Chapter #18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle Big Picture Themes 1.

. The main question facing the nation was, Will new lands won from Mexico have slaves or be free? 2. The answer to the question was hammered out in the Compromise of 1850. It said California was to be free, popular sovereignty (the people decide) for the rest of the lands. 3. A tougher fugitive slave law was a major concession to the South, but it wasnt enforced. This angered the Southerners. 4. The NorthSouth rift was widened with the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It repealed the Missouri Compromise which had kept the peace for a generation. In its place, popular sovereignty opened the Great Plains to potential slavery. Whereas the slave-land issue had been settled, now it was a big question mark. IDENTIFICATIONS: Stephen Douglas Senator who assisted Henry Clay in proposing a 3rd compromise to Kentucky. Douglas was nicknamed the Little Giant and he aided Clay in his purposeful speeches around 1850. In 1854, radiant and ardent speaker Douglas delivered a public announcement for a westward southern expansion. Franklin Pierce A Democratic nominee of the 1852 convention, Franklin Pierce was a considered dark horse in American history of New Hampshire. Democrats regarded him as the Young Hickory of the Granite Hills especially when the Whig Party were skeptical of the candidate. Compromise of 1850 Important aspects of the compromise includes that California became a free state, Fugitive Slave Acts were made (thus increasing the efforts of the abolitionists who were against this), Texas gained ten million dollars to pay the debt it had to Mexico, and that Utah and New Mexico were allowed the usage of popular sovereignty.

Zachary Taylor In the presidency campaign against Cass and Van Buren, Zachary Taylor won the election of 1848. He was head of the Whig Party and even named after times such as Taylor Fever and as the Hero of Buena Vista. John C. Calhoun Had his last few public appearances in 1850 with other famous figures like Clay and Webster. Calhoun, also referred to as the Great Nullifier, supported slavery and even spoke out against Clay and promoted Southern rights as states.

Matthew C. Perry The Commodore that was sent to Japan by the government. He was a public relations official who, using the judicial branch to his advantage with diplomatic reasons, convinced Japanese to sign a treaty in 1854. Henry Clay A large figure of the Whig Party, Henry Clay was famous and infamous, depending on the nation parting. He was the Great Pacificator who delivered one of his last few compromises with Kentucky. Free-Soil Party The Free-Soil Party was constructed by those in strong favor of slavery abolition, especially those in the North. They were very open and public to their opinions and doings against slavery.

Fugitive Slave Law These laws ignited the Norths spirit, especially those of the Abolitionist Movement while the South embraced these laws that resulted from the Compromise of 1850. Harriet Tubman A conductor of the Underground Railroad. In her journey, she helped to free and rescue more than three hundred slaves in 19 forays into the Southerners territories. Ostend Manifesto The Ostend Manifesto was a supposedly clandestine dispatch between the American ministers of France, Spain, and England to discuss possible recommendations for Cubas acquisition. Kansas-Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska Act, like the enactment of the Fugitive Slave Laws were highly controversial and it was known to have broken compromises made in the past: the one in 1820 and the other in 1850. This act also broke apart the Democrats, and it created a new party: The Republican Party. Parties of all kinds (Whig, Free-Soilers, Democrats, Know-Nothings.etc.) were displeased with the act. Stephen Douglas was the one who proposed this act. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries Know: Harriet Beecher Stowe, Hinton Helper 1. Which book, Uncle Tom's Cabin or The Impending Crisis of the South was more important? Explain. It helped ignite the Civil War and was one of the few examples that pushed the North to win. It greatly strengthened the Norths will to win the war. The Impending Crisis was written by Hinton Helper and showed that whites without slaves were the ones that were truly suffering.

The North-South Contest for Kansas Know: Beecher's Bibles, Border Ruffians 2. What went wrong with popular sovereignty in Kansas? Kansas could not be ruled by popular sovereignty because it would negate the Missouri Compromise. Beechers Bibles werent actually books but guns. The Border Ruffians were proslavery activists from the slave state of Missouri and managed to initiate pro slavery ideas in Kansas.

