SIGNALLING AND TELECOM DEPARTMENT

Signaling and telecom department can be divided into three groups:

1) Signaling
2) Telecommunication
3) AFC( automatic fare collection)

The basic components of telecommunication department can be stated as

follows:
1) FOTS( Fiber Optics Transmission System)
2) PAS(Public Address System)
3) PIDS(Public Information Display System)
4) Master Lock
5) CCTV(Close Circuit Television)
6) Radio System
7) Telephone System
8) NP SCADA( Non Power Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)

All of the above are parts of telecom department and have been discussed
briefly in later allots. All of them combine to form a highly efficient
communication system and all of them are needed for smooth functioning of
metro rail.
AFC (AUTOMATIC FARE COLLECTION)

In this we study about the fare collection system of DMRC. The AFC is
composed of:
• One central computer for all system
• One station computer for all stations
• Several equipments of different types( Ticket office machine, bulk
initiation machine, gate, portable ticket decoder)
The main features of the Central Computer are:
• To communicate with all station computers(SC)
• To locate the details of the CSC & CST usage, accounts, operational
& auditing data
• To store the transaction & audit data in order to assume the central
functions based on collected transaction
• To maintain & distribute the DMRC equipment operating data(EOD)
which includes system parameters fare table & program to the
equipment via the SC
• To transmit the equipment keys defined by an OCC
• To perform equipment management
• To inform operator about the equipment alarms & events
• To monitor the communication channels between itself and the SCs
• To provide multiple security access levels
• To provide time synchronization
• To provide reports on transport activity

There are different types of equipments used in DMRC, which are as

follows:

Ticket Office Machine (TOM): The Tom provides the AFC system with all
services involved by the transport ticket delivery to the users. This point of
sale terminal is a semi automatic machine manually operated by employees
of DMRC. The machine is a standard personal computers connected to
different peripherals. The main services of TOM are:
• Ticket sale
• Ticket reloading
• Ticket refund
• Ticket cancel
 • Replacements of damaged cards

Bulk Initialization Machine: it provides the AFC system with all services
involved by the transport ticket initialization. The machine is a standard PC
connected to Ps. Available function enable agents of DMRC Company to
answer to the agents. Its main functions are Ticket Initialization and agent &
creation.
Gate: The excess to the railway lines is controlled by the gate equipment,
made up of stainless steel housing. The gate equipment is computer based
automatic machine that consists of a stainless steel cabinet managing central
retraceable barrier leaf also called flap. The gate allows to check the
entrance into the paid area. The gate is linked to the station network in order
of dialing with the station computer.
Portable Ticket Decoder: it is a small portable device used by the ticket
inspectors in order to perform the routine day to day inspection of central
station computer & facilitates the passenger survey.
FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (FOTS)

FOTS is the backbone of communication in DMRC. Optic fibers are used in

this for transmission of data. Transmission phenomenon is based on the total
internal reflection of light rays.

Design considerations:
The first step in any fiber optic system design requires making careful
decisions based on operating parameters that apply for each component of a
fiber optic transmission system. The main questions, given in the table
below, involve data rates and bits error rates in digital systems, bandwidth,
linearity, transmission distances and signal to noise ratios in analogue
systems. These questions of how far, how good and how fast define the basic
system constraints.
System signal considerations:

System Factor Considerations/Choices

Transmission distance
Types of optical fibers
Dispersion
Fiber nonlinearities
Operating wavelength
Receiver sensitivity/overload
characteristics
Detector type
Transmitted power
Source type
Modulation code
Signal to noise ratio
Number of connectors or splices in
the system
Environmental requirements &
limitations
Mechanical requirements
System complexity increases with
transmission distance
Single mode or multi mode
Incorporate signal regenerators or
dispersion compensation
Fiber characteristics, wavelengths
and transmitted power
780, 850, 1310, 1550 and 1625 nm
typical
Typically expressed in dBm
PIN Diode, APD or IDP
Typically expressed in dBm
LED or Laser
AM, FM, PCM, or digital
Specified in decibels(dB)
Signal loss increases with increase in
number of connectors or splices
Humidity, temperature, exposure for
sunlight
Flammability, indoor/outdoor
application
TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBRES:
There are two basic types of fiber: multimode fiber and single mode fiber.
Multimode fibers are best designed for short transmission distances and are
suited for use in LAN and video surveillance. Single mode fiber is best
designed for longer transmission distances, making it suitable for long
distance telephony and multi channel television broadcast systems.

