prof.

tariel futkaraZe

istoriuli kolxa da qarTvelTa samwignobro ena

yovel ers namdvili istoria sWirdeba da ara gazviadebuli. araiSviaTad, zogi

politizebuli mecnieri Tu politikosi akninebs, an ayalbebs Cveni qveynis istorias.
miuxedavad amisa, mainc SesaZlebelia Cveni namdvili istoriis dokumentireba -
arqeologiuri masalebis, istoriuli wyaroebisa da lingvisturi ZiebebiT logikuri da
obieqturi sinamdvilis warmoCena.
yovelgvari seriozuli safuZvlis gareSe dRes sakamaTodaa qceuli istoriuli kolxas
sazRvrebisa da qarTvelTa samwignobro kulturis sabazo enis sakiTxebi. es ori problema
garkveulwilad erTmaneTsac ukavSirdeba.
istoriuli kolxas sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT "sainteresoa" zogi mecnieris mcdeloba,
romelTac, miznad dausaxavT Zveli kolxas saxelmwifos daamcroba; magaliTad, qvemoT
warmovadgenT Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi cnobili proeqtis "msoflios enaTa reestris"
avtoris, moskovis saxelmwifo universitetis profesoris iuri koriakovis rukas1:

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos am lingvistur rukaze termin samegrelos nacvlad

gamoyenebulia kolxa (Colkhis), riTac "warmoCinebulia" samegrelos istoriuli
damoukidebloba da qarTvelTa dacalkeveba-daSorebis TiTqosda xangrZlivi istoria: i.
koriakovis rukis mixedviT gamodis, rom megrelebi enobriv-kulturul-eTnikurad da
saxelmwifoebrivad sxva qarTvelebisgan gamijnulni arian sul mcire 3000 welia2. i.

1 prof. qevin TuiTis rekomendaciiT es ruka komentarebisTvis gadmomigzavna lingvisturi rukebis frangma
specialistma patrik lemonierma (Patrick LEMONNIER).
2 nuravin ifiqrebs, rom i. koriakovi kargad ar icnobs qarTvelur sinamdviles da, magaliTad, amitom hgonia,

