1392390

Nghin cu & trin khai ManageEngine OpManager 9.
GVHD: Th.S ng Quang Hin
TRNG CAO NG CNG NGH THNG TIN HU NGH VIT HN

KHOA KHOA HC MY TNH
QUN L H THNG MNG BNG PHN MM

MANAGEENGINE OPMANAGER 9.0
Ging vin hng dn: Th.S ng Quang Hin.
Sinh vin thc hin:
Nguyn Ngc Huy CCMM04A
ST: 01698932859 01222933314
E-Mail: ngochuy.vhit@gmail.com.
Cao Ngc Tr - CCMM04B
ST: 01678044073
E-Mail: toyboys1992@gmail.com.
Nguyn Anh V CCMM04B
ST: 01635295470.
E-Mail: anhvhit@gmail.com.
Nhm 9 HTV Qun l h thng mng
Trang 1
Nghin cu & trin khai ManageEngine OpManager 9.0
MC LC
MC LC............................................................................................................. 2
DANH MC VIT TT........................................................................................... 4
DANH MC HNH NH......................................................................................... 5
LI M U........................................................................................................ 6
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V QUN L H THNG MNG....................................7
1.1. Gii thiu v Qun l h thng mng:......................................................7
1.2. Hai phng thc gim st Poll & Alert......................................................8
1.2.1. Phng thc Poll:...............................................................................8
Hnh 1.1. Hnh minh ha c ch Poll..............................................................9
1.2.2. Phng thc Alert:.............................................................................9
Hnh 1.2. Hnh minh ha c ch Alert..............................................................9
1.2.3. So snh hai phng thc Poll & Alert.................................................9
1.3. Gii thiu v giao thc SNMP:................................................................11
1.3.1. SNMP giao thc qun l mng n gin........................................11
1.3.2. u im trong thit k SNMP...........................................................12
1.3.3. Cc phin bn ca SNMP.................................................................13
1.4. Cc khi nim nn tng ca SNMP:........................................................13
1.4.1. Cc thnh phn trong SNMP............................................................13
Hnh 1.3. Network management station......................................................14
Hnh 1.4. gim st lu lng ca mt router.................................................15
1.4.2. Object ID.......................................................................................... 15
Hnh 1.5. Hnh minh ha qu trnh ly sysName...........................................17
1.4.3. Object Access..................................................................................17
1.4.4. Management Information Base:.......................................................18
Hnh 1.6. Minh ha MIB tree..........................................................................18
1.5. Cc phng thc ca SNMP:...................................................................19
1.5.1. GetRequest...................................................................................... 20
1.5.2. GetNextRequest............................................................................... 20
1.5.3. SetRequest....................................................................................... 20
1.5.4. GetResponse:................................................................................... 21
1.5.5. Trap:................................................................................................. 21
Hnh 1.7. Hnh minh ha cc phng thc ca SNMPv1................................23
1.6. Cc c ch bo mt SNMP:.....................................................................23
Trang 2
1.6.1. Community String............................................................................23

1.6.2. View................................................................................................. 24
1.6.3. SNMP ACL (Access Control List).....................................................24
1.7. Cu trc bn tin SNMP:...........................................................................25
Hnh 1.8. Cu trc bn tin SNMP...................................................................25
1.8. C s thng tin qun l MIB:...................................................................25
1.8.1. Cu trc ca MIB (Version 1)............................................................25
1.8.2. Name:.............................................................................................. 26
Hnh 1.9. SMIv1 (RFC1155)...........................................................................27
1.8.3. MIB-2 (RFC1213)..............................................................................29
Hnh 1.9. V tr ca MIB-2 trong mib..............................................................29
1.8.4. SMIv2............................................................................................... 30
1.8.5. Host-Resources-Mib (RFC2790)........................................................32
Hnh 1.10. V tr ca Host-mib trong mib.......................................................32
CHNG 2: PHN MM QUN L MANAGEENGINE OPMANAGER 9.0................34
2.1. Gii php Tch hp h thng - AdventNet ManageEngine 9.0:..............34
2.2. Cc gii php ManageEngine:................................................................35
2.3. Tng quan v cc tnh nng c bn:......................................................37
2.3.1. Manage Engine Opmanager 9.0 l g? ............................................37
2.3.2. Cc tnh nng chnh:........................................................................38
2.3.3. Cc phin bn:................................................................................. 38
CHNG 3: TRIN KHAI THC NGHIM NG DNG.........................................39
3.1. Hng dn s dng phn mm..............................................................39
3.1.1. Demo: Ci t:................................................................................. 39
3.1.2. Demo: S dng giao din - Thit lp cc thng s c bn:..............44
3.2. Qun l h thng mng: Phn mm ManageEngine OpManager 9.0.....50
3.2.1. Gii thiu cc tnh nng chnh trong ManageEngine OpManager 9.0:50
3.2.2. Thit lp nng cao trong ManageEngine OpManager 9.0:...............55
KT LUN & NH HNG PHT TRIN.............................................................60
TI LIU THAM KHO......................................................................................... 61
Trang 3
DANH MC VIT TT
T vit tt
Vit y
Ngha
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/

Internet Protocol
Giao thc iu khin truyn vn /

Giao thc lin mng.
SNMP
Simple Network Management

Protocol.
Giao thc qun l mng n gin.
SMI
Structure of management
information.
Cu trc qun l thng tin.
UDP
User Datagram Protocol.
Giao thc d liu ngi dng.
NMS
Network Management System
H thng qun l mng.
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force
Tc v k thut mng c bit
RFC
Request for Comments
ng gp kin.
OID
Object identifier
i tng nhn dng
Trang 4
DANH MC HNH NH
Trang 5
LI M U
Th gii ngy nay c nhiu tin b mnh m v cng ngh thng tin (CNTT) t mt
tim nng thng tin tr thnh mt ti nguyn thc s, tr thnh sn phm hng ho
trong x hi to ra mt s thay i to ln trong lc lng sn xut, c s h tng, cu trc
kinh t, tnh cht lao ng v c cch thc qun l trong cc lnh vc ca x hi.
Trong nhng nm gn y, nn CNTT nc ta cng c pht trin trn mi lnh vc
trong cuc sng cng nh trong lnh vc qun l x hi khc. Vi trinh phat trin nh
vy vic ng dung CNTT vao cac cng vic hng ngay c xem nh la iu bt buc tai.
Tuy nhin vi vic phat trin mt mang li may tinh nhanh nh vy a gy ra nhng kho
khn nht inh trong vic quan ly cac h thng mang nay. Cng vic quan ly h thng
mang co nhng yu cu t ra la lam sao co th tn dung ti a cac tai nguyn co trong
h thng va tng tin cy i vi h thng. Do o, vn quan tri mang hin nay la
khng th thiu c. Trong o quan tri mang theo giao thc SNMP la phng phap c
s dung rng rai nht.
ManageEngine OpManager cho php tm kim cc thit b trn mng ca bn, gim
st cc thit b, v thc hin hnh ng da trn nhng thay i trng thi thit b, do
bn c th xc nh li mng trc khi chng tr thnh thm ha.
V l do , nhm chng em tin hnh QUN L H THNG MNG BNG
PHN MM MANAGEENGINE OPMANAGER.
Trang 6
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V QUN L H THNG MNG

1.1.
Gii thiu v Qun l h thng mng:

Cng vi ng dng doanh nghip v lu tr quan trng cn thit cho cc hot ng
dch v ph thuc vo tnh c sn v tin cy lin tc ca mng cng ty. Bi v vic s

dng ngy cng gia tng cc lin kt khng dy, internet m rng mng doanh nghip
tng thm tnh phc tp cho vic qun l mng.
Trong khi nhiu cng ty thch gi li s kim sot i vi cc ti nguyn mng ca
mnh. Nhng cng ty khc ph thuc vo cc nh cung cp my tnh v cc hng truy
thng tm kim v s l cc vn trn mng cu h hoc ph thuc vo hng truyn
thng tm v x l cc vn trn mng ca h hoc ph thuc vo nhm th ba. Cho
d nhng trch nhim ny nm u i chng na,tp hp cng c c s dng gim
st tnh trng ca mng v bt u hnh ng sa cha l NMS Network Management
System (cc h thng qun l mng).
Ngoi vic ci thin tnh c sn ca mng v tin cy ca dch v, mc ch ca
mt NMS l tp trung ha vic kim sot cc thnh phn mng, gim thi gian nhn vin
cc tc v qun l v ngn chi ph bo tr v vn hnh. NMS c th thc s gim chi ph
v tnh phc tp ca mng ngy nay bng vic cung cp mt b cng c tch hp vn cho
cc nhn vin cng ngh thng tin c lp v chun on mng mt cch nhanh chng.
Kh nng phn tch v gii quyt cc s c mng t mt v tr trung tm l iu quan
trng i vi vic qun l cc ti nguyn v nhn s mt cch ph hp. Sau y l nhng
yu cu ti thiu i vi bt k NMS no:
Qun l li: chc nng ny gm pht hin, c lp v sa cha cc s kin vn
c trch nhim v hot ng mng bt thng. Ngi qun l li cung cp
phng tin nhn nhng cnh bo, quyt nh nguyn nhn ca mt li
mng, c lp li v thc thi hnh ng sa cha.
Qun l cu hnh: chc nng ny bao gm thit lp, bo tr v cp nhp cc
thnh phn ca mng. Vic qun l cu hnh cng bao gm vic thng bo cho
nhng ngi dng mng v cc thay i cu hnh sp ti v hon tt.
Qun l k ton: chc nng ny bao gm kh nng theo di vic s dng mng
pht hin nhng khim khuyt, vic lm dng cc quyn mng hoc hot
Trang 7
ng mng khc thng. Tt c hu dng vi vic hoch nh cc thay i