Kansas in Convulsion Know: John Brown, Pottawatomie Creek, Lecompton Constitution 3. What was the effect of "Bleeding Kansas" on the Democratic Party? It caused a small war in Kansas over the issue of the state being a slave or free state. The Lecompton Constitution supported slaves in Kansas and was written by Douglas.

"Bully" Brooks and His Bludgeon Know: Charles Sumner, Preston Brooks 5 What was the consequence of Brook's beating of Sumner in the North? The South? The Sumner-Brooks fight and the ensuing reactions showed how dangerously inflamed interests were becoming of the North and South states. Charles Sumner had to have surgery and had to undergo intense treatment in Europe. He was out of his seat for 3 years and was later reelected after his recovery. "Old Buck" versus "The Pathfinder" Know: James Buchanan, John C. Fremont, The American Party 6. Assess the candidates in the 1856 election. He didnt show many strong characteristics. He served as a minister to London during the KansasNebraska conflicts. The Republican Party chose John C. Fremont as their candidate. He was the socalled Pathfinder of the west but he had no experience in politics. The American Party nominated Fillmore and was an anti-foreign and anti-Catholic party.

The Electoral Fruits of 1856 7. Interpret the results of the election of 1856.

The election of 1856 did not provide a win-win situation for the United States. Many of the presidents had no prior experience and dragged the country down. This election mostly likely could have started the war earlier since a Republican was elected.

The Dred Scott Bombshell Know: Dred Scott, Roger B. Taney 8 Why was the Dred Scott decision so divisive? Most of the court believed that a slave was private property; he or she could be taken into any state and be legally held there in slavery. This was complemented by the Fifth Amendment which clearly forbade Congress to deprive people of their property without due process of law. The Financial Crash of 1857 8 How did the Panic of 1857 make Civil War more likely? It brought back the issue of slavery. Many political parties were already taking sides of whether being supporters of the abolitionists or pro-slavery people. The south after seeing the fall of the Northern banks though that sectionalism needed to stop if they wanted to make money and trade. South Carolina was impacted the least and though that their government was superior and seceded from the Union.

An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges 10. Describe Abraham Lincoln's background. Abraham Lincoln was self-educated and lost his parents at a very young age. He came from a poor family and served as a lawyer. He was the second child of Thomas and Nancy Lincoln. They lived in a log cabin in Kentucky.

The Great Debate: Lincoln versus Douglas Know: Freeport Doctrine 11. What long term results occurred because of the Lincoln-Douglas debates? The debate was mostly over the issue of slavery. Lincoln forced Douglas to pick whether if Popular Sovereignty was more important or the rule of the Supreme Court. This was known as the Freeport Doctrine Douglas greatly respected the Supreme Court. John Brown: Murderer or Martyr Know: Harper's Ferry, Robert E. Lee 12. Why were the actions of one (crazy?) man so important in the growing conflict between North and South?