rom zemo da qvemo svanebi sxvadasxva eTnosebia. i. koriakovis rukebidan Tu komentarebidan Cans, rom is
zedmiwevniT erkveva saqarTvelos istoriaSic da awmyoSic; prof. iuri koriakovma kargad icis saqarTvelos
yvela soflis mdebareobac da ama Tu im soflis mosaxleobis metyvelebis Taviseburebanic. bunebrivia, i.
koriakovisTvis cnobilia, rom svanebic, megrelebic, gurulebic, aWarlebic da sxva kuTxis qarTvelebic Tavs
miiCneven erTiani qarTuli samwignobro kulturis Semoqmedebad da 3000 welze metia erTiani saxelmwifo
aqvT; man icis isic, rom mis mier enebad saxeldebul idiomebs istioruli qarTuli wyaroebi da bevri
Tanamedrove mecnieri qarTuli enis kiloebad Tvlis. amis miuxedavad, is mainc, ratomRac, megrelebs, lazebs,
zemo svanebsა da qvemo svanebs araqarTvelebad - qarTvelebisgan (georgian) gansxvavebul eTnosebad acxadebs da
maT dialeqtebs damoukidebel enaTa rigSi warmoadgens.
koriakovis kvalifikaciebi ar efuZneba mecnierul safuZvlebs da sabWouri, politizebuli
mecnierebis inerciiTaa gakeTebuli; mizani: "gaTiSe da ibatone!"3
sinamdvileSi, kolxuri arqeologiuri kulturis gavrcelebis areali da berZnul-
urartuli Zveli istoriuli cnobebi cxadyofs, rom qarTvelTa istoriuli saxelmwifo -
kolxac da saerToqarTveluri enis bazaze Seqmnili kolxuri kulturac, faqtobrivad,
mTel istoriul saqarTvelos moicavs. aseve, sarwmunoa msjeloba, rom ucxour wyaroebSi
dadasturebuli terminebi: kolxa da aRmosavleTis iberia Zvel wyaroebSi mainc sinonimebia;
istoriul qarTul wyaroebSi maT termini qarTli Seesatyviseba4. Sesabamisad, adreul
periodSi5 eTnonimi kolxi "yovelTa qarTvelTa" (qarTvelur TemTa: svanTa, egriselTa,
mesxTa...) aRmniSvneli saxelia. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom 25 saukunis win eTnonimi kolxi
moicavda dRevandel megrelTa, taoelTa, lazTa, mesxTa, aWarelTa, svanTa, imerelTa,
qarTlelTa Tu gurulTa winaprebs, romlebic erTian qarTul (/qarTvelur) eTnoss qmnian;
mivyveT wyaroebis Cvenebas:
Zv. w. XII-VIII saukuneebis asurul da urartul lursmul teqstebSi dadasturebulia
kilxi da kulxa/kolxa geografiuli terminebi, romlebic gaigivebulia berZnul-romauli
wyaroebis kolxoi da kolxis saxelwodebebTan.
niko mari varaudobda, rom kolxTa politikuri gaerTianebis centri Zv.w. II aTaswleu-
lis dasasruls da I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi (Zv.w. VII s. 20-ian wlebamde) iyo samxreT-
aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi - Woroxis xeobaSi; VII saukunidan misi centri gadadis dasav-
leT saqarTveloSi - rionispireTSi (g.meliqiSvili, T.miqelaZe, n.lomouri, m.inaZe; msjelo-
bisaTvis ix., agreTve: o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.68-69)6.
Sdr., o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.4: "argonavtebis oqros sawmisisaTvis laSqrobis Sesaxeb
berZnuli Tqmuleba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Cvens qveyanasTan - Zvel kolxeTTan, romelic
dRevandel dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyals moicavda..."(adreul gamokvlevaSi o.lorTqifa-
niZes sakamaTod ar miaCnda g.meliqiSvilisa da T.miqelaZis mtkicebulebani "argonavtikaSi"
warmodgenili qarTveluri saxelebis Woroxis xeobasTan kavSiris Sesaxeb; ix., o.lorTqifa-
niZe, 1966, gv. 21, I SeniSvna).
ak. uruSaZis da sxvaTa varaudiT, Tavdapirvelad, berZnebi kolxeTSi mTel qarTvelur
samyaros gulisxmobdnen (ak.uruSaZe, 1964, gv.6). urartuli warwerebica da Tanamedrove ar-
qeologiuri monacemebic cxadyofs am azris siswores; aSkaraa, rom Zveli kolxeTi mxolod
dRevandel samegrelos ar moicavda; afxazeTic, imereTis, aWarac, guriac, raWa-leCxumic,
qarTlic, lazeTic da tao-klarjeTic kolxeTSi Sedioda. istoriuli kolxeTis didi
nawili (mtkvris zemo welisa da Woroxis xeobebi - lazeTi, tao-klarjeTi) dRes TurqeTis
respublikis SemadgenlobaSia moqceuli.
varaudoben, rom werilobiT ZeglebSi kolxida formis pirveli damowmeba gvaqvs Zv. w.
XIV saukunis B-xazovan teqstebSi kokida/kokideio variantebis saxiT (l. gordeziani). ber-
Znul wyaroebSi termini "kolxida gaia" ueWvelad dasturdeba Zv. w. VIII saukunis poetTan
- evmile korinTelTan; savaraudoa, rom kolxidis paralelurad berZnebi iyenebdnen termin
aiasac (arsebuli mdidari literaturis mimoxilva ix.: m. inaZe, 1955; g. meliqiSvili, 1965;
n. lomouri, 1962; S. asaTiani, 1993; m. inaZe, 1993).
3
i. koriakovis mosazrebebis kritikisaTvis ix.: http://www.scribd.com/doc/14098229/Putkaradze-Msoflios-EnaTa-
Reestri-Da-Sakartvelo.
4 t.futkaraZe, qarTvelTa dedaena da dialeqtebi, quTaisi, 2008, gv. 32;
5
urartusgan damarcxebuli diaoxis SeerTebis Semdeg.
6
miTiTebuli literaturisa da msjelobisaTvis ix., t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, quTaisi, 2005, gv. 93-97;
2
 fsevdo-skilaqsis azriT, kolxebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria vrceldeba dioskuriidan
mdinare afsarosamde e.i. soxumidan Woroxamde (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.84)... fsevdo-skilaq-
sis cnobebs imeorebs skilaqs kariandeli (Zv.w. VI-V s.).
herodote varaudobda, rom kolxebi egviptidan iyvnen wamosuli; misi azriT, samxreTis
(mewamuli) zRvidan CrdiloeTis (pontos) zRvamde cxovrobda oTxi tomi: sparselebi, midie-
lebi, sasperebi da kolxebi (herodote, 1975, gv.156, 262); aSkaraa, rom aq kolxebic da sa-
sperebic ufro tomTa gaerTianebebis aRmniSvnelia, vidre calkeuli tomebisa (kolxebis Se-
saxeb ix. iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.12). amas adasturebs qsenofontes mogzaurobis dRiurebisa
da fsevdo-skilaqsis cnobebis Sedareba; kerZod:
fsevdo-skilaqsi trapezuntisa da kerasuntis midamoebSi asaxelebs biZerebs, ekeqeiri-
ebs, beqeirebs, makrokefalebs da mosinoikebs; amave periodSive qsenofonte trapezunt-kera-
suntis regionSi asaxelebs mxolod kolxTa toms (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.97).
miTridate-pompeusis brZolebTan dakavSirebiT kolxebs axsenebs II saukunis moRvawe
apiane (apiane, 1959, gv.198); savaraudoa, rom kolxebad igi miiCnevs tomTa did gaerTianebas,
romlebic Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze cxovrobdnen.
dRevandeli dasavleT saqarTvelos (imereTi, samegrelo, raWa-leCxumi, guria, aWara...)
mosaxleobas ariane (II s.) ukve lazikad ixseniebs: "lazikas Camoudis mdinare, saxelad reo-
ni, sadac kolxebs Zvelad cixe augiaT"...(berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.188). am periodidan er-
TmaneTs xSirad enacvleba terminebi: kolxi da lazi; mag., V saukunis anonimi avtori wers:
"dioskuriidan vidre afsaris wylamde winaT cxovrobda is xalxi, romlebsac kolxebi ewo-
debodaT da mere gadaerqvaT lazebi" (georgika, 1965, gv.6)...
Zvel wyaroebSi termini iberia gvian Cndeba; Tavdapirvelad is faqtobrivad faravda
istoriul saqarTvelos (Sdr., Zveli samyaros terminebi: pirineis iberia da Savi
zRvispireTis iberia). welTaRricxvaTa mijnidan ki berZnebi cdiloben erTmaneTisgan
gamijnon kolxida anu lazika da iberia, Sesamabisad, lazebi da iberielebi. sinamdvileSi,
paralelurad arasodes arsebula kolxeTi da iberia7.
Sdr.: II saukunis aleqsandrieli moRvawis - dionisios periegetis "dedamiwis aRweri-
lobis" mixedviT, kolxebi evropidan mosulni arian (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.93); am cnobaSi
SeiZleba asaxuli iyos evropidan pontos zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze iberielTa mo-
svlis legenda.
lazi Tavidan ar iyo eTnikuri termini: berZnebi lazebs uwodebdnen im regionis
mosaxleobas, romelsac Tavad akontrolebdnen. berZnuli wyaroebis lazika ar iyo iberiis
nawili; Sdr.: "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, "istoriul qarTlis" erT-erTi centraluri
regionia egrisi, romlis mkvidrni qarTuli kulturis mesaZirkvleni arian. danamdvilebiT
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom termini "egrisi" aRniSnavs qarTuli saxelmwifos erT-erT wamyvan
mxares, romelic mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos moicavs (erT periodSi trapizonis CaTvliT!),
xolo termini "lazika" gulisxmobs berZnebis mier warTmeul qarTvelur miwa-wyals,
romlis sazRvrebi imisda mixedviT icvleboda, radenad susti iyo qarTvelTa saxelmwifo.

