4-5

, 1993
1

4-5 o 1993


-
-
( ): , , , , , ,



70x100/16 4,5,
" "
1619, . "" 3, . 57-50-31, 57-21-15

2
1993 o 4-5

, . 4-5,
1993 .

,
.
" "
, .
.

, 4 1992 .
, , .
.., ..., ..
.., .., 1- , . .
.
: ,
1606, ." " 24, "".

1.
1.1. ,
(),
.
. .
1.2.
(.1).
,

.
1.3.
( 1200 mm).
1.4.
.
1.5, .

1/3 - .
1.5. . 1/10
.
1.6. .9.
1.7. 140 mm.
2.
2.1. 15 20, -
7200 - 8400 mm 25.
2.2.
-I, -II -III, -I.
2.3.
"
".

4-5 o 1993

4
1993 o 4-5

4.
4.1.
,

, , -
.
4.2.
,
"
" "
"
4.3. () , .4.4. .4.5.

3.
3.1. 6 ,
(
.4.4.8 .4.4.9).
3.2.
1/4
.
3.3. 1/10
.
3.4.

.
3.5. , , ,
.
3.6. - .3.2.
.3.3. , .

(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)

.1.

.2.

4-5 o 1993

6
1993 o 4-5

4.4. ()
4.4.1.
.
.
4.4.2. .

, .

, (.2).
4.4.3.
. ,
. .
4.4.4. - , , - . .4.4.2.
,
1/2 .4.4.2.
4.4.5.
, .4.4.2. - 4kN/m2

, ,
.

. 4kN/m2
-,

4.4.6.
. ,

.4.4.2. , .4.4.4. .4.4.5.

4.4.7. ,
(), . - .
4.4.8. , , 1/4 ,
.

, (.3,).
, -
- 1/3 - ,
,
(.3,6).
4.4.9. , 1/2
, (.3,).
.4,4.8.
(.3,).
4.4.10.

() , 1 - .
1 :
l1 - ;
l2 - ;
E J
1 = bb b
E bf J f
1 -

;
Ebb - ;
Ebf - ;

4-5 o 1993

.4

8
1993 o 4-5

.3

J b - , (.4); "
" , h f 0.05h :
- h f 0.1h 12h f ,
1/3 ;
- h f < 0.1h 6h f ,
1/3 ;
- ;
h f - (.4);
h - (.4);

E bk J tk
,
E bf J1

-
, , (.6);
E bk - ;

b b3 h
J tk = 1 0.63 i i i ,
hi 3

J tk - , n
;
i
- ;
bi - - i ;
h i - - i ;
-
,
- (.4), ,
;

4-5 o 1993

(1) J t
(2) J1
1 2 -
.6

10
1993 o 4-5

.5 ,

"
";
J1 -
( l1) l2
, ;
,
.
4.4.11. , ,
, :
0% 1l2 / l1 = 0 ;
85% 1l2 / l1 1.0;
- 0 1.0
.
4.4.12.

() ,
1 - . ,
.
4.4.13.
.
4.4.14. ( )
, :

75

25

60

40

4.5. .
4.5.1.
:

11

4-5 o 1993

)
( )

6)

.7 , 2.

12
1993 o 4-5

%
1

1.

2.

3.

0.5

l2 / l1
1.0

2.0

75
25

75
25

75
25

90
10

75
25

45
55

100
0
75
25
100
0
90
10

100
0
75
25
100
0
75
25

100
0
75
25
100
0
45
55

.
.
1l2 / l1 = 0
.

1l2 / l1 1.0
.

1l2 / l1 = 0
.
.
1l2 / l1 1.0

2.5
2.5

.

1l2 / l1 = 0

60
40

60
40

60
40

.
.
1l2 / l1 1.0

90
10

75
25

45
55

1:
1. , .
2. .
3. ,
.
13

4-5 o 1993

.9

14
1993 o 4-5

.8

-
- 2.0; ,
-
1/3 - ;
- ( )
;
- ,
3 ;
- 1/10 ;
4.5.2.


M0 =

ql 2l02
, (1)
8

q kN/m2 ;
l2 - ,
, m;
l0 = l1 0.67c1
l0 - 6 ,
m;
l1 - ,
, - , m;
c1 - m;
4.5.3. (1)
:
)
65% ,
35% ;
) - 2.

15

4-5 o 1993

75

70

70

70

65

63

57

52

50

35

16

26

30

65

: 2
.7
4.5.3.
1.
4.5.4.
10 %
- M 0 (1) .
4.5.5. , , ,
, , 45
o (.8).

16
1993 o 4-5

5 %

5.

5.1.
() "
" "
".
.
5.2.
- ,
.5.1. .
5.3. ,
, , 25% ,
().
5.4. (),
, ,
25% ,
().
5.5. ,
(), 75%
,
().
6.
6.1.
- .
6.2.
:
) - 500-600 mm, ,

;

17

4-5 o 1993

.11

18
1993 o 4-5

.10
(1)

) - ()
.7.2.

,
.
6.3. ( ) .
, , 100 mm.
, .

.
, - .
.
6.4.
-
, - .

