJ LL< XEdF
LU<W <XWl EJ. <EFJ t
XRJ ~W XW p~<
`NW~lFo . lL~i<EFWXW, tF
`EFJ L~k~rLLl tE<W <o t~
p~dHW ikFWWl EJ. WlW
t<`lWJ <`ELl ZrpJ
<FWo F~lHa C
EpHJ Elko<EE. Z ~b
<RlXNXRJ X<o oW WW
136
9. ~NEW WWW<a
.J.r
[ `EJ, kd`EJ i `o
`EdHW <rFo .J. r (1899#1988).
L< <C ~Nr, `.lW E^l<<a, `r
WW<E, `E`oLEF<a <ELlFleJ Hl Lb<<J
tXXl ~Lo o. tX-
- -W `E-`
- J ~-
-
-
- -L-l X^-~H
-
- -W-- F
- o -W - Xr---}
- o]
`grHa WE `n XldW
X<ao <W <rkC E
X<lo. EiLl} J tX
WW. tX~<} ELJ W< LJ
`Xl `Jd<a, E Xn, lwJ
W<J `C <Rll `Jd<a,
`E`i``EEl EW XldHa
W< `}l ~Lo t~HLo.
LdpW LrXldJ W<o ~EC W
U}XW, tk~J rEX<~~Ll
EpW~lJ ~ir~}
Xld-Er `lLFo. Xld
~o HW~ ~XL~Ll E i<EFl
WJ p~`lz r[J Ez LXL Z
t~d <FW}. t<EL}
tr `Ll X~lE E t~di
Ek~Fo <C ~Nr.
138
139
WE X<J W[ EJ FrlJ
~NEW E`<J L~Y EL~Y W<o WE
`XklJ X<alo
~W Z E`<ddFC E~E
L`EXa tX~<J X~EJX<a
140
141
X`<r Po M <l Ro X
UXl[X[.
XWUE `grz LEpo E
lE <<Wo iS~`LXnz
R}. lW l FlE <N
Or~Fo EXL~ tXHWR}lo .
W Ll F < LEpo WE
`~l.
<WllE
<<Xo
i`oJW r X<HC t
. XEEEJ tEEW LX~r
W~J X<Ha ~rC H. tX~<
LX~<J tEHJ trfWWHJ ~Ux}
W~W~C X<Ha R, tr LEpW~
W[Xa. z ~NXE? E WUl X<J
LLFo W[lo:
""i`oJJ LEJ
~LJ <FJ FJ
rf kJ X<~J
t[WJ ~ X.''
[. z klWb r Wh~o
Wl<J `l[W[. WlL[,
lEr, <r< E~a NEW ~J,
~NEW X~J lEW} WW
iWE Ep W<WJ ~lJ EJ
r <RxL[. ~}
WHWW ~L EJ
Ez lEEJ <C ~NEJ Sir
fElz W <<. t`Ez Sir
fz <~l <z E} E
EF, lJ LbJ WW<lW `gEll E
`Xl < E <o ' tr HW < Xl
~Lkz "<X' Er iEFJ Wlo.
E`<Jd~l ~NE<W, "~[' LUlJ
~o < . <X ~o , < tX? Ez
t`gE Eo ? J, ~[ ~o ~[o
(`) J JdLl ErfLX[. tEW
XldEJ JdrfFo
Who. EEJ ~NEJ } ElJ
SirfElz o HW~ XLoUx Xld
X <llEWFo WJ.
r z XWUE X~EJXLlo. to
X~a E`LFo . Ez, EW RXbo
Er LUlz ~ WlX < X<
llE. ~Nr tXRJ hz ~o
RXbE[. Er < X<XNa Ro
~NWE ~ll ""tUlW lz,
dEJ W<WF <E nLFJ'' Er
Jdll t~ nLl~J Wlo . ~Lk
zW, ""[J <lz t nFllJ <E
W}F''WL oLll ~Nr `LLl
LUlJ ~o<. X~<, ~NEW `grXLl
142
143
} X`LFJ ~[ ~lLlE
~Nr, EpX<J to J L WE ""
F<aWX LWLJ J
LX[XL'' `L~ tHX<< W
Wlo. HW~ `Ha ~J <Rx <lXkJ,
E `J lrfXldL} E X<WLR ~Nr
ELNW< tlU WC W<l. HW~
llE, X<J:
""p`oJ `pWW~E :
~J
X<UC EFL X, LLlX
W<EJ
J El[ X, LL #
<J
X`lC XEF ~X,
~liX~C.''
J,
"" <EWEFW~
<RH rlJ''
J
""zW n XE<
:^z :^J ~LWW X
E<WE<[#
W EJ W
<<J WJ `Hz
t[Xl LEpX to a (y
E<a) l `~Hz ~J p~Fo. s~J
a (tW< EiE< XE <a)
l z t~~J p~Fo. tXH <lUC
EFJ (~) o; ~ <lUC W<EJ
EFJ (YJ) o; tXHo J W tE()l[;
t<EJ ~o <J tE (W~[E) J Wl[.