7 "kolxac" da "iberiac" ucxoenovan velSi damkvidrebuli qoronimebia; qarTul wyaroebSi orives cvlis
qarTli, romelic "qarTlic cxovrebis" mixedviT, moicavs egrissac, mesxeTsac da aRmlosavleT saqarTvelosac.
sainteresoa: zogi mkvlevari ratom ar endoba "qarTlis cxovrebas" da brmad mihyveba winaaRmdegobriv berZnul
cnobebs?
3
am konteqstSi sainteresoa konstantinopols daqvemdebarebuli "lazikis eparqiis"
sazRvrebis sakiTxi: mitropolit anania jafariZis argumentirebuli daskvniT,
konstantinopolis mier Seqmnil lazikis eparqiaSi dasavleT saqarTvelo ar Sedioda;
eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT, konstantinepoli lazikas uwodebda saqarTvelosTvis warTmeul
vrcel teritorias rizedan (an Woroxis SesarTavidan) trapezuntamde da trapezuntidan
vanis tbamde"8.
qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, ax.w. me-6 saukunemde dasavleT saqarTvelo (egrisi)
qarTlis nawilia; Semdeg ki mtrisgan daqucmacebuli qarTlis/saqarTvelos aRorZinebis
meTauri xdeba (egrisi am dros ukve afxazeTad iwodeba); Sesabamisad, didi Secdomaa egrisis
gaTanabreba lazikasTan, romelic mudam iberiis gareT warmoidgineba; terminebi: egrisi da
lazika tolfasi cnebebi ar aris.
eTnonimi: kolxi unda momdinareobdes samxreT saqarTveloSi arsebuli Zveli qarTuli
provinciis kolas saxelisgan (i.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.12)9:
kola/kol-i - kol-x-i; qarTul wyaroebSi fuZe kola adridanve dasturdeba, xolo qo-
ronimis meoreuli varianti kolxeTi qarTulSi berZnulis analogiiT gvian iqmneba. Sdr.,
patriarq nikonis matianeSi saqarTvelos aRmniSvneli erT-erTi terminia kolxekia (g. paiWa-
Ze, 1993).
logikuria vivaraudoT, rom Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua periodidan kerasuntis regionSi,
halisisa (kizil-irmakis) da Woroxis auzebSi, Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelosa da
mtkvris zemowelis mxareebSi Camoyalibda Zlieri politikuri gaerTianeba, romlis Tavda-
pirveli saxeli SeiZleboda yofiliyo aia (Sdr.: aieti; Sdr., agreTve: daiaeni, tao); Semdeg
ki am saxels Caenacvla kolxa/kolxida (Tundac mas Semdeg, rac kolxam SeierTa
daiaeni/diaoxi).
Zv.w. XII-VIII saukuneebSi kolxasa da diaoxis teritoriebze mcxovreb qarTvel tomebs
Soris gamoirCeoda kolxebis Zlieri tomi, romlis saxelic ufro damkvidrda mezobeli sa-
xelmwifoebis dokumentebSi Tu berZeni mwerlebisa da mogzaurobis mexsierebaSi; Zv. w.
pirveli aTaswleulis Sua periodSi kolxa moicavda Savi zRvis mTel aRmosavleT sanapiros
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos nawilis CaTvliT (Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1954, gv.412)... kerZod, ro-
gorc zogi berZnuli wyaro, aseve, Tanamedrove arqeologiuri gaTxrebi cxadyofen, rom e.w.
"didi kolxuri kultura" moicavda Woroxis xeobas, mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos, dRevan-
del qarTlsac (mtkvris zemowels mcxeTis CaTvliT, da liaxvis xeobas) da Crdilo kavka-