Multimode Fibers:
Multimode fiber, the first to be manufactured and commercialized, simply
refers to the fact that numerous modes or light rays are carried
simultaneously through the waveguide. Modes result from the fact that light
will only propagate in the fiber core at discreet angles within the cone of
acceptance. This fiber type has a much larger core diameter, compared to
single mode fiber, allowing for large number of modes, and multimode fiber
is easier to couple than single mode fiber. Multimode fiber can be
subcategorized into step index and graded index fiber.

Single Mode Fiber:

Single mode fiber allows for a higher capacity to transmit information
because it can retain the fidelity of each light pulse over longer distances and
It exhibits low dispersion caused by multiple modes. Single mode fiber also
enjoys less fiber attenuation than multimode fiber. Thus more information
can be transmitted per unit of time. Like multimode fiber, early single mode
fiber was characterized, as step-index fiber meaning the refractive index of
the fiber core is a step above than that of the cladding rather than graduated
as in graded-index fiber. Modern single-mode fibers have evolved into more
complex designed such as matched clad, depressed clad and other exotic
structure.
ADVANTAGE OF OPTICAL FIBERS:

As compared to conventional metal wire (copper wire), optical fibers are:

• Less expensive- Several miles of optical cable can be made
cheaper than equivalent lengths of copper wire. This saves your
providers (cable TV, internet) and you money.
• Thinner-optical fibers can be drawn to smaller diameters then
copper wire
• Higher carrying capacity- as these fibers are thinner than copper
wires, more fibers can be bundled into a given diameter cable than
copper wires
• Less signal degradation- the loss of signal is much lesser in
optical fibers than in copper fibers.
• Use of light signals- Unlike electrical signals in copper wires, light
signals from one fiber do not interfere with those of the other fibers
in the same cable. This means clearer phone conservation or TV
reception.
• Low power- because signals in optical fibers degrade less, lower
power transmitters can be used instead of high power transmitters
that are used in case of copper wires.
• Digital signals- optical fibers are ideally suited for carrying digital
information, which is especially useful in computer networks.
• Non-Flammable- because no electricity is passed through optical
fibers, there is no fire hazard.
• Light Weight- an optical cable weights less than a comparable
copper wire cable. Fiber optic cables takes up less space in the
ground.
• Flexible- as fiber optics are so flexible and can transmit and
receive light, they are used in many flexible digital cameras, in
medical field, for mechanical imaging and plumbing etc.

Because of these advantages we see the use of fiber optics in many

industries, most notably telecommunications and computer networks. It is
for the same reason that this technology is used in DMRC.
PULSE CODE MODULATION

Sampling a band-limited signal at or above the Nyquist sampling rate does

not destroy any information content and fully characterizes the band limited
signal. A
System transmitting these sampled values of the band-limited signal is called
a sampled data or pulse modulation system. In modern communication
systems, these sampled
Signals are often quantized and coded before transmission. We have pulse
code
Modulation (PCM).

Figure 1 Single Channel PCM Transmission System

An analogue message m(t) is first sampled at or above the Nyquist sampling

rate. These sampled signals are then converted into a finite number of
discrete amplitude levels. The conversion process is called quantization.
Figure 2 shows how an analogue message is converted into 8 amplitude
levels with equal spacing by an 8-level quantizer.

Figure 2 Message And Quantized Signal.

Quantization obviously reduces the degree of accuracy of representation of
the sampled signal and introduces some error in the reproduction of the
signal at the receiver. Error introduced by the quantiser is called quantization
error or quantization noise. To reduce the quantization error, we simply
increase the total number of amplitude levels (decreasing the spacing
between adjacent levels).
If the quantized samples are transmitted directly over a channel, we have a
quantized PAM system. If, instead, we code each quantized sample into a
block of digits for transmission, , we have a PCM system.

Some forms of PCM combine signal processing with coding. Older versions
of these systems applied the processing in the analog domain as part of the
A/D process; newer implementations do so in the digital domain. These
simple techniques have been largely rendered obsolete by modern transform-
based signal compression techniques.