hoc s pht trin ca mng.
Qun l hiu sut: tnh nng ny bo gm kh nng nhn bit nhng vn
hiu sut hin hnh sp ti vn c th gy ra cc vn cho ngi dng mng.
Nhng hot ng bao gm thu thp v phn tch s lng thng k st nh
hiu sut mng ng mc cng nh gim st h thng v thc hin vic bo
tr nhm m bo hiu sut mang c th chp nhn c.
Qun l bo mt: chc nng ny bao gm vic kim sot v gim st s truy
cp n mng v thng v thng tin qun l mng cso lin quan. iu ny
thng bao gm vic kim sot cc password v nhng c ch y quyn ngi
dng, thu thp v phn tch cc nht k bo mt hoc nht k truy cp pht
hin ra hot ng ng nghi ng v theo di di ngun gc ca n.
V mt l tng nhng chc nng ny v nhng chc nng khc nn c sn t
cng mt giao din qun l mng vn x l ton b mng nh mt thc th. Tuy nhin,
trn thc t, cc NMS khc nhau v tnh phc tp, buc cc t chc phi ph thuc vo
nhng cng c khc nhau t cc hng khc nhau c c tt c cc chc nng m h
cn nhm qun l mng ca h mt cch ph hp.
1.2. Hai phng thc gim st Poll & Alert
1.2.1. Phng thc Poll:
Nguyn tc hot ng: Trung tm gim st (manager) s thng xuyn hi thng
tin ca thit b cn gim st (device). Nu Manager khng hi th Device khng tr
li, nu Manager hi th Device phi tr li. Bng cch hi thng xuyn, Manager s
lun cp nht c thng tin mi nht t Device.
Trang 8
Hnh 1.1. Hnh minh ha c ch Poll

1.2.2. Phng thc Alert:
Nguyn tc hot ng: Mi khi trong Device xy ra mt s kin (event) no
th Device s t ng gi thng bo cho Manager, gi l Alert. Manager khng hi
thng tin nh k t Device.
Hnh 1.2. Hnh minh ha c ch Alert

Device ch gi nhng thng bo mang tnh s kin ch khng gi nhng thng
tin thng xuyn thay i, n cng s khng gi Alert nu chng c s kin g xy ra.
Chng hn khi mt port down/up th Device s gi cnh bo, cn tng s byte truyn qua
port s khng c Device gi i v l thng tin thng xuyn thay i. Mun ly
nhng thng tin thng xuyn thay i th Manager phi ch ng i hi Device, tc l
phi thc hin phng thc Poll.
1.2.3. So snh hai phng thc Poll & Alert
Hai phng thc Poll v Alert l hon ton khc nhau v c ch. Mt ng dng
gim st c th s dng Poll hoc Alert, hoc c hai, ty vo yu cu c th trong thc
t.
Trang 9
Bng sau so snh nhng im khc bit ca 2 phng thc :

K hiu so snh:
Thun li v Bt li
POLL
ALERT
Tt c nhng event xy ra
C th ch ng ly nhng
thng tin cn thit t cc i tng
u c gi v Manager phi c
mnh quan tm, khng cn ly nhng
c ch lc nhng event cn thit,
thng tin khng cn thit t nhng hoc Device phi thit lp c

ngun khng quan tm.
c ch ch gi nhng event cn
C th lp bng trng thi tt
thit lp
Nu khng c event g xy
c cc thng tin ca Device sau khi
ra th Manager khng bit c
poll qua mt lt cc thng tin .
trng thi ca Device. VD:
VD: Device c mt port down v
Device c mt port down v
Manager c khi ng sau , th
Manager c khi ng sau ,
Manager c khi ng sau , th
th Manager s khng th bit
Manager s bit c port ang down c port ang down.

sau khi poll qua mt lt tt c cc
port.
Trong
trng
hp
ng
Khi ng truyn gin
truyn gia Manager v Device xy on v Device c s thay i th

ra gin on v Device c s thay n vn gi Alert cho Manager,
i, th Manager s khng th cp nhng Alert ny s khng th
nht. Tuy nhin khi ng truyn n c Manager, nhng Alert
thng sut tr li th Manager s cp ny s khng th n c
nht c thng tin mi nht do n Manager. Sau mc d ng
lun lun poll nh k.
truyn c thng sut tr li th

Manager v khng th bit c
Ch cn ci t Manager tr
nhng g xy ra.
Phi ci t ti tng
n tt c cc Device. C th d dng
Device tr n Manager. Khi
Trang 10

thay i mt Manager khc.

thay i Manager th phi ci t
li trn tt c Device tr v
Manager mi.
Ngay khi c s kin xy ra
Nu tn sut poll thp, thi
gian ch gia 2 chu k poll di s lm th Device s gi Alert n
Manager chm cp nht cc thay i
Manager, do Manager
ca Device. Ngha l nu thng tin

Device thay i nhng vn cha
n lt poll k tip th Manager vn
cha n lt poll k tip th
Manager vn gi thng tin c.
C th b st cc s kin: khi
Manager s c thng
Device c thay i, sau thay i
bo mi khi c s kin xy ra
tr li nh ban u trc khi n poll
Device, do Manager khng b
k tip th Manager s khng pht
st bt k s kin no.
hin c.
1.3. Gii thiu v giao thc SNMP:
1.3.1. SNMP giao thc qun l mng n gin.
SNMP l giao thc qun l mng n gin, dch t cm t Simple Network
Management Protocol.
Giao thc l mt tp hp cc th tc m cc bn tham gia cn tun theo c th
giao tip c vi nhau. Trong lnh vc thng tin, mt giao thc quy nh cu trc, nh
dng (format) ca dng d liu trao i vi nhau v quy nh trnh t, th tc trao i
dng d liu . Nu mt bn tham gia gi d liu khng ng nh dng hoc khng
theo trnh t th cc bn khc s khng hiu hoc t chi trao i thng tin. SNMP l mt
giao thc, do n c nhng quy nh ring m cc thnh phn trong mng phi tun
theo.
Mt thit b hiu c v hot ng tun theo giao thc SNMP c gi l c
h tr SNMP (SNMP supported) hoc tng thch SNMP (SNMP compartible).
Trang 11
SNMP dng qun l, ngha l c th theo di, c th ly thng tin, c th c

thng bo, v c th tc ng h thng hot ng nh mun. VD mt s kh nng
ca phn mm SNMP:
o Theo di tc ng truyn ca mt router, bit c tng s byte
truyn/nhn.
o Ly thng tin my ch ang c bao nhiu cng, mi cng cn trng
bao nhiu.
o T ng nhn cnh bo khi switch c mt port b down.
o iu khin tt (shutdown) cc port trn switch.
SNMP dng qun l mng, ngha l n c thit k chy trn nn TCP/IP
v qun l cc thit b c ni mng TCP/IP. Cc thit b mng khng nht thit phi
l my tnh m c th l switch, router, firewall, adsl gateway, v c mt s phn mm
cho php qun tr bng SNMP. Gi s bn c mt ci my git c th ni mng IP v n
h tr SNMP th bn c th qun l n t xa bng SNMP.
SNMP l giao thc n gin, do n c thit k n gin trong cu trc bn tin
v th tc hot ng, v cn n gin trong bo mt (ngoi tr SNMP version 3). S
dng phn mm SNMP, ngi qun tr mng c th qun l, gim st tp trung t xa ton
mng ca mnh.
1.3.2. u im trong thit k SNMP
SNMP c thit k n gin ha qu trnh qun l cc thnh phn trong
mng. Nh cc phn mm SNMP c th c pht trin nhanh v tn t chi ph.
SNMP c thit k c th m rng cc chc nng qun l, gim st. Khng c
gii hn rng SNMP c th qun l c ci g. Khi c mt thit b mi vi cc thuc
tnh, tnh nng mi th ngi ta c th thit k custom SNMP phc v cho ring
mnh.
SNMP c thit k c th hot ng c lp vi cc kin trc v c ch ca cc
thit b h tr SNMP. Cc thit b khc nhau c hot ng khc nhau nhng p ng
SNMP l ging nhau. VD bn c th dng 1 phn mm theo di dung lng cng
cn trng ca cc my ch chy HH Windows v Linux; trong khi nu khng dng
Trang 12
SNMP m lm trc tip trn cc HH ny th bn phi thc hin theo cc cch khc
nhau.
1.3.3. Cc phin bn ca SNMP
SNMP c 4 phin bn: SNMPv1, SNMPv2c, SNMPv2u v SNMPv3. Cc phin
bn ny khc nhau mt cht nh dng bn tin v phng thc hot ng. Hin ti
SNMPv1 l ph bin nht do c nhiu thit b tng thch nht v c nhiu phn mm h
tr nht. Trong khi ch c mt s thit b v phn mm h tr SNMPv3.
- SNMP version 1: chun ca giao thc SNMP c nh ngha trong RFC 1157 v
l mt chun y ca IETF. Vn bo mt ca SNMPv1 da trn nguyn tc cng
ng, khng c nhiu password, chui vn bn thun v cho php bt k mt ng dng
no da trn SNMP c th hiu cc chui ny c th truy cp vo cc thit b qun
l. C 3 tiu chun trong: read-only, read-write v trap.
- SNMP version 2: phin bn ny da trn cc chui community. Do phin bn
ny c gi l SNMPv2c, c nh ngha trong RFC 1905, 1906, 1907 v y ch l
bn th nghim ca IETF. Mc d ch l th nghim nhng nhiu nh sn xut a n
vo thc nghim.
- SNMP version 3: l phin bn tip theo c IETF a ra bn y (phin bn
gn y ca SNMP), ng vai tr an ninh cao trong qun tr mng v ng vai tr mnh
trong vn thm quyn, qun l knh truyn ring gia cc thc th. N c khuyn
ngh lm bn chun, c nh ngha trong RFC 1905, RFC 1906, RFC 1907, RFC 2271
RFC 2571, RFC 2572, RFC 2573, RFC 2574 v RFC 257a5. N h tr cc loi truyn
thng ring t v c xc nhn gia cc thc th.
1.4. Cc khi nim nn tng ca SNMP:
1.4.1. Cc thnh phn trong SNMP
Theo RFC1157 ( (Request for Comments) l cc ti liu m t cc giao thc, th
tc hot ng trn internet. RFC do cc c nhn, t chc a ra nh l cc chun, nh
pht trin sn phm c th tun theo hoc khng theo mt RFC no . Khi mt RFC tt
c nhiu nh pht trin tun theo th cc nh pht trin khc cng nn h tr c th
tng thch tt vi cng ng ), kin trc ca SNMP bao gm 2 thnh phn: cc
trm qun l mng (network management station) v cc thnh t mng (network
element).
Trang 13
Network management station thng l mt my tnh chy phn mm qun