8
mitropolit anania jafariZe, konstantinepolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqia, Jurnali "sveticxoveli",
2009, # 1, gv. 90-100.
9 Sdr.: kolebi pirvelad dasturdebian hekataios miletelTan (Zv.w. 549-472); fsevdo-sqilaksis (Zv.w. IV s.)

cnobebis mixedviT, koraqsebi da kolebi daaxloebiT bzifis SesarTavis raionSi arian sagulvebeli (T.yauxCiS-
vili, 1976, gv.83). axali welTaRricxvis V saukunis anonimuri periplusis avtori kolebis qveyanas - koli-
kes asaxelebs, erTi mxriv, henioxebis, koraqsebisa da, meore mxriv, melanqlainebis, maqelonebis, kolxebis me-
zoblad (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.105); Sdr., stefane bizantieli: kolebi - tomi kavkasionTan; kavkasionis qveda
ferdebs ewodeba kolebis mTebi, qveyanas ki kolike hqvia (georgika, 1936, gv.281).
logikuria davuSvaT, rom saqarTvelos istoriuli provincia kola, eTnonimi kol-x-i/kol-x-a da kole-
bi/kolike saerTo fuZisgan warmomavali sityvebi iyos (Sdr., p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.138: kolxi da kolaelebi
sinonimebia); aseve, SesaZlebelia, vivaraudoT, rom trapizonisa da biWvinTis regionebSi erTsa da imave dros
dafiqsirebuli kolxebi da kolebi monaTesave tomebi arian. p.ingoroyvas azriT, kolasganaa nawarmoebi klarji:
kol-ar-i > kolarji (p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv. 138).

