Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BACKGROUND
TWA B747-131 Fligth-800 accident, involving Centre Wing Tank (CWT) explosions Investigations revealed penetration of 115 Vac electrical energy into the center fuel tank due to chaffed Fuel Quantity Indicating System (FQIS) wiring Together, with the inadequate electrical bonding of fuel system Components, separation of fuel system wiring, and fuel vapors, resulted in loss of the passenger lives and the airplane. Fuel tank explosions can only occur when an ignition source is in contact with flammable fuel vapor.
12/1/2013
12/1/2013
12/1/2013
12/1/2013
12/1/2013
12/1/2013
Air Conditioning Packs running Air Conditioning Packs running during Ground Operations during Ground Operations Empty CWT explosion during pushback from gate CWT pumps operating at time Of Explosion 8 fatalities Empty CWT explosion During climb CWT pumps operating at time of Explosion 230 fatalities
Jet-A fuel, approx. 95 degree F Jet-A fuel, approx. 120 degree Jet-A1 fuel, approx. 97 degree F ambient temp.(35C) F tank temp.(49C) ambient temp.(36C) NO IGNITION SOURCE NO IGNITION SOURCE NO IGNITION SOURCE IDENTIFIED IDENTIFIED IDENTIFIED
12/1/2013
8
12/1/2013
12/1/2013
10
SFAR No. 88--Fuel Tank System Fault Tolerance Evaluation Requirements Applicability
the holders of type certificates, and supplemental type certificates that may affect the airplane fuel tank system, for turbine-powered transport category airplanes, provided the type certificate was issued after January 1, 1958, and the airplane has either a maximum type certificated passenger capacity of 30 or more, or a maximum type certificated payload capacity of 7,500 pounds or more. This SFAR also applies to applicants for type certificates, amendments to a type certificate, and supplemental type certificates affecting the fuel tank systems for those airplanes identified above, if the application was filed before June 6, 2001, the effective date of this SFAR, and the certificate was not issued before June 6, 2001.
12/1/2013
11
SFAR No. 88--Fuel Tank System Fault Tolerance Evaluation Requirements Compliance (a) Conduct a safety review of the airplane fuel tank system to determine that the design meets the requirements of 25.901 and 25.981(a) and (b). (b) Develop all maintenance and inspection instructions (c) Submit a report for approval to the FAA Airplane Certification Office (ACO)
12
12/1/2013
b.
c. The fuel tank installation must include either: (1) Means to minimize the development of flammable vapors in the fuel tanks (in the context of this rule, minimize'' means to incorporate practicable design methods to reduce the likelihood of flammable vapors); or (2) Means to mitigate the effects of an ignition of fuel vapors within fuel tanks such that no damage caused by an ignition will prevent continued safe flight and landing.
12/1/2013
13
12/1/2013
14
12/1/2013
16
12/1/2013
17
A practical Flammability Reduction System (FRS) will reduce fuel tank oxygen content to below the level that will support combustion (approach being adopted by Airbus). Boeing has developed Nitrogen Generation System (NGS) to satisfy FRS requirement.
12/1/2013
18
Such a technology is used on small military airplane but is not considered sufficiently robust for use in large commercial airplane and as such is not being pursued by Airbus or Boeing.
12/1/2013
19
12/1/2013
21
12/1/2013
23
12/1/2013
24
12/1/2013
25
12/1/2013
26
Requirement Critical to prevent spark generation during lightning strike conditions and must not be compromised The gap stated in the relevant maintenance procedure in the AMM must be achieved during installation of a fuel quantity probe. To prevent cross coupling of high voltage transients and thereby keep unsafe ignition energies from inside the tank it is required that operators obey the wire routing and separation standards given in the Electrical Standard Practices Manual (ESPM).
Air gap between a fuel quantity indicating probes and the airplane structure.
Separation of fuel quantity and level indicating system wiring from other wiring.
12/1/2013
27
12/1/2013
28
12/1/2013
29
12/1/2013
30
12/1/2013
31
12/1/2013
32
12/1/2013
33
12/1/2013
34
12/1/2013
36
12/1/2013
37
12/1/2013
38
12/1/2013
39
12/1/2013
40
12/1/2013
41