Cessna 172 Design

Cessna Skyhawk II / 100 Performance Assessment
Prepared by
John McIver B.Eng.(Aero) Temporal Images
23rd January 2003
http://www.temporal.com.au
Cessna Skyhawk II/100 (172) Performance Assessment
1. Introduction
This document outlines the information and procedures used to determine the approximate performance of the Cessna 172 aircraft. As much aerodynamic and dimensional information as possible was first obtained from several sources and that data is presented in the following section. While the Cessna 172 model was the target aircraft, it was necessary to obtain some data from other related models where data specifically for a model 172 was not available. Additionally there are several sub-models of the 172, so where possible data was obtained for a Cessna Skyhawk II/100, this being a later version of the generic model 172. Tail data was obtained for a model 177, as 172 data was not available. In this case the 177 has a slightly smaller tail, but the general design features should be equivalent to the 172. A computer program was then used to obtain a range of performance data based on specific input data derived from the various reference sources. The computer program could output performance over a range of speeds and altitudes, allowing iteration of the input data, so it was possible to obtain a data set which would closely equate to the defined aircraft performance. A copy of the final program output is included here.
2. Reference Data
As much data as possible was obtained by reference to a number of text books. The key reference was taken to be Jane's All the World's Aircraft, with more detailed data sourced from other books. The complete set of data which was obtained is presented here.
2.1. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1977-78

For the Cessna Skyhawk II/100 the following data was presented; NACA 2412 wing section 1 degree 44 minutes dihedral 1 degree 30 minutes incidence at wing root -1 degree 30 minutes incidence at tip Modified Frise ailerons Single slotted flaps
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Vertical Tail: Engine: Propellor: Fuel Capacity: Baggage Capacity: Principle Dimensions Wing Wing Wing Wing span: root chord: tip chord: aspect ratio:
35 degrees quarter chord sweep 160 hp Lycoming O-320-H (max power at 2700 rpm) Two bladed fixed pitch metal propellor 43 US gallons (38 US gallons usable) 120 pounds
35 feet 10 inches 5 feet 4 inches 3 feet 8.5 inches 7.52 26 feet 11 inches 8 feet 9.5 inches 11 feet 4 inches 6 feet 3 inches 174 square feet (gross) 18.3 square feet 21.2 square feet 11.24 square feet 7.43 square feet 21.56 square feet 14.53 square feet
Length overall: Height overall: Tailplane span: Propellor diameter: Wing area: Aileron Area: Flap Area: Vertical Tail Area: Rudder Area: Horizontal Tail Area: Elevator Area: Weight Data Weight - Empty Equipped: Max Takeoff Weight: Max Wing Loading: Max Power Loading: Performance Data Never Exceed Speed: Max Level Speed: Max Cruising Speed: Stalling Speed: Stalling Speed:
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1403 2300 13.2 14.4
pounds pounds pounds per square feet pounds per horsepower
174 mph 144 mph (at SL) 140 mph (75% power at 8000 feet) 57 mph CAS (flaps up) 51 mph CAS (flaps down)
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Max Rate of Climb: Service Ceiling: Range Performance
770 feet per minute (at SL) 14,200 feet
558 miles range at 8,000 feet cruise 662 miles range at 10,000 feet cruies (using standard fuel, with allowance for engine start, taxi, takeoff, climb, and 45 minutes reserve at 45% power)
2.2. Fluid Dynamic Drag by Hoerner

This book includes a very basic drag analysis of a Cessna 172, based on the following information. Span: Wing Area: Weight: Power: 36 feet 175 square feet 2200 pounds 140 horsepower
At a velocity of 122 knots and sea level the aircraft was calculated to have a total drag coefficient of 0.032, a profile drag coefficient of 0.029 and a drag coefficient based on wetted surface area of 0.009. This is basic data for a Cessna 170, which is not the aircraft being analysed here. As it is a similar design, this data can be used to approximately verify any drag data we may be able to calculate for the Cessna 172.
2.3. Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design by Torenbeek