• 'Differential' (or 'Delta') 'pulse-code modulation' encodes the PCM

values as differences between the current and the previous value. For
audio this type of encoding reduces the number of bits required per
sample compared to PCM by about 25%.

• 'Adaptive DPCM' is a variant of DPCM that varies the size of the

quantization step, to allow further reduction of the required bandwidth
for a given signal-to-noise ratio.

Bandwidth Reduction Technique

Binary coding is just one special case of a coding method in a PCM system.
In general, we can code a quantized sample into a group of m pulses every T
seconds, each pulse with a duration of = T/m seconds and n possible
amplitude levels. Clearly, the total number of amplitude levels that a
quantized signal can have is M = nm. The ability to choose n and m gives us
some freedom to reduce the transmission bandwidth. Figure 3 shows the
bandwidth reduction effects when we vary n and m. If n is fixed, we can
reduce the transmission bandwidth by reducing the value of m. This is
shown in Figure 3(a). If M is fixed, we can reduce the transmission
bandwidth by increasing the value of n and reducing the value of m. This is
shown in Figure 3(b). The collapsing of successive pulses onto one much
wider pulse reduces the transmission bandwidth. However, there is one
major drawback for the fixed M case. If the spacing between adjacent levels
is fixed, the required peak power goes up as n increases. On the other hand,
if the peak power or amplitude swing is fixed, adjacent levels get closer to
each other. This makes easier for noise to obscure adjacent levels. Not a very
good bandwidth reduction technique! The technique is only useful for very-
low-noise environments.
n = 2 is the most noise-immune choice. As we are only dealing with on-off
signaling, the exact magnitude is not important. Reshaping of signals by
repeaters facilitates the signal decision process at the receiver.

Figure 3 Bandwidth Reduction Technique . (A) Fixed N, (B) Fixed M.

SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HEIRARCHY

With the advent of semi conductor circuits and the increasing demand for
telephone capacity, a new type of communication called the Pulse Code
Modulation (PCM) made an appearance in 1960’s. PCM allows multiple use
of a single line by means of a digital time-domain multiplexing. The
analogue telephone signal is sampled at a bandwidth of 3.1 KHz, quantized
& encoded & then transmitted at a bit rate of 64KBPS. A transmission rate
of 2.408KBPs results when 30 such coded channels are collected together in
a frame along with the necessary signaling operation. The growing demand
for more bandwidth meant that more multiplexing were needed through the
world. A practically synchronous (or, more properly, plesiochronous) digital
hierarchy is the result. Slight differences in timing signals mean that stuffing
is necessary when forming the multiplexed signals. Inserting or dropping an
individual 64KPBS channel to or from a higher digital hierarchy requires a
considerable amount of complex multiplexing equipment. Towards the end
of 1980s, SDH was introduced. This paved the way for a unified network
structure on a worldwide scale, resulting in a means of efficient &
economical network management for network providers.
With the introduction PCM technology in 1960s, communication networks
were gradually converted to digital technology over the next few years. To
cope up with demand for ever higher bit rates, plesiochronous digital
hierarchy (PDH) evolved. The bit rates starts with the multiplex rate of 2
MBPS with further stages of 8, 34, 140 MBPS. Because of these different
developments, gateways between one network and another were difficult
and expensive to realize. The 1980 saw a start in development of the SDH
with the intention of eliminating the disadvantage inherent in PDH.
The minimum value of data to be realized in SDH is 2 MB. So, we have to
use an additional multiplexer if a data of value smaller than 2 MB is to be
entered in the SDH. This multiplexer multiplexes smaller data into a size of
2 MB.
The SDH of different stations form a ring. This ring consists of the SDH
equipment and two sets of wires- one for incoming data and one for
outgoing data. The work of the ring is that when one path breaks,
communication may continue through the reverse path. One such ring
includes 6 to7 stations.

Advantages of SDH over PDH:

1) high transmission rate
2) simplified add & drop function
3) high availability & capacity matching
4) reliability
5) future proof platform for new services
6) interconnection

PIDS (PASSANGER INFORMATION DISPLAY SYSTEM)

This system allows passengers to know when the train is expected to arrive,
time left as well as the destination of the train. This system also allows the
data input transmission and diffusion of information concerning the
movement of train in real time to all station users and the same for the
application in the main centre using Ultra Bright LED Display Panels. The
system has capability to control virtually infinite number of stations, which
can be done by the configuration of network design. This system has several
functions such as displaying train scheduling information & data related to
train circulation like arrival and departure time.