WEJ
tW
X`W
Ll
tl~Xa tHXl `L~lirE. Fo
X<W trfJ. `o X<W `E`J
146
147
X<[~LL[X[.''
t`EJ
<
W<EllE.
tHW~lEW E `grJ Xr. E `J
LEpo <C Hl E`<p~HLl L<
L<E WUx E` W<EX,
L<WR E X<lE. to <
F<LW~ <o , XldE~l
~Nr HW~ Ux: ""t[, Xh! ~~J
XF ZFo ? '' E`<ddF~l ~NEW X
lW JdrfJ L~Yl LEpo t Lz
~NEW nFJ ~ LbWWF
X<a.
nz Xl J`Ll E `r
bo . ekHWW ~r `o
X<z `lW < HW~ Xd~J WloE
W <UXlFX[. X~<:
tW ~ EXk<Ha Ez Hl
}LWF `JdlJ t~EJ ~Nr EL~
YUl. X~<. <lW WWJ! E}
`E`i `W EW ElJ t~glJ
Wh<l[! YlE Z E`<XELFlW
yeEJ Xld<ZJ XW
HJ tX-J <llo.
t "~Ll' L- z tH Z
X<W EEHz ` tr[i~WLJ, J
X~EXNa nLl <onJ XW ti~J
Wlo~EUW XHz oXk
XEz
Wo . ...RU
EkC
t~dye
`~l
W
lW
ELXFXL'' `EJ. EW RU
EkC J -E:
Xldklz _<~kJ
~Nr iWE <UlEWo tXW
<lJ `nJ . z trJ
Hz WWW<a ~Nr Xld}
lJ <Fo . XJ, EFJ, `J
lz <} _J < E
ZE`o <F`ZdT<z <F Z
t`Ez `o X- l dLFo t WR
Xr W<}W.
150
151
""tJXp~iJ WE#
C Ez WEiU#
nEJ ^ko#
`lJz LUx ~<E
`~XWE<a Wo,
LE`nW WLXW R
HW~L
NW W<NW W<WN-WXW
XpkoW~X ~i XXlW
W <W X<J Lr-#
~RUXE EkW~#
}J WX FloFJ.''
10. tXk<~lJ
`.C. i<FoC ~lr
[ WU<<E~lFo `EJd XWJ
~<<o ~lFo - i-<FoC ~lr (1928#76)`o X~lo.
ELlF<Wl tJy tXJ E ~<HFo `X<J,
no L , <~`i . o , lo Lo ,
(WU<` LEHa), W , ~J, L~lW LU,
< (~<Ha) HllFo tXW Lb <<a.
`X<-
- -W LLFo tXk<~lJ XEz W
dLl Xr}o.]
`EC: `E~lz XE; ~<z
XkJ W<FWLFo Z ~<<~ ~ryTJ.
lJ Wlo X~< W. < HW~lFo :
vHaUJ, `ElW iEo E `LpJ
rE. `LpW Ep~Fo ~J
~zo....t <FX[, lr LF`ZHa,
L~dHa, EHa, W<EHa, X<W<
Ha, ~~XEl F<a H
tH<a, lE<a, <iPLgEHa, <<a,
W~C <WR<a, XHa, LX<a,
~i W~[EHa, J ~lJ <ElJ tHHo
<J <RlJ ~iH ~E<a, W}J
E Epi<a. yFEJ lE<l
p~HJ
tFWxEHl
XJd~LEJ
`LEp`JHJ i<W <Fl. `
LJdFHJ iFlJ WENUlJ W
W<}. LFo tXle. n<W
Jz U EC W FE. EC,
152
: EW?
: [ p~HJ EpdXz
tF ~EW.
`EC : Eo!
(WENU<a .)
`Lr
`Lr
`koC
`Lr
`koC
`EC : Eo.
`Lr
`EC : Eo.
(`koLrk X).
`Lr
: Lrk tEWloJ.
`koC
: tXk<`JEHa l~ LNo t{
lz FJ. EHa}
154
155
: nLFJ LrXk! W E
pi<z ~ E lXL
<~}. lJ < <a
<lJ XLHa < LUl<lJ
EJdHa <r<lJ
Wlo W<}W. o Zl}W
t`~W tkJ t`~W
inlLFo.
`koC
<Z`
`koC
<Z`
`koC
: <J ~i t LUX[?
<Z`
: `wlW C ~RFWL
}WN E EpwlJ LU
<l[.
<Z`
`koC
: EL~ LJ ~z<lXa W ~i
rfW[J `Ll. ~W ~o
~W lZEpJ ~z<C ~l.
<Z`
`koC
157
`koC
: WW<X<llW o to tHW~ .
t~EpXllo L<W
LC o < l[?
L<W - F plz lJ
WLJ tUlL lE.
E~o to ~z `~HL[.
tHW~ o Ep `.
Xn, t [. WW<X<l
EL~J tELo . EW Xpko W~
FXNa tW L^J rJ
yEJ XW J. <LW EJ
WW<lW C tJ ~ilJ
<E <o <`
W~lFo.
<Z`
: J oJ LX[? J <
`LX[?
`koC
<Z`
`koC
: W<z EC WW<W}WL ~i
<EX?
<Z`
: tW[J
<z.
`koC
: ~z LJ U ~z. to
<ao tUlJ. ELC tdpW~J tdpC
<Ei<WlJ
EJ
EW~
WXF
158
: LrXk! E `JlJ...~~~dEWElJ
~LNWElJ LW L^Ep
WElJ nFElJ X<<lW
lpW~lJ LlW p~<~
XgW~lJ W< nF[?
`koC
<Z`
` koC:
lJ
<Z`
tr t<WlFo ! tW[J
ELW~lJ noLFW~lJ tUlXNa
tWEl l tUl W<}J.