l SNMP (SNMP management application), dng gim st v iu khin tp trung
cc network element.
Hnh 1.3.
Netwo
rk
manage
ment
station
Netwo
rk element l cc thit b, my tnh, hoc phn mm tng thch SNMP v c
qun l bi network management station. Nh vy element bao gm device, host v
application.
Mt management station c th qun l nhiu element, mt element cng c th
c qun l bi nhiu management station. Vy nu mt element c qun l bi 2
station th iu g s xy ra? Nu station ly thng tin t element th c 2 station s c
thng tin ging nhau. Nu 2 station tc ng n cng mt element th element s p
ng c 2 tc ng theo th t ci no n trc.
Ngoi ra cn c khi nim SNMP agent. SNMP agent l mt tin trnh
(process) chy trn network element, c nhim v cung cp thng tin ca element cho
station, nh station c th qun l c element. Chnh xc hn l application chy
trn station v agent chy trn element mi l 2 tin trnh SNMP trc tip lin h vi
nhau. Cc v d minh ha sau y s lm r hn cc khi nim ny:
- dng mt my ch (= station) qun l cc my con (= element) chy HH
Windows thng qua SNMP th bn phi: ci t mt phn mm qun l SNMP (=
application) trn my ch, bt SNMP service (= agent) trn my con.
dng mt my ch (= station) gim st lu lng ca mt router (=
element) th bn phi: ci phn mm qun l SNMP (= application) trn my ch, bt
tnh nng SNMP (= agent) trn router.
Trang 14
Hnh 1.4. gim st lu lng ca mt router

1.4.2. Object ID
Mt thit b h tr SNMP c th cung cp nhiu thng tin khc nhau, mi thng tin
gi l mt object. V d:
- My tnh c th cung cp cc thng tin: tng s cng, tng s port ni mng,
tng s byte truyn/nhn, tn my tnh, tn cc process ang chy, .
- Router c th cung cp cc thng tin: tng s card, tng s port, tng s byte
truyn/nhn, tn router, tnh trng cc port ca router, .Mi object c mt tn gi v
mt m s nhn dng object , m s gi l Object ID (OID). VD:
- Tn thit b c gi l sysName, OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5 ( RFC1213 m t
sysName y l An administratively-assigned name for this managed node. By
convention, this is the nodes fully-qualified domain name).
- Tng s port giao tip (interface) c gi l ifNumber, OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.1.
- a ch Mac Address ca mt port c gi l ifPhysAddress, OID l
1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.6.
- S byte nhn trn mt port c gi l ifInOctets, OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.10.
Bn hy khoan thc mc ngha ca tng ch s trong OID, chng s c gii
thch trong phn sau. Mt object ch c mt OID, chng hn tn ca thit b l mt
object. Tuy nhin nu mt thit b li c nhiu tn th lm th no phn bit? Lc ny
ngi ta dng thm 1 ch s gi l scalar instance index (cng c th gi l sub-id)
t ngay sau OID. V d:
- Tn thit b c gi l sysName, OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5; nu thit b c 2 tn th
chng s c gi l sysName.0 & sysName.1 v c OID ln lt l 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0 &
1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.1.
Trang 15
- a ch Mac address c gi l ifPhysAddress, OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.6; nu

thit b c 2 mac address
th
chng
gi
ifPhysAddress.0
&
ifPhysAddress.1 v c OID ln lt l 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.6.0 & 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.6.1.

- Tng s port c gi l ifNumber, gi tr ny ch c 1 (duy nht) nn OID ca
n khng c phn cp con v vn l 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.1.
hu ht cc thit b, cc object c th c nhiu gi tr th thng c vit
di dng c sub-id. VD mt thit b d ch c 1 tn th n vn phi c OID l
sysName.0 hay 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0. Bn cn nh quy tc ny ng dng trong lp trnh
phn mm SNMP manager.
Sub-id khng nht thit phi lin tc hay bt u t 0. VD mt thit b c 2 mac
address th c th chng c gi l ifPhysAddress.23 v ifPhysAddress.125645.
OID ca cc object ph bin c th c chun ha, OID ca cc object do bn
to ra th bn phi t m t chng. ly mt thng tin c OID chun ha th SNMP
application phi gi mt bn tin SNMP c cha OID ca object cho SNMP agent,
SNMP agent khi nhn c th n phi tr li bng thng tin ng vi OID .
VD: Mun ly tn ca mt PC chy Windows, tn ca mt PC chy Linux hoc
tn ca mt router th SNMP application ch cn gi bn tin c cha OID l
1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0. Khi SNMP agent chy trn PC Windows, PC Linux hay router nhn
c bn tin c cha OID 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0, agent lp tc hiu rng y l bn tin hi
sysName.0, v agent s tr li bng tn ca h thng. Nu SNMP agent nhn c mt
OID m n khng hiu (khng h tr) th n s khng tr li.
Trang 16
Hnh 1.5. Hnh minh ha qu trnh ly sysName

Mt trong cc u im ca SNMP l n c thit k chy c lp vi cc thit
b khc nhau. Chnh nh vic chun ha OID m ta c th dng mt SNMP application
ly thng tin cc loi device ca cc hng khc nhau.
1.4.3. Object Access
Mi object c quyn truy cp l READ_ONLY hoc READ_WRITE. Mi object
u c th c c nhng ch nhng object c quyn READ_WRITE mi c th
thay i c gi tr. VD: Tn ca mt thit b (sysName) l READ_WRITE, ta c
th thay i tn ca thit b thng qua giao thc SNMP. Tng s port ca thit b
(ifNumber) l READ_ONLY, d nhin ta khng th thay i s port ca n.
Trang 17
1.4.4. Management Information Base:

MIB (c s thng tin qun l) l mt cu trc d liu gm cc i tng c
qun l (managed object), c dng cho vic qun l cc thit b chy trn nn TCP/IP.
MIB l kin trc chung m cc giao thc qun l trn TCP/IP nn tun theo, trong c
SNMP. MIB c th hin thnh 1 file (MIB file), v c th biu din thnh 1 cy (MIB
tree). MIB c th c chun ha hoc t to.
Hnh sau minh ha MIB tree:
Hnh 1.6. Minh ha MIB tree

Mt node trong cy l mt object, c th c gi bng tn hoc id.
V d:
- Node iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2.system c OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.1,
cha tt c cc object lien quan n thng tin ca mt h thng nh tn ca thit
b (iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2.system.sysNam hay .3.6.1.2.1.1.5).
Cc OID ca cc hng t thit k nm di i so.org.dod.internet.private. enterprise.
V d : Cisco nm di iso.org.dod.internet.private.enterprise.cisco hay
1.3.6.1.4.1.9, Microsoft nm di iso.org.dod.internet.private.enterprise.microsoft hay
Trang 18
1.3.6.1.4.1.311. S 9 (Cisco) hay 311 (Microsoft) l s dnh ring cho cc cng ty do