This book provides many general rules for preliminary aircraft design calculations. The key performance data which is relevant here is that a typical small, single engine aircraft, with a fixed undercarriage, will have a profile drag coefficient somewhere between 0.025 and 0.040. The Oswald spanwise efficiency factor will lie between 0.65 and 0.75. The book also provides a number of tables of representative data for various aircraft, for wing, horizontal and vertical tail parameters, and also weight data.
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Wing data for a Cessna 172 Prototype first flight: Aspect Ratio: Taper Ratio: Quarter Chord Sweep Angle: Geometric Twist: Dihedral: Section Profile - Root: Section Profile - Tip: Thickness/Chord Ratio: Vmo: Vd: Flap Type: Cf/C Streamwise: Bf/B: Flap Angle - Takeoff: Flap Angle - Landing: Clmax - Landing: Weight Data for Cessna 172B MTOW: 2200 pounds 236 pounds 61 pounds 253 pounds 122 pounds 31 pounds 31 pounds 427 pounds 312 pounds 30 pounds 38 pounds 47 pounds 154 pounds 7 pounds 3 pounds 41 pounds
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1956 7.52 0.672 0 degrees -3.0 degrees 1 degree 44 minutes NACA 2412 NACA 2412 to symmetric 12 percent 224 kmh (EAS) Maximum Operating Limit 280 kmh (EAS) Design Dive single slotted 32.9 percent (flap chord ratio) 46.1 percent (flap span ratio) 20 degrees 40 degrees 2.10 (from flight test)
Wing Group: Tail Group: Fuselage Group: Landing Gear: Surface Controls: Nacelle Group: Propulsion Group: Engine Installation: Fuel System: Exhaust: Other Items: Services/Equipment Group: Nav Instruments: Hydraulic/Pneumatic: Electrical:
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Furnishing: Aircond/Anti-ice: Payload Group Pilot: Passenger: Fuel: Other:
99 pounds 4 pounds
165 pounds 165 pounds 252 pounds
(43 US gallons at 5.85 pounds per US gallon)
303 pounds (cargo, oil, etc)
Weight and CG Data for Cessna 172 (normal category FAR 23) (CG positions are in percent of mean aerodynamic chord) Forward CG Limit - Takeoff/Landing: Forward CG Limit - Flight: Rear CG Limit - Takeoff/Landing: Rear CG Limit - Flight: CG Range - Takeoff/Landing: CG Range - Flight: Payload: Tail Volume: Horizontal Tail Type: Clmax: Horizontal Tail Data for Cessna 177 Sh/S: Aspect Ratio: Taper Ratio: Sweep: Airfoil Section: Average T/C: Tail Type: Horizontal Tail Volume: Hinge Position: Servo Tabs fitted 0.202 4.00 1.0 0.0 degrees NACA 0012/0009 10.5 percent All Flying 0.600 25 percent Elevator Chord 15.6 15.6 36.5 36.5 20.9 20.9 64.3 (percent OEW) 0.59 Fixed Stabiliser 2.14 (flap angle for landing)
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Vertical Tail Data for Cessna 177 Max Crosswind: Sv/S: Aspect Ratio: Sweep: Airfoil Section: Average T/C: Vertical Tail Volume: Sr/Sv: Hinge Position: 20 knots 0.107 1.41 35 degrees (quarter chord) NACA 0009/0006 7.5 percent 0.0411 0.368 60 percent Cv (root/tip)
Note: The Cessna 177 has a slightly smaller tail than the Cessna 172 Tail Areas Fin: Rudder: Tailplane: Elevators: Horizontal Tail: 11.24 sq.ft (Cessna 172) 7.43 sq.ft (Cessna 172) 21.56 sq.ft (Cessna 172) 14.53 sq.ft (Cessna 172) 11.02 sq.ft (Cessna 177) 6.41 sq.ft (Cessna 177)
35.01 sq.ft (Cessna 177)
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3. Computer Analysis
A computer program was then used to iterate to a suitable set of data values which would be representative of the Cessna 172. This program is a simple aircraft performance program, written about 20 years ago, for operation on Personal Computers running MS DOS. Its most useful feature is that, based on very basic input data, it can produce data for any altitude, for a range of air speeds. This facility allows for rapid checking of estimated performance data against published values. From the reference data obtained the following values were used as input to the computer performance program. Stall speed without flaps Maximum lift coefficient Maximum lift coefficient Maximum take-off weight Empty weight Wing span Airplane efficiency factor Engine brake horsepower Maximum level speed Propellor diameter Propellor speed 57.0 mph 1.60 (no flaps) 2.10 (with flaps) 2300 lb 1403 lb + pilot at 165 lbs 35.83 ft 0.77 160 hp 144.0 mph 75.0 inches 2700 rpm