<Xx, ~i XWU LX~EJ
W<}. ~i ElWFJ X<``
LW LklWF LUEo. o
~~~} `LFo . t:
EJ tFlWE EW~ XE
zC < ~z. tXlelW
Epw tXk<~lJ tUXlo
<z ~[.
: Z oL rkWa ~r
LWbFo? EC t:Ez o
159
FrW[J ~ EL[.
(ELC # El lY lL} lo #
X. <Z` `Xk a <.)
ELC
`koC
: lkoL~l !
ELC
<Z`
EC
`koC
: <LE, lXLJdHa ~W EE
LU<W.
<Z`
: L<X~, ~W rw `iWl Z
Er WW<W tUl. ta
~gz UW.
`koC
: ~ilJ ~W rwlJ J
t~koo rlz lFJ.
EC
: t:Ez Wo <rHa EJ
W<}.
: i,
~W rwlz U
`iLC. p ~i l~J.
t~z ~W lJ ~z ~i lZEpJ
WW<W}<.
<Z`
EC
: ~U-
- H
- a ~L--XNa L--p~
- J t-W
- l
<F < -g--.
<Z`
EC
<Z`
: E! tHlW ` Er
fll. tHlJ tHlW ~J
a
tXleWlXW
tL~J
W<}.
`koC
<Z`
: Xa z <<lJ W hJ.
EC
(X<).
EC
`koC
EC
EW?
(`EC X.)
~~<XJ WE tlX?
`EC : tlC!
EC
`EC : <o~!
EC
: t:EHz E LRC
iFlJ F~lJ LRHXaW.
`EC : <o~!
EC
S ~z< lJ. WX
ELW~ E X~ <z L. t~p
Ez t~X`~l <LEC `J`~J
tEXNa
L<W
~J
~XL LEFXL E W<}J.
: tXlelW bJ l LX[!
~XWo EJ Z J W<
W}W.
`koC
: tXlelz J EJ <Rx.
EJ LNo tXk<<JHa EHRlJ.
(ELC X.)
ELC
EC
(`L-r X.)
`Lr
ELC
EC
`koC
: sC Rx. LEpC!
WW<X<lXlJ Lb rEHXJ
tXk<~lJ tHW Fr
<lX[ J?
ELC
EC
EC
`Lr
: ~J Z `XkJ tUlC t: E
X UW <Rx. `LWE! Ep
E~o ~ XWUEo ` J Xk
~[....~W
JdJ
~~
~lLX[
ELC
EC
: tlC!
EC
: ELC Z X<W g.
: (WslFro) i! L<a `iWl XkJ
tUlX[?
: tUl.
: Lz<a <EJ<<a
XW rX[?.... ta ~~ ~X
lFHJ. ~i ~rHa ~Xl?
: t~o EH<llE.
: [J tWl ~ W<o ~r
W<}...Elz...
: `LFo.
: tW, tW[J dE~C X
X[...Elz.....(t`~l ~)
~W
t~pC
EC
o
Z
t:Ez ~J XXl to ~~o
tXk<<Ll. EC `C,
rko C, ~Lo tC lJ<EC.
J L~kEW L~J EL[X[.
Elz.... (t`~l .)
(noLFC X.
: tlC!
EC
noLFC
EC
dJ
1. LE<a
<Er ~i<Fo}
167
""tXW XE.''
""E, F XF WX?''
tW E. E`E. J tR<} E.
""tlJ s~J WH. H FJ.''
""t~X[?''
""LE Xl.''
""tXa F lFX[?''
""Xa l.''
o ta Ux: ""p~`J^WlXNa W<
~r ElEJ. Z iX} Wl
~o p~`J^ z W J <UxX<J.
Z yXX X<UlEX[.''
F<J WLR< WJ L~J El}
~iJ <Ux Elz <lU dC E yE.
FlW
EHWW
XUx
XE^W.
""~HW XEo?''
""W XEo ~~.''
UxXa ta toJ .
""lYo?''
""<W X?''
""~WJ Xl[.''
tW Lg`.
""ELo.''
""-J <RxXF?''
""J.''
""Xa rX?''
toJ EH.
168
""~[J ilJ
X~WER~}.''
R~}
`o <L[o .
drJ
z,
174
175
tW < L. iJ LUlz Xl E
Xa tW L^J E. WW<lz E
lLlE. to ta tlW t .
tlW X~.
""<J`W <koF~XF? tX LlUW~
<ko F W XkJ W<X? <WU lE
Wz W}EX<W< loLlE,
XkJ bEC. tW[z iWE WUl
EWz#'
ta lo <lUUx: ""tHW~llXl.
CWJ lXa Z ~ll. <koFW
EL. <FWEW HX. LJ
~J tF <LlE. <XLF XkJ i<koF
WlJ EJ XWUE <koFWlLl. XWUE <koF
W~z E < sC i<ko F W~XW
<EXlo. tlW <EJ rXNa ~
<EJ. lRlXNa tlWXW
lEJ. W X<J LRC lW L^J.
Wz <a XLl. W
F ~r . EkELXW .
irlW EL X~. z E
`o i EL t~ irWl XEJ.
t[W sC rWl <X LXb X? r
Y WloWJ W <W ~J WloWJ W
sC X<Wo . `~Llz <WLo . W
rlJ EXLE~J Xa WFHU
XJ. tWW rW<o lH.