IANA cp 5. Nu Cisco hay Microsoft ch to ra mt thit b no , th thit b ny c
th h tr cc MIB chun c nh ngha sn (nh mib-2) hay h tr MIB c thit
k ring. Cc MIB c cng ty no thit k ring th phi nm bn di OID ca cng
ty .
Cc objectID trong MIB c sp xp th t nhng khng phi l lin tc, khi
bit mt OID th khng chc chn c th xc nh c OID tip theo trong MIB. VD
trong chun mib-2 ( MIB-2 c m t trong RFC1213 - Management Information
Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets: MIB-II) th object ifSpecific
v object atIfIndex nm k nhau nhng OID ln lt l 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.22 v
1.3.6.1.2.1.3.1.1.1.
Mun hiu c mt OID no th bn cn c file MIB m t OID . Mt
MIB file khng nht thit phi cha ton b cy trn m c th ch cha m t cho mt
nhnh con. Bt c nhnh con no v tt c l ca n u c th gi l mt mib.
Mt manager c th qun l c mt device ch khi ng dng SNMP manager v
ng dng SNMP agent cng h tr mt MIB. Cc ng dng ny cng c th h tr cng
lc nhiu MIB.
1.5.
Cc phng thc ca SNMP:

Giao thc SNMPv1 c 5 phng thc hot ng, tng ng vi 5 loi bn tin nh
sau:
Bn tin/phng thc
GetRequest
GetNextRequest
SetRequest
GetResponse
M t tc dng
Manager gi GetRequest cho agent yu cu
agent cung cp thng tin
Manager gi GetNextRequest c cha mt
ObjectID cho agent yu cu cung cp thng tin
nm
k tip ObjectID
trong
MIB.
Manager
gi SetRequest
cho
agent t gi tr
cho i tng ca agent da vo ObjectID.
Agent gi GetResponse cho Manager tr li khi
nhn c
Trang 19

Trap
Agent t ng gi Trap cho Manager khi c mt

s kin xy ra i vi mt
Mi bn tin u c cha OID cho bit object mang trong n l g. OID trong
GetRequest cho bit n mun ly thng tin ca object no. OID trong GetResponse cho
bit n mang gi tr ca object no. OID trong SetRequest ch ra n mun thit lp gi tr
cho object no. OID trong Trap ch ra n thng bo s kin xy ra i vi object no.
1.5.1. GetRequest
Bn tin GetRequest c manager gi n agent ly mt thng tin no .
Trong GetRequest c cha OID ca object mun ly. VD: Mun ly thng tin tn ca
Device1 th manager gi bn tin GetRequest OID = 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5 n Device1, tin
trnh SNMP agent trn Device1 s nhn c bn tin v to bn tin tr li.
Trong mt bn tin GetRequest c th cha nhiu OID, ngha l dng mt
GetRequest c th ly v cng lc nhiu thng tin.
1.5.2. GetNextRequest
Bn tin GetNextRequest cng dng ly thng tin v cng c cha OID, tuy
nhin n dng ly thng tin ca object nm k tip object c ch ra trong bn tin.
Ti sao phi c phng thc GetNextRequest ? Nh bn bit khi c qua nhng
phn trn: mt MIB bao gm nhiu OID c sp xp th t nhng khng lin tc, nu
bit mt OID th khng xc nh c OID k tip. Do ta cn GetNextRequest ly
v gi tr ca OID k tip. Nu thc hin GetNextRequest lin tc th ta s ly c ton
b thng tin ca agent.
1.5.3. SetRequest
Bn tin SetRequest c manager gi cho agent thit lp gi tr cho mt object
no . V d:
- C th t li tn ca mt my tnh hay router bng phn mm SNMP manager,
bng cch gi bn tin SetRequest c OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.5.0 (sysName.0) v c gi tr l
tn mi cn t.
- C th shutdown mt port trn switch bng phn mm SNMP manager, bng
cch gi bn tin c OID l 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.7 (ifAdminStatus) v c gi tr l 2
(ifAdminStatus c th mang 3 gi tr l UP (1), DOWN (2) v TESTING (3)). Ch nhng
Trang 20
object c quyn READ_WRITE mi c th thay i c gi tr.

1.5.4. GetResponse:
Mi khi SNMP agent nhn c cc bn tin GetRequest, GetNextRequest hay
SetRequest th n s gi li bn tin GetResponse tr li. Trong bn tin GetResponse c
cha OID ca object c request v gi tr ca object .
1.5.5. Trap:
Bn tin Trap c agent t ng gi cho manager mi khi c s kin xy ra bn
trong agent, cc s kin ny khng phi l cc hot ng thng xuyn ca agent m l
cc s kin mang tnh bin c. V d: Khi c mt port down, khi c mt ngi dng
login khng thnh cng, hoc khi thit b khi ng li, agent s gi trap cho manager.
Tuy nhin khng phi mi bin c u c agent gi trap, cng khng phi mi
agent u gi trap khi xy ra cng mt bin c. Vic agent gi hay khng gi trap
cho bin c no l do hng sn xut device/agent quy nh.
Phng thc trap l c lp vi cc phng thc request/response. SNMP
request/response dng qun l cn SNMP trap dng cnh bo. Ngun gi trap gi
l Trap Sender v ni nhn trap gi l Trap Receiver. Mt trap sender c th c cu
hnh gi trap n nhiu trap receiver cng lc.
C 2 loi trap: trap ph bin (generic trap) v trap c th (specific trap). Generic
trap c quy nh trong cc chun SNMP, cn specific trap do ngi dng t nh
ngha (ngi dng y l hng sn xut SNMP device). Loi trap l mt s nguyn
cha trong bn tin trap, da vo m pha nhn trap bit bn tin trap c ngha g.
Theo SNMPv1, generic trap c 7 loi sau: coldStart(0), warmStart(1), linkDown(2),
linkUp(3), authenticationFailure(4), egpNeighborloss(5), enterpriseSpecific(6). Gi tr
trong ngoc l m s ca cc loi trap. ngha ca cc bn tin generic-trap nh sau:
- ColdStart: thng bo rng thit b gi bn tin ny ang khi ng li
(reinitialize) v cu hnh ca n c th b thay i sau khi khi ng.
- WarmStart: thng bo rng thit b gi bn tin ny ang khi ng li v gi
nguyn cu hnh c.
- LinkDown: thng bo rng thit b gi bn tin ny pht hin c mt trong
nhng kt ni truyn thng (communication link) ca n gp li. Trong bn tin trap c
Trang 21
tham s ch ra ifIndex ca kt ni b li.

- LinkUp: thng bo rng thit b gi bn tin ny pht hin c mt trong
nhng kt ni truyn thng ca n khi phc tr li. Trong bn tin trap c tham s ch
ra ifIndex ca kt ni c khi phc.
- AuthenticationFailure: thng bo rng thit b gi bn tin ny nhn c
mt bn tin khng c chng thc thnh cng (bn tin b chng thc khng thnh cng
c th thuc nhiu giao thc khc nhau nh telnet, ssh, snmp, ftp, ). Thng thng trap
loi ny xy ra l do user ng nhp khng thnh cng vo thit b.
- EgpNeighborloss: thng bo rng mt trong s nhng EGP neighbor (EGP :
Exterior Gateway Protocol ) ca thit b gi trap b coi l down v quan h i tc
(peer relationship) gia 2 bn khng cn c duy tr.
- EnterpriseSpecific: thng bo rng bn tin trap ny khng thuc cc kiu generic
nh trn m n l mt loi bn tin do ngi dng t nh ngha.
Ngi dng c th t nh ngha thm cc loi trap lm phong ph thm kh
nng cnh bo ca thit b nh: boardFailed, configChanged, powerLoss, cpuTooHigh,
v.v. Ngi dng t quy nh ngha v gi tr ca cc specific trap ny, v d nhin ch
nhng trap receiver v trap sender h tr cng mt MIB mi c th hiu ngha ca
specific trap. Do nu bn dng mt phn mm trap receiver bt k nhn trap ca cc
trap sender bt k, bn c th c v hiu cc generic trap khi chng xy ra; nhng bn
s khng hiu ngha cc specific trap khi chng hin ln mn hnh v bn tin trap ch
cha nhng con s.
Trang 22
Hnh 1.7. Hnh minh ha cc phng thc ca SNMPv1

i vi cc phng thc Get/Set/Response th SNMP Agent lng nghe port
UDP 161, cn phng thc trap th SNMP Trap Receiver lng nghe port UDP 162.
1.6. Cc c ch bo mt SNMP:
Mt SNMP management station c th qun l/gim st nhiu SNMP element, thng
qua hot ng gi request v nhn trap. Tuy nhin mt SNMP element c th c cu
hnh ch cho php cc SNMP management station no c php qun l/gim st
mnh.
Cc c ch bo mt n gin ny gm c: community string, view v SNMP access
control list.
1.6.1. Community String
Community string l mt chui k t c ci t ging nhau trn c SNMP manager
v SNMP agent, ng vai tr nh mt khu gia 2 bn khi trao i d liu.
Community string c 3 loi: Read-community, Write-Community v Trap-Community.
Khi manager gi GetRequest, GetNextRequest n agent th trong bn tin gi i c
cha Read- Community. Khi agent nhn c bn tin request th n s so snh Readcommunity do manager gi v Read-community m n c ci t. Nu 2 chui ny
ging nhau, agent s tr li; nu 2 chui ny khc nhau, agent s khng tr li.
Write-Community c dng trong bn tin SetRequest. Agent ch chp nhn thay i
d liu khi write- community 2 bn ging nhau.
Trap-community nm trong bn tin trap ca trap sender gi cho trap receiver. Trap
receiver ch nhn v lu tr bn tin trap ch khi trap-community 2 bn ging nhau, tuy
nhin cng c nhiu trap receiver c cu hnh nhn tt c bn tin trap m khng quan
tm n trap-community.
Community string c 3 loi nh trn nhng cng mt loi c th c nhiu string khc
nhau. Ngha l mt agent c th khai bo nhiu read-community, nhiu write-community.
Trn hu ht h thng, read-community mc nh l public, write-community mc
nh l private v trap-community mc nh l public.
Community string ch l chui k t dng cleartext, do hon ton c th b nghe
ln khi truyn trn mng. Hn na, cc community mc nh thng l public v
private nn nu ngi qun tr khng thay i th chng c th d dng b d ra. Khi
Trang 23
community string trong mng b l, mt ngi dng bnh thng ti mt my tnh no