4
siis nawils.
Zv.w. I aTaswleulsa da ax. welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi istoriuli saqarTvelos
teritoriaze ocze meti qarTveluri tomi (muSqebi/mosxebi/mesxebi, daianelebi/diauxebi/taoxebi, ko-
laelebi, tibarenebi, iberebi/saspeirebi/sapirebi, quTebi/koitebi/kvitebi, koraqsebi, marebi, beqeirebi, hali-
Zonebi/xalibebi, xaldebi/qaldebi, mosinoikebi/heptakometebi, diZerebi, biZerebi, Zidritebi, makronebi/mak-
rokefalebi, fasianebi, melanqlainebi, ekriktikes mcxovrebni/ekeqeirebi, henioxebi, sanebi/Wanebi, sanigebi/sa-
nikebi, lazebi, afxazebi, abaskebi, afsarebi, svanebi/misimielebi, svano-kolxebi, amarantebi (kolxuri to-
mi), tuskebi, kaxebi, kuxebi, cxumebi, fxovelebi, herebi...) cxovrobda; bunebrivia, maT Tav-TavianTi
kiloebi hqondaT. samwignobro enis ararsebobis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia, sxva tomTa
sacxovrisze (did arealze) gavrcelebulyo da xangrZlivi droiT ucvlelad Senar-
Cunebuliyo erTi romelime tomis metyveleba ena, miT umetes, Zvel msoflioSi, sadac
komunikaciis sajaro saSualebebi (presa, radio, televizia, interneti...) ar arsebobda.
ufro savaraudoa, rom mravali monaTesave dialeqturi erTeulis arsebobis pirobebSi
iqmneba koine, romlis simyare damokidebulia monaTesave tomTa urTierTobis xarisxze, saer-
To saxelmwifos/kulturis siZlieresa da werilobiT fiqsaciaze.
logikuria vifiqroT, rom farTod gavrcelebuli kolxuri arqeologiuri kulturis
gavrcelebis arealSi - qarTvelTa Zvel saxelmwifoSi - arsebobda kolxuri (saerToqarTve-
luri) enobrivi koine, romelsac pirobiTad saerToqarTveluri ena SeiZleba vuwodoT.
savaraudoa, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodSi swored am saerToqarTveluri kontinuumis
bazaze iqmneba qarTveluri asomTavruli damwerloba (mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe,
qarTvelebi, 2005).
lingvisturi Ziebebi saSualebas iZleva vivaraudoT, rom didi kolxeTis vrcel
teritoriaze arsebuli saxelmwifos ena - saerToqarTveluri, ZiriTadad emTxveva
qarTvelTa Zvel samwignobro enas. swored misgan Cans momdinare yvela Tanamedrove
qarTveluri enobrivi ganStoeba (enakavi, dialeqti, kilokavi).
Zv. w. pirvel aTaswleulSi - didi kolxuri kulturis dros - arsebuli enis struq-
turis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa qarTveluri samyarodan berZnulSi nasesxeb si-
tyvaTa Cveneba:
saukuneebis manZilze berZnulSi Sesuli qarTveluri toponimebi da eTnonimebi, rogorc
wesi, saerToqarTveluri (resp. qarTuli samwignobro enis) fonematuri struqturis mixedvi-
Taa warmodgenili; mag: hesiodes mier VIII saukuneSi dadasturebulia faTisi (Sdr., foTi);
III-I saukuneebSi gvaqvs: kutaiisi, sarapanisi (Sdr., Sorapani), ekretikes (egrisis) miwa, af-
SileTi, suani... (gansxvavebuli msjelobisaTvis ix. r. gordeziani, 1993, gv.39, 48, 55, 61,
63). r. gordezianis mier warmodgenili masalac, Cveni azriT, ufro adasturebs, rom Zv.w. I
aTaswleulis dasasruls berZnebisTvis cnobili iyo swored saerToqarTveluri Tu samwig-
nobro qarTuliseuli: faT-, quTais-, sarapanis- da suan- formebi, rac gvavaraudebinebs, rom
Zv.w. I aTaswleulis manZilzec, welTaRricxvaTa mijnazec da Semdegac, berZnebs urTierToba
hqondaT arqauli samwignobro qarTulis analogiuri enis mqone qarTvelobasTan. arsebobs
e.w. TariRiani toponimic: Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodis centralur kolxeTSi am tipis
enis arsebobas adasturebs Zv.w. VII saukunis Semdeg daarsebuli qalaq quTaisis saxelis
qarTveluri variantebi:
1.kota/kuta;
2.kutaia;

5
 3. kutaiisi;
4.quTaTi;
5.quTaTisi/quTaTusi...
Sdr., arc Zvel qarTul da arc Zvel ucxour wyaroebSi ar dasturdeba qarTveluri
dialeqturi variantebi: quTeisi (imer.), quTeSi (megr.), quTaS (svan) - e.i. ax.w. dasawyisSi
amgvari variantebi an ar arsebobda, an, Tu arsebobda, oficialurad ar gamoiyeneboda.