Xa <lz X~ rWlXW sC
XEJ <Fo tXW lJ. sC
rlWF W< F. WLX[.
rWlW EXW#''
2. <i<a
Uyo
[ t<C, r<C, <FlW XC
i ~<W[J r} .`.<<ko F ~o (Uyo
1915#1979) WU<<o, X~z Elo i ~<Fo
<z `o . Uyo <~LFo tXJ W
<<a `ei<E Eo . L~kL~YW Ll
dd<a `no L Ll in<lJ t ~r LELl
WWlz ko < E<lJ Wh tXW <<a
t~<WE <rk. tX W L< WU<<z
Fo <i<a.]
tC h tLrkXWlFo sC l
rW X<lX <lUlo. Xdz E
i LbJ X EWL sC r[. L L`W
< yo tla W UJX}
WLL[. Z < <l XFJ <Rx
<C lFo tlXWz EX[.
yz ~XnC `J^ <lFo tlW
<RJ. ~L`J tlW iz L`~F sC
WE J L~k~l[. "`r, WlJ
EWL U loFJ. tWJ sC
lo[. J <lz L!' tla Ux
<W `EJ! "X i Uo' Ux
<lEX? z tla XkJ Ul<
lWF `L~LlE. LlF
`J`Eo. sC W X<WLFo R
Eo ? XWU i F Wh WEX?
z W LXW LUlz <lJ
178
180
181
""tW, XFJ?''
""Xz XX?'' <z ~iLl `EJ.
""LC WlWF UxEXL?''
""~HXF L?''
""tW.''
""nLFJ; ~o W tUx <lE.''
""tW~UlJ.''
""z, sC L<X W[W.''sC tXEo
o<J H<llE. WWo `oi <
Ux: ""tW[z, sC ~Ha LU <EJ. to
t ElX o tUx<X[.''
""tW[J sC ElW}J.'' s~J WE
~iLlF `J`Eo.
""~HW WW<lz [X[.''
W UlFWLlE XLJ. Xn, l
E[. sC ~v~l ~Xl}, tXXRJ
WlJ WyHLl L<X XlE <
EC LH Ux: ""`r LU U[.''
""sC U EJ.'' t Uxo `oilFo.
o tr lz sHW LNz X<FlX
<WW. s~J <E~J WlJ. tr
lz X<F <lUXNa tEW Nz E
~i <E L EW Ha `.
<U LNFo `oi <W X. ZUC
Lx[ L. lJ `~X`J Xr
L<Ll E dTJ Llz ~ UW
E. LFW Eo `^Ll E <lbL
lE.
RJ ~No LUlW LNz ~o tr Ux:
"" Xz XH E.''
sC t W<. tr LU Uo t}
X <XXNa sC `oilW XW<
<X<llE. E LX E~X
lY <FJ WN<W rLFo . W
<[W <z, EXNWR[J <W E
EJ LlE.
""Wo t WJ. W WlEW.
ZlW UxlW<}'' Uxo tr
182
WW RX Xl. sC <EW~ E
l LUlJ E`EJ X~. E l p<
Ho . tW<o EJ WJ <J el
`J. Z LU L~k`~ W<}J.
RlW LJXWl[. LlJ `oJ LE
l} <WF X. tW[z t
E~J LbJ tr yeLXX? Z lJ
W<}J. tXHUX X~lEJ. E
XX X~J.
""~o <lXF?'' tr Ll <lU
X: "Xa EWJ.' tr LUlz <o
tE W}J . W<J WyHJ
<X WC W `l. tXRFo
sC EJ tEW L^J <o. <<a, LX~
HWF[ UXlo , ino F HlE. <
Ulo XX<a lrW} <<a.
<UloW. s~ e[.
""X WE ~Ha Lr EW ilE,
tX[?'' tr X.
""tW.''
""HW~ <R < tW?''
""<R <, tW, E LllE.''
"" WERWl WUlJ XFLX[.''
""~HaWE tUlJ?''
""tYlo.'' WE <HE: ""EFo
l W<C? Xl L<X~?''
""W<~J J.''
tr Ez < <HE: ""tW L<W~E
WlFo.''
s~J E. ~EW <a Ll.
183
<FJ.
""la ~HW WW UC
EH. tX[ ''
"".''
pJ RXUHXlJ <U X~E~o
tWEb EC `[. sC ElW
tR<J HW~ ~. `lJ `EL}
`oi. tr ~[ <EolLo. J <Rx
L[~J. `oi<lz HW~llEFJ.
sC WER<E~WFo tr L~YlE
X? XWE W EF tro Wb E
Lo lE. sC trePo M X
<l E E bl X. " LUlz L`
o?' LLWE i UxE WlFo sC
Xo. tr x `Ez tlW < Ux:
184
185
""J WU Xl!''
""XF?''
"" UlC h.''
Xil~<o ~F plz X<
<lJ F [ W<}<lJ Wlo L~k~Fo.
tl`W EnC X [ Ekoil
~Hz ~J Rx. E L<X~l}. tla
XyJWylFo . FLl W<J. t W<
<Rx <. l`oL~J X<W LRC <
E W<EJ.
""X`r, ~E L~kWEWo WW W
hJ?'' tr X.
""J.''
sC pXo EC Ux. tr E[.
XlL[. ~ W< W `JkFLEJ.
`JkFJ WE Xdz EW tXW.