The engine is not supercharged Fixed-pitch propellor fitted to aircraft Number of propellors: 1 Average range propulsive efficiency Average endurance propulsive efficiency Aircraft propulsive efficiency 0.700 0.700 0.850
The above data is that used for the final computer analysis. Earlier runs used slightly different data, which was slowly adjusted until this dataset gave what were considered as acceptable results. The final output from the program is included here as Appendix A.
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4. Drag Summary
The total aircraft drag coefficient, based on a gross wing area of 174 square feet, was 0.0341, giving a drag area (CdS) of 5.9334 square feet. This value of 0.0341 corresponds acceptably with the value determined by Hoerner for the Cessna 170 of 0.032. Breaking the drag down into its component parts, for wing, tail and fuselage, we know the total aircraft drag value, and can also obtain estimates of the drag coefficient from NACA graphs for the particular wing sections used. Using Theory of Wing Sections by Abbott and Von Doenhoff to obtain the section drag data (assumed to be "standard roughness" rather than values for laminar flow), Wing (NACA 2412) Tail (NACA 0012) Fin (NACA 0009) Total Aircraft Cd Cd Cd Cd = = = = 0.0100 0.0098 0.0092 0.0341 S S S S = = = = 174.0 21.56 11.24 174.0 sq sq sq sq ft ft ft ft CdS CdS CdS CdS = = = = 1.74 0.21 0.10 5.93 sq sq sq sq ft ft ft ft
Subtracting the wing and tail/fin values from the total aircraft gives us the drag of the fuselage and any other miscellaneous items (undercarriage, struts, etc), which is, 5.93 - 0.10 - 0.21 - 1.74 = 3.88 square feet This then becomes 3.88 / 174 = 0.0223, being the drag coefficient for the fuselage based on gross wing area. We can also estimate the wetted surface area based on the Hoerner analysis, where the areas will be in inverse ration to the drag coefficients. Using his drag coefficients, Cd = 0.009 based on wetted surface area (to be found) Cd = 0.032 based on wing area (174.0) So wetted surface area = (0.032 / 0.009) x 174.0 = 618.7 square feet approximately.
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5. Program Validation
The output from the computer program is only approximate in its modelling of the Cessna 172 performance, but does agree with the published performance data for the aircraft in most areas. At seal level the predicted speed range is from slightly less than 57 mph to nearly 140 mph, compared to the published data of 57 mph to 144 mph. The service ceiling is defined as the altitude where the rate of climb of the aircraft declines to 100 feet per minute, and is quoted for the Cessna as 14,200 feet. At 14,200 feet from the program output the indicated maximum climb rate is 111 feet per minute. The quoted maximum rate of climb at sea level of 770 feet per minute compares with a program prediction of 689 feet per minute. The quoted maximum cruising speed of 140 mph, at 75 percent power at 8,000 feet, is not achievable according to the program, indicating the drag estimate is possibly a little too high. Alternatively this could indicate that the actual engine power decreases with altitude at a slower rate than that predicted by the program. In practice this discrepancy is probably partly due to both causes. Although the range calculations of the program are only very approximate, at 8,000 feet it predicts a range of 584 miles compared to the published figure of 558 miles, while at 10,000 feet it predicts a figure of 539 miles, compared to 662 miles for the published data. This analysis is necessarily only approximate as no specific data has been provided for the engine fuel consumption or power variation with altitude, so the program can only make very general assumptions for these values.
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Appendix A: Program Output
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*************