samecniero wreebSi miRebuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, saerToqarTveluri enis, samwig-

nobro qarTulisa da Tanamedrove qarTveluri dialeqtebis TanxmovanTa da xmovanTa sistema
erTnairia.
ZiriTadad, arqaul samwignobro (saeklesio) qarTuls emTxveva rogorc saerToqarTve-
luri enis brunvisa da mwkrivis morfologiuri kategoriebi, aseve, saxeluri da zmnuri pa-
radigmebi (morfologiuri kategoriaa mwkrivi, brunva; bruneba da uRleba formaTa paradig-
maa; ix. t.futkaraZe, 1997); kerZod, qarTvelur dialeqtTa SepirispirebiT Cans, rom amosa-
vali saerToqarTveluri modelebia Semdegi ZiriTadi saxeluri da zmnuri struqturebi
(TvalsaCinoebisaTvis zogan magaliTebi mogvyavs erT-erTi dasavlurqarTuli - megruli -
dialeqtidanac):
saxelis formawarmoebis zogi ZiriTadi yalibi:
saxelobiTi (fuZe, fuZe+i/0): kac, kac-i, koC-i...
micemiTi (fuZe+s/as/an): kac-s, koC-s/ko-s...
naTesaobiTi (fuZe+is/iS/in): kac-is, koC-iS...
mimarTulebiTi (fuZe+isa/iSa): kac-isa, koC-iSa...
Sdr., aseve, saxelis sityvawarmoebis ZiriTadi yalibebi:
fuZe+sufiqsi (kac-ur-i; koC-ur-i), prefiqsi+fuZe (na-tex-i, no-tex-i), prefiqsi+fu-
Ze+sufiqsi (m-xatv-ar-i, ma-xant-al-i)...
erTnairia zmnuri formawarmoebis ZiriTadi yalibebic:
samw. qarT.: wer-s - iwers - iwereba;
megruli: Warun-s - iWaruns - i-War-u…
samw. qarT.: a-Tes-v-in-eb-s;
megruli: o-Tas-af-u-an-s...
am SemTxvevebSic amosavali Cans samwignobro qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli variante-
bi; Sdr., agreTve, zmnuri sxva formebi:
awmyo: v-xat-av, v/f-xant-un-q; m-xat-av, m/f-xant-un-q.
myofadi: da-v-xat-av, do-v/f-xant-un-q; da-m-xat-av, do-m/f-xant-un-q.
uwyveteli: v-xat-av-d-i, v/f-xant-un-d-i; m-xat-av-d-i, m/f-xant-un-d-i.
xolmeobiTi: da-v-xat-av-d-i, do-v/f-xant-un-d-i; da-m-xat-av-d-i, do-m/f-xant-un-d-i...
Sdr. xmovanprefiqsiani zogi zmnuri yalibi:
m-i-xat-av-s, m-i-xant-u; v-u-xat-i-var, v-u-xant-u-q.
da-m-i-xat-av-s, do-m-i-xant-u; da-v-u-xat-i-var, do-v-u-xant-u-q.
winadadebis agebulebis TvalsazrisiTac, samwignobro qarTulisa da qarTvelur dia-
leqtTa Cvenebac msgavsia; kerZod, martivi winadadebis struqtura agebulia koordinaciis
principis mixedviT (koordinaciis principisaTvis ix. arn.Ciqobava, 1968). amosaval viTarebad,