LW~b `LdLl E r~W. tlW XE
r~J ~R <EWlb tr
Wl Ul<llE. sC WWo <
X: ""~Hao tlW ~[J tUlWL
XX[?''
""tFo ~ bl tyeJ.''
"" z?'' XJ XElE
W X. Xn, XXl.
""N L`J W <W piWFo
W piz bl l tyeJ.''
""tXa....?'' sC RXb ~Xl.
""tW. ~Ha Z ElFo. sC tlW
EllE.''
t <UxX X pJ `JkFJ r:
""E L~kpio lW<W <R <C
`XL?''
W[o tXa sC Ux[.
tr UUW~ `J`E. sC X-
LLlE. "" F tL~<ELl z
la WELUWlUlXL? sC W WU.
~<WE UlJ? i<WE EJ? Xn,
L~kW nLloo EEX[?''
""o''...
""tlao tUx<.''
""~ `J X. pJ.'' sC Ux.
""XJ. lL}rWW XJ. ~HWE
`<E~FX[. ~Ha L~kL~YW dWl
b tUlJ.''
sC tXRJ trePo M EWl b
~lJ ~E.
""sC ~HW XpWlC `E
<lFo.'' Uxo tr UHXl.
io [ `J tr <o W LUlz
EJ. X<W <EHWblJ E Ux
~XkJ EW~ `oE <EJ.
W,
^rlE~J
sHW
`LiX EC H. ""Z <o J
UJ ~J. L~kr W~UlX?'' Fo
la Xo.
""X~ro t~ll<W `L[
<LFo , X`r. tr lz HW X~J
XWlX Fo tEW X. Elo o WF
XW t~ll<a ~ W<FJ. ~XL
~o J `J`EC hlE. W
186
187
`r, ~XL?''
~Wo sC Ux[.
""`J EWl rr `L[#''
pJ lz <lU Ux.
""ELro rXElJ''# vJ WWF
UWo . Ex X~lXa WPo L `o YW
ro zW ~o F <o .
tlW <Oi<z ~o E } <~ir
LilXo biR<lJ Wlo. to tEinJ
L<L. X<`L. io EJ J `J`
E[. WW `X~J Ex Xl.
pJ WWo <iRo X UH. "L~Ynl[
pa!' Ux W<o ^rlEC `J
LUlX ~iH. LEpW Nz ~l
Wl XW. <EJ tlW Nz <Rl
lE. L`o YW ro LUx. X<J
X<`LFo! E diWLR~} [ X
~HJ tXRlE. Xn, UJ E. sC
Ez W <.
Xb `lz sC Elz E
<lFo. <J. WPoL`oYW ro Wl
Fo. `o<a X `grz <Ll tla `o<a
} l <xELEJ LUx ~ E
X< X~F< Fo. tr <OW
~ LUxz W<NCLilz iF <irFHa
x iX EJ. SdXl E
`^J L~kC t~<J. tJ la
<E LC XlE<lFo. ^rlE~o
UJ. `EF <z ~LF Lz E LF
WElFo tla UHo. <WW <EFJ;
E LRC Eo <<WRJ. XE W<o <Fo
~J Xo Who. y<~EC lL[.
188
z bJ L~:l `LlLFo.
sC tR<a}W UX X~WE.
XWlz [bJ xE. ``
~W< E L^o . t X~W
EXa Z X<J t XLWLLW[WE
Xl. Li EW <Rx iFNlz
~ X<a LRJ XW, z ~o
t~`Ll E vJ UWX? to W
lz ~ UW vLl <r
EUlC h lX....X.....
X `J!
"" XXF?'' WWo WR~o E XJ.
`EF s~ X<W ~U[. J t
LU Ux: ""X `XE.''
""F XW Uxo?'' XJ W
Nz ~W. Ex X~. pJ Nz
~o. sC RXb.
""E.''
""X. ~HE. s~W EJ''
Uxo ta t < E EJ ~il. tr
Lx KZ`J <WE `ElJ tFxE. <z
W}[ <z LW<W L W<
~o . `ElW lJ XWlJ <
pW L^~ bJ E EXkJ
~rlE Xk~ ~z
inoFLl <<a <<a XW L.
""XEFo ~Ha `J`Eo?'' tr iJ
X.
""EX~o.''
""tXl }'' J Uxo tr ~iHlE.
sHa t `JkFLEJ W EW~b
189
lFo.
""Xa, t <~} LLFo.'' tr Ux.
"" `J?''
""Le~o W ElFo , LEW
WUlWl.''
""o?''
""<F~ Ux o. lW
<W WUFJ XJ. E XElo WU
W~XL?''
sC LU Ux[; tWE X~WE.
""tC J LE<lFo. sC X~?''
tr iJ < `oE.
""tXa XLz t<W~X <EFJ?'' sC
lz < X: ""sC X LEX<
WFz nLFJ.''
""tWL[. <J XX
~ EL}. ~WW Z EU
~ <FWLo. X<J tUlW!''
""tXa <EFJ.....?'' sC `JkFJ RWb
X<EC `n
""tla ELlFo.''
""EW?''
""tW; tlW; UW FW; [bWlJ.
X<a; sC W WhFWL Uxz W~
tla `JlJ H; t~o WXL?
tlo E`XL? z sC <EJ LUFJ.