When John Brown decided that he wanted to raid Harpers Ferry to provide the slaves in the south with firearms, the South discovered his plan and they sent General Robert E. Lee, who would eventually command the Confederate Forces in the Civil War. John Brown failed to lead the slaves in a revolt and the Southern forces killed him and his sons.. The Disruption of the Democrats Know: John C. Breckenridge, John Bell 13. What happened when the Democratic Party attempted to choose a candidate for the presidency in 1860? The Democratic Party was internally conflicted with the topic of slavery and at first decided the northern democrats decided to nominate Stephen Douglas as their candidate but they were denied by the Southern Democrats who wanted to nominate John C. Breckenridge, but once again internal conflicts regarding slavery and popular sovereignty stopped this. In the end, John Bell was nominated as president by the Constitutional Union Party. A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union 14. Why was Lincoln chosen as the Republican candidate instead of Seward? Lincoln was chosen as the Republican candidate over Seward because Seward was too much of a radical and offended many people. Lincoln beat Seward not because he was a better candidate, but because he had made fewer enemies. The Electoral Upheaval of 1860 15. Did the South have any power in the national government after Lincolns election, or were they helpless? No, despite losing the presidency, the South still had a lot of power in the government, they had a 54 majority in the Supreme Court and they also had control of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The federal government was powerless if they wanted to end slavery in states where slavery preexisted because the Supreme Court could easily shoot it down. The Secessionist Exodus Know: Secession, Jefferson Davis 16.. What did President Buchanan do when the South seceded? Why? These 7 seceding states decided to create their own government called the Confederate States of America, and they elected Jefferson Davis as their leader. Buchanan basically did nothing when the South seceded because he had no right in the constitution to stop them with weapons or force. The Collapse of Compromise 17. What was the Crittendon Compromise and why did it fail? The Crittendon Compromise stated that slavery could exist north of the 36 30 line if the northern states wanted it to, but that any territory south of the 36 30 line would be federally protected concerning slavery. Even territories like Cuba and other newly acquired territories would

automatically be slave territories disregarding popular sovereignty. Lincoln flatly rejected this compromise because he feared that this would lead to the south having slavery forever. Farewell to Union 18. What advantages did southerners see in secession? Who did they compare themselves to? The southerners also felt that the industrial north was dependent on the southern cotton and the north would never do anything to threaten their valuable supply. The South compared them the Americans when they seceded from Great Britain.

Chapter #19: Drifting Toward Disunion Big Picture Themes 1. Uncle Toms Cabin drove a wedge between the Northerner and Southerner. The South cried foul saying it gave a view of slavery that was too harsh and unrealistic, but it cemented each sections feelings on the issue. 2. Kansas became the battleground over slavery. Since slavery there was to be decided by popular vote, each side passionately fought for their position. Bloodshed resulted. 3. The Supreme Courts Dred Scott decision was huge. It said that Congress or a legislature cannot outlaw slavery in the territories. Effectively then, all new lands were possible slave lands. 4. A financial panic in 1857 added to the chaos and uncertainty. 5. Abe Lincoln arrived on the scene. Although he lost to Stephen Douglas for Illinois Senate, he made a name for himself there. 6. In 1860, Abe Lincoln won a very sectional race for president over 3 other candidates. The South had promised to leave the union if Abe won. He won, and the South indeed seceded. IDENTIFICATIONS: Hinton Helper The Impending Crisis of the South The Impending Crisis of the South was written by Hinton Helper who argued that slavery was a pro to the owners who did have slaves but a negative to those without slaves; it showed that the system was unbalanced and this caused tension among those in the South. George Fitzhugh George Fitzugh published works about slavery and racial discrimination as a social theorist; he based most of his works off of sociological theories. One example is that he stated an African American needs protection against slavery and that if he or she were not to be acknowledged as a person, imagine them as a child who needs such care.

John Brown Brown was known as a murderer and a martyr who was high respected among abolitionists and slaves in the North and despised in the South. He strongly believed in freedom of slaves and had attacked Harpers Ferry to prove that. Charles Sumner In his speech, Sumner had harshly attacked the South and in return, received physical attacks that injured him greatly as a large abolitionist figure. One of his well-known speeches includes Crime against Kansas.