6
am SemTxvevaSic, samwignobro qarTulis varianti unda daviguloT.
saerToqarTveluri enobrivi koines bazaze Camoyalibebuli zogadqarTveluri saxelmwi-
fo (Tu tomTaSorisi) ena arsebobas agrZelebs samwignobro qarTulis saxiT; Sesabamisad, mi-
si gavleniT, qarTvelTa centraluri kiloebis intensiuri cvaleba ar xdeba, xolo ganapira
kiloebi, istoriuli Sidaenobrivi cvlilebebisa da mezobel enaTa gavlenis xarisxis mixed-
viT, met-nakleb transformacias ganicdis; kerZod, dasavlurqarTveluri (zanur-svanuri) di-
aleqturi variantebis erTi nawili, saukuneebis manZilze Crdilokavkasiuri enebis gavle-
niT, metad icvleba da iqmneba svanuri kiloebi. jer berZen-bizantielTa, Semdeg ki Turqul
tomTa gavleniT, seriozul cvlilebebs ganicdis zanuri kilos samxreTuli kilokavebi.
Turqulis gavleniT icvleba, agreTve: heruli, taouri, imerxeuli da sxva (es procesebi
dawvrilebiT ganxiluli gvaqvs wignSi: "qarTveluri dialeqtologia").
Sesabamisad, miuRebelia mosazreba, rom qarTvelTa samwignobro ena efuZneba qarTlur
dialeqts (vrclad ix.: http://www.scribd.com/doc/11390384/The-Origin-of-the-Georgian-Literary-
Language-and-its-Prospects).
qarTuli samwignobro enis SeqmnaSi Tavidanve yvela qarTveluri modgma iRebda monawi-
leobas (mag., pirveli qarTuli warwerebi ioane lazisa da petre iberis saxelTan dakavSi-
rebul palestinis monasterSi dasturdeba); samwignobro-kulturuli mZlavri kerebi iyo
egrisSi, lazeTSi, svaneTSi, tao-klarjeTSi, mesxeTSi, afxazeTSi, qarTl-kaxeTsa da sxv., Se-
sabamisad, am qarTul kuTxeTa mosaxleobas aqvs istoriulad formirebuli erTiani samwig-
nobro ena da Tav-Tavisi kiloebi. aqve, dasamowmebelia, agreTve, arn. Ciqobavas daskvna:
qarTuli samwignobro ena Seiqmna zanuri da svanuri dialeqtebis monawileobiT (arn.
Ciqobava, 1948; sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi megrul-Wanuri leqsikisaTvis ix. k. dane-
lia, 1984.);
Sdr., agreTve, n. maris mosazreba:
"qarTuli saliteraturo enis Seqmna-ganviTarebaSi monawileobas iRebdnen: qarTlelebi,
imerlebi, megrelebi, svanebi, laz-Wanebi, da sxvani… saRvTo werilis teqstSi Cven vpoulobT
wminda Wanur anu megrul, imerxeul da sxva tomTa sityvebs. am realuris kulturul-istori-
ulis SexedulebiT, qarTuli saliteratoro ena imdenaTve svanuria da megruli, imdenaTve gu-
rulia da imeruli, ramdenaTac qarTluri. is aris RviZli samwerlo ena yvela saqarTvelos
tomisaTvis…" (n.mari, 1905, gv.9-10).
Sdr., agreTve:
besarion niJaraZe, 1904 (gazeTi "iveria"): "svanuri namdvilad qarTulia, mxolod aqa-iq
Secvlilia, magram zogierTebi ver Sehrigebian am azrs da gaiZaxian, svanebi sul sxva xal-
xiao! netav vicode, visTvis an risTvisaa saWiro is daJineba da svanebis gasxvistomeba".
amrigad, qarTvelTa mravalsaukunovani mwignobruli kultura - qarTuli
saliteraturo ena - Seqmnilia saerToqarTveluri enis bazaze da misi erT-erTi umTavresi
keraa Zveli egrisi (romlis mcire nawilia Tanamedrove samegrelo)10, ramdenadac egrisi
araerTxel iyo didi qarTveluri saxelmwifos gaerTianebisa Tu aRorZinebis iniciatori11.

10 logikuria davuSvaT, berZnebisTvis gaugebari kolxuri kvirbebi/"kirbebi" asomTavruli anbaniT Sedgenili

saritualo teqstebi Tu piqtografiuli xasiaTis rukebi Tu iyo.

11 qarTvelTa oficialuri (standartuli) da saSinao sametyvelo kodebis Tanaarseboba SeiZleba ganvixiloT