, .6.2.
( )
.9.
6.5. ()
90
140 - 180 mm
. :
) - 60% -
, ,
;
) - 50% -
.
.6.2. .
.9.
-
, , .

19

4-5 o 1993

20
1993 o 4-5

, ,
.
6.6. ,
,
.
6.7.
:
) - 0.05 5 6.5 , - ;
) - 140/Rsn, Rsn
.
- - .9.2.
6.8. , ,
.
:
) - 30% -
;
) - 25% ;
, .
,
,
.6.5. . .6.4.
.10.
6.9.
, ,
25 300 mm ( -), (.11).

- 1/8 .

.12

21

4-5 o 1993

22
1993 o 4-5

(.11).
, , .6.7.
6.10. , , ,
,
.
, , ,

.
, , - :
- , ( );
- 1/6 ;
- 450mm.
, , (.12).
, , 30 450mm - - .
6.11. 15mm.
6.12. ( )
, - .
6.13. 160mm - 12 18 . - 18 22.

.13 ,

23

4-5 o 1993

24
1993 o 4-5

7.

7.1. ,
(.13.).
7.2. , .14, . be -
- .
7.3.
.5.1.
.
(.13. .. )
, .
(.13...)


, 0.3lmax
(.10 .11)
. - ,
.

6.14.
:
- - 100mm.
- 100mm.
- - 70mm.
- - 50mm.
6.15. ,
,
- .
.

a)

6)

.14

25

4-5 o 1993

8.
8.1. ( )
" " - (112).
8.2.
.4.4.2.,
.
8.3. ,
,
.8.1., ,
Fm = F +

M (M f

+ T)U mh o
, (2)
Wk

7.4. , ,
- 50% .
- ,
.
7.5. ,
,
,
- .6, 1.
"
".

F
- , ( ); kN;
Fm - kN;
M - ,
; kN.cm;

26
1993 o 4-5

, F ,
( ); kN;

6)

.15
,

27

4-5 o 1993

Mf - kN.cm,
, ,
, M ,
; .15;
, Mf
;
, .15,
- R h o ,

Um - (
), , cm;
ho - ,

, cm;

28
1993 o 4-5

- kN.cm, ,
;
,
;
(2) "
";
, ;

R - ,
,
1.2 - 1.3;

6)

.16 We J

29

4-5 o 1993

30
1993 o 4-5

Wk - cm
,
Wk = We ho kp , (3)
We -
cm2
, .16;
k p - , 3, ,
,
:
2JF
, (4)
M (M f + T)
(2x c1 )U m
- (4) , k p = 1.0 ;
- k p = 1.0 ;
J
- cm3
,
.16,
;
x - cm
, .16,

;
c1 -
, cm;
,
, .. (2), (112) "
"
:
- - 1.0;
- - 0.8;
8.4. ,
1/3 - ,

a)

6)

.17.

.18.

31

4-5 o 1993

32
1993 o 4-5

, , :
) - 1.15;
) - 1.40;
8.5.


, ,
(.17).
8.6. , (2)
.
8.7. ,
Um ,
3/4lk
, lk
, .
8.8.
- (),
(113) " ",
, (2).
, ,
. - 1/3
200mm, - .
, ,
- 1.5 (.19).
- 2 . .
10d (d
). - lan
20d. 22

a)

6)

.19 ,
-

33

4-5 o 1993

lg
k1

caeq KC
, (5)
10E b

lg cm;

- , ,
4;
ae - , , 5;
q -
(da.N/cm2);
K = lg / f
- "
", 6;
c = 1 + K 2 / A.K3 /

- - 7;
n - , ,
8 n = 1 3 ;
= Es / E b
-
, ;
h 2 10R bt,ser
x
lg2
q
h
- cm;
Rbt,ser - , ;
A=

34
1993 o 4-5

9.
9.1. , :

" ". 45,

- - (.20).

.20 ,
-

35

4-5 o 1993

0.25
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00

M
M

1.04
1.04
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.10
1.13
1.15
1.17
1.19
1.20
1.22
1.23
1.25
1.28
1.29

1.67
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.82
1.80
1.78
1.70
1.67
1.64
1.62
1.60
1.59
1.57
1.55
1.54

1.02
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.04
1.05
1.07
1.08
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.16
1.18
1.19

1.00

c1 -
;
2 -
;
:1. .
2.

(4). , k p = 1.0 .

36
1993 o 4-5

c1
c2

kp (3)
3

= a .la / lg + 0 .l0 / lg + b .lb / lg , ;

n - - n=,
- n=0 - n=b, :
A
= s , (6)
h 0l
s l
(- ) ;
h0 - cm;
l - , n=, - n=0 - n=b (.18) cm;
,
0 .

.9.6. (5), ,
.
- 2 - 3 4.
0.3 - 0.6%. 1.7 - 2.0
-.
9.2. -

(5),
, (5). .
9.3.
,

.
:
- ;

37

4-5 o 1993

38
1993 o 4-5

- 2 3 8 7;
- (5) 1;
- 8 ;
-
,
, ,
.
-
.6.7.
,
, R h o "
"
0.85 R h o
.
9.4. . ,
-,

.9.3.
.
9.5. , 1/3 , , (5),
10%.
9.6.
1/25 - 1/35 - .
, ,
.
(5) -
.
9.7. , -
- (5),

.