Cessna Skyhawk II/100 (172) Performance Check
*************
Input Parameters :
Stall speed without flaps Maximum lift coefficient Maximum lift coeff with flaps Maximum take-off weight Empty weight Wing span Airplane efficiency factor Engine brake horsepower Maximum level speed Propellor diameter Propellor rpm The engine is normally aspirated Fixed-pitch propellor fitted to aircraft Number of propellors = 1
VS1 CLmax CLmaxf W We B E BHP Vmax Dp RPM
= = = = = = = = = = =
57.0 1.60 2.10 2300. 1568. 35.83 0.700 160. 144.0 75.0 2700.
mph
lb lb ft HP mph inches rpm
Average range propulsive efficiency = 0.700 Average endurance propulsive efficiency = 0.700 Aircraft propulsive efficiency = 0.750
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Output Quantities :
Wing loading Stall speed with flaps Wing area Aspect ratio Chord Effective aspect ratio Effective span Effective chord Effective span loading Drag area Zero-lift drag coefficient
W/S Vs0 S AR C ARe Be Ce W/Be AD Cd0
= = = = = = = = = = =
13.3 49.8 173.0 7.42 4.83 5.20 29.98 5.77 76.72 5.89 0.0341
lb/ft2 mph ft2 ft ft ft lb/ft ft2
Airspeed for minimum sink Vmins = 63.5 mph Minimum power required for level flight THPm = 41.06 HP Minimum drag Dmin = 210.1 lb Minimum sink rate RSmin = 589.1 fpm Maximum lift-to-drag ratio LDmax = 10.94 Lift coefficient at minimum sink CLmins = 1.29 Maximum ideal climb rate RCstar = 2295.7 fpm Reference prop airspeed for .74 eff Vprop = 67.0 mph Idealized static thrust Ts = 1041.0 lb Propellor tip Mach number Mp = 0.7915
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Altitude
0. feet
Ambient temperature Ambient pressure Density ratio Speed of sound
= = = =
288.15 deg.K 2116.2 psf 1.0000 1116.4 fps
Airspeed V(mph) 57.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 150.0 154.0
Rate-of-Climb RC(fpm) 441. 490. 613. 678. 689. 647. 551. 401. 195. -68. -391. -537.
Sink Rate RS(fpm) 574. 570. 585. 640. 733. 866. 1040. 1256. 1516. 1823. 2177. 2332.
Reynolds No
THP (hp) 68. 71. 80. 88. 95. 101. 106. 111. 115. 118. 122. 123.
Thrust (lb) 446. 442. 427. 411. 394. 378. 362. 346. 331. 317. 304. 299.
Drag (lb) 253. 238. 209. 200. 204. 217. 237. 263. 294. 329. 369. 385.
L/D
SEP (ft/sec) 7.4 8.2 10.2 11.3 11.5 10.8 9.2 6.7 3.2 -1.1 -6.5 -8.9
Mach No.
2.6 2.7 3.2 3.6 4.1 4.5 5.0 5.4 5.9 6.3 6.8 6.9
million million million million million million million million million million million million
8.6 9.2 10.5 10.9 10.7 10.1 9.2 8.3 7.4 6.6 5.9 5.7
0.075 0.079 0.092 0.105 0.118 0.131 0.145 0.158 0.171 0.184 0.197 0.202
Maximum estimated aircraft range is Maximum estimated endurance is
760. miles 4.5 hours
Taxi/Take-off fuel used Climb fuel used Descent fuel used Landing/Taxi fuel used Reserve fuel available Total fuel for climb and descent Fuel available for cruise
= = = = = = =
5.88 0.12 0.15 4.20 56.70 67.05 156.01
lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs
Range attained during climb Range attained during descent
= =
0.1 miles 0.1 miles
Time taken during climb Time taken during descent
= =
0.1 minutes 0.1 minutes
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Altitude
5000. feet
= = = =
278.24 deg.K 1760.8 psf 0.8617 1097.0 fps
Airspeed V(mph) 57.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 150.0 154.0
Sink Rate RS(fpm) 632. 622. 617. 650. 720. 826. 969. 1150. 1370. 1632. 1937. 2071.
Reynolds No
THP (hp) 57. 60. 67. 74. 80. 85. 89. 93. 97. 100. 102. 103.
Thrust (lb) 376. 373. 360. 346. 333. 319. 305. 292. 279. 267. 256. 252.
Drag (lb) 279. 261. 221. 203. 200. 207. 221. 240. 265. 294. 326. 340.
L/D
SEP (ft/sec) 3.7 4.5 6.5 7.7 8.0 7.5 6.2 4.1 1.3 -2.5 -7.1 -9.1
Mach No.
2.2 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.0
7.8 8.4 9.9 10.8 10.9 10.6 9.9 9.1 8.3 7.4 6.7 6.4
0.076 0.080 0.094 0.107 0.120 0.134 0.147 0.160 0.174 0.187 0.201 0.206
= = = = = = =
5.88 12.20 15.04 4.20 56.70 94.01 129.05
= =
8.9 miles 9.5 miles
= =
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*************
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Altitude
8000. feet
= = = =
272.30 deg.K 1571.9 psf 0.7861 1085.3 fps