The system is divided into two main parts:

1) BLOCK (OCC)- All the equipments installed in the OCC the details
of which are Server, Assistance to chief controller PIDS/PAS
workstation & PIDS control backup control panel.
2) STATION SYSTEM: this refers to all equipments installed in the
terminal station, which includes Work Station, Ultra Bright LED
Display Panels.

Features of PIDS are:

1) Simple to use
2) It gives information in real time, in a clear attractive way, to the
station through the usage of LED with matrix display on serial link
3) It simplifies the maintenance operations through the possibilities of
help in diagnosis offered by the central system responsible for the
display.
4) It is based on standard wide spread computer equipment & on the
structured & modulated software. The software allows the
 possibilities of adapting it to the further needs of the railway station,
inter connection with other computer system, adding new functions,
etc.

The station function is relevant to make the audio programmed signal

available & the digital to analogue conversion. It will also dispatch to the
required zones, all the messages maintaining a hierarchy priority scheme
between the stations.
PAS (PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM)

The PAS is one of the systems that creates a user friendly ambience in the
DMRC computer services and it plays a very important role as well. It is
provided to broadcast voice message to passenger/staff in all stations, depots
&OCC & DMRC headquarters.
It shall be used for emergency evacuation broadcast in case of emergencies.
It has control equipment located at the equipment room of each station
depots, OCC and DMRC HQ. the station PAS shall be interfaced to FOTS
for connection to the equipment located in CER to facilitate control from
OCC. The PAS at depots shall be stand-alone without any control from
OCC. At station it is asserted from:
• Platform supervisory booth (PSB)
• Station Control Room (SCR)
• OCC

It shall be capable of maintaining required intelligibility at all times

regardless of changing environment including crowd, density, temperature,
humidity &noise level.
This system collects data from TIMS (Train Information Management
System), which is something similar to a train timetable, and as per the
present time it sends information to the system and announcement is made.
This is one of the reason that a universal clock is needed, and thus the
system is incorporated with a master clock server.
The scheme is such that, the train driver has information about timing and he
has to see that a train reaches a particular station as per the time frame, it has
been allotted, which is similar to northern railways. The thing which makes
it a bit different from the railways is that, this time table is a static one & so
is fixed &totally computerized, while that in railways is a dynamic one& is
user controlled.
The present addressing scheme is in the following way:
1. when the countdown reaches two minutes, then there is an
announcement about the train timing and its platform
2. Exactly at the end of the countdown, it makes an announcement that
the train is going to leave the platform.
3. In the case of the announcement that is to be made from the SCR, it
can be made by using the system that is available in their control
room.
 4. From the OCC, the operator can select s station and the platform in
which the announcement is to be made.

The PAS system works in three modes:

1) Automatic mode- The diffusion of messages will be held through a
weekly scheduled program. In automatic mode, the PAS central
system receives messages from the central passenger information
system involving data about train movement. The information is
analyzed by the PAS that automatically launches announcements to
the designated stations. Each issued message will interrupt another of
lower priority being diffused. The interruption will signal locally to
the equipment trying to access the system. The connection between
the OCC and each station will be established through FOTS channel.
2) Manual central mode- The system will be operated through the OCC
that will direct manual messages to the microphones.
3) Manual Local Mode- The station operator, independent from the
OCC, will control the system. The local PAS at each train station is
able to accept signal from the local exchanger Net Client Unit to
activate prerecorded announcement from the train station.