4

1.

1.0

2. = lg / l
4+ 2

4+ 1
4+ 2

4+ 1

3.

2.2

: 2 3
, 2 1
3 2 1.
ae
5
lg/l

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

2.0

ae

58

49

43

39

36

34

30

K
6
6.0

6.3

6.6

6.9

7.2

7.5

200

210

220

230

240

250

lg (m)

39

4-5 o 1993

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

6.7
7.3
8.0
6.7
7.3
8.0
6.7
7.3
8.0
6.7
7.3
8.0
6.7
7.3
8.0
6.7
7.3
8.0
6.7
7.3
8.0
6.7
7.3
8.0
6.7
7.3
8.0
6.7
7.3
8.0

0.06
2.59
2.46
2.33
2.43
2.32
2.21
2.30
2.19
2.09
2.18
2.09
1.99
2.08
1.99
1.90
1.99
1.91
1.83
1.91
1.84
1.77
1.85
1.78
1.71
1.79
1.72
1.66
1.74
1.68
1.62

0.07
2.48
2.35
2.24
2.33
2.22
2.12
2.20
2.10
2.00
2.08
2.00
1.91
1.99
1.90
1.82
1.91
1.83
1.76
1.83
1.77
1.70
1.77
1.70
1.64
1.71
1.65
1.59
1.66
1.61
1.55

0.08
2.37
2.25
2.14
2.22
2.12
2.03
2.10
2.00
1.92
1.99
1.91
1.83
1.90
1.82
1.75
1.82
1.75
1.69
1.75
1.69
1.62
1.68
1.63
1.57
1.63
1.58
1.53
1.58
1.53
1.49

0.09
2.26
2.15
2.05
2.12
2.02
1.94
2.00
1.91
1.84
1.89
1.82
1.75
1.81
1.74
1.67
1.73
1.67
1.61
1.66
1.62
1.55
1.60
1.55
1.50
1.55
1.50
1.46
1.50
1.46
1.42

0.10
2.15
2.05
1.96
2.01
1.93
1.85
1.90
1.82
1.75
1.80
1.74
1.67
1.71
1.65
1.60
1.64
1.59
1.54
1.58
1.54
1.48
1.52
1.48
1.44
1.47
1.43
1.39
1.43
1.39
1.36

0.11
2.03
1.95
1.86
1.91
1.83
1.77
1.80
1.73
1.67
1.70
1.65
1.59
1.62
1.57
1.52
1.55
1.51
1.46
1.49
1.47
1.41
1.44
1.40
1.37
1.39
1.36
1.33
1.35
1.32
1.29

0.12
1.92
1.84
1.77
1.80
1.73
1.68
1.70
1.64
1.58
1.61
1.56
1.51
1.53
1.48
1.44
1.47
1.43
1.39
1.41
1.39
1.34
1.35
1.33
1.30
1.31
1.28
1.26
1.27
1.25
1.23

0.13
1.81
1.74
1.68
1.69
1.64
1.59
1.60
1.55
1.50
1.51
1.47
1.43
1.44
1.40
1.36
1.38
1.35
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.27
1.27
1.25
1.23
1.23
1.21
1.19
1.19
1.18
1.16

0.14
1.70
1.64
1.58
1.59
1.54
1.50
1.50
1.45
1.42
1.42
1.39
1.35
1.35
1.31
1.29
1.29
1.27
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.20
1.19
1.17
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.13
1.11
1.11
1.10

40
1993 o 4-5

 8


0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.6
2.0

1
2
3
5.5
15.1
74.6
6.1
13.9
70.9
6.4
12.7
67.1
6.7
11.7
63.7
7.0
10.9
61.4
7.15
10.2
59.0
7.3
9.54
56.8
7.4
9.0
55.2
7.5
8.5
53.5
7.6
8.1
52.2
7.65
7.7
50.9
7.7
7.3
49.7
7.77
7.0
48.6
7.86
6.4
46.8
7.94
5.3
42.4

1, 2 3

41

4-5 o 1993

42
1993 o 4-5

1.
6 5-
1 6. :
- - 5 - ,
1 - 4 - 6;
- , , - 3 5- 5- .
,
:
- 1 6 12.5+0.5600=312.5m;
- 2 5 600cm;
- 3 4 21
0.5(600+540)=570m,

0.5600+120=420m;
-
1 2
0.5480+120=360m,
2 3
0.5x480+60=300m;
-
7-8-9 10-11-12
480m,
9 10

0.5x480+ 50=290m;
-
480m;

1 Meo
4 3.20m 2.60m , 1.. 25m,
, 12m - .
60cm. 22m. 2
6 25/60m. 15
A-I 10mm
A-III - . 2kN/m2
3kN/m2 . 0.15, II .

10.

1.a

1. 1 6

43

4-5 o 1993

 1 2, 3 4
0.5x480+120=360m,
20-21
0.5x480+90=330m.

