Causes of WWI M.A.N.I.A.C.S started WWI M.

Militarism glorification of war and the military Competition for military power and strength o Arms race competition to build up armed forces and weapons o Standing armies soldiers trained and ready to fight o Conscription mandatory participation of civilians in the military o Increase in military spending o Increasing influence of military in the government Example Germany expanded its navy! "ritain soon followed with a bigger and better navy A. Alliances #artnership agreement to go to war in the event one country in the partnership is attac$ed% Aim was to discourage other countries from attac$ing members of the alliance &riple Alliance o Germany o Austria'(ungary o Italy &riple Entente o )ussia o *rance o Great "ritain N. Nationalism Extreme love and devotion for one+s country o determination of European nations to show power and strength *reedom from foreign rule o *rance wants Germany to return Alsace and ,orraine lost in *ranco'#russian war #eople of the same nationality wanted to form their own nation'state o Pan-Slavism Slavs had a long'term goal to develop their culture and unite into an empire Serbian nationals wanting to unite "osnia with Serbia )ussia protector of the Slavs I. Imperialism -ne country+s domination of the economic! political and social life of another country Competition for colonies countries had some and wanted more! others had none and wanted some o Economic growth countries wanted to new mar$ets to sell products o #ower and prestige of expanding global empires A. Assassination of Archdu$e *ran. *erdinand of Austria Spark immediate cause that creates a chain of diplomatic failures setting WWI in motion Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria assassinated o (eir to the Austrian throne in "osnia'(er.egovina /territory annexed by Austria! containing many Serbian'Slavs0 o lack !and secret Serbian nationalists group with ties to the Serbian government Gavrilo #rincip ' leader of the blac$ hand assassinates *ran. *erdinand and his wife C. Conflict in the "al$an #eninsula ,arge 1 of different religions! nationalities )ussia and A'( wanted to coloni.e the "al$an #eninsula Called the 2Europe+s powder $eg3 waiting for an event that would start a ma4or war S. Series of diplomatic failures resulting in war "omino effect ' chain or series of diplomatic failures resulting in war o #% 5ltimatum from A'( to Serbia fails% A'( declares war on Serbia o $% )ussia! #rotector of the Slavs! and *rance mobili.e against Germany!

WWI Study Guide

'he War Central #owers Austria'(ungary Germany -ttoman Empire /&ur$s0 "ulgaria Allied #owers Great "ritain )ussia *rance "elgium ,ater 6apan! 7ontenegro Italy initially remained neutral /felt A%(% and Germany had acted aggressively! rather than defensively0! but later entered on the side of the allies 5S 4oins /April 8! 9:9;0

o o

%% Germany declares war on *rance using the Schlieffan plan! going through neutral "elgium &% England! declares war on Germany for attac$ing neutral "elgium

(e) *eaders durin+ WWI William II - %erman) o Emperor of Germany in World War I% o 9<:=! he bro$e off the old ties with )ussia! causing Germany to have to fight a two'front war% &his blunder led Germany to defeat% Czar Nicholas II , $ussia o last c.ar of )ussia! Absolute 7onarch %eor+e Clemenceau , France o #rime 7inister of *rance during WWI o >ic$named ?&iger+ for his ruthless and bold leadership Woodro- Wilson , #S o the 8<th #resident of the 5nited States o At the outbrea$ of the WWI! he tried to maintain American neutrality as long as possible "avid *lo)d %eor+e , %reat ritain o #rime minister of England

Schlieffen Plan war plan for Germany! created by Alfred von Schlieffen Germany had to fight a war on two fronts /east with *rance@Great "ritain and west with )ussia0 #lan to reach #aris and defeat *rench in A wee$s before )ussia can mobili.e! then attac$ )ussia #roblems encountered by (elmuth von 7olt$e German commander (eavily fortified areas in "elgium Strong resistance from *rance )ussia mobili.ed Buic$er "ritain attac$ed from the north attle of the Marne *rench and German troops collide in 7arne />E *rance0 4ust outside of #aris *rench under Commander 6oseph 6acBues 6offre push German+s bac$ C= miles )esults

o German+s forced to retreat signifying end to Schlieffen plan o Establishes the western front Western Front. /. Stalemate a state of deadloc$ where neither side gains an advantage 0. 'rench -arfare ' a type of armed combat in which the two opposing sides fight from trenches that face each other to protect soldiers from the onslaught of machine gun fire and other weaponry A series of trenches stretched from the >orth Sea to Swit.erland >o man+s land the desolate area that separated the two sides of trenches "arbed wire and land mines protected the area in front of each trench Attac$s soldiers charged 2over the top3 of their own trenches! through no man+s land to enemy trenches! facing heavily artillery! machine guns! barbed wire! and land'mines Soldiers lived in the trenches for several wee$s o Disease! cold! mud! rats! rain 1. War of Attrition , a war in which each side tries to wear the other side down by constant attac$s% attle of 'annen2er+ 9st "attle on the Eastern *ront )ussia attac$s Germany Buic$ly and force Germany to divert troops away from *rance to fight on the Eastern front /End to Schlieffen #lan0 )ussians defeated at &annenberg E=F $illed! :8F imprisoned Signified the wea$ness of the )ussian Army )ussian advantage 9C 9 ratio of )ussian to German Soldiers /9 in 9= soldiers return from war0 )ussian wea$ness least industriali.ed ' lac$ of supplies! weapons! food