Airspeed V(mph) 57.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 150.0 154.0
Sink Rate RS(fpm) 674. 660. 643. 663. 720. 810. 936. 1097. 1295. 1531. 1808. 1930.
Reynolds No
THP (hp) 51. 54. 60. 66. 72. 76. 80. 84. 87. 90. 92. 93.
Thrust (lb) 338. 335. 323. 311. 299. 286. 274. 262. 251. 240. 230. 226.
Drag (lb) 298. 277. 230. 208. 200. 203. 213. 229. 250. 275. 304. 317.
L/D
SEP (ft/sec) 1.5 2.3 4.4 5.6 6.0 5.6 4.5 2.7 0.1 -3.3 -7.4 -9.3
Mach No.
2.0 2.1 2.5 2.8 3.2 3.5 3.9 4.2 4.6 5.0 5.3 5.4
7.3 7.9 9.5 10.5 10.9 10.8 10.3 9.5 8.7 8.0 7.2 6.9
0.077 0.081 0.095 0.108 0.122 0.135 0.149 0.162 0.176 0.189 0.203 0.208
= = = = = = =
5.88 19.51 24.06 4.20 56.70 110.36 112.70
= =
14.2 miles 15.2 miles
= =
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*************
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Altitude
10000. feet
= = = =
268.34 deg.K 1455.3 psf 0.7386 1077.3 fps
Airspeed V(mph) 57.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 150.0 154.0
Rate-of-Climb RC(fpm) 3. 52. 177. 250. 277. 261. 202. 102. -42. -229. -461. -567.
Sink Rate RS(fpm) 706. 689. 663. 676. 723. 804. 918. 1066. 1250. 1470. 1729. 1843.
Reynolds No
THP (hp) 48. 50. 56. 62. 67. 71. 75. 78. 81. 83. 86. 86.
Thrust (lb) 314. 311. 301. 289. 278. 266. 255. 244. 233. 223. 214. 210.
Drag (lb) 313. 289. 238. 212. 201. 201. 209. 223. 241. 264. 290. 302.
L/D
SEP (ft/sec) 0.0 0.9 2.9 4.2 4.6 4.4 3.4 1.7 -0.7 -3.8 -7.7 -9.4
Mach No.
1.9 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.7 5.0 5.1
7.0 7.6 9.2 10.3 10.9 10.9 10.5 9.8 9.1 8.3 7.5 7.3
0.078 0.082 0.095 0.109 0.123 0.136 0.150 0.163 0.177 0.191 0.204 0.210
= = = = = = =
5.88 24.39 30.08 4.20 56.70 121.25 101.81
= =
= =
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*************
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Altitude
12000. feet
= = = =
264.38 deg.K 1345.9 psf 0.6933 1069.4 fps
Airspeed V(mph) 57.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 150.0 154.0
Rate-of-Climb RC(fpm) -86. -36. 91. 167. 198. 187. 136. 44. -89. -262. -478. -577.
Sink Rate RS(fpm) 740. 721. 687. 691. 729. 800. 903. 1039. 1209. 1413. 1654. 1761.
Reynolds No
THP (hp) 44. 46. 52. 57. 62. 66. 69. 72. 75. 77. 79. 80.
Thrust (lb) 291. 288. 279. 268. 257. 247. 236. 226. 216. 207. 198. 195.
Drag (lb) 328. 303. 246. 216. 203. 200. 205. 217. 233. 254. 278. 288.
L/D
SEP (ft/sec) -1.4 -0.6 1.5 2.8 3.3 3.1 2.3 0.7 -1.5 -4.4 -8.0 -9.6
Mach No.
1.8 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.7 4.1 4.4 4.7 4.8
6.7 7.2 8.9 10.1 10.8 10.9 10.7 10.1 9.4 8.6 7.9 7.6
0.078 0.082 0.096 0.110 0.123 0.137 0.151 0.165 0.178 0.192 0.206 0.211
= = = = = = =
5.88 29.27 36.09 4.20 56.70 132.14 90.92
= =
= =
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*************
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Altitude
14200. feet
= = = =
260.02 deg.K 1233.2 psf 0.6460 1060.5 fps
Airspeed V(mph) 57.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 150.0 154.0
Rate-of-Climb RC(fpm) -185. -134. -4. 75. 111. 106. 62. -20. -140. -299. -498. -589.
Sink Rate RS(fpm) 782. 760. 717. 711. 739. 799. 891. 1013. 1168. 1357. 1579. 1678.
Reynolds No
THP (hp) 41. 42. 48. 53. 57. 60. 64. 66. 69. 71. 73. 74.
Thrust (lb) 267. 265. 256. 246. 236. 226. 217. 207. 198. 190. 182. 179.
Drag (lb) 348. 320. 257. 223. 206. 200. 203. 211. 225. 243. 265. 274.
L/D
SEP (ft/sec) -3.1 -2.2 -0.1 1.3 1.8 1.8 1.0 -0.3 -2.3 -5.0 -8.3 -9.8
Mach No.
1.7 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.4 4.5
6.3 6.8 8.5 9.8 10.6 10.9 10.8 10.3 9.7 9.0 8.3 8.0
0.079 0.083 0.097 0.111 0.124 0.138 0.152 0.166 0.180 0.194 0.207 0.213
= = = = = = =
5.88 34.63 42.71 4.20 56.70 144.13 78.93
= =
= =
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*************
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Weight
Data
: = = = = = 732. 223. 2300. 1345. 2188. lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs Qmax = 53.0 psf
Payload Fuel load Maximum take-off weight Empty weight Mean weight Maximum dynamic pressure
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Cessna Skyhawk II / 100 Performance Assessment