Dred Scott Scott was supported by abolitionists to sue the court for freedom after a long life on the soil for five years in Illinois of the Wisconsin Territory. The Supreme Court responded with the Dred Scott decision and stated that African Americans were private property and was slaves where ever they went. Abraham Lincoln Lincoln was a tall man with a colorful background that led him from a poor life to an educated politician. He had a joint debate with Douglas that resulted in his increase of popularity and election as president. John Crittenden The Constitution was awaiting propositions of the Crittenden amendments that were made to mitigate situations with the South; the amendment stated that south of the 36 30 line, federal protection was enacted in all existing land and north of the line, slavery was not allowed. Bleeding Kansas Bleeding Kansas was the moniker of the civil war that took place in Kansas around 1856 on prairie land. American or Know-Nothing Party Also known as Nativists or the Order of the Star Spangled Banner, this party hated immigrants of Irish descent or German ancestry. The party was headed by Millard Fillmore. Panic of 1857 This was a recession in which the South thrived and the North was economically crushed; this recession also contributed to the cause of the Civil War. The north struggled with its dying agricultural economy and the South shooted upwards with the cotton industry. Lincoln-Douglas Debates The political debates were held between Lincoln and Douglas when things got heated especially since both were vying for a spot in Congress as Senator. Freeport Doctrine The Freeport Doctrine was made up during the Lincoln-Douglas debates by Stephen Douglas and Lincoln had tried to debate the issue between popular sovereignty and the contradiction the Kansas-Nebraska Act had posed. Harper's Ferry Raid The Harpers Ferry was a raid led by John Brown; the ferry was a huge federal arsenal that carried a lot of weapons. These weapons were used to ambush those involved. Constitutional Union Party In 1860, wanting to reach a compromise, politicians of congress decided to host a political party but it wasnt successful in that it only had border states of three participating.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Stowe and Helper: Literary Incendiaries Know: Harriet Beecher Stowe, Hinton Helper 1. Which book, Uncle Tom's Cabin or The Impending Crisis of the South was more important? Explain. Both novels were important to the society in that both proposed the idea that slavery was bad. Harriet Beecher Stowe had written Uncle Toms Cabin which Lincoln tells Stowe that it was the start of the Civil War. The North-South Contest for Kansas Know: Beecher's Bibles, Border Ruffians 2. What went wrong with popular sovereignty in Kansas? Popular sovereignty had a negative result in Kansas when northerners, moving west for more land to farm on and endorsed by the New England Emigrant Aid Company, had handled a codename for a dangerous object of which they were grouping together. They called these the Beechers Bibles. Kansas in Convulsion Know: John Brown, Pottawatomie Creek, Lecompton Constitution 3. What was the effect of "Bleeding Kansas" on the Democratic Party? Going against the free-soil cause and bringing up on them a retaliation of forces that supported slavery were the effects of Bleeding Kansas of the Democratic Party. The retaliation started with John Brown who had led a throng of supportive abolitionists and slaves across the Pottawatomie Creek and rid a couple men on the other side. "Bully" Brooks and His Bludgeon Know: Charles Sumner, Preston Brooks 4 What was the consequence of Brook's beating of Sumner in the North? The South? There were several consequences in both regions of the nation that resulted from the skirmish between Preston Brooks and Charles Sumner. The North had despised and hated the crude and cowardly Brooks while the infamous speech of Sumner was distributed by the thousands. Republican votes raked in when the senator made an opinion on the topic. "Old Buck" versus "The Pathfinder" Know: James Buchanan, John C. Fremont, The American Party 5. Assess the candidates in the 1856 election. James Buchanan was tall and stout with a defected face. He had been a lawyer and before and served as a minister of London during the heated controversy of Kansas and Nebraska. The Electoral Fruits of 1856

6.

Interpret the results of the election of 1856.

The 1856 elections resulted in Buchanan as president among the three candidates of himself, Fremont and Fillmore: Fremont taking second place in the elections with 5 hundred thousand less votes than Buchanan and Fillmore last with a million votes behind. Republicans Fremont and Fillmore were rowdy in their campaigns before but lost due to a southern threat. The Dred Scott Bombshell Know: Dred Scott, Roger B. Taney 7 Why was the Dred Scott decision so divisive? The Dred Scott decision was so divisive in that it fueled northern anger with the south because the enactment only benefitted the south and continued to repeal any effects of past compromises like the Missouri Compromise, which was already contradicted in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The Financial Crash of 1857 8 How did the Panic of 1857 make Civil War more likely? The Panic of 1857 contributed to a higher possibility of the Civil War occurring because it increased the already taut tension between the North and the South. While in this recession, the North got the harshest result because they were based on growing wheat and grains, a production that didnt fare well.