50%.
1.6
1, 2 .
:
-
0.22 x25xl.l= 6.05kN/m2
-
0.015x18x1.3= 0.35kN/m2
-
0.04 x22xl.3= 1.14kN/m2
-
0.02 x7xl.l= 0.15kN/m2
-
2x1.2= 2.40kN/m2

- no

44
1993 o 4-5

q= 10.0kN/m2.
:
-
q=10.09-2x1.2+3xl.2=11.3kN/m2.
:
- 10. "
" -
2kN/m2 , , 7m
q=10.09-(1.14+0.15)+0.07x22xl.3=10.8kN/m2.
:
) 25cm
q=2.98x5x1.1=16.4kN/m;
) 25m 1 6
q=2.6 x5xl.l=14.3kN/m;
) 12cm
q=2.98x3x1.1= 9.8kN/m.
:
q=0.10x0.9x25x1.1=2.47 2.5kN/m.
1 (2)

10.09kN/m2

- 4kN/m^,
.

-
3.125xl0.8=33.75kN/m
-
25cm 14.30kN/m
-
(0.60-0.22)0.25x25x1.1= 2.61kN/m
q1=50.66kN/m
3.125x10.0=31.25kN/m
25cm 14.30kN/m
2.61kN/m

-
-
-

q2=48.16kN/m
12 cm 9.8x1.2/6.0= 1.96kN/m

q3=50.12kN/m

- 2.9x2.5
P1= 7.25kN/m
- 25cm(6x2.98-0.8x2.8-4xl.8)x5x1.1x0.5 P2=23.20kN/m
- 12m
4.8x9.8x3.6/6.0
P3=28.20kN/m
2 ( 3)

-
3.0x10.8=32.40kN/m
-
3.0x10.0=30.00kN/m
- 25cm
16.40kN/m
-
- 12cm

q1=78.80kN/m
6.0x10.0=60.00kN/m
9.80kN/m

-
-
- 12m

q2=69.80kN/m
1.8x10.0=18. OOkN/m
(1.2+3.0)x11.3=47.50kN/m
9.8x4.8/6.0= 7.80kN/m

- q1 q2

q3=73.30kN/m

45

4-5 o 1993

46
1993 o 4-5

9.8x1.2/6.0=1.96kN/m,
q4=69.8+1.96=71.8kN/m,
q5=78.8+1.96=80.8kN/m.

- 2.9x2.5
- 25cm(6x2.98-0.8x2.8-4x1.8)x5x1.1x0.5
- 12cm (3.0x2.98-0.9x2.0)x3x1.1
(1.2x2.98-0.9x2.0)x3x1.1

1= 7.25kN
P2=23.20kN
=23.56kN
= 5.86kN

- 12m

P3=23.20kN
P4=18.80kN.

4.8x9.8x2.4/6.0

( 4)

-
4.8x10.0=48.00kN/m
- 12m
9.80.5= 4.90kN/m
q1=52.90kN/m
-
3.6x10.0=36.00kN/m
-
1.2x11.3=13.60kN/m
(1.2x2.98 - 0.9x2.0)x3.0x1.1
- 12m
= 50kN/m
1.2
q2=52.90kN/m

-
3.6x10.0=36.00kN/m
-
1.2x11.3=13.60kN/m
(6.0x2.98 - 0.9x2.0)x3.0x1.1
- 12m
= 8.80kN/m
6.0
q3=58.40kN/m
-
3.6x10.0=36.00kN/m
-
1.2x11.3=13.60kN/m
- 12cm (5.4x2.98 - 0.9x2.0)x3.0x1.1
= 8.70kN/m
5.4
q4=58.30kN/m

47

4-5 o 1993

J =1/12 x25x60 3 +1500xl5x35 2 +1 /12 x287.5x22 3 +6325x3.65 2 =

=1.14 3 x10 6 cm 4.
2
J = 1/12 x600x22 3 = 5.32xl0 5cm 4.

J = 1/12 x480x22 3 = 4.26xl0 5cm 4.

J = 1/12 x60 4 = 1.08xl0 6 cm 4.

:
1 ( 1.)
25x60x30 + 437.5x22x49
Y =
= 42.70cm,
1500+3025
J =1/12 x25x60 3 +1500xl2.7 2 +1 /12x137.5x22 3 +3025x6.3 2 =
= 9.34x10 5 cm 4.
2
J=0.5x5.32x105=2.66x105cm4.

J=0.5x4.26x105=2.13x105cm4.

J=1.08xl06cm4.

48
1993 o 4-5

1. ( )
, . :
1 ( 1.6)
25x60x30 + 287.5x22x49
Y
= 45.35cm,
1500 + 6325

- 25m
4.8x14.3
1=68.60kN/m,
- 12m
1.2 9.8 0.5
2= 5.90kN/m,
- 25cm
(1.2+2.4)9.8
P3=35.30kN/m.
: , P1
P3 , ,

,
- .