John McIver B.Eng.(Aero) Temporal Images

23rd January 2003

Cessna Skyhawk II/100 (172) Performance Assessment

2.1. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1977-78

1403 2300 13.2 14.4

pounds pounds pounds per square feet pounds per horsepower

Max Rate of Climb: Service Ceiling: Range Performance

770 feet per minute (at SL) 14,200 feet

2.2. Fluid Dynamic Drag by Hoerner

2.3. Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design by Torenbeek

Furnishing: Aircond/Anti-ice: Payload Group Pilot: Passenger: Fuel: Other:

165 pounds 165 pounds 252 pounds

(43 US gallons at 5.85 pounds per US gallon)

303 pounds (cargo, oil, etc)

35.01 sq.ft (Cessna 177)

Appendix A: Program Output

Cessna Skyhawk II/100 (172) Performance Check

VS1 CLmax CLmaxf W We B E BHP Vmax Dp RPM

lb lb ft HP mph inches rpm

Cessna Skyhawk II/100 (172) Performance Check

W/S Vs0 S AR C ARe Be Ce W/Be AD Cd0

lb/ft2 mph ft2 ft ft ft lb/ft ft2

Cessna Skyhawk II/100 (172) Performance Check

Ambient temperature Ambient pressure Density ratio Speed of sound

288.15 deg.K 2116.2 psf 1.0000 1116.4 fps

Maximum estimated aircraft range is Maximum estimated endurance is

760. miles 4.5 hours

5.88 0.12 0.15 4.20 56.70 67.05 156.01

lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs

Range attained during climb Range attained during descent

0.1 miles 0.1 miles

Time taken during climb Time taken during descent

0.1 minutes 0.1 minutes

Cessna Skyhawk II/100 (172) Performance Check

Ambient temperature Ambient pressure Density ratio Speed of sound

278.24 deg.K 1760.8 psf 0.8617 1097.0 fps

Maximum estimated aircraft range is Maximum estimated endurance is

651. miles 4.1 hours

5.88 12.20 15.04 4.20 56.70 94.01 129.05

lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs

Range attained during climb Range attained during descent

8.9 miles 9.5 miles

Time taken during climb Time taken during descent

7.3 minutes 9.0 minutes

Cessna Skyhawk II/100 (172) Performance Check

Ambient temperature Ambient pressure Density ratio Speed of sound

272.30 deg.K 1571.9 psf 0.7861 1085.3 fps

Maximum estimated aircraft range is Maximum estimated endurance is

584. miles 3.8 hours

5.88 19.51 24.06 4.20 56.70 110.36 112.70

lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs

Range attained during climb Range attained during descent

14.2 miles 15.2 miles

Time taken during climb Time taken during descent

11.6 minutes 14.3 minutes

Cessna Skyhawk II/100 (172) Performance Check

Ambient temperature Ambient pressure Density ratio Speed of sound

268.34 deg.K 1455.3 psf 0.7386 1077.3 fps

Maximum estimated aircraft range is Maximum estimated endurance is

539. miles 3.6 hours

5.88 24.39 30.08 4.20 56.70 121.25 101.81

lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs

Range attained during climb Range attained during descent