HW~ LUJ? `~Llo X<FWLz
tlW `J XFJ. trfJ X<[ Fo.
sC tW E . tWW `.
lJ X<aXF? tlW `J XEz LU
190
W< yJ.
WW<XEJ X Ux: ""sW~ L`J
Lb,''
""~L`oEJ!''
""~L`o<EJ.........!'' E W<Fo tla
X<FlUHXlo . sC X<FWE tlW
r. WE t~l Wlo WPoL`oYW
ro. EXEXNa W<NCLilz <ir
FHa H~.
L~kW <ErkJ ~Xa, [WE
~v. kS<Ll tEinLlE. t
WW<XEJ pJ <lUXa Ux: ""tlW
<EWLW ~. L~kWEW HW~ WlFo.''
""tW.''
""Xn, s~lE tlW ~Wz [
`WlJ U lo J.
~HWFX?''
XJ in[. `o J EHl.
J W<[: "" RJ.
ERolo W U[.''
pJ Lg`o L rJ W L^X X~
Ux: ""~Ha [W niFEX[.
Xk<JH} nFJ <RFJ.''
""tW.''
192
""[[. tloWL[.''
193
""XlE.''
""~WLW L~kEX[!'' Fo tr t~ LU
Uxo . ""[ iLEJ <RW~XW
lWF EEX!''
""t sC E[.''
""E rL~J X<aXF? o tla EW
tlE.''
""~o?''
""i<LU<z
REWLo.''
<lJ
XEz
""XEdLo.''
""X~, tlW o. i<lW <[o
W XEz Rlo C X dWL
sC LU Uxl. W< E~blNU<
<EJ. ~blEo ~J ~blElo
<R~J! L~YXl? sC ~blEU<
lW Wl<FWLo! W~ sC l[. W
nLWlb ~Ha Ul?''
""nL ~l.''
""Xa WW<l[.''
""XaEJ?''
""WE. Xn...''
""sHao E yeLL[.''
tHW~ E L`J < <Rx. < W<C
<Rx[. E L`W < y. tWXa
XFWLJ W<LX[ WE J sC
WW<W; Xa XFWLJ HLX[
WE J pJ WW<W. J W
lz `oJ <z <E[.
194
""W J yLXF?' pJ iJ
X.
"piJdXL, XsopEyeJ
~i k EJ EWW[....'
piJdJ yeLlE<lFo. W...? Wj! E`J
[. `o<J LW. ~o ~W[E ULFo
J. UJ ~[~l WWWb r W<
sC <. tXRJ Wlz X L.
piJdXL..piJdXL.....L~Yz E
<lUWl X<lFo . Ex <. LUx
<. L. LW <. <z U. J .
C L. tHW~lHW~ XRFo UH
Xlo Ul[. RXbXa <o W LNz
UFE nFrfHFo. `EEoL
p~W Zro tXz iR. tWW WU
C X. Xn, ElEJ t W<
Wo? FE~<X~ l}.
sC <-l
- z R-X-b-E-. E yiP W<-.
<z-W-E-L-bJ W e z--X-o <r-k-.
-EC LNz ~z---. sC -J X---X- [.
tla XH- U-x: ""-<?''
197
3. Ha `rdz
~W
W<.`E`l
[ `L<i~ `Lz E} kFHaJ
XlEX< E `oi<W t~Ha, Xk`EXW
ko < E} <<ElFo W<. `E` t(1919#1975).
tEW WU<<W[J Xr E <`LEJ ZlW
`ei<Eo. tEW WU<<W `J L
E <lFo Ha `rVz Wo ~-W
- --.]
lJ LWE rW~ FJ
W< X~Wo tW t~Lr irW
llE. tW tC Ux: ""bJ
H[ sW~EWl W<o . X}EJ
W~l. LEXLCLWE loWC Hl
WJ Wl XX[?'' tW t
Ux: ""<J XF Xo, ~<lXN
io W UWlX X.
<L EW~ W X. tW
EXW. <J <rJ NJ, <lU
XW EX[?''
o LlW <J <rJ lo<lz,
<lU XW EJ W[W W W<[Ha
~iHC H
t~LEW tWl W[J <loW <J
LlW t~pLEW EiEJ `rVS<Ll
LbHa EWE. ~ <Rx y<
<a ~WLlir i~<o.
lJ W y< <~<ll iEz io
iWL LLr UlUo. Xn, i[
199
200
201
LlWlJ tW rWlJ t
WEW ~<a iW LCElz
LEE. rW aEl J
EX tJ.
`YW td`~ Ll LXl
X, W<FC Xr WE o. ""Lo''
EEJ UxlC LXWElJ
FC ta W.
L [WElJ X~. tW L
XEz o EW t~lE. Lb EXWElJ
tXz io , `J XJ ta
<E[. J <z ~J bX~z
W tWE Ex <~a `.
tl W< W ta~<Ll
<WLo Ea tlWW~ Lb}r
r. `oEJ iJ r.
LXWE `JyTXJ `J
WJ X< ta <EX lE
t XJ. ~ X pEl E L~C
XJ x. EinLUlW rfWla
EL EWx<EW LNz ~z
pi`orll Lrz ~YE`Jd<a EJ
<F<l[ lE tlW J. EJ
Hlo<lz tJ }W Xl. `oz
EW HJ L[lE.
z X~ L W< LU-
X<Xa t`noLLl ~EinF lJ ~ Ll
rlJ ta tWEWl[J tBW .