The different types of messages provided by PAS are:

• Fixed messages
• Pre formatted with data to be added
• Instantly recorded
• Live audio broadcast
• Priority of PAS announcement
• Live audio broadcast from PSB
• Live audio broadcast from SCR
• Live audio broadcast from OCC
• Announcement initiated from TCS
• Pre formatted messages from SCR/OCC.
RADIO SYSTEMS:

System Overview:

The radio system is one of the most important parts of the DMRC. It enables
us a choice when the FOTS breaks down (which is the worst case). So it
adds a level of redundancy to the communication network of DMRC.
It has all the features of the radio that is used in communication and
resembles the mobile communication. The whole communication between
the source and the destination does not take place through FOTS
The Motorola Dimetra (Digital Motorola European Trunk Radio) System is
sophisticated radio equipment having full benefits of TETRA standards. Its
system components can be easily reprogrammed to meet the future
requirement of new technology. All available traffic channels are shared
between all radio users.
Frequency band used in DMRC network is from 380-400 MHz. For
receiving, the signal it uses frequency band of 380-385 MHz and for
transmission it uses a band of 390-395 MHz.
Dimetra system is a time division multiplexed access (TDMA) system which
enhances operation in trunking operation, as well as frequency can be shared
with the traffic signals in different time slots. Dimetra is a flexible system. A
single site system can grow into a larger multisided system and up gradation
of existing to future enhanced Dimetra system can be done in a flexible
manner.
Group organization:
Radio users are organized into groups. When a user placed group calls the
user in the group can listen and outside so channel efficiency increases by
proper group assignment.
Trunking operations:
This operation has three parts. Here in trunking operation there is one
control channel and other many voice channels. The trunking works on
TDM.
Trunked call completion:
When a call is finished, the subscribers in the talk group return to monitoring
the channel and channel becomes available for others.

TYPES OF MODES OF COMMUNICATION:

There are two types of communications mode used in DMRC netwok:

 1. Trunk Mode Operation: this mode of operation consists of three
communication modes;
• Group Mode: It is a half duplex communication mode in
which many users can communicate each other by selecting a
common talk group. The operation is as follows: 1) select a talk
group to communicate. 2) Press PTT (Press To Talk) to speak.
3) Release PTT to listen.
• Private Mode: It is a half duplex communication mode in
which many users can communicate with each other privately
without interfering the talk group. The operation is as follows:
1) Select the private mode by using mode key in radio. 2) Dial
private ID. 3) Press PTT and release. A ring will be heard.
4) Press PTT to speak. 5) Release PTT to listen.
• Phone Mode: it is a full duplex mode communication in which
a radio user can talk to any dialed phone number within DMRC
or external network connected to DMRC. It can also
communicate in reverse direction, i.e., from phone to radio. The
operation is as follows: 1) Select the phone mode by using
mode key in radio. 2) Dial phone number 3) Press call/cancel
key. 4) Talk when call is established. 5) Press call/cancel key
to end call.

2. Direct Mode Operation: in its basic form, DMO represents direct

communication between two or more TETRA DM terminals/mobile
stations (DM-MS) without the use of trunking network infrastructure.
The simplest form of DM is two-way communication between two or
more MS terminals, back-to-back.

Types of radios used in DMRC network:

1. MTP 700 (hand portable)
2. MTM 700 used in station radio (zetron)
3. Train radio
4. RCW (Radio Work Station) in OCC

1) MTP 700: MTP stands for Motorola Tetra Portable. It looks like a
mobile phone. In this we have different types of modes, which are
explained above. It has different functions, which can be operated by
pressing menu button.
 2) MTM 700: MTM stands for Motorola Tetra Mobile. It is used in two
different phases, i.e., station control room and train. It has the same
function as that of MTP700. it seems like a telephone set & that set is
known as ZETRON set. It is also used as a train radio.

The MTP700 hand portables are based on the new generation radio
platforms incorporating the latest Digital Signal Processors (DSP) and
Linear RF Power Amplifier technology.
The ergonomically designed, ruggedised hand portables come with 3x4
keypads, rotatory switch dial, and a LCD for number dialing and maximum
flexibility. Each hand portable is equipped with ultra high capacity batteries
for longest standby and talk time of 24 hrs, i.e. 5% transmit, 5% receive and
90% standby. Each one comes with a remote speaker microphone lapel for
easy communication.

TRAIN RADIO
Radio Control Head

Upon power on- DMRC TRIU VER X.XX will first appear and subsequently
First line - TID\RAKE ID SEC CONTROLLER
Second line – Current Talk group (TG)

Radio Voice Functions

1. Talk group call

It is a half duplex call and is one to much communication.