) -
5
(1)
I

) -
6
(2),
I

49

4-5 o 1993

6)

7
() I

50
1993 o 4-5

1.
2, 3 4.
()
.
, -, 5, 6 7
1, 2 .
1.

no o l, 2 . 1:
- 19 13 - ,

b f = 25 + 6x22 -157cm,
b f 25 + 480 / 6 = 105cm,
b f =105cm, J b =8.13x10 5cm 4,
,
3.125 1.05 = 2.075m ,
J f = 1/12 x207.5x22 3 = 1.84x10 5cm 4,
1 =

8.13x10 5

, =0
1.84x10 5
l2=600m, l1=480m,
1xl2 /l1 = 5.51 > 1.0
1 l2/l1=1.25 :



67.5+16.25*
16.25
( )

67.5+16.25*
16.25

67.5+16.25*
16.25;

51

4-5 o 1993

 10 ()

52
1993 o 4-5

9 (2)

Cx 8 (1)

- 13 7 -
, 19
13,
1

67.5+16.25*
16.25
- 7 1
19 13,
- ,

1xl2 /l1 = 5.51 > 1.0
.4.4.11 85%
. 2:
- 20 14 - ,
l2 /l1 = 1.25,
,
,
1 :

75
25

60
40
-
.
:
- 13 14 - ,
b f = 105cm,

J tk = (1 0.63x25 / 60 )x60x25 3/ 3 + (1 0.63x22 / 80)x80x22 3 / 3 =

= 4.65x10 5 cm 4 ,
* ,
.

53

4-5 o 1993

4.65x10 5

= 0.744,
6.25x10 5
l2 /l1 = 480 / 600 = 0.8
1 = 0, ,
1 :

92.5
( )

60

75
- 14 15 1 = 0, l2 /l1 = 0.8
1 :

75
25

7.5
40
25

60
40

,
.

.

.

54
1993 o 4-5

6 ( . )
J1 = 1/12 x480x253 = 6.25x10 5cm 4,

2 Meo
, -
" " - . 1, 1..
. 1 .
1, 2 2, 3 4.
.
1,2 3
8, 9 10.
1..
- - :
) 1
- 19

45.2x0.8375 = 37.9kNm

45.2x0.1625 = 7.3kNm
- 19 13

70.0x0.8375 = 58.6kNm

70.0x0.1625 = 11.4kNm
- 13 ,

117.2x0.8375 = 98.2kNm

117.2x0.1625 = 19.0kNm
- 13 7

59.8x0.8375 = 50.1kNm

59.8x0.1625 = 9.7kNm
- ;
) 2
- 20

83.5x0.75
= 62.6kNm

83.5x0.25
= 20.9kNm
- 20 14

78.3x0.60
= 47.0kNm

78.3x0.40
= 31.3kNm
- 14

169.0x0.75 =126.8kNm

169.0x0.25 = 42.2kNm

55

4-5 o 1993

17.4 + 13.5
= 15.5kN/m 2 ,
2
11=6.0m, l2=4.8m, 1=0.6m, l0 = 6.0 2 / 3 x0.6 = 5.6m ,
(1) M 0 = 1/ 8 x4.8x5.6 2 x15.5 = 291.6kNm,

56
1993 o 4-5

3
1. i 7, 8, 13 14. .
, 1, 17.4kN/m2, 2 13.4kN/m2.

- 14 8

94.5x0.60
= 56.7kNm

94.5x0.40
= 37.8kNm
- ; )

- 13 - ;
- 13 14

143.5x0.60 = 86.1kNm

143.5x0.40 = 57.4kNm
14

214.1x0.75 = 160.6kNm

214.1x0.25 = 53.5kNm
14 15

82.9x0.60
= 49.7kNm

82.9x0.40
= 33.2kNm
15

147.7x0.75 = 110.8kNm

147.7x0.25 = 36.9kNm
- no ;
: 2 , ,
.

, M0 .
M0:
- , ,
, , 2, :
-
0.3 291.6 = 87.5kNm
-
0.5 x291.6 = 145.8kNm
-
0.70x291.6 = 204.1kNm
:
1 = 0,
,
= 0.744 , 1., l2 /l1 = 480 / 600 = 0.8,
1:
)
- ( ) 92.5%
-
7.5%
)
-
60.0%
- .
40.0%
)
-
75.0%
-
25.0%
:

(kNm)

.% M(kNm) .% M(kNm)

87.5

92.5

80.9

7.5

6.6

145.8

60.0

87.5

40.0

58.3

204.1

75.0

53.1

25.0

51.0

57

4-5 o 1993

58
1993 o 4-5

: M0
,

, M0
, :
- 1, 2, 7 8,
7, 8, 13 14,
M0 = 400kNm,
:
-
0.3 400.0
= 120.0kNm
-
0.5 400.0
= 200.0kNm
-
0.70x400.0 = 280.0kNm
:
-
(0.5 87.5+0.5120)0.925 = 96.0kNm
-
(0.5145.8+0.5200)0.60 = 103.7kNm
-
(0.5x204.1+0.5280)0.75 = 181.5kNm
,
, :
-
(0.5 87.5+0.5120)0.075 = 7.8kNm
-
(0.5x145.2+0.5200)0.40 = 69.0kNm
- (0.5x204.1+0.5280)0.25 = 60.5kNm
.

