Chelsie Ross Math 1040- Stats Term Project For this assignment we looked at a data set containing information

about exhaling and the Forced Expiratory Volume amount in liters. We used this data throughout the length of the course and applied it to the different sections we encountered through the duration of the semester. This project helped us to really get a look at the different sections that are covered in statistics and then apply these to a real life situation, or a research study that is applicable to something one may actually come across. We used a categorical sample and a quantitative sample and created various charts for each. We used smoking and non-smoking as the categorical and then the exhaled amount in liters for the quantitative. We did a simple random sample and a stratified sample for each. For the stratified sample we broke the data into strata and chose a random number, 13 in our case, and then used that number in each strata until we got our sample size of 31. Categorical Samples

Simple Random Samples: (Quantitative)

Stratified Samples:

Frequency Histogram:

These graphs showed the differences in our taken samples. It was interesting to see how taking two different types, the simple random and the stratified, came up with the different results. The histogram was between a normal and one being skewed to the right. I then found the statistics to go along with our population and the samples we had chosen. So, for the population it was n=654, mean=2.637, standard deviation=.867, median= 2.5891, and a variance of .562.

The random sample went as follows: n=31 Mean=2.784 Standard Deviation=.75 Median=2.891 Variance=.562 The stratified sample data (every 13th person) was this: n=31 Mean-2.28 Standard Deviation=.893 Median=2.102 Variance= .8

The next part of the project that we looked at focused on making confidence intervals from the samples that we gathered. This is done so we have an accurate range of values that we can look at that fall in with our sample, rather than one point. We chose to use .05 for our /2 , which makes us use the z of 1.645. We first took our categorical value and made an interval for that. We use the following formula to do this:

So, 1.645

.0909* .9091 33

= .082

Then .082 is the Margin of Error, which the then subtract from and add to the original p which is .0994. .0994-.082< <.0994+.082 .0174< <.1814

We then do the same for the next sample.

1.645

.0286* .9714 35

= .0463

.0994-.0463 < < .0994 + .0463 = .0531< < .1457 We then create confidence intervals for the mean of each of our samples.
Simple Random Sample:

E=t /2(

E=1.697

s n

) = .2286

.75 31

2.784-.2286< < 2.784+.2286 2.556< <3.013

Stratified Sample:

E= 1.697

.893

31

=.2722

2.28-.2722< <2.28+.2722 2.008< <2.552

So, the simple random sample we took does capture the population parameter but the stratified sample does not. Hypothesis testing is the next thing that we have to work on. We will create a null hypothesis and test for both the population proportion and the mean. For the population proportions, our test did not meets all the qualifications that are required as it was a simple random sample, but np and nq did not equal five. It was difficult for this section of our test, because it took many tries to get a random sample that even had a two different variables. For that section we looked at smokers and non-smokers and almost all the people were non-smokers. I created the test regardless, to show how it would be done.

Null Hypothesis: p=.0994 Alternative Hypothesis: p = / .0994

z=

p p

pq n

z=

.0909.0994
.0909*.9091 33

= .514

This value is higher than both the critical values that are in the chart that we use to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. The values listed are .361 for a .05 alpha and .463 for a .01 alpha. Since ours is greater than these, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. The hypothesis test for the population mean is the next step we will do. (x bar- ) = 2.637 = / 2.637

x
s n

t=

2.7842.637
.867 31

= .944

The p-value is then .352 which is lower than the alpha we are looking for, .361. We then reject the null hypothesis because there is sufficient evidence to do so. This does not mean that our test was bad, just that our sample was not a very good one. In summary, this project has been very interesting in many aspects. It has really shown me that I can use stats in many way, though I may not want to believe that. The extra practice from applying these situations to a real data set has also been helpful. I plan on going into psychology and in that field it is very important to be able to understand statistics. I need to be able to translate these numbers into meaningful research, which this assignment has helped me get more used to. Understanding data and how to interpret it and transform it into something useful is exactly what I need to be able to do with my chosen career path. This assignment has given multiple ways that I can see where I would apply it in real life. In finding out stratified sample, we had to go through and do it multiple times in order to get a categorical sample with two variables instead of one, and that is something that can happen all the time in a normal test. I was also interested in the counting part of this class as well, and would have liked to get more practice with that. Overall, I have come to see that statistics is a useful thing to know, now I just need to keep up on it!