2. Emergency call
Press emergency key, the alarm shall go to TC\OCC.
Press emergency and also press PTT alarm will go to all in that TG.
To cancel emergency, press and hold the "X" button on the RCH until the
emergency indicator disappears.

3. LED indicators
Solid green – In use
Flashing green – In service
Solid red – Out of service
Flashing red – Connecting to the network at power on
Flashing amber – Incoming call
NO INDICATION – Switched off
DIVERSITY
As we go higher into the air from the ground surface, the density of air progressively
decreases. Now, when a signal (wave) moves through the air, it continuously deviates
from its original line of propagation.

FINAL LINE OF
ORIGINAL LINE PROPOGATION
OF
PROPOGATION

The amount of deviation depends on the frequency of the propagating signal(wave).The

consequence of this deviation is that the antenna might not get proper reception due to
fading signal(wave).

Types of diversity:

A. Frequency Diversity
The signal is transmitted at two different frequencies so that even if one of the
frequencies fails to give proper reception, then the other frequency would give the
proper signal reception.

B. Space Diversity
Two RX antennas are installed, which are placed separately either vertically or
horizontally in space.

a.)VERTICAL DIVERSITY b.)HORIZONTAL DIVERSITY

C. Route Diversity
TX from A to B can be done through any of the three different TX routes.
Depending upon the persisting conditions at the moment (natural and man-made
conditions which effect TX), the best route for TX of the signal is taken.

ROUTE NO. 1

ROUTE NO.2 THROUGH OFC

POINT “B”
POINT “A”

ROUTE NO. 3
REMOTE CONTROL WORKSTATION (RCW)

It is also known as theatre room. As the name implies its function is to

control all the activities like overhead power lines, rolling stock, fault
management and others. It consists of following sub-units.

• Traction Power Controller(RC)

Overhead lines power management on which trains run .power

for metro is taken from two different grids of BSES.

• Rolling Stock Controller:

It checks for the fault other than signaling and radio

communication problem. Here faults of mechanical type like brake
failure, MCB failure are handled.

• Fault Management Controller :

Its function is to handle signaling and radio communication

problem.

• Time Table Management

• Auxiliary System Controller
• Traffic Controller :

Using real time software traffic controller can see the status of all
RBs (radio base station). Talk group status and can even make contact
on train. for contacting on train or other RBs if the real time software
fails than there is a Zetron set through which contact can be made
which further adds to the level of redundancy .

Traffic controller can do the following functions:

• Private call(PRV)
• Interrupt call(INTP)
• Check(CHK)
• Message (MSG)
• Press to talk (PTT to make group call)
It also can view the train location on real time basis. It has the capability to
hear voice inside the cab through centracom gold series i.e. do ambience.
The zetron set is already described in SCR.

NP-SCADA (NON POWER SUPERVISING CIRCUIT AND

DATA ADMINISTRATION)

1) It monitors various equipments of Rail and Metro Corridors

2) Provides data/information to maintain staff to access the need for
unscheduled preventive maintenance.
3) In addition to above facilities, recording, analysis & printing of data
for effective maintenance.

Various systems monitored by NP-SCADA are:

1) Rail Corridor:
• Rail temperature at selected location.
• LV circuit at depot.

2) For Metro Corridor:

• Fire Detection And Suppression Systems
• Lifts And Escalators
• Pumps
• Environment Control System
• Seismic Activity System
• Intrusion Alarm
• Tunnel Ventilation system

Equipments to be monitored through NMS at OCC or Directivity:

• Master Clock System
• Fiber Optic Transmission System
• Telephone System
• Radio System
• Public Address System
• Passenger Information Display System
 • Closed Circuit TV System
• UPS System

REFERENCE:

• Radio manual (MTP/MTM)

• SDH manual (1660/1650)
• Alcatel manual
• www.delhimetrorail.com

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my regards and would like to thank following

persons, without whom, this project would not have been possible:
• Mr. D.K. Sinha, DGM, S&T, DMRC
• Mr. K.D. Sharma, Manager, Telecommunication dept. , DMRC
• Mr. Alok Ranjan, Assistant Manager, Telecom. dept. , DMRC
• Mr. Rajkumar Verma, Senior System Analyst, DMRC
• Mr. Rajkumar Meena, Senior System Analyst, DMRC