trong mng c th qun l/gim st ton b cc device c cng community m khng
c s cho php ca ngi qun tr.
1.6.2. View
Khi manager c read-community th n c th c ton b OID ca agent. Tuy
nhin agent c th quy nh ch cho php c mt s OID c lin quan nhau, tc l ch
c c mt phn ca MIB. Tp con ca MIB ny gi l view, trn agent c th nh
ngha nhiu view. V d: agent c th nh ngha view interfaceView bao gm cc OID
lin quan n interface, storageView bao gm cc OID lin quan n lu tr, hay
AllView bao gm tt c cc OID.
Mt view phi gn lin vi mt community string. Ty vo community string nhn
c l g m agent x l trn view tng ng. V d: agent nh ngha read-community
inf trn view interfaceView, v sto trn storageView; khi manager gi request ly
OID ifNumber vi community l inf th s c p ng do ifNumber nm trong
interfaceView; nu manager request OID hrStorageSize vi community inf th agent
s khng tr li do hrStorageSize khng nm trong interfaceView; nhng nu
manager request hrStorageSize vi community sto th s c tr li do hrStorageSize
nm trong storageView.
Vic nh ngha cc view nh th no ty thuc vo tng SNMP agent khc nhau.
C nhiu h thng khng h tr tnh nng view.
1.6.3. SNMP ACL (Access Control List).
Khi manager gi khng ng community hoc khi OID cn ly li khng nm trong
view cho php th agent s khng tr li. Tuy nhin khi community b l th mt
manager no vn request c thng tin. ngn chn hon ton cc SNMP
manager khng c php, ngi qun tr c th dng n SNMP access control list
(ACL).
SNMP ACL l mt danh sch cc a ch IP c php qun l/gim st agent, n ch
p dng ring cho giao thc SNMP v c ci trn agent. Nu mt manager c IP
khng c php trong ACL gi request th agent s khng x l, d request c
community string l ng.
Trang 24
a s cc thit b tng thch SNMP u cho php thit lp SNMP ACL.

1.7.
Cu trc bn tin SNMP:

SNMP chy trn nn UDP. Cu trc ca mt bn tin SNMP bao gm:
version, community v data.
Hnh 1.8. Cu trc bn tin SNMP

+ Version : v1 = 0, v2c = 1, v2u = 2, v3 = 3.
+ Phn Data trong bn tin SNMP gi l PDU (Protocol Data Unit).
SNMPv1 c 5 phng thc hot ng tng ng 5 loi PDU. Tuy nhin ch c 2
loi nh dng bn tin l PDU v Trap-PDU; trong cc bn tin Get, GetNext, Set,
GetResponse c cng nh dng l PDU, cn bn tin Trap c nh dng l Trap-PDU.
1.8. C s thng tin qun l MIB:
1.8.1. Cu trc ca MIB (Version 1)
MIB l mt cu trc d liu nh ngha cc i tng c qun l, c thit k
qun l cc thit b khng ch ring TCP/IP. RFC1155 1 m t cu trc ca mib file, cu
trc ny gi l SMI (Structure of Management Information). Sau ny ngi ta m rng
thm cu trc ca mib thnh SMI version 2, v phin bn trong RFC1155 c gi l
SMIv1.
Trc khi i vo tm hiu cu trc ca mib, chng ta phi i s lc qua mt chun
gi l ASN.1:
- ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) l chun m t cc lut m ha d liu
(encoding rules) cho cc h thng truyn thng s. Mt trong 3 h thng lut m ha
trong ASN.1 l BER (Basic Encoding Rules). BER c SNMP dng lm phng php
Trang 25
m ha d liu. V vy trong cc RFC lin quan n SNMP ta hay bt gp dng ghi ch

use of the basic encoding rules of ASN.1.
- BER m t nhiu kiu d liu nh: BOOLEAN, INTEGER, ENUMERATED,
OCTET STRING, CHOICE, OBJECT IDENTIFIER, NULL, SEQUENCE, .
- Chng ta s dnh hn mt chng ni v cc lut m ha ca BER of ASN.1
v cch c bn tin SNMP t vic phn tch cc byte da vo lut BER.
Quay li RFC1155, mi i tng bao gm 3 phn: Name, Syntax v Encoding.
1.8.2. Name:
Name l nh danh ca object, c kiu OBJECT IDENTIFIER. OBJECT
IDENTIFIER l mt chui th t cc s nguyn biu din cc nt (node) ca mt cy t
gc n ngn.
Gc (root node) trong mib khng khng c tn. Di root l 3 node con:
Ccitt(0): do CCITT qun l (Consultative Committee for International Telephone
and Telegraph).
Iso(1): do t chc ISO qun l (International Organization for Standardization).
Joint-iso-ccitt(2): do c ISO v CCITT qun l.
Di node iso(1), t chc ISO thit k 1 node dnh cho cc t chc khc l org(3).
Di org(3) c nhiu node con, mt node c dnh ring cho US Department of
Defense, dod(6).
B Quc phng M c coi l ni sng lp ra mng Internet, di dod(6) ch c 1
node dnh cho cng ng internet ngy nay, l node internet(1).
Tt c mi th thuc v cng ng Internet u nm di .iso.org.dod.internet,
mi object ca cc thit b TCP/IP u bt u vi prefix .1.3.6.1 (du chm u tin biu
din rng .iso l cy con ca root, v root th khng c tn).
RFC1155 nh ngha cc cy con nh sau:
Trang 26
internet OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso org(3) dod(6) 1 }

directory OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { internet 1 }
mgmt OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { internet 2 }
experimental OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { internet 3 }
private OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { internet 4 }
enterprises OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { private 1 }
Mgmt (management): tt c cc mib chun chnh thc ca internet u nm di
mgmt. Mi khi mt RFC mi v mib ra i th t chc IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority) s cp cho mib mt object-identifier nm di mgmt.
Experimental: dng cho cc object ang trong qu trnh th nghim, c IANA cp
pht.
Private: dng cho cc object do ngi dng t nh ngha, tuy nhin cc ch s cng
do IANA cp. Tt c cc n v cung cp h thng mng c th ng k object-identifier
cho sn phm ca h, chng c cp pht di node private.enterprises.
Hnh 1.9. SMIv1 (RFC1155)

1.8.2.1. Syntax:
- Syntax m t kiu ca object l g. Syntax c ly t chun ASN.1 nhng khng
Trang 27
phi tt c cc kiu u c h tr. SMIv1 ch h tr 5 kiu nguyn thy (primitive

types) ly t ASN.1 v 6 kiu nh ngha thm (defined types).
- Primitive types: INTEGER, OCTET-STRING, OBJECT-IDENTIFIER, NULL,
SEQUENCE. Defined types :
- NetworkAddress: kiu a ch internet (ip).
- IpAddress: kiu a ch internet 32-bit (ipv4), gm 4 octet lin tc.
- Counter: kiu s nguyn khng m 32-bit v tng u, khi s ny tng n gii
hn th phi quay li t 0. Gi tr ti a l 232-1 (4294967295).
- Gauge: kiu s nguyn khng m 32-bit, c th tng hoc gim nhng khng tng
qu gi tr ti a 232-1.
- TimeTicks: kiu s nguyn khng m, ch khong thi gian tri qua k t mt
thi im no , tnh bng phn trm giy. VD t khi h thng khi ng n hin ti l
1000 giy th gi tr sysUpTime=100000.
- Opaque: kiu ny cho php truyn mt gi tr c kiu ty nhng c ng li
thnh tng
- OCTET-STRING theo quy cch ca ASN.1.
1.8.2.2. Encoding
- C ch Encoding nh ni, l chun BER trong ASN.1
1.8.2.3. Cu trc kiu OBJECT-TYPE
RFC1155 quy nh cu trc ca mt record nh ngha i tng qun l (a
managed object definition), kiu d liu ny gi l OBJECT-TYPE, cc ti liu mib khc
khi vit nh ngha cho mt managed object no th phi theo quy nh ca SMI. Mt
Managed Object Definition c kiu OBJECT-TYPE bao gm cc trng :
- SYNTAX: kiu ca object, l mt trong cc primitive types hoc defined types
trn.
- ACCESS: mc truy nhp ca object, mang mt trong cc gi tr read-only, readwrite, write-only, not- accessible.
- STATUS: mang mt trong cc gi tr mandatory (bt buc phi h tr), optional
(c th h tr hoc khng), obsolete ( b thay th). Mt agent nu h tr mt chun mib
no th bt buc phi h tr tt c cc object c status=mandatory, cn status=optional
th c th h tr hoc khng.
Trang 28
- DESCRIPTION: dng gii thch cho ngha ca object.