15.5kN/m2,
11=4.8m, l2=6.0m, 1=0.6m, l0 = 4.8 2 / 3 x0.6 = 4.4m ,
(1) M 0 = 1/ 8 x6.0x4.4 2 x15.5 = 225.0kNm.
M0:
-

0.65x225.0 = 146.3kNm

0.35x225.0 = 78.7kNm
:
- 2
l2 /l1 = 1.25, ,
-
0.75x146.3 = 109.7kNm
-
0.60x78.7
= 47.2kNm,
- ,
2

-
0,25x146.3 = 36.6kNm
-
0.40 78.7 = 31.5kNm,
;
- 1
17.4kN/m2,
11=4.8m, l2=3.125m, 1=0.6m, 10=4.4m,
(1) M 0 = 1/ 8 x3.125x4.4 2 x17.4 =131.6kNm,
, :

0.65x131.6 = 85.5kNm

0.35x131.6 = 46.1kNm
,
b f = 105cm, J b =8.13x10 5cm 4,
,
3.125 1.05 = 2.075m , J f = 1/12 x207.5x22 3 = 1.84x10 5cm 4,

1 =

8.13x10 5

= 4.41,
1.84x10 5
1xl 2 /l1 = 4.41x6.0 / 4.8 = 5.51 >1.0
= 0,
1 l2/l1=1.25
, , :
- ()

75 30/1.0x0.25 = 67.5%

100 67.5
= 32.5%
-

75 30/1.0x0.25 = 67.5%,

100 67.5
= 32.5%,

,
,
:

67.5 0.5x32.5 = 83.75%

0.5x32.5
= 16.25%
(
, ,
)

59

4-5 o 1993

60
1993 o 4-5

4


13, 14, 19 20 1. -
1 .
1. ,
1. - 5, 6, 7.

1..
, ,
"", .
. 1
12.5+150=162.5cm.
, - 85%.
:
h 0 = 22 1.6 1.6 0.8 = 18.0cm.
,
, . - .
1.6cm,
.
.1. 19
.

- :

0.8375x85.5 = 71.6kNm

0.8375x46.1 = 38.6kNm
- :

0.1625x85.5 = 13.9kNm

0.1625x46.1 = 7.5kNm

ocul 2 :
-
13.9+0.5x36.6 = 32.2kNm
-
7.5+0.5x31.5 = 23.3kNm.
1 .
1xl 2 /l1 > 1.0, 85%
.

,
:
0.95,
;
0.80,
.

2 - 3%,
.
.

M = 110.0 + 131.0 = 231.0kNm.

= 231.0x0.8375 =193.5kNm,
M c = 231.0x0.1625 = 37.5kNm.
85% 193.5x0.85 =164.5kNm (16450kNcm),
25.0kNm (2500kNcm).

b = 25cm, h 0 = 60 2.0 1.0 = 57cm, = 0.782,
R = 0.85x0.615 =0.523
( 0.85 56 "
),
,
:
- 15
R b = 8.5x1.2 =10.2MPa (1.02kN/cm 2);
- -
R s = 375x1.2 = 450MPa (45kN/cm 2);
0 =

16450

= 0.198, = 0.89, =0.22 <0.523,

1.02x25x57 2

16450
s =
=
= 7.2cm 2 ,
A s h 0 45x57x0.89
3 18, s = 7.50cm2.

b = 312.5 105 = 207.5cm, h 0 =18cm, R =0.523,
R b bh 02

61

4-5 o 1993

= 0.036, = 0.98, =0.04 <0.523,

1.02x207.5xl8 2
2500
s =
= 5.3cm 2 ,
27x18x0.98
,
,
:
140/R sn = 140/410 = 0.34%,
min A s = 207.5x18x0.34/100 =12.7 > 5.3cm 2,
A s = 12.7cm 2, 12 12,
,

A s = (105 25)x18x0.34/100 =4.9cm 2
5 12 (-1).
.
-
,
M = 131.0 100.0 = 31.0kNm.
.

b = 105AB, h0 = 57cm, R b = 10.2MPa, R s = 270MPa,

A 0 = 0.01, = 0.99, As = 2.03cm 2,
- 2 12 (-1),
1/3 .
. 2. 19 13.
-
. 49.8kNm.
:
M = 49.8x0.8375 = 41.7kNm,

c = 49.8x0.1625 = 8.1kNm (810kNcm).

41.7x0.85 = 35.4kNm (3540kNcm),
6.3 kNm (630kNcm).

62
1993 o 4-5

2500

0 =

R = 225x1.2 = 270MPa (27kN/cm 2) - A-I,

b = 105cm, h 0 = 52cm, R b =10.2MPa (0.85kN/cm 2),
R s = 225MPa (22.5kN / cm 2), A 0 =0.014, =0.99, A s =3.3cm 2,
0.05
minA s = 25x57x0.05/100 = 0.71cm 2,
- 2 16 ( 2 12).

b = 207.5cm, h 0 =18cm, R =0.523, R s =225MPa (22.5kN/cm 2) ,
R b = 8.5MPa(0.85kN/cm 2), A 0 =0.011, =0.99, A s =1.6cm 2
minA s = 207.5x18x0.05/100 =1.9cm 2
o 5 6 ,
,
- 5 65 (A-I).
.. 13
226.5 kNm.
:

0.8375x226.5 = 189.7kNm

0.1625x226.5 = 36.8kNm
- 19.
. 2
3.0m.
18.0cm.
.1. 14
.
:
M = 173.9x81.6 = 255.5kNm.
:
M = 255.5x0.75 = 191.6kNm,

c = 255.5x0.25 = 63.9kNm.