An Illinois Rail-Splitter Emerges 9. Describe Abraham Lincoln's background. Abraham Lincoln was a man of great stature: he stood at a toppling height of 6 feet 4 and weighed around 180 lbs. He had a long body and a distinguished countenance of a long face framed with a bushy beard. Unlike other politicians, he was born into a poor family and only attended school for a year; the rest of his education came with self-teaching. Whetting a blade of a reaper was a production that didnt fare well. The Great Debate: Lincoln versus Douglas Know: Freeport Doctrine 10. What long term results occurred because of the Lincoln-Douglas debates? The Lincoln-Douglas debates resulted in Douglas as the Senator but Lincoln morally won with a larger, supportive audience. Even though he had lost, Lincoln had gained praise and acknowledgement from the North and was known as one of the most important northern politicians. John Brown: Murderer or Martyr Know: Harper's Ferry, Robert E. Lee 11. Why were the actions of one (crazy?) man so important in the growing conflict between North and South?

John Brown was infamous among plantation owners and famous among slaves and abolitionists for his actions. He had planned to ambush Harpers Ferry, a federal arsenal that held tons of weapons, with a group of slaves. Upon doing so, he killed around 7 people and injured ten and possibly more. Robert E. Lee, Lieutenant colonel of the U.S marines, took Browns life. The Disruption of the Democrats Know: John C. Breckenridge, John Bell 12. What happened when the Democratic Party attempted to choose a candidate for the presidency in 1860? When the Democratic Party had tried to select a candidate for the 1860 presidency, what happened was that the party had actually become deeply divided. They had at first vied for Douglas as candidate but the South hadnt wanted such a nominee since he had written controversial speeches and documents such as the Lecompton Constitution and the Freeport Doctrine during his debates. A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union 13. Why was Lincoln chosen as the Republican candidate instead of Seward? Lincoln was chosen as a president candidate because Seward had a lot more rivals and less supporters than Lincoln did. Seward also had much views that were radical while Lincold supported the views of the Common man; Seward had particularly destroyed his chances of becoming president when he gave his speech of irrepressible conflict that actually held a premonition of a war between freedom and slavery, The Electoral Upheaval of 1860 14. Did the South have any power in the national government after Lincolns election, or were they helpless? The South actually had power in the national government after Lincolns election despite what it seemed. The reason for that was because the South decided that since their votes didnt amount to their wanted president, they had reason to secede from the nation. In the Supreme Court, the south held count of a larger ratio of 5 to 4 and the House of Reps meant that the government couldnt alter any states slavery system. The Secessionist Exodus Know: Secession, Jefferson Davis 15.. What did President Buchanan do when the South seceded? Why? When the South seceded, President Buchanan did not believe that the South had actually seceded from the nation and had simply ignored the notion. Because the South seceded, Buchanan hadnt stopped the Secession from occurring with the reason that the military had trouble controlling an Indian army of the West. What resulted was Jefferson Davis became president after Buchanans term. The Collapse of Compromise 16. What was the Crittenden Compromise and why did it fail?

A proposition to the Constitution, the Crittenden Compromise was intended to make better tension in the South. In the compromise, it was stated that anything above the 36 30 line didnt allow slavery while south of that, slavery had federal protection. In future situations where states were admitted to the nation, they could choose whether to be a slave state or not. Farewell to Union 17. What advantages did southerners see in secession? Who did they compare themselves to? During the secession, Southerners had believed that their advantage was having lesser opponents and believing that Yankees couldnt fight against them. They had the strong stance that the north was dependent on them for banking and manufacturing purposes and that if a war did come to, then the north would be too weak to go against the south.