1.8.3. MIB-2 (RFC1213)
RFC1155 m t cch trnh by mt mib file nh th no ch khng nh
ngha cc object. RFC1213 l mt chun nh ngha nhnh mib nm di
iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2 (tt nhin phi theo cu trc m RFC1155 quy nh).
Chng ta s kho st mt phn RFC1213 hiu ngha ca mt s object trc khi
dng cng c c chng.
-
RFC1156 l c t mib chun cho cc thit b TCP/IP, c coi l Internet-
Standard Mib (mib version 1). RFC1213 l c t mib chun version 2, thng gi l
mib-2. Ch phn bit mib-1 v mib-2 l cc chun c t nh ngha ca cc object, cn
SMIv1 v SMIv2 l c t cu trc ca mib file. Mib-1 v mib-2 s dng cu trc ca
SMIv1.
-
Mib-2 l mt trong nhng mib c h tr rng ri nht. Nu mt thit b
c tuyn b l c h tr SNMP th hng sn xut phi ch ra n h tr cc RFC no, v

thng l RFC1213. Nhiu bn ch bit thit b ca mnh c h tr SNMP nhng khng
r h tr cc RFC no, v dng phn mm gim st SNMP h tr RFC1213 gim st
thit b nhng khng thu c kt qu. L do l phn mm th h tr RFC1213 nhng
thit b th khng.
Hnh 1.9. V tr ca MIB-2 trong mib

Cc kiu d liu mi c nh ngha trong mib-2 gm :
-
Display String: k tha t kiu OCTET STRING nhng ch bao gm cc k
t in c (printable characters) v di khng qu 255 k t.

Trang 29

-
Physical Address: ging kiu OCTET STRING, c dng biu din a
ch vt l ca thit b.
Cu trc ca mib l dng cy, xc nh object identifier ca mt object bn
phi i t gc n object . V d: bandwidth ca interface th 3 trn thit b th c OID
l.1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.5(.iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib
2.interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifSpeed.3).
Ch : mc d mib-2 quy nh index ca tng interface phi lin tc v chy
t 1 n ifNumber, nhng trong thc t nhiu thit b khng t index lin tc m t theo
cch ring d qun l. Do i vi C2950 th interface th 3 c index l 3, nhng i
vi thit b khc th interface th 3 c th c index khc 3, thm ch l s rt ln. Chng
hn mt switch c nhiu card, mi card c 12 port th port1-card1 c index l 101, port12card1 c index l 112, port1-card2 c index l 201.
1.8.4. SMIv2
SMIv2 (Structure of Management Information version 2) c trnh by trong
RFC2578, bao gm nhiu thay i trong cu trc mib file. Phn ny trnh by nhng thay
i ch yu nht.
Cc kiu d liu mi hoc thay i so vi SMIv1
-
INTEGER32: s nguyn nm trong khong -231 and 231-1 (-2147483648 to
2147483647 decimal).
-
OCTET STRING: kiu chui k t, di ti a 65535.
OBJECT IDENTIFIER: nh danh ca object, khng qu 128 phn t (sub-
identifier), mi phn t l s nguyn khng qu 232-1.

-
COUNTER32: kiu s nguyn khng m tng dn, ti a l 232-1, khi vt gi tr
ti a th quay li t 0. Counter32 khng bt buc gi tr bt u phi l 0.

-
GAUGE32: kiu s nguyn khng m tng hoc gim, gii hn trong khong 0 ~
232-1, n khng th vt ra gii hn ny.

-
COUNTER64: kim s nguyn khng m tng dn, ti a l 264-1
(18446744073709551615).
-
UNSIGNED32: kiu s nguyn t 0 ~ 232-1.

Kiu d liu OBJECT-TYPE
Trang 30
Trong SMIv1 kiu OBJECT-TYPE bao gm : SYNTAX, ACCESS, STATUS,

DESCRIPTION. Trong SMIv2 kiu OBJECT-TYPE bao gm cc trng: SYNTAX,
UNITS,
MAX-ACCESS,
STATUS,
DESCRIPTION,
REFERENCE,
INDEX,
AUGMENTS, DEFVAL.
-
SYNTAX: kiu d liu ca object, l mt kiu theo chun ASN.1 hoc cc kiu
nh ngha ring ca SMIv2.

-
UNITS: l dng text m t mt unit no gn lin vi object, trng ny khng
bt buc phi c.
-
MAX_ACCESS: c 5 quyn truy xut object c u tin t thp n cao l "not-
accessible",
"accessible-
for-notify",
"read-only",
"read-write",
"read-create";
MAX_ACCESS quy nh quyn cao nht tc ng n object, quyn cao hn bao gm

cc quyn thp hn. VD object c MAX_ACCESS l read-write th c th c c/ghi
nhng khng th to.
-
STATUS: trng thi ca object, mang mt trong cc gi tr current (nh ngha
ca object ang c hiu lc v ang c s dng), obsolete (nh ngha ny c v

c th b i), depricated (nh ngha ny c v cc chun tip theo c th nh ngha
li).
-
DESCRIPTION: dng text m t thng tin ngha ca object.
REFERENCE: l dng text m t n cc ti liu khc c lin quan n object ny,
reference khng bt buc phi c.

-
INDEX: ch ra trng index ca object hin ti. VD ifDescr c INDEX = ifIndex.
AUGMENTS: tng t nh INDEX v c th dng thay th INDEX, nhng ch
mt trong 2 trng INDEX hoc AUGMENTS tn ti, khng th tn ti cng lc c 2.

-
DEFVA : gi tr mc nh (default value) ca object khi n c to ra.

Kiu d liu NOTIFICATION-TYPE
Kiu NOTIFICATION-TYPE c dng m t nhng thng tin qun l mng
c truyn khng theo yu cu (v d bn tin TrapPDU hoc InformRequestPDU ca

SNMPv2, chng c t ng gi i khi c s kin xy ra m khng cn phi c request
t thit b khc).
Trang 31
Cc notification phi c nh ngha trong mib, cu trc ca chng bao gm cc

mnh sau:
-
OBJECT: danh sch c th t cc object c lin quan n notification, vd bn tin
notification cho 4 interface ca thit b th OBJECT phi cha ifIndex ca 4 interface .

-
STATUS: mang mt trong 3 gi tr current, obsolete hoc depricated.
DESCRIPTION: dng text m t ngha ca notification.
REFERENCE: m t cc ti liu c lin quan n nh ngha ca notification,
REFERENCE khng bt buc phi c.

1.8.5. Host-Resources-Mib (RFC2790)
RFC2790 l mib dng cho host, n cung cp nh ngha nhiu object nh thng tin
h thng, lu tr, device, software, performance. Dch v SNMP agent trn Windows v
Linux u h tr RFC2790.
V tr ca Host-mib trong mib nh sau:
host OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { mib-2 25 }
Tc l .iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2.host hay .1.3.6.1.2.1.25.
Hnh 1.10. V tr ca Host-mib trong mib

Cc kiu d liu mi c nh ngha trong host-mib gm :
- Kbytes: kiu INTEGER32, th hin kch thc ca thit b lu tr, n v tnh l
1024 Bytes.
- ProductID: xc nh nh sn xut, model, phin bn ca phn cng hay phn mm.
- AutonomousType: kiu gi tr nh danh c th m rng c lp, v d n c th
ch ra mt cy mib con no c nh ngha bi mt ti liu khc.
Trang 32

- DateAndTime:
kiu
ngy
gi,
nh

dng
nh
sau
:year-mon-
day,hour:min:sec.centiSec,HourFromUCT:MinFromUTC.
V d 15/01/2010 1:30:15 PM,GMT+7 c biu din l 2010-0115,13:30:15.0,+7:0
Trang 33
CHNG 2: PHN MM QUN L MANAGEENGINE OPMANAGER 9.0

2.1. Gii php Tch hp h thng - AdventNet ManageEngine 9.0:
Cng ty, t chc ca bn rt mong mun qun l ton b v hiu qu h thng IT
ang ngy cng m rng v tr nn ri rm, nhng ang b bi ri gia mt bn nhng
gii php phc tp, i hi trnh cao cp ca CIO cng vi lng vn u t khng l
v mt bn nhng gii php n gin nhng mang tnh chp v, khng mang li nhiu
hiu qu v thm ch gy tc ng xu n h thng.
Gii php ManageEngine ca ZOHO Corp (M) nm gia 2 phn khc trn. Vi chi
ph thp v cho php u t dn dn theo k hoch cho tng giai on m rng (purchaseas-you-grow), ManageEngine qun l tnh trng ca tng thit b u cui, h thng
mng, cc ng dng, kh nng bo mt... mt cch chi tit, trc quan v thng minh theo
cch m bn mong mun, vi ch lm vic 24x7 v giao din c Vit ha hon ton.
ManageEngine - Mt cch tip cn hon ton mi n vic Qun tr Doanh nghip.
Trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng, tm ra mt cch chnh xc 'nguyn nhn gc
ca vn ' v p dng phng php Qun l ch ng, cc Nh qun l CNTT chuyn
nghip cn mt Gii php tch hp c th lm vic vi ton b cc H thng Mng, My
ch v cc ng dng khc nhau. Tuy nhin, tnh phc tp, chi ph v thi gian trin khai
lin quan b p dng theo khung lm vic thng thng s l cc nhn t tc ng khin
h phi tm cc gii php xen k thay th, tp trung vo vic hin ang cn gii quyt
ngay. Do cha th tm mt gii php hon chnh, ph hp trn th trng hin nay, nn khi
cn tm chnh xc nguyn nhn gc thc s ca vn , nhng gii php hin ti thng
s gp cc vn khng lng trc khc; v kt qu l cc Nh Qun tr H thng lun
gp cc vn m h lun phi chng tr. Vic tm mt Gii php Ch ng - i vi h c v nh mt gic m xa xi.
ManageEngine c mc ch to ra mt cu ni cho khong cch ny bng cch cung
cp n Doanh nghip mt kh nng thay th - gii php tch hp lm vic vi mi H
thng Mng, My ch hay cc ng dng, m khng lm tng cc chi ph v tnh phc tp.
Trang 34
Hnh 2.1. Gii php cho ManageEngine OpManager