b = 300.0cm, h 0 =18cm, R = 0.523, R s = 450MPa (A - I),

R b =10.2MPa, A 0 = 0.19, = 0.89, = 0.21 < 0.523,
A = 26.6cm 2 (A - III),
50%
96cm,

63

4-5 o 1993

64
1993 o 4-5

o 25% om
,
7 16 96cm ,
2x6 12 .
. 2. 20 14
.
67.4kNm. :
= 0.6x67.4 = 40.4kNm,

c = 0.4x67.4 = 27.0kNm.

b = 300.0cm, h 0 =18cm, R s = 225MPa, R b =8.5MPa, R = 0.615,

A 0 = 0.05, = 0.92, = 0.055, A s =10.3cm 2(A - I),
50% om 60cm,
25%
,
7 10 60cm ,
2x6 8 .
.. 20
220.6 kNm.
:

0.75 220.6 = 165.5kNm

0.25 220.6 = 55.1kNm.
- 14. .
1 2. 300cm.
- 18cm.
8.1. .
,

M = 37.50 + 55.1 = 92.6kNm.

b = 300.0cm, h 0 =18cm, R s = 270MPa(A- I), R b =10.2MPa,

R = 0.523, A 0 = 0.093, =0.95, =0.10,A s =20.1cm 2,
26 10.
8.2. .
,

M = 8.1 + 27.0 = 35.1kNm.

b = 300.0cm; h 0 =18cm, R s = 225MPa (A - I), R b =8.5MPa,

A 0 = 0.042, = 0.978, A s =8.9cm 2,
- 18 8.
.. .

36.8 + 63.9 = 100.7kNm.
- .
5

1..
1.
5. .
14.

,
, :
M = 173.9 + 133.7 + 81.6 + 82.6 = 204.4kNm.
,
.
, . 14.
240cm.

be = 240.0cm, h 0 = 18cm, R s = 450MPa, R b = 10.2MPa, (

).
: 7 16
,
2x6x0.5(240 96) / 0.5(300 96) =8.5,
8 12,

A s = 7x2.0 + 8x1.13 = 23.04cm 2,

A 0 = 0.26, = 0.84, As = 30.04cm 2(A - III),
7.0cm2,

65

4-5 o 1993

66
1993 o 4-5

, 20
7 18 - 96cm ( ), 2x6
14 - .
8 .
5.6 .
13.

,
( ),
M = 110.2 + 95.3 + 120.2 + 116.3 = 251.4kNm.
:
) 24.9kNm,
) 226.5kNm.
, . 14.
12.5 + 0.25x480 = 132.5cm.

)
85% (
1.)
0.85x226.5 = 192.5kNm,
b = 25.0cm, h 0 = 57cm, R s = 450MPa (A - I), R b = 10.2MPa,
( ), A 0 = 0.232, = 0.86, A s = 8.72cm 2,
3 20;
15% 0.15x226.5 = 34.0kNm,
b = 132.5 25 = 107.5cm, h 0 = 18cm, R s = 270MPa
( ), R b = 10.2MPa, A 0 = 0.01, = 0.99, As = 0.70cm 2,
5 65,
13 -
- ;
)
, ,
,
As=0.16cm2, - 2 10,
30%
2145=290cm.

,
, ,
M = 155.1 0.4 + 60.8 = 215.5kNm.
. 14.6 60+60=120cm.

b = 120cm, h 0 = 18cm, R s = 450MPa ( ),

R b = 10.2MPa(1.02kN/cm 2), R = 0.523,
max x = 0.523x18 = 9.4cm,
max M = 9.4x120x1.02(18 4.7) =15302kNcm =153.02kN m
153.02kNm < 215.5kNm.
c
. 215.5 153.02 =62.48kNm
,
"
".
153.02 kNm
A s = 25.5cm 2 (A 0 = 0.385, = 0.74) .
- 11 18
(-III).
6 ( )
20
1., 1 , ,
-
.
:
- 2 449.4kN,
- 377.4kN,

413.4kN.

- M = 131.7kNm ,
- M = 204.4kNm .
:
(18.0 + 19.6) / 2 = 18.8cm .

67

4-5 o 1993

12.5x375.0x1.2
= 7.0,
78.8x8.5x1.2

M f = [7.0x78.8x0.85xl.2(18 0.5x7.0)]x2 =16316kN cm,

(2) :
Fm = 413.4 +

(20440 16316)x315.2x18.8
= 552.3kN,
175880

(112) "
"
= 1.0 R bt = 0.75MPa/cm 2 = 0.075kN/cm 2
2 =1.0 :
1.0x315.2x18.8x0.075 = 444.4kN <552 =3kN,
,
(113) "
"
Fm a w Fb + 0.8 Fsw

68
1993 o 4-5

x=

M = 204.4kNm, F = 413,4kNm,
,
=0 ( )
U m = 4x(60 + 18.8) = 315.2cm,
16. We = 78.8 2 / 3 + 78.8 2 = 8279cm 2, 3
c1/c2=0, kp=1.13,
Wk = 8279x18.8x1.13 =175880cm 3, ,
, :
b = 60 + 18.8 = 78.8cm - .15., h0=18.0cm (
), - 7 18 96cm
( 5.)
78.8cm 7x78.8/96=5.7 18,
5 18 ( A-III) ,
As=12.5cm2,
(