<E W lE X~Eo, LUC <W
tXa LNE eC to E <`<F
<RzW bWlE L Ux.
tla tL~XW t ElWF `.
yTWE `oi `WL~ EXk<
Ll E <l <F WE WFo tWE
`Xo tlao <lo . Xn, tHW~
202
203
204
205
4.C--RJ
W
- W-J L-
- o ykir
tyo a ^r `yo Ex ~. Lr
E: lUz LiC! tElo <ElW
o~LF Eo! Wlo<? tElo<EWl
<W pi<X? ~W `Jd<a ~a W
~rFJ. E y.. Yl --o
W<o tE W <? y..t[ ~ J.
.o.P.-ElWFJ tElJ <~J loFJ.
tUx<Wz tyo a^r `yo - - - - J.
H<lFo. yElF Lz l C
WE LrUlJ.
" pLi?' tyo a^r `yo X:
"tElo<ElW o~LXF?'
"t['. pLiyiy EXW Ux: "sC
y.. Ylo tEl~FX[!'
"LX!' tyoa^r `yo Ux: "W <Ea
tlz <lU. [J sC EWW}J,
XXE'
".L! `J Ulo.'
" < W LUF tlz <lU. ~W
Lz ~W Z `C...!'
" [J UlX[!'
"XWR~ o?' Lr E, L i<
L^ ZPUW< X<C lEJ. Xn,
pLiyiy WE ~FXJ EXJ XL
XJ Ux:
"CRJ!'
" CRJ?' WHa X~WE WX [J
UlXL!' Lr X:
"F Ulo?'
"CRJ! EWJ H W< EXL?'
"X...lo !'
210
211
! CRLFX[? C W<lX[?
W<EJ, W<EJ. R} i<lo.
~ tWlW[z < lz <lU tWE
Wo E E rJdo ~z tWl} WUl
y`Uz ~ HJ. Lr Ux:
~ E <~ULl `LLlE. WE
Ro! E<E<J W}X x ~E
nHWJ <F~[. W[J `~HFo
R<X<o! ~ W< l~<LlE.
"X[!' J Ux Lr ~. WHa
Ul X<X, HJ tx ~EWo !
tyoa^r `yo E. W~ Lr XLW
J <. pLi Llo W E `Jd.
XWU WHWFz, lUz LiC, tyoa
^r `yo E, W[J <HFr
rX~W<! Wo o , . XLXr,
PXL~J. tWW X<W, ~YE<EH
FX[. Lr E, Eo, tr W<XlXE
W iWE l[ `Jd<Fo; <z
` < WO`JW E Li! t
W<WWW[z EJ. ", J sC
X} `JW L^W E XFWL
Uxo . ..., [J Xl}' J Ux
HWElJ! rW WhJ? XWUE~Lo.
tr Xo, Uo W<LlW lz ~o E
WUl <kFJ Lx <lFo . "t W<WE
X[...W tH X<XEo !' rW WhJ?
pLiyiy W<EC Uxo EJ [ <
HLXF? WUJ EX E CRJ! tyoa^r
`yo E. < <Rxo, `J o, Xl
E < CRJ HFJ. Lr tHW~ R
W.
212
213
vLW W, WE W,
`nl. WW<lE <No tlz Wo W
PYLUlz W. XJ XJ LUxo ;
XElJ o. pLi, ~~ X LJ
XElF sC lo ! X~! Lr L
L^ LFL} ZPr XW[J .
PY Wlo L i< W. t~XkJ pLi
yiyWl C Xa ~`o<EW <EJ
rL . Ldo E yJ klJ ~`o < E[. t
~lJ. Lr tlz Wo W}J o
` ~`o < E. pLiyiyX
W piW~ En~o , lUz Li~l
NEX~ rf<lJ Wlo . tJ <Rxo
U`o E H XLU W< Wo
.
"LUFi!'
pLiyiy Ws, Xo W<lLl <
U!
"W~ WEo!' tyoa^r `yo Ux:
"<}W~L[. Z ~zo `J yei~
~Ll `nz tyoa^UFo!'
"<WW[J tx ~ X[?' J
Ux oz X~lXa L <:
"t<WHW~ <?'
tyoa^r `yo Ux:
"Z hC EXNa <l <W[J
X~ UWJ; lHl lHW[J X~....!'
"PoMJ UlE, HW~ <?'
Lr Ux:
"tR!'
L X:
216
217
"....tW[J
W<}J!'
<
<ll
RXNa
218
219
"X!'
"W-< <X!....~W EF sC?'
"ro!'
Lr X:
"W< <X...~i W ~ ~C
LXL? W[ XdJ UXx! W< <X?'
"[.'
Lr X:
" WFo?'
"U`o.'
Lr LlW o < W<:
"W< <X? Ul; CRJ!'
"CRJ!'
"tEWlo <E XXF? XW Ul. W
< <X?'
"X!'
"~i XPlXF? W< <X?...~i W Wo #
tX[?'
"W!'
"XLXr WWPUr, Unr, <<a,
L<r, Ekoil r<r, yiPWU<r #
tXEWW `Lz rXL ~o
...W< <X?...rJ,rWL Ul!'
"rJ, rJ!'
"Wo?'
"sC ~W E?'
"CRJ!'
L Ux:
221
5. tWRlz
WW^C
[WW^C < ~Lz WU<<a R J.