2.2.
Cc gii php ManageEngine:

PasswordManager Pro Gii php Qun l Mt khu chy trn nn Web
Password Management for Shared and Service Accounts.
PatchQuest Gii php Qun l li trong ton b h thng Patch Management
Software.
FacilitiesDesk Gii php Qun l Ti nguyn h thng Intergrated Facilities
Management Software.
Firewall Analyzer Gii php Phn tch v Qun l tng la Firewall Log
Analysis & Reporting Tool.
EventLog Analyzer Gii php ghi chp & phn tch thng tin h thng chy trn
nn Web Host-based Security Information Management & Compliance Reporting.
Desktop Central Gii php qun l Windows trn nn Web Windows Desktop
Management Sofware.
Trang 35
DeviceExpert Gii php qun l thay i v cu hnh Mng chy trn nn Web
Networks Change & Configuration Management.
VQManager Cng c gim st Cht lng VoIP chy trn nn Web VoiP Quality
Monitoring.
WiFi Manager Gii php tch hp Qun l v Bo mt Wifi WLAN Management
& Security.
OpManager Gii php gim st y H thng Mng chy trn nn Web Bring
Business Perspective to Network Management.
OpManager MSP Edition Gii php cho cc ISP gim st cc Dch v mnh cung
cp Managed Network Services.
ServiceDesk Plus Gii php hon thin v Qun l Bn tr gip v Qun l Ti
sn chy trn nn Web IT Help Desk & Asset Management Software.
ServiceDesk Plus Enterprise Edition Gii php sn sng vi ITIL cho Bn tr
gip v Qun l ti sn The tool that understands ITIL.
OpUtils B cng c gim st Mng v H thng chy trn nn Web System &
Network Monitoring Toolset.
Security Manager Plus Gii php qut bo mt trn Mng. Network
Vulnerability Scanner with Patch Management.
ADSelfService Plus Gii php bo mt cho Bn tr gip chy trn nn Web. Self
Reset Password. Self Unlock Account Self Directory Update.
ADManager Plus Gii php qun l Active Directory chuyn su chy trn nn
Web Windows Active Directory Management.
AssetExplorer Gii php qun l Ti sn chuyn su trn nn Web Asset
Management Software.
Trang 36
SupportCenter Plus Gii php v H tr v Dch v khch hng chy trn nn
Web Customer Service and Support.
NetFlow Analyzer Cng c gim st Bng thng chy trn nn Web Simplified
Bandwidth Monitoring.
NetFlow Analyzer Enterprise Edition Gii php nhm ti u ha H thng mt
cch tt nht When it comes to network troubleshooting.
Applications Manager Gii php gim st My ch ng dng v C s d liu
Intergrated Applications Server and Database Monitoring Software.
OpStor Cng c Gim st v Qun l C s h tng a Nh cung cp v a Thit
b Multi-vendor Storage Infrastructure Monitoring.

2.3. Tng quan v cc tnh nng c bn:
2.3.1. Manage Engine Opmanager 9.0 l g?
ManageEngine OpManager l gii php gim st y H thng Mng chy trn
nn Web, cung cp ci nhn chuyn su v cc li v hiu sut trong ton b h thng
LAN/WAN, cc my ch v cc ng dng. Bng cch cung cp mt ci nhn u v
tp trung v dch v CNTT, OpManager gip Bn mt cch tip cn ch ng qun l
h thng mng. OpManager mang li mt tp hp chc nng quan trng ch c trong cc
gii php t tin, p ng yu cu kinh doanh kht khe v lin tc hin nay vi mc gi
thnh hp l v d s dng hn.
Hnh 2.2. H thng mng chy trn nn Web

Trang 37
2.3.2. Cc tnh nng chnh:
Qun tr H thng Mng vi ci nhn y v tnh sn sng, hiu sut v gim st
Li.
Qun l Trung tm D liu bng cng c gim st My ch, Exchange, C s D
liu, Active Directory, UPS
Qun l chung v h thng CNTT nh gim st a ch URL, b nh CPU, thng
k s dng a cng, gim st cc dch v hay ng dng v EventLogs,
Cung cp Bng ng h Tng hp v nhiu mc xem d liu theo yu cu
Kinh doanh
Qun l SLA v kim sot cc dch v c th theo thi gian thc v thng tin tnh
sn sng.
Tng cng kh nng t d tm bng s kt hp NMAP, WMI, SNMP v CLI.
Ch mt ln cu hnh c nh ngha trc bi Mu Thit b.
n gin ho qun l cc giao din bng cc bo co chuyn su hay xem tng
qut.
n gin ho qun l cc giao din bng cc bo co chuyn su hay xem tng
qut.
2.3.3. Cc phin bn:
Professional: Phin bn c bn khng bao gm cc phn Add-ons.
Premium: Phin bn y vi mi tnh nng ca Professional cng Gim st
Active Directory, Exchange, MS SQL v B cng c Nhn tin SMS.

Trang thng tin chi tit
: www.opmanager.com
Trang gii thiu
: http://demo.opmanager.com
Email h tr
: support@opmanager.com
Trang 38
CHNG 3: TRIN KHAI THC NGHIM NG DNG

3.1. Hng dn s dng phn mm.
3.1.1. Demo: Ci t:
ManageEngine OpManager 8 l phn mm qun l mng thng mi nn chng ta
phi mua bn quyn s dng ti tng ch ca cng ty AdventNet hoc c download v s
dng trong 30 ngy ti.
Trang ch ca ManageEngine OpManager 9.0 http://www.opmanager.com
Tin hnh ci t:
Hnh 3.1. Bt u tin trnh ci t
Hnh 3.2. ng tha thun bn quyn

-
S dng phin bn ManageEngnie OpManager 9.0.
Trang 39
Hnh 3.3. La chn phin bn phn mm

-
S dng phin bn min ph s gii hn 10 thit b.
Trong n ny, s dng phin bn dng th 30 ngy.
Hnh 3.4. La chn ngn ng s dng

-
Thng dng nht l: English.
Trang 40
Hnh 3.5. La chon ni lu tr cai t
Hnh 3.6. Ci t nh mt dch v
Hnh 3.7. Chn ni hin th

Trang 41
Hnh 3.8. Ty chnh Port hin th Web Server
Hnh 3.9. in thng tin chi tit vo bng ng k h tr.
Hnh 3.10. Hin th li nhng ty chn chnh.

Trang 42
Hnh 3.11. Tin trnh ci t bt u
Hnh 3.12. La chn ch Server

-
ManageEngine OpManager 9.0 s dng giao din Web qun l. Trong khi ci
t chng ta cn lu mt vi t im nh sau :
La chn ch Server: Standalone or Primary Server (Server chnh) hoc Stanby
Server (Server d phng).
Trang 43
Hnh 3.13. Chn c s d liu tng ng
Hnh 3.14. Kt thc tin trnh ci t

3.1.2. Demo: S dng giao din - Thit lp cc thng s c bn:
Sau khi cai t phn mm hoan tt. Ta kich hoat phn mm, phn
mm OpManager la phn mm chay trn trinh duyt web. chay
c trn trinh duyt web thi trinh duyt web phai tng thich vi
OpManager.
vao trong chng trinh quan ly ban u ta s dung tai
khoan mc inh cua nha san xut la admin sau o ta co th i va tt
nht nn i mt khu hoc thay mi tai khoan nay tng tinh bao
Trang 44

mt
cho

h
thng.
Hnh 3.15. Giao din ng nhp

Trang truy cp n ManageEngine OpManager 8 l a ch IP my ch v port ty
chnh l 8081 ( http://localhost:8081 )
User Name v Password mc nh l admin
Trang 45
Hnh 3.16. Xc nhn qun l.
Hnh 3.17. Hng dn cu hnh ban u
Trang 46
Hnh 3.18. Qun l kiu chng nhn

-
Chn kiu chng nhn l: SNMP v1/v2, Tn: HTV (Tn Nhm),
Cng 161.
Trang 47
Hnh 3.19. Chn tt c loi dch v cn thit.

-
Dch v chnh l SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).
Hnh 3.20. La chn cu hnh dy a ch IP.

-
Dy IP la chn l 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.254.
Trang 48
Hnh 3.21. Tm kim cc thit b c IP nm trong dy IP cho.
Hnh 3.22. Hin th cc thit b tm thy.
Trang 49
Hnh 3.23. Cc thit b thm vo thnh cng.