,
)

a w = 0 85, Fb = 444.4kN, Fsw = 180MPa (18kN/cm 2)

552.3 0.86x444.4 + 0.8x18.0xA sw, A sw 12.1cm 2,
no 3 14 (A-III) 45,
12
A sw = 12x1.5x0.707 =12.7cm 2,
no (114)
12.7x18.0 = 228.6kN > 0.5x0.85x444,4 =188.9kN,

2a w Fb a w Fb + 0.8Fsw
2.0x0.85x444.4 > 0.85x444.4 + 0.8x12.7x18.0,
755.5 > 560.6kN.

,
, -
.
7 ( )
1.
( 1 6 )
, .16. .
:
)
1=40cm,
2=25cm;
) ( )
h0=14cm;
) -
M = 6240kNcm, F = 107kN;
)
20,
-.

. 16..

69

4-5 o 1993

Fm = 107 +

(6240 3840)x133x14
= 209.6kN.
43543

= 1.0
R bt = 0.9MPa/cm 2 = 0.09kN/cm 2
1.0x133x14x0.09 = 167.6kN < 209.6kN .
,
6:
209.6 0.85x167.6 + 0.8x18.0xA sw ,
A sw a 2.9cm 2.
- 2 12 (-III)
45, (
6)
A sw = 6x1.13x0.707 = 4.8cm 2.
:
Fsw = 4.8x18.0 = 86.3kN,
0.5a w Fb = 0.5x0.85xl67.6 = 71.2kN,

70
1993 o 4-5

U m = 133cm,
J = 47 3/ 6 + 2.47x(47 / 2 22.1) 2 + 39(47 22.1) 2 = 41670cm 4,
We = 41670 / 22.1 = 1885cm 2,
k p = 1.65 no 3 c1 / c2 = 1.60,
Wk = 1885x14x1.65 = 43543cm 3,
,
, :
b =25+14 =39cm, h 0 =14cm, R s =375xl.2 =450MPa =45kN/cm 2,
R b = 11.5x1.2 = 13.8MPa = 1.38kN/cm 2, A s = 8.0cm 2 4 16
x = 8.0x45/ 39x1.38 = 6.7cm,
= 0.48 < R ,
M f = 6.7x39x1.38(14 0.5x6.7) = 3840kNcm =38.4kNm.
. (4)
6240 3840 2x41670xl07 /(2x22.1 40)x133,
2400 < 15964kNcm,
(4) , Wk.
(2)

0.5(40 + 7)2 + (40 + 7)x(25 +14)

= 22.1cm,
2x40 + 25 + 2x14

x =

86.3 > 71.2;

2.0a w Fb = 2.0x0.85x167.6 = 284.9kN,
a w Fb + 0.8 Fsw = 167.6 + 0.8x86.3 = 236.6kN,
284.9 > 236.6 -
.

8
13, 14, 19, 20
1..

1 ( 2) 2 ( 3). 1.6
.
1.0
. ,
,
:
- 1 15.2kN/m2 0.152daN/cm2;
- 2 11.9kN/m2 0.119daN/cm2;
:
q = 0.5(0.152 + 0.119) = 0.135daN/cm 2.
(5). ,
lg = 600cm, l = 480cm, = 600 / 480 =1.25,
4 C = (2x1.254 + 1) /(1.254 +1) =1.71,
5 ae = 41,
6 K = 200,
15 A-III
= 2x105/2.5x104 = 8.0, R bt,ser =1.15MPa,
.9.6
, 1/ 28 xlg = 21.4cm 22cm.
A = (22 / 600) 2 x10x1.15/ 0.135 = 0.115,
= 0.4%,
8 K1=6.4, 2=12.7, 3=67.1,
C = 1 + 12.7 / 8 (67.1x0.115) / 8 =1.62,
(5)
600 3 1.71x41.0x0.134x200x1.62
h
= 21.6cm;
6.4
10x2.5x104
h=21.6cm, :

71

4-5 o 1993


............................................................................... 3
.......................................................................................... 3
............................................................ 4
................................................................... 4
() ............................................ 6
................................................................................ 11
.... 17
..................................... 17
................. 24
.................................................................. 26
................................................................. 34
........................................................................................... 42

1.
2.
3.
4.
4.4.
4.5.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

1. ACI 318-83 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete.

2. Commentary on Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete.
3. BS 81110 Structural use of concrete, 1985.
4. Deutscher Auschuss fur stahlbeton HEFT 240, Hiltsmittel zur Berechnung
der Schnittgrossen und Formanderungen von Stahlbetontragwerken, 1978.
5. Eurocode, 1990. Common unified rales for concrete structures.
6.
(). I - . , , 1985.
7. , . .
, 3, 1987 .

A = 0.111, C = 1.66, (K1, K2 u K3 ),

o (5) h=21.7cm,

0.5%.
22cm
-
- 0.4.

72
1993 o 4-5