&astern Front *ought in )ussia 7ore mobile than Western *ront /ground too hard to dig trenches0 *ront much longer! covered more territory "attle lines moved often Ne- Weapons 7achine guns allowed one man to $ill hundreds of men in seconds #oisonous gas German army was first ever to used o Chlorine gas caused blindness! cho$ing! vomiting! torn lungs! and death o 7ustard gas most deadly! caused s$in blisters! sore eyes! vomiting! internal and external bleeding! a long slow death &an$s allowed for movement across rugged terrain! eventually designed to cross trenches Airplanes first used for reconnaissance wor$ /spying0! later in war to deliver bombs and fight enemy aircraft in they air Submarines German u'boats destroyed warships! supply ships! and commercial and passenger ships attle of 3erdun German surprise attac$ on *rench /under command of (enri'#hillippe #etain0 at Gerdun >o clear winner -ne of the bloodiest battles of the War "oth sides suffer casualties of more than C==F

attle

of the Somme "ritish and *rench surprise attac$ against Germany >o clear winner "oth sides suffer casualties of more than C==F

%allipoli Campai+n %oal. &o open a supply route to )ussia "ritish navy /under command of Winston Churchill0 attac$s Dardanelles strait controlled by &ur$ey to get control of only way to get supplies to )ussia ,ac$ of planning and reinforcements causes Allies to withdraw War on the Seas Great "ritain bloc$ade all ports under German control to stop supplies from reaching Germany Germany could only get goods through neutral countries "ritain stopped ships carrying contra2and /prohibited goods such as weapons and ammo0 German+s use u'boats to bloc$ade Great "ritain and stop supplies from reaching allies #.S. &ntr) into the War $easons did not enter in /4/5 #olicy of neutrality policy of not choosing sides 5%S% late entry believed war was a European conflict and had nothing to do with the 5S Economic )easons $eep trade open with both sides $easons #.S. &nters , April 06 /4/7 9% *usitania "ritish passenger ship torpedoed by German u'boatsH 9!8== die including 98< Americans 8% 8immerman note message from Arthur Iimmerman /German *oreign 7inister0 to his ambassador in 7exico% Info% Intended for 7exican #resident Germany to reinstate unrestricted submarine warfare Germany wanted alliance with 7exico Germany would help 7exico regain >ew 7exico! &exas and Ari.ona from the 5S! if 7exico would start a war with 5S to $eep them 2occupied3 and out of the war in Europe 7exico promised money Suggested 7exico get 6apan involved in 8 front war against 5S E% #n-restricted su2marine -arfare German 5'boats continue to sin$ American merchant ships #S prepares for WA$ 'otal -ar all of country+s resources going toward war effort 5S prepared for War o Government influences production of goods and services toward needs of the war o 5nemployment drops wor$ers need to produce war goods o *ood )ationing meatless 7onday! wheat'less Wednesday leaves more food for troops o #rice controls on food and wages o #ropaganda intended to persuade people to support the war! ma$e sacrifices! $eep moral high o Women 4oin the wor$force and special branches of the militaryH aided in getting women the right to vote in 9:8= First #S troops arrive in &urope in April /4/9 under %eneral :ohn Pershin+ Fou+ht primaril) in France

*irst American army ever sent to Europe

Propa+anda ideas or rumors used to harm an opposing cause Common o2;ectives of Wartime Propa+anda 9% )ecruitment of Soldiers 8% *inancing the war effort E% 5nify the country behind the war J% Conserve resources needed for war /steel! oil! food0 C% Encourage participation in organi.ations that support the war Common Propa+anda 'ools 9% Demoni.ation portraying the enemy as evil! murderous! aggressive 8% Emotional Appeal play on people+s fear about war E% >ame Calling using labels to encourage hatred of the enemy /(uns! Commie+s0 J% #atriotic Appeals using patriotic symbols to appeal to national pride /Statue of ,iberty! flags0 C% (alf'truth+s and lies deception and twisting the truth A% Catchy Slogans ' memorable phrases to create support /)emember the 7aine0 ;% Evocative Gisual Symbols visual images that appeal to peoples emotions /i%e% Women! children! etc0 <% (umor using the enemy as the butt of 4o$es

$ussian $evolution $ussian $evolution. Poor leadership caused the olshevik $.&.3.<.*.'. in /4/7 $. $asputin=s influence over the Czar &. &ver) landless peasant demanded land 3. 3iolence 2roke out over 2read shorta+es and militar) defeats <. <verthro- of provisional +overnment -as led 2) the olsheviks *. *enin promises >Peace6 *and6 read? '. 'zar=s Incompetence

Fall of the 'zar )asputin 7ystic leader of the )omanov+s increasing influence *ood and *uel Shortages 7ounting defeats in WWI Stri$es and riots bro$e out across the country 7arch )evolution spontaneous uprising of wor$ing people and soldiers 7arch 9C! 9:9; C.ar >icholas Abdicates /steps down0

Provisional /. 0. 1. 5. A.