e.w. diglosiad: istoriuli samwignobro ena (standartuli ena) dedaenaa, xolo saSinao metyveleba (mag.,
svanuri metyvelebis balszemouri kilo) - mSobliuri dialeqti.
7
Sesabamisad, warumatebelia yvela im piris mcdeloba, visac surs samegrelos mosaxleobis
werilobiTi kulturis istoria i. vostorgovis, T. aSordias, i. Jvanias Tu guri
otobaias12 moRvaweobiT daiwyos:
samegrelos mkvidrTa mier sxva kuTxeebis qarTvelebTan erTad qarTvelTa dedaenis
bazaze Seqmnilia msoflioSi erT-erTi uZvelesi saeklesio da saerTo samwignobro kultura
- qarTveluri samwignobro kultura. samegrelo-svaneTSi dadasturebuli uZvelesi
Selocvebis udidesi nawili da qristianuli sagaloblebi arqaul qarTul samwignobro
enazea; qarTuli himnografiis erT-erTi mesaZirkvle - iovane minCxic - samegrelodanaa
(zedmetad migvaCnia saubari Wyondidlebis, Savlianebis/maruSiZeebis, Ciqovanebis, dadianebis,
gamsaxurdiebis... Rvawlze)... bunebrivia, Cven unda SevinarCunoT Cveni kuTxuri metyvelebebi
(megruli, lazuri, svanuri, aWaruli, xevsuruli, taouri, ingilouri...), magram yvelam
erTad unda viRvawoT, rom Tanamedrove globalistur samyaroSi ar movwydeT qarTvelobis
CamomrZerwav did samwignobro kulturas - qarTul samwignobro enas (es gansakuTrebiT
exeba TurqeTisa da azerbaijanis saxelmwifoebSi mcxovreb avtoqTon, aseve migrant
qarTvelebs).
werils davamTavrebT didi konstantine gamsaxurdias vrceli citirebiT:
"qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis Semdgenlebs umTavresi yuradReba unda
mieqciaT xalxuri metyvelebisaTvis. es momenti mTlad ignorirebuli araa, magram sasurveli
iqneboda, qarTuli dialeqtebidan, TviT Wanur-megrul-svanuridanac ufro Warbad SemoeSvaT
sityvieri masala. qarTuli enis sxvadasxva ganStoebani, e.i. misi dialeqtebi ulevi da
jerac aRunusxveli masalaa rogorc mwerlisTvis, ise enaTmecnierisTvis...”13.
"me SemovuSvi axal qarTulSi mravali gardasuli sityva; samagierod aseve uxvad
vasxure Cems leqsikas xevsurulidan, imerulidan, qarTl-kaxuridan da megrul-gurul
enakavebidan motanili sityvebi... me saWirod davinaxe qarTuli tomebis (gansxvavebuli)
leqsikis Sekrebis lozungi gadamesrola da es pirvelad vcade kidevac "dionisos RimilSi"
da Cems novelebis wignSiac. maSasadame, qarTuli sityvieri inventaris gamdidreba axal
saukuneSi unda momxdariyo calkerZ Zveli qarTulis maragidan, calkerZ cocxali
dialeqtebisa da enakavebis wiaRidan, raTa qarTuli ena martooden mSrali, mwignobruli ena
ar gamxdariyo... qarTul enas ar gaaCnia monaTesave enaTa ojaxi, rogorc Tundac franguls -
romanuli enebi, germanulsa da inglisurs - germanTa enebisa da rusuls - slavuri enebisa
da enakavebis ojaxi. amitomac saliteraturo qarTulis zrda ar SeiZleba martooden
garegan sesxs - barbarizmebs - daeyrdnos. aq umTavresia "Sinagani sesxi", qarTuli
enakavebidan, svanur-Wanur da odiSur dialeqtebidan axali da uxmari leqsikuri masalis
moxveWa... "14
"me piradad, rogorc mwerali, mudam mowadinebuli var gavdevno qarTuli enidan is
zedmeti balasti, romelic saukuneebis gavleniT Calekila qarTul enaSi. paralelurad,
Cemis azriT, unda xdebodes enis reparacia adgilobriv dialeqtebis leqsikis saSualebiT.
unda SemovuSvaT qarTul enaSi rogorc megrul-svanur dialeqtebis sityvebi, ise fSav-
xevsurul kilodan.vaJa-fSavelam am mxriv didi samsaxuri gauwia qarTul enas..."15
"iliam qarTul enas SesZina qarTluri bunebis sidarbaisle. xolo akakim imerulis
silbo. XX saukunis mwerlobam unda mogvces ilias qarTluris, akakis imerulis, vaJas
12
niWieri poetis - guri otobaias - Semoqmedeba, eTer TaTaraiZis poeziis msgavsad, qarTvelTa erTiani
samwignobro kulturis gamdidrebis gzad SeiZloeba ganvixiloT da ara - damoukidebeli kulturis Seqmnis
mcdelobad.
13 k.gamsaxurdia, aTtomeuli, t. IX, gv. 470-471
14 k.gamsaxurdia, TxzulebaTa rvatomeuli, 1980, t. V, gv. 955-956.
15 k.gamsaxurdia, TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli, tomi, VII, axali sityvebi, gv. 411.
8
fSauris, megrulisa da guruli enobrivi elementebis sruli sinTezi. ai, es iqneba
idealuri literaturuli qarTuli..."
"is maragi sityvebisa da formebisa, romelTa gacocxleba axal qarTulSi Cems Tvalwin
xdeba, me friad sapatio saqmed mimaCnia da yoveldRe unda moixveWos mweralma umZimesi
SromiT, pirvelwyaroebis, sigelebis, hagiografiuli Zeglebis, karabadinebis, samTvarioebis
da qarTveluri dialeqtebis, qarTuli folkloris, qarTuli bibliis Targmanebis
SeswavliT"16.

16 k.gamsaxurdia, TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli, VIII, isev saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis, gv. 54; aqve ix. misi

analogiuri Tematikis statiebi: "saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis", "qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni",

"isev qarTuli marTlweris gamo", "arqaizmi da provincializmi", "Targmani da enis siwminde" da sxv.
msjelobisaTvis ix. t. futkaraZe, saTave da perspeqtiva qarTuli samwignobro enisa, kavkasiologiuri seria
IV, Tb., 2006, gv. 31-43; ix., agreTve: http://www.scribd.com/doc/12621676/T-Putkaradze-European-Charter-for-
Regional-or-Minority-Languages-and-An-Issue-of-Plannig-Linguistic-Policy-in-Georgia, gv. 92-107.