3.2. Qun l h thng mng: Phn mm ManageEngine OpManager 9.0
3.2.1. Gii thiu cc tnh nng chnh trong ManageEngine OpManager
9.0:
3.2.1.1. Tab Home:
Hnh 3.24. Tab Home (Trang Ch)
Trang 50

3.2.1.2.
Tab Network:
Hnh 3.25. Tab Network (Mng)

3.2.1.3.
Tab Server:
Hnh 3.26. Tab Server (My ch)
Trang 51

3.2.1.4.
Tab Virtualization:
Hnh 3.27. Tab Virtualization (o ha)

3.2.1.5.
Tab Alarms:
Hnh 3.28. Tab Alarms (Bo ng)

-
Chc nng hin th cc cnh bo lin quan n cc thit b trong mng
Trang 52

3.2.1.6.
Tab Maps:
Hnh 3.29. Tab Maps (Bn )
Chc nng hin th gim st cc thit b, to v hin th s mng, y l tab
chnh gip ngi qun tr theo di thng tin c th ca mng

3.2.1.7.
Tab Workflows:
Hnh 3.30. Tab Workflows (Quy trnh cng vic)
Trang 53

3.2.1.8.
Tab Admin:
Hnh 3.31. Tab Admin (Qun Tr)

-
Chc nng l tab thit lp v qun l ton b nhng tnh nng trong OpManager 8
vi cc mc chnh nh sau :
+ Discovery : Khm ph mng mi, thm thit b vo mng, qun l cc dch v c

gim st, qun l cc th vin
+ Configuration : Cu hnh m rng cc thit b
+ Monitoring : Cu hnh gim st, theo di h thng mng
+ Alerts : Cu hnh cho cc cnh bo trong mng, cc thng tin cnh bo c gi n
ngi qun tr
+ Tools : Qun l cc ad-on m rng h tr qun l v gim st
Trang 54

3.2.1.9.
Tab Reports:
Hnh 3.32. Tab Report (Bo co)

-
Chc nng hin th cc Reports ca h thng gip ngi qun tr tm c nguyn
nhn khi c s c xy ra
3.2.2. Thit lp nng cao trong ManageEngine OpManager 9.0:
3.2.2.1. Thm, xa, chnh sa mt Credential:
Thm mt Credential:
-
ManageEngine OpManager 9.0 s dng giao thc SNMP v1/2 gim st cc thit
b trong mng. Mt vo thng s nh Credential Type, SNMP Community, Port,
Timeout, Retries, c th khc nhau gia cc thit b. V vy ta nn cu hnh
Credential lu cc thng tin ny gip cho OpManager d dng thm cc thit b
vo mng
Ta vo Tab Admin chn mc Discovery, chn Credential Settings sau tin hnh
thit lp cc thng s nh: tn Credential, Giao thc, ch , cng dch v, SNMP
TimeOut, SNMP Retries.
Trang 55
Hnh 3.33. Tab Admin Credential Settings.

-
Click chn Credential Settings.
Hnh 3.34. New Credential.

-
Vo Actions New Credential thm mt Credential mi.
Trang 56
Hnh 3.35. Thit lp Credential

-
in y thng tin trong bng Add Credential.
Bm nt Add thm thng tin va in to thm Credential.

3.2.2.2.
Khm ph cc thit b mi trong mng:
Hnh 3.36. Discover (Khm ph cc thit b trong mng).
Trang 57

-
Chng ta vo mc Admin mc Discovery chn Discover Device nhp cc thng

s IP Subnet ca mng, chn Credentials ri bm Discover.
Hnh 3.37. Tin trnh Discover cc thit b.
Hnh 3.38. Import Devices.

-
Xut cc thit b qun l n.
Trang 58
3.2.2.3. Thm mt thit b vo mng:

- thm mt Thit b (Devices), chng ta vo Tab Admin Add Devices.
Hnh 3.39. Thm 01 thit b vo mng.

-
in a ch IP hoc tn thit b mun thm vo Device Name/IP

Address, Netmask (Mc nh).
Nhn Add Device thm Thit b.
Trang 59
KT LUN & NH HNG PHT TRIN

1. Kt lun:
Sau mt thi gian thc hin, nhm hon thnh n v t c mt s kt qu
nht nh. Trong n ny, chng ti trnh by nhng kin thc c bn v an ninh
trong kin trc qun tr mng SNMP.
n tp trung ch yu vo vn : Tng quan v qun tr v an ninh thng tin trn
Internet, nghin cu gii php an ninh trong kin trc mng SNMP.
Kt qu t c:
o V l thuyt:
Nhm tm hiu c tng quan v giao thc gim st mng SNMP. cc phng
thc gim st mng. u nhc im trong thit k ca SNMP.
Tm hiu l thuyt v phn mm qun tr mng OpManager.
o V thc hnh:
Trin khai h thng gim st v qun tr mng vi OpManager trn m hnh gi
lp, thc hin mt s tin ch gim st v qun tr mng c bn.
2. Hng pht trin:
Hon thnh lun vn vi kt qu t c tng i theo yu cu ca ti a ra.
Tuy nhin trong qu trnh thc hin ti, em nhn thy vn cn nhiu vn lin
quan cn c tm hiu nghin cu. Em xin a ra mt s vn cn tm hiu v
nghin cu pht trin ti nh sau:
+ Da vo kt qu nghin cu trn c th xy dng phn mm qun tr h thng
mng thng qua giao thc SNMP.
+ Kt hp vi vic nghin cu mt s gii php an ninh c v phn cng v
phn mm khc c th xy dng mt h thng mng vi an ton v d liu v an ninh
cao.
Trang 60
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Computer Security Art And Science, By Matt Bishop, Publisher:
Addition Wesley, 2002
[2] Essential SNMP, 2nd Edition, By Douglas Mauro, Kevin Schmidt, Publisher:
O'Reilly, Pub Date: September 2005
[2] How to Configure SNMP Community Strings of Cisco
[3] SNMP Ton tp Dip Thanh Nguyn
[4] Nghin cu & trin khai h thng mng ManageEngine OpManager 8 Nguyn
Hc Nguyn Thanh Tm Kha 03 03/2012.
[5] Tm Hiu Giao Thc SNMP & trin khai qun tr mng vi phn mm
ManageEngine OpManager 8 - V Quc Ho - Hunh Thanh Cnh - Nguyn Phc Cm
Kha 2 04/2011.
[6] http://vi.wikipedia.org.
[7] http://www.manageengine.com.
Trang 61

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Nghin cu & trin khai ManageEngine OpManager 9.

GVHD: Th.S ng Quang Hin

TRNG CAO NG CNG NGH THNG TIN HU NGH VIT HN

QUN L H THNG MNG BNG PHN MM

Nhm 9 HTV Qun l h thng mng

Nghin cu & trin khai ManageEngine OpManager 9.0

GVHD: Th.S ng Quang Hin

Nhm 9 HTV Qun l h thng mng

Nghin cu & trin khai ManageEngine OpManager 9.0

GVHD: Th.S ng Quang Hin

1.6.1. Community String............................................................................23

Nhm 9 HTV Qun l h thng mng

Nghin cu & trin khai ManageEngine OpManager 9.0

GVHD: Th.S ng Quang Hin

Transmission Control Protocol/

Giao thc iu khin truyn vn /

Simple Network Management

Giao thc qun l mng n gin.

Cu trc qun l thng tin.

User Datagram Protocol.

Giao thc d liu ngi dng.

Network Management System

H thng qun l mng.

Internet Engineering Task Force

Tc v k thut mng c bit

Request for Comments

i tng nhn dng

Nhm 9 HTV Qun l h thng mng

Nghin cu & trin khai ManageEngine OpManager 9.0

GVHD: Th.S ng Quang Hin

Nhm 9 HTV Qun l h thng mng

Nghin cu & trin khai ManageEngine OpManager 9.0

GVHD: Th.S ng Quang Hin

Nhm 9 HTV Qun l h thng mng

Nghin cu & trin khai ManageEngine OpManager 9.0

GVHD: Th.S ng Quang Hin

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V QUN L H THNG MNG

Gii thiu v Qun l h thng mng:

dch v ph thuc vo tnh c sn v tin cy lin tc ca mng cng ty. Bi v vic s

Nghin cu & trin khai ManageEngine OpManager 9.0

GVHD: Th.S ng Quang Hin

ng mng khc thng. Tt c hu dng vi vic hoch nh cc thay i

Nhm 9 HTV Qun l h thng mng

Nghin cu & trin khai ManageEngine OpManager 9.0

GVHD: Th.S ng Quang Hin

Hnh 1.1. Hnh minh ha c ch Poll

Hnh 1.2. Hnh minh ha c ch Alert

Nghin cu & trin khai ManageEngine OpManager 9.0

GVHD: Th.S ng Quang Hin

Bng sau so snh nhng im khc bit ca 2 phng thc :

mnh quan tm, khng cn ly nhng

c ch lc nhng event cn thit,

thng tin khng cn thit t nhng hoc Device phi thit lp c

C th lp bng trng thi tt

c cc thng tin ca Device sau khi

ra th Manager khng bit c

poll qua mt lt cc thng tin .

trng thi ca Device. VD:

VD: Device c mt port down v

Device c mt port down v

Manager c khi ng sau , th

Manager c khi ng sau ,

Manager c khi ng sau , th

th Manager s khng th bit