%overnment 'emporar) Central %overnment Mostl) made up of Middle Class "uma reps. Ale@ander (erensk) , Prime Minister i+ Mistake. "idn=t -ithdra- from the -ar Challen+ed 2) Petro+rad Soviet of Workers and Soldiers "eputies BMensheviks C small num2er of olsheviksD

*enin /. 0. 1.

*eader of the olsheviks olsheviks 2eliefs. small num2er of professional revolutionaries -ould lead a 3I<*&N' revolution a+ainst Aristocrats BNo2lemen C *ordsD6 and Middle Class Promised. Peace6 *and6 and read

olshevik $evolution , Nov. /4/7 *eader Gladimir *enin Slogan >Peace Bend -arD6 *and B+ive more land to the peasantsD6 read BfoodD? Coup d=Etat sudden overthrow of the government by people from with the country Socialist state No private propert)6 economic eFualit) for all citizens Bdistri2ution of land to peasants6 -orker control of factoriesD G ased on the ideas of (arl Mar@ and Communism

'reat) of rest-*itovsk , GG*enin -anted to concentrate on sta2ilizin+ their +overnment and econom) #eace treaty between Germany and )ussia! ending )ussian participation in the WWI )ussians lose much of western territory and 9@E of population Germans get land from )ussia Allows Germany to concentrate on western front Civil War )ed Army /communists0 vs% White Army /liberal democrats! moderate socialists! and royalists0 ,eon &rots$y communist leader of the )ed Army White Army defeated ,enin establishes communist control throughout )ussia

End of war 8nd "attle of the 7arne /6uly 9:9<0 o *erdinand *och puts 8==F new 5%S% soldiers intermixed with experienced soldiers o #ushes German army out of *rance to German border o German Generals tell Faiser Wilhelm II war can+t be won Austria'(ungary Buits /-ct 9:9<0 German soldiers revolt />ov 9:9<0 2 >o more fighting3 Faiser Wilhelm II abdicates >ov% 99 Armistice day Germans agree to end fighting Effects of WWI o : 7illion soldiers dead o 89 7illion soldiers wounded o 9E 7illion civilians were dead of disease or starvation o Armenian genocide by -ttoman &ur$s massacre of C==F'97 Armenians for their support in helping the Allies o Absolute 7onarchies in Europe destroyed o Increased political and social instability WWI o o o different from other wars >umber of casualties 5se of new technologies Scope of war number of countries involved Colonies participated in hopes of gaining their independence Asian and African colonies expected citi.enship or independence Arabs wanting freedom from -ttoman &ur$s helped the "ritish o Amount of destruction

Woodrow Wilson+s /5S #resident0 9J points peace plan o *reedom of the seas and trade o Arms limitations o End to secret alliances o Self'rule for all nations o >o punishments to Germany o ,eague of >ations an organi.ation of world nations to settle future problems peacefully

#aris #eace Conference delegates from 8; nations signed the &reaty of Gersailles o 2"ig *our3 ' George Clemenceau /*rance0! David ,loyd George /"ritain0! Gittorio -rlando /Italy0! Woodrow Wilson! /5S0 o Central #owers not invited o Each nation had differing goals! Wilson had to compromise on his 9J #oints o *ive different &reaties signed with each of the Central #owers / including a separate one with newly created (ungary0 o 7ost Important &reaty of Gersailles with Germany &reaty of Gersailles the treaty was a $.A.W. deal for Germany )% )eparations were forced on Germany o German war reparations KEE " A% Allies #unish Germany ' too$ German land@limit German military o German army reduced! o German weapons ' can+t manufacture or buy weapons! no airforce o German to return Alsace',orraine to *rance o *rance gets control of Saar "asin /rich in coal deposits0 o -ccupation of the )hineland o Germany stripped of Colonies W% War Guilt was forced on Germany o Germany must sign 2war blame3 clause

>ew nations established o *inland! Estonia! ,atvia! ,ithuania! C.echoslova$ia! Lugoslavia! #oland Lugoslavia created a united Slavic country on the "al$an #eninsula -ther nations not granted independence o -ttoman Empire partitioned by *rance and Great "ritain mandates were created over territories in the 7iddle East /#alestine! IraB! ,ebanon! Syria0 Arabs did not receive independence that G%"% had promised o *rance and Great "ritain did not give independence to colonies