W<. Xd~C ~lr C WUlzXlz Xd~lE.
piz } EHa t~X E
`EFEW <<Fo tXJ t<J Ux}o. tEJ
<<WFo "tWRlz'.]
rkJ LNo ~ <EHFo. to sC
LRo ~ lE. C ro p[lz E
dLXW WUlzX Xk~z XkC LUl
Xp X~<llE. WUl E XkC.
W} Rl <rXRo ` <WRz Lb i<
WJ tWHL[.X-kW ro ~E Lo
< EL. nHl W<l}o <WU
<EN~<a LJ. lolW X< lo
XUPo E WLW~ J Wo tnL<.
<rXRo`<ao z ~<XLibr EJ Xlz
`eLl UW iEWJ. bz rkz
tU`J LXL W}J R<U}. y`LlJ
LRC R LFz <~zpJ J WJ.
dLJ toJ t<WlFo. lo XUPo WUlz
HW LU <o dLXo X<. HW~
LU <o E Wz X<`Jdo o. W} Wl Xdb<a XRJ J. XWRJ
Uz iJ Xz XkCLWU z
Xo XrUW <LlFo. Elz r ~v
lz WJ <EW vJ E ~
XW X<aJ. J Z X<a< FrE
223
""J. t lW XU [J
LRlW#''
224
225
""~io. to # LRlo''.
< Ux: ~LX EX LRl[ <NJ
XJ o~L[ L^EXlW < ~L
WlU} EHa Ux.
~L o <FXW tWlL[.
WdE~Fo . C <ll <XUWlWU L t~o
<lo. WL} L~JX~ L. W}J
LL[. W}J <lz W lWLo
~Lo tUlLlE. tla t~} R X.
W[E} W[L_El LLr <rk<WE
`lC XFWLJ <J W<J.
~L X <J W<. l <FUo W. No
W`bo W. tW L~JX~ LW L^l LU.
UXW <EN R. <J W<
W[L_E~o E ~yT~Xl }. < W[J
LRC tlao LXL z. ~L <WU
FL io . <lJ lJ H. ElW
<Rz LxEX~WJ Eo W WlC H.
~o, <Rx ploo LElCX<z N
J Wlo lJ [J ~LlW W
Fo . Xn, ZlWll ~L to J ye
LFo . <ENo <k to J XLLl. tLL[
<EFJ. tW L <o <ELl X t`^J
W. W[r `olz FJ WEWx
UXl? Xn, tC HW~lJ ~zJ.
lE W<o tU --X[? to t-W L~-Fo LF-<C. Xa tlEo EXEJ XrFo
<k. <U <Rxz o Lb WUY[ o E
<. ~WW Z W<W X~Eo <o LREo
o#''
226
227
EX LX L`J <Rx<J. rC
E<ao <Eo < , E Plz <
WlobJdo ULz UHWll. }z Xr LUlW
Lll <o. sC [ p~<J t. bo
<ZUW kUJ ~il. E LLFXlo
[W UJ . UH UlJ. J
XLXLz loo tHW~ <. WWo E X~r
~ X<XW X. sC e. X[.
Wlz WlbJdo ULz ~J E `o ilW
XHEFo X<ao. <Wl X o
X. tXXRJ <ZUW z E
H <<a. vJ X<o Fr <lJ
RXb.
""`r W<J <<o UW.''
<ZUz ~J tXn. < Xo `<EJ
Ux:
""~LlW LC, LF<C.''
J p~lJ U. WlbJdo ULz lz
ElEo E `oi N. Xa E-
- .
~E W<NCLil} E eC tWE `
~W. < WLW[ x:
""~LXlW `J`EJ. t LiWW, tW~W
t.''
z < LF<C Ux: ""`r. ~
L W EW W[J<lbl lXLo
FXo XlFo . WE EWl[.
EJ tHW~ EE [ ~L. lE
Wz iWXl UH. W t EJ <R [.
tEW `L~~X o XFz o
tX~kFJ.'' sC r.Ha EW EJ
WUlzX XFz W[EW rELWl
WLFo . o W[r ZO WUlzWXk~Xo
228
L~:-L--~-} d-Ha
J (1) le-
-
- -W ikoLr
~p-`--~--z ......................
...................... XE--W-~--X!
(2) Lr-V-~r-X--J
E-J L F ......................
...................... ~z-- X<J
(16 E)
(4) i-
L<-W--WL--E-L- ......................
...................... Ldo-eJ-`-Xz
(20 E)
LF<C W~ Eo rZz Xo UH
~.
sC to b b<W <F <C EJ.
LJ <Fo Ell[. <ko yo tWo
sC L~Yz <F <H. W NW
W<o dF. Xplz E~} rkH
W J W<o <Wl dFC LX~.
tHa <Rl. sC < llEJ.
230
(16 E)
231
(16 E)
tEHJ HJ
WR W< tEHW nFJ EFJ
1. L
2. zXn
3. E<J
4. E<Xl
5. `oLLC
6. LC
7. ``XgJ
8. trfE~`J
9. <JdJ
10. i<J
11. X[^J
12. t`o J`
13. J
14. XkJ
15. lL<J
WR W< HW nFJ EFJ
1. <<
2. X<<
3. LE
4. <<
5. ~X
6. EJdF
7. Xe
8. gp
9. Xgp
10. p
11. Lg<
12. ` <J
13. `eE
14. r <iPJ
15. tE<oJ
232